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975:, finally retiring as emeritus professor in 1945. In 1929 Heckscher founded the Institute for Economic and Business History Research as a key step in his effort to create the field of economic history in Sweden, and make it a policy-oriented science. He advanced his agenda by recruiting two other scholars, historian Bertil Boëthius (1885–1974) and economist Arthur Montgomery. Thereby the "Stockholm School" emerged and achieved a voice in government planning.
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internally. In contrast, capital-intensive products, e.g. automobiles, chemicals, etc., are less costly to produce internally. Countries with large amounts of capital will export capital-intensive products and import labor-intensive products with the proceeds. Countries with high amounts of labor will do the reverse.
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Heckscher, E. (1919). The Effect of
Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income. Ekonomisk Tidskrift, 497–512. Reprinted as Chapter 13 in A.E.A. (1949). Readings in the Theory of International Trade, 272–300 (Philadelphia: Blakiston) with a Translation in H. Flam and M. J. Flanders (Eds.). 1991.
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of international trade, states: trade between countries is in proportion to their relative amounts of capital and labor. In countries with an abundance of capital, wage rates tend to be high; therefore, labor-intensive products, e.g. textiles, simple electronics, etc., are more costly to produce
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The theory does not depend on total amounts of capital or labor, but on the amounts per worker. This allows small countries to trade with large countries by specializing in production of products that use the factors which are more available than its trading partner. The key assumption is that
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1013:, a language with comparatively less international access. Second, even those reading Swedish and following Hecksher may have overlooked this particular article at first since Heckscher was so prolific (he published 1148 articles and books). Finally, Heckscher was a
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capital and labor are not available in the same proportions in the two countries. That leads to specialization, which in turn benefits the country's economic welfare. The greater the difference between the two countries, the greater the gain from specialization.
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Prior to World War I, Heckscher was a social conservative who advocated for an interventionist state. During World War I, his attitudes shifted, as he became a proponent of economic liberalism and a staunch opponent of state interventionism.
1005:). Heckscher's "The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income" was groundbreaking but originally gained little attention for several reasons. First, Hecksher published the article in the Swedish journal
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Heckscher was born in
Stockholm, son of the Jewish Danish-born businessman Isidor Heckscher and his spouse Rosa Meyer, and completed his secondary education there in 1896. He conducted higher studies at
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Carlson, Benny, and Lars Jonung. "Knut
Wicksell, Gustav Cassel, Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin and Gunnar Myrdal on the role of the economist in public debate."
1037:(who himself succeeded Heckscher as professor there), significantly expanded on Hecksher's theory, giving it more support and a wider audience. Ohlin won the
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that predicts that capital-abundant countries export capital-intensive goods, while labor-abundant countries export the labor-intensive goods.
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article “The Effect of
Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income." In this article, Heckscher provided a model explaining patterns in
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Hasselberg, Ylva. "Networks and
Scientific Integrity: Eli Heckscher and the Construction of Economic History in Sweden, 1920–1950."
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The major factors of production, namely labor and capital, are not available in the same proportion in both countries.
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which was a factor because, just as the significance of the article became apparent beyond Sweden, the rise of
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There are no costs associated with transporting the goods between countries.
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bans on Jewish authors arguably delayed its greater recognition until after
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Coleman, Donald
Cuthbert, "Eli Heckscher and the idea of mercantilism."
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Donald
Cuthbert Coleman, "Eli Heckscher and the idea of mercantilism."
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The two goods produced either require more capital or more labor.
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The citizens of the two trading countries have the same needs.
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Swedish political economist and economic historian (1879–1952)
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1133:"Swedish Economists in the 1930s Debate on Economic Planning"
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Heckscher–Ohlin Trade Theory, 43–69. Cambridge: MIT Press.
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The
Heckscher–Ohlin Theorem, which is concluded from the
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Eli
Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History
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Labor and capital do not move between the two countries.
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Heckscher, Eli F. (1922). Westergaard, Harald (ed.).
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927:(24 November 1879 – 23 December 1952) was a Swedish
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Academic staff of the
Stockholm School of Economics
1464:The Continental System: An Economic Interpretation
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1483:The First Practical Guide to Inflation Targeting
993:Heckscher's most important work, though, is his
1251:Friis, Astrid (1938). Heckscher, Eli F. (ed.).
1169:"Eli F Heckscher – Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon"
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1467:(1 ed.). Oxford: At the Clarendon Press
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2007:Critique of political economy
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1198:Carlson, Benny (2018).
1131:Carlson, Benny (2018).
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657:The Royal Court Party
1864:Social choice theory
1620:Behavioral economics
1603:Complexity economics
1344:search.amphilsoc.org
1340:"APS Member History"
942:He is known for the
230:National romanticism
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1948:American (National)
1648:Economic statistics
1007:Ekonomisk Tidskrift
999:international trade
948:international trade
929:political economist
925:Eli Filip Heckscher
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615:Citizens' Coalition
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79:Academic background
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1001:now known as the (
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2096:Malthusianism
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2057:Institutional
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1860:Public choice
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1835:Participation
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1795:Institutional
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1745:Expeditionary
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1735:Environmental
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1390:Sweden portal
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1095:Personal life
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1021:globally and
1020:
1019:anti-Semitism
1016:
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718:Axess magasin
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669:Organisations
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642:New Democracy
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362:Intellectuals
359:
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204:Law and order
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101:
100:Knut Wicksell
97:
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92:Gustav Cassel
89:
86:
82:
77:
73:
61:
57:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
23:Eli Heckscher
20:
2659:Swedish Jews
2609:Publications
2565:Publications
2532:
2327:
2128:Neoclassical
2118:Mercantilism
2027:Evolutionary
1889:Sociological
1862: /
1760:Geographical
1740:Evolutionary
1715:Digitization
1680:Agricultural
1643:Econometrics
1571:Price theory
1482:
1469:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1448:
1437:
1426:
1366:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1324:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1238:
1203:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1136:
1126:
1098:
1089:
1069:
1061:
1043:
1031:Bertil Ohlin
1027:World War II
1006:
992:
987:
984:Mercantilism
983:
981:
977:
957:
941:
924:
923:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
799:
798:
791:
784:
779:Samhällsnytt
777:
767:Nyheter Idag
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
711:
630:
629:
602:Centre Party
591:
526:Kasselstrand
397:
281:State church
276:Social order
64:(1952-12-23)
2639:1952 deaths
2634:1879 births
2403:von Neumann
2172:Supply-side
2157:Physiocracy
2101:Marginalism
1790:Information
1730:Engineering
1710:Development
1705:Demographic
1576:Game theory
1553:Theoretical
1111:politician
536:Kristersson
490:Politicians
271:Rule of law
235:Nationalism
197:Meritocracy
164:Nationalist
2628:Categories
2560:Economists
2433:Schumacher
2338:Schumpeter
2308:von Wieser
2228:von ThĂĽnen
2188:Economists
2087:Circuitism
2052:Humanistic
2047:Historical
2022:Ecological
2012:Democratic
1985:Chartalism
1975:Behavioral
1938:Mainstream
1899:Statistics
1894:Solidarity
1815:Managerial
1780:Humanistic
1775:Historical
1720:Ecological
1685:Behavioral
1489:(Thesis).
1349:2023-05-03
1119:References
746:Fria Tider
725:Barometern
605:(formerly)
478:Zetterberg
473:Teodorescu
433:Martinsson
413:Heidenstam
256:Patriotism
242:Folkhemmet
225:Monarchism
209:Moderation
182:Cameralism
176:Principles
143:Ideologies
84:Influences
44:1879-11-24
2478:Greenspan
2443:Samuelson
2423:Galbraith
2393:Tinbergen
2333:von Mises
2328:Heckscher
2288:Edgeworth
2167:Stockholm
2162:Socialist
2062:Keynesian
2042:Happiness
2002:Classical
1963:Mutualism
1958:Anarchist
1943:Heterodox
1840:Personnel
1800:Knowledge
1765:Happiness
1755:Financial
1725:Education
1700:Democracy
1635:Empirical
1545:Economics
1316:0013-0117
1277:0013-0117
1206:: 35–36.
1139:: 35–36.
954:Biography
739:Det Bästa
551:Lundeberg
408:Heberlein
378:Arnstberg
348:Gothicism
291:Tradition
69:Stockholm
52:Stockholm
2589:Category
2569:journals
2555:Glossary
2508:Stiglitz
2473:Rothbard
2453:Buchanan
2438:Friedman
2428:Koopmans
2418:Leontief
2398:Robinson
2283:Marshall
2133:Lausanne
2037:Georgism
2032:Feminist
1980:Buddhist
1970:Austrian
1869:Regional
1845:Planning
1820:Monetary
1750:Feminist
1695:Cultural
1690:Business
1204:Springer
1137:Springer
732:Bulletin
566:Wallmark
541:Krönmark
521:Karlsson
511:Hägglund
458:Sandelin
423:Karlsson
373:Almqvist
266:Prudence
159:Moderate
116:a series
2604:Outline
2575:Schools
2567: (
2528:Piketty
2523:Krugman
2388:Kuznets
2378:Kalecki
2353:Polanyi
2243:Cournot
2238:Bastiat
2223:Ricardo
2213:Malthus
2203:Quesnay
2106:Marxian
1997:Chicago
1927:history
1922:Schools
1909:Welfare
1879:Service
1670:Applied
1507:at the
1360:Sources
1033:at the
1011:Swedish
631:Defunct
588:Parties
576:Ă…kesson
571:Weimers
561:Trygger
556:Pethrus
546:Lindman
531:Kjellén
448:Pethrus
443:Lindbom
428:Kjellén
383:Boström
368:Ahlberg
303:History
192:Elitism
154:Liberal
2513:Thaler
2493:Ostrom
2488:Becker
2483:Sowell
2463:Baumol
2368:Myrdal
2363:Sraffa
2358:Frisch
2348:Knight
2343:Keynes
2318:Fisher
2313:Veblen
2298:Pareto
2278:Menger
2273:George
2268:Jevons
2263:Walras
2253:Gossen
2177:Thermo
1855:Public
1850:Policy
1805:Labour
1770:Health
1471:2 June
1442:online
1431:online
1314:
1275:
1218:
1151:
1023:Nazism
800:Former
712:Active
679:
675:Captus
592:Active
501:Bohman
468:Tegnér
463:Stolpe
438:Nordin
418:Hjärne
393:Geijer
2599:Lists
2594:Index
2545:Lists
2518:Hoppe
2503:Lucas
2468:Solow
2458:Arrow
2448:Simon
2413:Lange
2408:Hicks
2383:Röpke
2373:Hayek
2323:Pigou
2293:Clark
2208:Smith
2123:Mixed
2082:Post-
1904:Urban
1884:Socio
1874:Rural
1487:(PDF)
708:Media
686:Oikos
516:Järta
506:Busch
496:Bildt
216:Lagom
2534:more
2258:Marx
2248:Mill
2233:List
2111:Neo-
2067:Neo-
1473:2016
1312:ISSN
1273:ISSN
1216:ISBN
1149:ISBN
995:1919
931:and
828:Salt
821:OBS!
773:Riks
388:Böök
309:Hats
187:Duty
59:Died
38:Born
2498:Sen
2218:Say
2077:New
1810:Law
1304:doi
1265:doi
1208:doi
1141:doi
1015:Jew
1009:in
453:Ryn
2630::
1342:.
1310:.
1298:.
1294:.
1271:.
1259:.
1255:.
1230:^
1214:.
1202:.
1190:^
1171:.
1147:.
1135:.
1115:.
1048:.
990:.
939:.
118:on
98:,
94:,
90:,
2571:)
2073:)
2069:(
1929:)
1925:(
1537:e
1530:t
1523:v
1493:.
1444:.
1433:.
1352:.
1318:.
1306::
1300:9
1279:.
1267::
1261:8
1224:.
1210::
1175:.
1157:.
1143::
913:e
906:t
899:v
46:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
