29:
1354:(RQZ). RQZ is a well-defined area surrounding receivers that has special regulations to reduce RFI in favor of radio astronomy observations within the zone. The regulations may include special management of spectrum and power flux or power flux-density limitations. The controls within the zone may cover elements other than radio transmitters or radio devices. These include aircraft controls and control of unintentional radiators such as industrial, scientific and medical devices, vehicles, and power lines. The first RQZ for radio astronomy is
192:
143:
606:
1158:
electromagnetic interference. These are civilian standards for domestic, commercial, industrial and automotive sectors. These standards form the basis of other national or regional standards, most notably the
European Norms (EN) written by CENELEC (European committee for electrotechnical standardisation). US organizations include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and the US Military (MILSTD).
1283:, where it is commonly referred to as radio-frequency interference (RFI), is any source of transmission that is within the observed frequency band other than the celestial sources themselves. Because transmitters on and around the Earth can be many times stronger than the astronomical signal of interest, RFI is a major concern for performing radio astronomy. Natural sources of interference, such as lightning and the Sun, are also often referred to as RFI.
479:
1097:
811:
727:
34:
33:
30:
47:
32:
81:, or conduction. The disturbance may degrade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning. In the case of a data path, these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data. Both human-made and natural sources generate changing electrical currents and voltages that can cause EMI:
238:
1263:
amplifier, car radio, telephones etc. Adding onboard EMI filters or special layout techniques can help in bypassing EMI or improving RF immunity. Some ICs are designed (e.g., LMV831-LMV834, MAX9724) to have integrated RF filters or a special design that helps reduce any demodulation of high-frequency
303:
Continuous, or continuous wave (CW), interference arises where the source continuously emits at a given range of frequencies. This type is naturally divided into sub-categories according to frequency range, and as a whole is sometimes referred to as "DC to daylight". One common classification is into
1330:
A common technique to deal with RFI within the observed frequency bandwidth, is to employ RFI detection in software. Such software can find samples in time, frequency or time-frequency space that are contaminated by an interfering source. These samples are subsequently ignored in further analysis of
281:
This was the first time there was a legal requirement on immunity, as well as emissions on apparatus intended for the general population. Although there may be additional costs involved for some products to give them a known level of immunity, it increases their perceived quality as they are able to
1318:
Techniques to deal with RFI range from filters in hardware to advanced algorithms in software. One way to deal with strong transmitters is to filter out the frequency of the source completely. This is for example the case for the LOFAR observatory, which filters out the FM radio stations between 90
1254:
Any unshielded semiconductor (e.g. an integrated circuit) will tend to act as a detector for those radio signals commonly found in the domestic environment (e.g. mobile phones). Such a detector can demodulate the high frequency mobile phone carrier (e.g., GSM850 and GSM1900, GSM900 and GSM1800) and
465:
Conducted electromagnetic interference is caused by the physical contact of the conductors as opposed to radiated EMI, which is caused by induction (without physical contact of the conductors). Electromagnetic disturbances in the EM field of a conductor will no longer be confined to the surface of
277:
In the mid 1980s, the
European Union member states adopted a number of "new approach" directives with the intention of standardizing technical requirements for products so that they do not become a barrier to trade within the EC. One of these was the EMC Directive (89/336/EC) and it applies to all
1245:
At higher frequencies, usually above 500 MHz, traces get electrically longer and higher above the plane. Two techniques are used at these frequencies: wave shaping with series resistors and embedding the traces between the two planes. If all these measures still leave too much EMI, shielding
1374:
in 2003; however, meteorological authorities were not involved in the process. The subsequent lax implementation and misconfiguration of DFS had caused significant disruption in weather radar operations in a number of countries around the world. In
Hungary, the weather radar system was declared
922:
at low amplitudes to transmit high-bandwidth digital data. UWB, if used exclusively, would enable very efficient use of the spectrum, but users of non-UWB technology are not yet prepared to share the spectrum with the new system because of the interference it would cause to their receivers (the
2167:
Since 2006, interference to C-band radars from RLAN is increasingly experienced by most OPERA members. ... The South
African weather services initially tried to implement specific software filtering to improve the situation but then decided in 2011 to move its meteorological radar network to S
1157:
The
International Special Committee for Radio Interference or CISPR (French acronym for "Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques"), which is a committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) sets international standards for radiated and conducted
31:
262:) be set up to deal with the emerging problem of EMI. CISPR subsequently produced technical publications covering measurement and test techniques and recommended emission and immunity limits. These have evolved over the decades and form the basis of much of the world's
486:
Some of the technical terms which are employed can be used with differing meanings. Some phenomena may be referred to by various different terms. These terms are used here in a widely accepted way, which is consistent with other articles in the encyclopedia.
273:
in the US in response to the increased number of digital systems that were interfering with wired and radio communications. Test methods and limits were based on CISPR publications, although similar limits were already enforced in parts of Europe.
2258:
More than 12 European countries experienced such interference cases (other cases have now been reported in number of countries in the world). Definitively harmful interference (in
Hungary, the radar was declared as non-operational for more than 1
1082:
on the mobile phone industry as companies have been forced to put up more cellular towers (at new frequencies) that then cause more interference thereby requiring more investment by the providers and frequent upgrades of mobile phones to match.
250:
Since the earliest days of radio communications, the negative effects of interference from both intentional and unintentional transmissions have been felt and the need to manage the radio frequency spectrum became apparent.
875:, which have no way of distinguishing unwanted in-band signals from the intended signal, and the omnidirectional antennas used with broadcast systems. Newer radio systems incorporate several improvements that enhance the
613:
Radiative coupling or electromagnetic coupling occurs when source and victim are separated by a large distance, typically more than a wavelength. Source and victim act as radio antennas: the source emits or radiates an
2013:
Dyson, T.; Chiang, H. C.; Egan, E.; Ghazi, N.; MĂ©nard, T.; Monsalve, R. A.; Moso, T.; Peterson, J.; Sievers, J. L.; Tartakovsky, S. (June 2021). "Radio-Frequency
Interference at the McGill Arctic Research Station".
209:
1222:, radiation is almost exclusively via I/O cables; RF noise gets onto the power planes and is coupled to the line drivers via the VCC and GND pins. The RF is then coupled to the cable through the line driver as
974:
computer monitors or televisions sitting too close to one another can sometimes cause a "shimmy" effect in each other, due to the electromagnetic nature of their picture tubes, especially when one of their
278:
equipment placed on the market or taken into service. Its scope covers all apparatus "liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance or the performance of which is liable to be affected by such disturbance".
1302:
have a very large bandwidth over which they can observe. Because of the limited spectral space at radio frequencies, these frequency bands cannot be completely allocated to radio astronomy; for example,
1621:"What is EMC - How to comply - PUWER, PUWER Advisers and CE Marking assessment services - UKCA & CE Mark Consultancy - Safety Marking Machinery - PUWER - Machinery directive assessment and training"
161:
541:. Any coupling path can be broken down into one or more of these coupling mechanisms working together. For example the lower path in the diagram involves inductive, conductive and capacitive modes.
1327:), which means that the received signal is stronger than the receiver can handle. However, filtering out a frequency band implies that these frequencies can never be observed with the instrument.
2216:
1899:
1075:: electronic and electrical hardware must still work correctly when subjected to certain amounts of EMI, and should not emit EMI, which could interfere with other equipment (such as radios).
1339:(CB) radio devices, most of the data remains available for the astronomical analysis. However, data flagging can not solve issues with continuous broad-band transmitters, such as windmills,
2203:
Decision ERC/DEC/(99)23 adds 5250–5350MHz and 5470–5725MHz with more Tx power but with the added caveat that DFS was required to protect legacy users (Military Radar and
Satellite uplinks)
208:
1172:
Integrated circuits are often a source of EMI, but they must usually couple their energy to larger objects such as heatsinks, circuit board planes and cables to radiate significantly.
159:
2292:"The Wizard Behind the Curtain?—The Important, Diverse, and Often Hidden Role of Spectrum Allocation for Current and Future Environmental Satellites and Water, Weather, and Climate"
1375:
non-operational for more than a month. Due to the severity of interference, South
African weather services ended up abandoning C band operation, switching their radar network to
435:(NEMP), as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude EMP (HEMP) nuclear weapon, designed to create the pulse as its primary destructive effect.
2348:
210:
1078:
Radio frequency signal quality has declined throughout the 21st century by roughly one decibel per year as the spectrum becomes increasingly crowded. This has inflicted a
392:
disturbance, arises where the source emits a short-duration pulse of energy. The energy is usually broadband by nature, although it often excites a relatively narrow-band
547:
occurs when the coupling path between the source and victim is formed by direct electrical contact with a conducting body, for example a transmission line, wire, cable,
160:
1035:), such as electric motors, transformers, heaters, lamps, ballast, power supplies, etc., all cause electromagnetic interference especially at currents above 2
1319:
and 110 MHz. It is important to remove such strong sources of interference as soon as possible, because they might "saturate" the highly sensitive receivers (
1191:
filtering. Shielding is usually a last resort after other techniques have failed, because of the added expense of shielding components such as conductive gaskets.
676:
system, manifested by any performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be extracted in the absence of such unwanted energy".
334:
Radio frequency interference (RFI), from typically 20 kHz to an upper limit which constantly increases as technology pushes it higher. Sources include:
2311:"Global 5G wireless networks threaten weather forecasts: Next-generation mobile technology could interfere with crucial satellite-based Earth observations"
308:
Audio frequency, from very low frequencies up to around 20 kHz. Frequencies up to 100 kHz may sometimes be classified as audio. Sources include:
1255:
produce low-frequency (e.g., 217 Hz) demodulated signals. This demodulation manifests itself as unwanted audible buzz in audio appliances such as
515:
566:). Strictly, "Inductive coupling" can be of two kinds, electrical induction and magnetic induction. It is common to refer to electrical induction as
1912:
2112:
The FCC ruling is re-opening the
Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) band (channels 120, 124, 128) with new test requirements for DFS protection.
1047:, across a pair of contacts. While this may offer modest EMI reduction at very low currents, snubbers do not work at currents over 2 A with
2095:
1246:
such as RF gaskets and copper or conductive tape can be used. Most digital equipment is designed with metal or conductive-coated plastic cases.
1118:
832:
748:
1599:"Council Directive 89/336/EEC of 3 May 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility"
360:
Broadband noise may be spread across parts of either or both frequency ranges, with no particular frequency accentuated. Sources include:
20:
255:
38:
Recording of US House of Representatives debate on October 8, 2002, interrupted and distorted by electromagnetic interference from a
2383:
1715:
1865:
1267:
Designers often need to carry out special tests for RF immunity of parts to be used in a system. These tests are often done in an
1355:
982:
1985:
2416:
1271:
with a controlled RF environment where the test vectors produce a RF field similar to that produced in an actual environment.
1937:
1032:
650:
1371:
2329:
466:
the conductor and will radiate away from it. This persists in all conductors and mutual inductance between two radiated
1969:
1206:, one is as good as the other) and the length of the conductor in relation to the wavelength of the signal component (
1719:
1700:
1144:
940:
858:
774:
270:
1126:
840:
756:
2242:
408:
Switching action of electrical circuitry, including inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, or electric motors.
2421:
1771:
1745:
1064:
can be a source of EMI, but have become less of a problem as design techniques have improved, such as integrated
895:
techniques can be used with both analogue and digital signalling to improve resistance to interference. A highly
297:
Electromagnetic interference divides into several categories according to the source and signal characteristics.
2181:
1598:
1398:
performance and incur negative economic and public safety impacts. These concerns led US Secretary of Commerce
1058:), which are inexpensive and which clip on to the power lead of the offending device or the compromised device.
787:
Conducted EMI is caused by the physical contact of the conductors as opposed to radiated EMI which is caused by
1367:
1299:
1122:
836:
752:
661:
562:
Inductive coupling occurs where the source and victim are separated by a short distance (typically less than a
551:
trace or metal enclosure. Conducted noise is also characterised by the way it appears on different conductors:
201:
1390:, have caused interference, sometimes significant. There is concern that adoption of insufficiently regulated
1324:
1167:
1072:
692:
432:
300:
The origin of interference, often called "noise" in this context, can be human-made (artificial) or natural.
286:
263:
2096:"Winning Back the Weather Radio Channels Adds Capacity to 5GHz Wi-Fi Spectrum – Cisco Blogs"
1434:
1395:
1234:
from the signal pair to the shield and the shield itself does the radiating. One cure for this is to use a
352:
2067:
1335:. Because most transmitters have a small bandwidth and are not continuously present such as lightning or
1295:
411:
1290:
at 1420 MHz, are protected by regulation. However, modern radio-astronomical observatories such as
1061:
696:
1679:
1574:
1424:
1419:
788:
669:
665:
538:
534:
152:
74:
2291:
2273:"A Myriad of Proposed Radio Spectrum Changes—-Collectively Can They Impact Operational Meteorology?"
2272:
1643:
ITU Radio Regulations, Section VII. Frequency sharing – Article 1.166, definition:
598:
exists between two parallel conductors typically less than a wavelength apart, inducing a change in
584:
exists between two adjacent conductors typically less than a wavelength apart, inducing a change in
1223:
1107:
821:
737:
680:
311:
Mains hum from: power supply units, nearby power supply wiring, transmission lines and substations.
558:
Differential-mode coupling: noise appears out of phase (in opposite directions) on two conductors.
269:
In 1979, legal limits were imposed on electromagnetic emissions from all digital equipment by the
1344:
1340:
1336:
1215:
1111:
1065:
825:
741:
511:
417:
389:
73:
spectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by
2390:
660:(RR) – defined as "The effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of
1366:
Prior to the introduction of Wi-Fi, one of the biggest applications of 5 GHz band was the
1227:
1183:
on each active device (connected across the power supply, as close to the device as possible),
467:
78:
794:
For lower frequencies, EMI is caused by conduction and, for higher frequencies, by radiation.
282:
co-exist with apparatus in the active EM environment of modern times and with fewer problems.
19:"Electromagnetic noise" redirects here. For Acoustic noise due to electromagnetic fields, see
1207:
657:
548:
426:
385:
702:
In accordance with ITU RR (article 1) variations of interference are classified as follows:
2140:
2033:
1842:
1798:
1620:
1315:(88–108 MHz), and therefore radio telescopes need to deal with RFI in this bandwidth.
1180:
967:
872:
684:
615:
526:
2349:"Critical weather data threatened by FCC 'spectrum' proposal, Commerce Dept. and NASA say"
1938:"APPLICATION NOTE 3660: PCB Layout Techniques to Achieve RF Immunity for Audio Amplifiers"
8:
1239:
1231:
1188:
1079:
876:
871:
Interference tends to be more troublesome with older radio technologies such as analogue
618:
which propagates across the space in between and is picked up or received by the victim.
577:
544:
503:
122:
2144:
2037:
1723:
2375:
2049:
2023:
1873:
1176:
1006:
673:
591:
555:
Common-mode coupling: noise appears in phase (in the same direction) on two conductors.
495:
133:
258:(IEC) in Paris recommended the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (
2310:
2158:
2053:
1989:
1696:
1387:
1312:
1286:
Some of the frequency bands that are very important for radio astronomy, such as the
904:
900:
892:
1820:
1054:
Another method for suppressing EMI is the use of ferrite core noise suppressors (or
2296:
15th Annual Symposium on New Generation Operational Environmental Satellite Systems
2277:
15th Annual Symposium on New Generation Operational Environmental Satellite Systems
2217:"C-band meteorological radars – Threats related to RLAN 5 GHz"
2148:
2041:
1941:
1573:
solutions, Holland Shielding Systems BV | Leader in EMI/RFI shielding gaskets and.
1543:
1497:
1492:
Sue, M.K. (15 June 1981). Radio frequency interference at the geostationary orbit.
1449:
1407:
1351:
1291:
1268:
1048:
971:
955:
884:
507:
499:
491:
394:
86:
2330:"5G Wireless Networks Could Interfere with Weather Forecasts, Meteorologists Warn"
1945:
1218:
such as overshoot, undershoot or ringing). At lower frequencies, such as 133
1973:
1439:
1403:
1280:
1203:
911:
888:
420:(ESD), as a result of two charged objects coming into close proximity or contact.
363:
347:
315:
118:
82:
70:
2395:
1693:
The Communications Act: A Legislative History of the Major Amendments, 1934-1996
285:
Many countries now have similar requirements for products to meet some level of
1444:
1383:
1014:
924:
919:
915:
605:
595:
581:
453:
2188:
2153:
2128:
2045:
1394:
could produce major interference issues. Significant interference can impair
1226:. Since the noise is common-mode, shielding has very little effect, even with
2410:
2162:
1656:
1287:
1235:
936:
688:
444:
129:
1547:
1502:
1966:
1459:
1454:
1429:
1308:
1195:
1055:
1010:
1002:
951:
797:
EMI through the ground wire is also very common in an electrical facility.
237:
106:
16:
Disturbance in an electrical circuit due to external sources of radio waves
304:
narrowband and broadband, according to the spread of the frequency range.
1535:
1399:
1370:. The decision to use 5 GHz spectrum for Wi-Fi was finalized at the
1260:
1199:
963:
947:
896:
319:
94:
39:
907:, can be used to select one signal in space to the exclusion of others.
1256:
1024:
976:
959:
943:(FCC) to regulate the susceptibility of consumer electronic equipment.
563:
229:
180:
114:
2401:
1907:
1320:
1184:
1044:
1028:
998:
530:
478:
423:
369:
90:
1518:
1096:
810:
726:
502:
or sink is shown in the figure below. Source and victim are usually
2028:
1695:, Pike & Fischer – A BNA Company, p. 210,
1304:
1211:
800:
519:
326:
110:
102:
1040:
994:
990:
986:
599:
585:
506:
devices, though the source may be a natural phenomenon such as a
1866:"Integrated Circuit Susceptibility to Conducted RF Interference"
1194:
The efficiency of the radiation depends on the height above the
46:
1376:
1039:. The usual method used for suppressing EMI is by connecting a
1036:
1020:
98:
241:
Interference by 5 GHz Wi-Fi seen on Doppler weather radar
1900:"A general measurement technique for determining RF immunity"
880:
259:
217:
1575:"Explanation of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)"
1179:, important means of reducing EMI are: the use of bypass or
461:
Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.
401:
Sources divide broadly into isolated and repetitive events.
2069:
Characteristics of radio quiet zones (Report ITU-R RA.2259)
1843:"Don't "despike" your signal lines, add a resistor instead"
1774:
EMI Reduction – Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed
1691:
Paglin, Max D.; Hobson, James R.; Rosenbloom, Joel (1999),
946:
Potential sources of RFI and EMI include: various types of
375:
2243:"RLAN 5 GHz interference to weather radars in Europe"
1187:
control of high-speed signals using series resistors, and
482:
The four electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling modes
1382:
Transmissions on adjacent bands to those used by passive
1219:
458:
Electrical ignition systems, such as in gasoline engines.
325:
Demodulation of a high-frequency carrier wave such as an
168:
1331:
the observed data. This process is often referred to as
2075:. International Telecommunication Union. September 2012
1540:
Radio frequency interference at the geostationary orbit
1391:
442:
Sources of repetitive EMP events, sometimes as regular
1690:
1406:
in February 2019 to urge the FCC to cancel a proposed
2129:"The Threat to Weather Radars by Wireless Technology"
1823:. Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory
171:
mobile phone signal interferes with a speaker system.
2012:
1748:
Snubbers – Are They Arc Suppressors?
1071:
Most countries have legal requirements that mandate
923:
regulatory implications of UWB are discussed in the
429:(LEMP), although typically a short series of pulses.
930:
918:), which proposes the use of large sections of the
101:(northern/southern lights). EMI frequently affects
1361:
438:Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.
343:Industrial, scientific and medical equipment (ISM)
50:Electromagnetic interference in analogue TV signal
2408:
1520:Electromagnetic Interference in Industrial Drive
801:Susceptibilities of different radio technologies
2298:. Phoenix, AZ: American Meteorological Society.
2279:. Phoenix, AZ: American Meteorological Society.
2133:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
791:(without physical contact of the conductors).
1161:
609:EMI filter for conducted emission suppression
2122:
2120:
2008:
2006:
1350:Another way to manage RFI is to establish a
983:Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz
958:, ultrasonic pest control devices, electric
2241:Tristant, Philippe (16–18 September 2009).
1893:
1891:
1125:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
839:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
755:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
594:or magnetic coupling occurs when a varying
1778:. Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011
1752:. Arc Suppression Technologies. April 2011
1249:
525:There are four basic coupling mechanisms:
337:Wireless and radio frequency transmissions
314:Audio processing equipment, such as audio
21:Electromagnetically induced acoustic noise
2215:Tristant, Philippe (23–24 October 2017).
2152:
2126:
2117:
2027:
2003:
1501:
1274:
1145:Learn how and when to remove this message
939:, the 1982 Public Law 97-259 allowed the
859:Learn how and when to remove this message
775:Learn how and when to remove this message
716:
256:International Electrotechnical Commission
2327:
2321:
2240:
2214:
2208:
1888:
1662:. International Telecommunications Union
687:and assignment of frequency channels to
604:
477:
404:Sources of isolated EMP events include:
236:
220:signal interferes with a speaker system.
45:
27:
2346:
2340:
2248:. International Telecommunication Union
2016:Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation
1356:United States National Radio Quiet Zone
2409:
1533:
914:signalling to date is ultra-wideband (
679:This is also a definition used by the
473:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2182:"Radar Detection and DFS on MikroTik"
2093:
1897:
1863:
1796:
1572:
1534:Sue, M.K.; Sue, M K. (15 June 1981),
1496:(Report). Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
1480:The Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1478:Based on the "interference" entry of
1043:network, a resistor in series with a
651:International Telecommunication Union
346:Digital processing circuitry such as
2179:
2173:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1123:adding citations to reliable sources
1090:
910:The most extreme example of digital
879:. In digital radio systems, such as
837:adding citations to reliable sources
804:
753:adding citations to reliable sources
720:
645:) is – according to
2290:Misra, Sidharth (10 January 2019).
1491:
1372:World Radiocommunication Conference
706:permissible interference (RR 1.167)
13:
2309:Witze, Alexandra (26 April 2019).
2271:Lubar, David G. (9 January 2019).
1307:images of the 21-cm line from the
1242:to reduce the common-mode signal.
691:or systems, as well as to analyze
378:(spread-spectrum) mobile telephony
190:
141:
128:EMI can be used intentionally for
14:
2433:
2369:
1720:Federal Communications Commission
1559:
1516:
941:Federal Communications Commission
621:
2190:Radar Detect and DFS on MikroTik
1095:
931:Interference to consumer devices
809:
725:
709:accepted interference (RR 1.168)
228:Problems playing this file? See
206:
179:Problems playing this file? See
157:
2347:Samenow, Jason (8 March 2019).
2234:
2087:
2060:
1978:
1960:
1930:
1864:Fiori, Franco (November 2000).
1857:
1835:
1813:
1797:Smith, Tony (7 November 2012).
1790:
1764:
1738:
1708:
1684:
1673:
1362:RFI on environmental monitoring
712:harmful interference (RR 1.169)
602:along the receiving conductor.
570:, and to magnetic induction as
522:at the origin of the Universe.
42:at approximately 2:30 p.m.
2094:Spain, Chris (July 10, 2014).
1649:
1637:
1613:
1591:
1527:
1510:
1485:
1472:
1368:Terminal Doppler Weather Radar
1325:analogue-to-digital converters
340:Television and radio receivers
117:, as well as observations for
1:
2417:Electromagnetic compatibility
1898:Mehta, Arpit (October 2005).
1579:Holland Shielding Systems B.V
1542:, Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
1494:NASA Technical Reports Server
1465:
1358:(NRQZ), established in 1958.
1168:Electromagnetic compatibility
1073:electromagnetic compatibility
693:electromagnetic compatibility
433:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
287:electromagnetic compatibility
2328:Brackett, Ron (1 May 2019).
1944:. 2006-07-04. Archived from
1872:. Ce-mag.com. Archived from
1435:Interference (communication)
1396:numerical weather prediction
1086:
1062:Switched-mode power supplies
635:radio-frequency interference
631:electromagnetic interference
588:on the receiving conductor.
353:Switched-mode power supplies
63:radio-frequency interference
55:Electromagnetic interference
7:
2398:(EMI Tools and Information)
1413:
1311:epoch can overlap with the
697:radiocommunication services
10:
2438:
2180:Touw, Ron (Nov 16, 2016).
1165:
1162:EMI in integrated circuits
388:(EMP), sometimes called a
254:In 1933, a meeting of the
245:
18:
2154:10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00048.1
2127:Saltikoff, Elena (2016).
2046:10.1142/S2251171721500070
1425:Electromagnetic shielding
1420:Electromagnetic radiation
950:, doorbell transformers,
490:The basic arrangement of
75:electromagnetic induction
1821:"Integrated Circuit EMC"
887:techniques can be used.
681:frequency administration
398:response in the victim.
292:
2391:EMC Design Fundamentals
1716:"Interference Handbook"
1402:and NASA Administrator
1250:RF immunity and testing
1066:power factor correction
512:electrostatic discharge
418:Electrostatic discharge
368:Continuously operating
2422:Television terminology
2022:(2): 2150007–2150564.
1870:Compliance Engineering
1482:, 11th edition, online
1410:, which was rejected.
1275:RFI in radio astronomy
968:touch controlled lamps
717:Conducted interference
610:
580:occurs when a varying
483:
468:electromagnetic fields
242:
195:
146:
79:electrostatic coupling
51:
43:
2385:Interference Handbook
2201:– via YouTube.
1601:. EUR-Lex. 3 May 1989
1208:fundamental frequency
1181:decoupling capacitors
685:frequency assignments
608:
481:
427:electromagnetic pulse
386:electromagnetic pulse
240:
194:
145:
105:. It can also affect
49:
37:
2230:– via itu.int.
1799:"WTF is... RF-MEMS?"
1232:capacitively coupled
1119:improve this section
979:coils is activated.
899:receiver, such as a
873:amplitude modulation
833:improve this section
749:improve this section
672:upon reception in a
629:with the meaning of
616:electromagnetic wave
470:will result in EMI.
2353:The Washington Post
2334:The Weather Channel
2145:2016BAMS...97.1159S
2038:2021JAI....1050007D
1801:. TheRegister.co.uk
1230:. The RF energy is
1189:IC power supply pin
1177:integrated circuits
1007:cordless telephones
578:Capacitive coupling
568:capacitive coupling
545:Conductive coupling
504:electronic hardware
494:emitter or source,
474:Coupling mechanisms
372:such as arc welders
266:regulations today.
123:atmospheric science
2396:Clemson's EMC Page
1972:2009-01-07 at the
1918:on 2 February 2014
1726:on 16 October 2013
1388:weather satellites
1228:differential pairs
997:wireless devices,
905:diversity receiver
674:radiocommunication
611:
592:Inductive coupling
572:inductive coupling
537:or inductive, and
484:
289:(EMC) regulation.
243:
202:EMI sound sample 2
196:
153:EMI sound sample 1
147:
134:electronic warfare
89:of mobile phones,
52:
44:
1680:Public Law 97-259
1313:FM broadcast band
1224:common-mode noise
1155:
1154:
1147:
1049:electromechanical
985:may be caused by
956:electric blankets
901:parabolic antenna
893:frequency-hopping
869:
868:
861:
785:
784:
777:
658:Radio Regulations
498:path and victim,
211:
162:
35:
2429:
2363:
2362:
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2359:
2344:
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2300:
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2255:
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2186:
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2171:
2170:
2156:
2139:(7): 1159–1167.
2124:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1988:. Archived from
1982:
1976:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1942:Maxim Integrated
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1911:. Archived from
1904:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1833:
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1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1794:
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1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1722:. Archived from
1712:
1706:
1705:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1625:www.cemark.co.uk
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1548:2060/19810018807
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:2060/19810018807
1489:
1483:
1476:
1450:Signal integrity
1408:spectrum auction
1352:radio quiet zone
1279:Interference in
1269:anechoic chamber
1150:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1099:
1091:
1080:Red Queen's race
885:error-correction
864:
857:
853:
850:
844:
813:
805:
780:
773:
769:
766:
760:
729:
721:
655:
582:electrical field
508:lightning strike
395:damped sine wave
348:microcontrollers
316:power amplifiers
213:
212:
193:
164:
163:
144:
87:cellular network
83:ignition systems
36:
2437:
2436:
2432:
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2430:
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2407:
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2251:
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2239:
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2213:
2209:
2196:
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2184:
2178:
2174:
2125:
2118:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1974:Wayback Machine
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1876:on 2 March 2012
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1772:"Lab Note #105
1770:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1746:"Lab Note #103
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:"ITT Article I"
1655:
1654:
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1642:
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1597:
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1571:
1560:
1552:
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1532:
1528:
1517:Karim, Rezaul.
1515:
1511:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1440:Power integrity
1416:
1404:Jim Bridenstine
1364:
1281:radio astronomy
1277:
1252:
1170:
1164:
1151:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1116:
1100:
1089:
1015:microwave ovens
933:
912:spread-spectrum
889:Spread-spectrum
865:
854:
848:
845:
830:
814:
803:
781:
770:
764:
761:
746:
730:
719:
653:
624:
516:one famous case
476:
454:Electric motors
295:
248:
235:
234:
226:
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186:
185:
177:
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155:
148:
142:
119:radio astronomy
71:radio frequency
61:), also called
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2371:
2370:External links
2368:
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2233:
2207:
2172:
2116:
2086:
2059:
2002:
1977:
1959:
1929:
1887:
1856:
1845:. Massmind.org
1834:
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1445:Radio receiver
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1384:remote sensing
1363:
1360:
1347:transmitters.
1337:citizens' band
1276:
1273:
1251:
1248:
1166:Main article:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1085:
932:
929:
925:ultra-wideband
920:radio spectrum
867:
866:
817:
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808:
802:
799:
783:
782:
733:
731:
724:
718:
715:
714:
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707:
689:radio stations
623:
622:ITU definition
620:
596:magnetic field
560:
559:
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475:
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364:Solar activity
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69:) when in the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2434:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:EMC Tutorials
2400:
2397:
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2043:
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2025:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2007:
1992:on 2009-09-17
1991:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:LMV831-LMV834
1963:
1948:on 2009-12-14
1947:
1943:
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1702:0-937275-05-0
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1393:
1389:
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1380:
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1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1345:digital audio
1342:
1341:digital video
1338:
1334:
1333:data flagging
1328:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:21-cm HI line
1284:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:braid-breaker
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
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1190:
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1173:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:This section
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1056:ferrite beads
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:video senders
1008:
1004:
1003:baby monitors
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:toaster ovens
949:
944:
942:
938:
937:United States
928:
926:
921:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
863:
860:
852:
842:
838:
834:
828:
827:
823:
818:This section
816:
812:
807:
806:
798:
795:
792:
790:
779:
776:
768:
758:
754:
750:
744:
743:
739:
734:This section
732:
728:
723:
722:
711:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
648:
647:Article 1.166
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
619:
617:
607:
603:
601:
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587:
583:
579:
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569:
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557:
554:
553:
552:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
514:(ESD) or, in
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
480:
471:
469:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
450:
448:
446:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
414:surges/pulses
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
399:
397:
396:
391:
387:
377:
374:
371:
367:
365:
362:
361:
359:
354:
351:
349:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
333:
329:transmission.
328:
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317:
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310:
309:
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283:
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257:
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239:
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231:
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184:
182:
170:
154:
137:
135:
131:
130:radio jamming
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:mobile phones
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
41:
26:
22:
2384:
2377:
2356:. Retrieved
2352:
2342:
2333:
2323:
2314:
2304:
2295:
2285:
2276:
2266:
2257:
2250:. Retrieved
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2210:
2202:
2195:. Retrieved
2189:
2175:
2166:
2136:
2132:
2111:
2104:. Retrieved
2099:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2068:
2062:
2019:
2015:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1980:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1906:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1869:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1773:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1747:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:the original
1710:
1692:
1686:
1675:
1664:. Retrieved
1651:
1645:interference
1644:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1578:
1551:, retrieved
1539:
1529:
1519:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1460:Twisted pair
1455:Signal noise
1430:Faraday cage
1381:
1365:
1349:
1332:
1329:
1317:
1309:reionization
1285:
1278:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1196:ground plane
1193:
1174:
1171:
1156:
1141:
1132:
1117:Please help
1105:
1077:
1070:
1060:
1053:
1019:
981:
964:heating pads
948:transmitters
945:
934:
909:
870:
855:
846:
831:Please help
819:
796:
793:
786:
771:
762:
747:Please help
735:
701:
678:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:Interference
626:
625:
612:
590:
576:
571:
567:
561:
543:
524:
489:
485:
464:
443:
441:
403:
400:
393:
383:
320:loudspeakers
302:
299:
296:
284:
280:
276:
268:
253:
249:
227:
178:
127:
95:solar flares
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:
25:
2315:Nature News
2100:Cisco Blogs
1782:February 5,
1756:February 5,
1400:Wilbur Ross
1259:amplifier,
1200:power plane
977:de-gaussing
970:. Multiple
960:bug zappers
897:directional
877:selectivity
683:to provide
449:, include:
115:televisions
40:solar flare
2411:Categories
2358:2019-05-05
2252:4 December
2226:5 December
2222:. EUMETNET
2197:4 December
2193:. MikroTik
2106:4 December
2029:2012.06521
1996:2009-07-13
1952:21 January
1922:21 January
1880:21 January
1849:21 January
1827:21 January
1805:21 January
1730:21 January
1666:2023-05-10
1630:2023-05-10
1605:21 January
1584:2023-05-10
1553:2023-05-10
1466:References
1386:, such as
1321:amplifiers
1305:redshifted
1257:microphone
1135:March 2022
1051:contacts.
1029:capacitive
927:article).
849:March 2022
765:March 2022
670:inductions
666:radiations
564:wavelength
531:capacitive
527:conductive
412:Power line
370:spark gaps
230:media help
181:media help
2163:0003-0007
2054:228372046
1986:"MAX9724"
1908:RF Design
1523:(Thesis).
1264:carrier.
1216:transient
1185:rise time
1106:does not
1087:Standards
1045:capacitor
1033:resistive
1025:inductive
1021:Switching
1001:devices,
999:Bluetooth
820:does not
789:induction
736:does not
662:emissions
539:radiative
424:Lightning
390:transient
111:FM radios
103:AM radios
91:lightning
2079:22 April
1970:Archived
1414:See also
1212:harmonic
695:between
656:s (ITU)
535:magnetic
520:Big Bang
500:receptor
496:coupling
327:FM radio
132:, as in
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2034:Bibcode
1261:speaker
1127:removed
1112:sources
1041:snubber
1023:loads (
995:802.11n
991:802.11g
987:802.11b
935:In the
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757:removed
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649:of the
633:, also
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246:History
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2376:ARRL,
2259:month)
2161:
2052:
1699:
1536:"NASA"
1377:S band
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1031:, and
1013:, and
966:, and
518:, the
447:trains
355:(SMPS)
113:, and
97:, and
2246:(PDF)
2220:(PDF)
2185:(PDF)
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2073:(PDF)
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639:EMI
549:PCB
384:An
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169:GSM
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