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224:. In a practical sense, this idealized process is complicated by some or all of the following considerations: the metal content is low (a few percent is typical), other metals deposit competitively with the desired one, the ore is not easily or efficiently dissolved. For these reasons, electrowinning is usually only used on purified solutions of a desired metal, e.g. cyanide-extracts of gold ores.
216:) in some oxidized states and thus the goal of most metallurgical operations is to chemically reduce them to their pure metallic form. The question is how to convert highly impure metal ores into purified bulk metals. A vast array of operations have been developed to accomplish those tasks, one of which is electrowinning. In an ideal case, ore is extracted into a solution which is then subjected to
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melting point than the cathode, heating the cathode to the electrolyzed metal's melting point causing the electrolyzed metal to liquify and separate from the cathode, which remains solid). Reticulated cathodes have a much higher deposition rate compared to flat-plate cathodes due to their greater
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Renner, Hermann; Schlamp, Günther; Hollmann, Dieter; Lüschow, Hans Martin; Tews, Peter; Rothaut, Josef; Dermann, Klaus; Knödler, Alfons; Hecht, Christian; Schlott, Martin; Drieselmann, Ralf; Peter, Catrin; Schiele, Rainer (2000). "Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold
Compounds".
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Nickel and copper are often obtained by electrowinning. These metals have some noble character, which enables their soluble cationic forms to be reduced to their pure metallic form at mild applied potentials applied between the cathode and the anode.
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be sent off for recycling. Alternatively, starter cathodes of pre-refined metals can be used, which become an integral part of the finished metal ready for rolling or further processing.
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Because metal deposition rates are related to available surface area, maintaining properly working cathodes is important. Two cathode types exist,
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Electro-deposition. A practical treatise on the electrolysis of gold, silver, copper, nickel, and other metals, and alloys
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solution containing the dissolved metal ions so that the metal is recovered as it is reduced and deposited in an
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An early investigation of this subject was made by
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on a large scale and are important techniques for the economical and straightforward purification of
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patented the commercial process in 1865 and opened the first successful plant in
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uses a similar process to remove impurities from a metal. Both processes use
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surface area. However, reticulated cathodes are not reusable and
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In electrowinning, an electrical current is passed from an inert
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High
Throughput Electrorefining of Uranium in Pyro-reprocessing
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United States
Congress Office of Technology Assessment (1988).
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Electrorefining technology converting spent commercial
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Watt, Alexander (1886). "XXIX. Electro-Metallurgy".
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399:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
364:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
173:Balbach and Sons Refining and Smelting Company
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196:Apparatus for electrolytic refining of copper
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689:Standard electrode potential (data page)
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285:Copper, Technology & Competitiveness
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361:Kerfoot, Derek G. E. (2005). "Nickel".
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27:Electrolytic extraction process
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134:process. The English chemist
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260:Electrochemical engineering
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725:Metallurgical processes
514:Castner–Kellner process
367:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
497:Electrolytic processes
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126:Electrorefining copper
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534:Electrolysis of water
449:Copper Electrowinning
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730:Separation processes
544:Hall–Héroult process
484:Articles related to
233:reticulated cathodes
519:Chloralkali process
715:Chemical processes
623:Electrolysed water
554:Kolbe electrolysis
549:Hofmann voltameter
342:Electro-Metallurgy
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94:process onto the
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200:Most metal
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266:References
229:flat-plate
150:of molten
86:through a
77:electrowon
600:Aluminium
572:Magnesium
161:in 1847.
144:elemental
142:metal in
138:obtained
51:, is the
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628:Fluorine
613:Chlorine
254:See also
112:selenium
567:Bromine
319:3398104
222:cathode
188:Process
169:Pembrey
118:History
96:cathode
618:Copper
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214:nickel
210:copper
140:sodium
108:silver
100:copper
57:metals
243:lower
88:leach
84:anode
663:Zinc
411:ISBN
377:ISBN
346:ISBN
315:OCLC
290:ISBN
248:must
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