1416:
1554:
1522:
1934:
1538:
1492:, and are covered with a smooth glaze to shed water. Insulators made from porcelain rich in alumina are used where high mechanical strength is a criterion. Porcelain has a dielectric strength of about 4â10 kV/mm. Glass has a higher dielectric strength, but it attracts condensation and the thick irregular shapes needed for insulators are difficult to cast without internal strains. Some insulator manufacturers stopped making glass insulators in the late 1960s, switching to ceramic materials.
1946:
54:
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1712:
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3280:
861:
2098:
869:
1365:
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2021:
1176:
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1962:
1906:), have a dry flashover voltage of about 72 kV, and are rated at an operating voltage of 10â12 kV. However, the flashover voltage of a string is less than the sum of its component discs, because the electric field is not distributed evenly across the string but is strongest at the disc nearest to the conductor, which flashes over first. Metal
1888:, for use with different line voltages, can be constructed by using different numbers of the basic units. String insulators can be made for any practical transmission voltage by adding insulator elements to the string. Also, if one of the insulator units in the string breaks, it can be replaced without discarding the entire string.
1025:) that gives electrons enough energy to be excited into this band. Once this voltage is exceeded, electrical breakdown occurs, and the material ceases being an insulator, passing charge. This is usually accompanied by physical or chemical changes that permanently degrade the material and its insulating properties.
1980:
The first glass insulators used in large quantities had an unthreaded pinhole. These pieces of glass were positioned on a tapered wooden pin, vertically extending upwards from the pole's crossarm (commonly only two insulators to a pole and maybe one on top of the pole itself). Natural contraction and
1667:
Shackle insulator - In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But nowaday, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal position or in a vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt
1604:
Dirt, pollution, salt, and particularly water on the surface of a high voltage insulator can create a conductive path across it, causing leakage currents and flashovers. The flashover voltage can be reduced by more than 50% when the insulator is wet. High voltage insulators for outdoor use are shaped
1242:
may be found; while this is an adequate insulator at power frequencies, handling or repairs to asbestos material can release dangerous fibers into the air and must be carried out cautiously. Wire insulated with felted asbestos was used in high-temperature and rugged applications from the 1920s. Wire
2007:
The invention of suspension-type insulators made high-voltage power transmission possible. As transmission line voltages reached and passed 60,000 volts, the insulators required become very large and heavy, with insulators made for a safety margin of 88,000 volts being about the practical limit for
1644:
Suspension insulator - For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators, consisting of a number of glass or porcelain discs connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
1891:
Each unit is constructed of a ceramic or glass disc with a metal cap and pin cemented to opposite sides. To make defective units obvious, glass units are designed so that an overvoltage causes a puncture arc through the glass instead of a flashover. The glass is heat-treated so it shatters, making
1659:
pole or tower is used where a straight section of line ends, or angles off in another direction. These poles must withstand the lateral (horizontal) tension of the long straight section of wire. To support this lateral load, strain insulators are used. For low voltage lines (less than 11 kV),
1423:
transmission for telephone communication, manufactured for AT&T in the period from c. 1890 to WW-I; It is secured to its support structure with a screw-like metal or wood pin matching the threading in the hollow internal space. The transmission wire is tied into the groove around the insulator
1061:
occurs, the air in a region around a high-voltage conductor can break down and ionise without a catastrophic increase in current. However, if the region of air breakdown extends to another conductor at a different voltage it creates a conductive path between them, and a large current flows through
2011:
A large variety of telephone, telegraph and power insulators have been made; some people collect them, both for their historic interest and for the aesthetic quality of many insulator designs and finishes. One collectors organisation is the US National
Insulator Association, which has over 9,000
2071:
These insulators also have to be equipped with overvoltage protection equipment. For the dimensions of the guy insulation, static charges on guys have to be considered. For high masts, these can be much higher than the voltage caused by the transmitter, requiring guys divided by insulators in
2067:
in the guy. These insulators are usually ceramic and cylindrical or egg-shaped (see picture). This construction has the advantage that the ceramic is under compression rather than tension, so it can withstand greater load, and that if the insulator breaks, the cable ends are still linked.
1636:
wire of the same material as the conductor. Pin-type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of communication signals, and electric power at voltages up to 33 kV. Insulators made for operating voltages between 33 kV and 69 kV tend to be bulky and have become
1605:
to maximise the length of the leakage path along the surface from one end to the other, called the creepage length, to minimise these leakage currents. To accomplish this the surface is moulded into a series of corrugations or concentric disc shapes. These usually include one or more
1609:; downward facing cup-shaped surfaces that act as umbrellas to ensure that the part of the surface leakage path under the 'cup' stays dry in wet weather. Minimum creepage distances are 20â25 mm/kV, but must be increased in high pollution or airborne sea-salt areas.
939:, are very good electrical insulators. A much larger class of materials, even though they may have lower bulk resistivity, are still good enough to prevent significant current from flowing at normally used voltages, and thus are employed as insulation for
1304:
are used to insulate the circuit and prevent human contact with a 'live' wire â one having voltage of 600 volts or less. Alternative materials are likely to become increasingly used due to EU safety and environmental legislation making PVC less economic.
1640:
Post insulator - A type of insulator in the 1930s that is more compact than traditional pin-type insulators and which has rapidly replaced many pin-type insulators on lines up to 69 kV and in some configurations, can be made for operation at up to
2062:
inserted in the cable run, to keep the high voltages on the antenna from short circuiting to ground or creating a shock hazard. Often guy cables have several insulators, placed to break up the cable into lengths that prevent unwanted electrical
1348:. This is used on some appliances such as electric shavers, hair dryers and portable power tools. Double insulation requires that the devices have both basic and supplementary insulation, each of which is sufficient to prevent
1010:(a branch of physics) explains that electric charge flows when quantum states of matter are available into which electrons can be excited. This allows electrons to gain energy and thereby move through a conductor, such as a
1028:
When the electric field applied across an insulating substance exceeds in any location the threshold breakdown field for that substance, the insulator suddenly becomes a conductor, causing a large increase in current, an
2043:
mountings are used. They have to withstand not only the voltage of the mast radiator to ground, which can reach values up to 400 kV at some antennas, but also the weight of the mast construction and dynamic forces.
1632:- The pin-type insulator is mounted on a pin affixed on the cross-arm of the pole. The insulator has a groove near the top just below the crown. The conductor passes through this groove and is tied to the insulator with
2683:
M. Shakiba, F.; M, S. Azizi; M., Zhou (Oct 2022). "A Transfer
Learning-Based Method to Detect Insulator Faults of High-Voltage Transmission Lines via Aerial Images: Distinguishing Intact and Broken Insulator Images".
2460:
Composite insulators can take wind and rain and have good self-cleaning performance under wind and rain, so need checking for pollution only once every 4â5 years, and requiring less time for the repair and power
1592:
is a breakdown and conduction of the air around or along the surface of the insulator, causing an arc along the outside of the insulator. Insulators are usually designed to withstand flashover without damage.
1116:
are made from epoxy plastic and fibreglass. The nonconductive boards support layers of copper foil conductors. In electronic devices, the tiny and delicate active components are embedded within nonconductive
1021:. This occurs because the "valence" band containing the highest energy electrons is full, and a large energy gap separates this band from the next band above it. There is always some voltage (called the
1140:, the silicon material is normally a conductor because of doping, but it can easily be selectively transformed into a good insulator by the application of heat and oxygen. Oxidised silicon is
1098:
the center conductor must be supported precisely in the middle of the hollow shield to prevent electro-magnetic wave reflections. Wires that expose high voltages can cause human shock and
1969:
gained widespread recognition for their prolific production of CD145 insulators, commonly known as "Beehive" insulators, owing to their superior craftsmanship and extensive distribution.
1923:
of aluminium (most commonly) or copper tubing attached to the line. They are designed to reduce the electric field at the point where the insulator is attached to the line, to prevent
2671:
1312:
are used, classified by their maximum recommended working temperature to achieve acceptable operating life. Materials range from upgraded types of paper to inorganic compounds.
1515:
properties. This combination makes them ideal for service in polluted areas. However, these materials do not yet have the long-term proven service life of glass and porcelain.
1945:
1933:
1207:
permits a manufacturer to obtain the maximum number of turns within the available space. Windings that use thicker conductors are often wrapped with supplemental fiberglass
1090:. Wires sometimes don't use an insulating coating, just air, when a solid (e.g. plastic) coating may be impractical. Wires that touch each other produce cross connections,
1621:
A three-phase insulator used on distribution lines, typically 13.8 kV phase to phase. The lines are held in a diamond pattern, multiple insulators used between poles.
1660:
shackle insulators are used as strain insulators. However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-and-pin (suspension) insulators are used, attached to the
1250:
Live-front switchboards up to the early part of the 20th century were made of slate or marble. Some high voltage equipment is designed to operate within a high pressure
1167:. Other high voltage system insulation materials include ceramic or glass wire holders, gas, vacuum, and simply placing wires far enough apart to use air as insulation.
1075:
In addition, all insulators become conductors at very high temperatures as the thermal energy of the valence electrons is sufficient to put them in the conduction band.
2474:
2351:
2742:
2072:
multiple sections on the highest masts. In this case, guys which are grounded at the anchor basements via a coil - or if possible, directly - are the better choice.
1521:
1880:
usually use modular suspension insulator designs. The wires are suspended from a 'string' of identical disc-shaped insulators that attach to each other with metal
611:
2004:
was granted to Louis A. Cauvet on 25 July 1865 for a process to produce insulators with a threaded pinhole: pin-type insulators still have threaded pinholes.
1601:
Most high voltage insulators are designed with a lower flashover voltage than puncture voltage, so they flash over before they puncture, to avoid damage.
584:
1664:
in a horizontal direction. When the tension load in lines is exceedingly high, such as at long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.
596:
2008:
manufacturing and installation. Suspension insulators, on the other hand, can be connected into strings as long as required for the line's voltage.
1895:
Standard suspension disc insulator units are 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in diameter and 15 cm (6 in) long, can support a load of 80â120
1235:
may be insulated with glass-reinforced plastic insulation, treated to have low flame spread and to prevent tracking of current across the material.
1163:, liquid insulator oil is the typical method used for preventing arcs. The oil replaces air in spaces that must support significant voltage without
1041:(electrons and ions, which are always present at low concentrations) to a high enough velocity to knock electrons from atoms when they strike them,
1352:. All internal electrically energized components are totally enclosed within an insulated body that prevents any contact with "live" parts. In the
872:
Three-core copper wire power cable, each core with an individual colour-coded insulating sheath, all contained within an outer protective sheath
3323:
1078:
In certain capacitors, shorts between electrodes formed due to dielectric breakdown can disappear when the applied electric field is reduced.
2735:
1981:
expansion of the wires tied to these "threadless insulators" resulted in insulators unseating from their pins, requiring manual reseating.
1912:
are sometimes added around the disc at the high voltage end, to reduce the electric field across that disc and improve flashover voltage.
1223:; although these materials have been used for more than 100 years, they still provide a good balance of economy and adequate performance.
2677:
970:
without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called
847:
616:
3272:
2728:
626:
1014:, if an electric potential difference is applied to the material. If no such states are available, the material is an insulator.
1436:
may have some insulation but are often bare as well. Insulating supports are required at the points where they are supported by
2381:
1674:- enables one or several conductors to pass through a partition such as a wall or a tank, and insulates the conductors from it.
1105:
Most insulated wire and cable products have maximum ratings for voltage and conductor temperature. The product may not have an
451:
1045:
the atoms. These freed electrons and ions are in turn accelerated and strike other atoms, creating more charge carriers, in a
2662:
2609:
2481:
2453:
2359:
2191:
2160:
1415:
1050:
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461:
88:
17:
1892:
the damaged unit visible. However the mechanical strength of the unit is unchanged, so the insulator string stays together.
1537:
476:
1294:
1180:
884:
does not flow freely. The atoms of the insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot readily move. Other materialsâ
1329:
Class I insulation requires that the metal body and other exposed metal parts of the device be connected to earth via a
1109:(current-carrying capacity) rating, since this is dependent on the surrounding environment (e.g. ambient temperature).
2082:
type, often must be kept at a distance from metal structures. The insulated supports used for this purpose are called
1337:
at the main service panelâbut only needs basic insulation on the conductors. This equipment needs an extra pin on the
3260:
2582:
2554:
2523:
78:
346:
2039:, which means that the entire mast structure is energised with high voltage and must be insulated from the ground.
1553:
994:. They support the weight of the suspended wires without allowing the current to flow through the tower to ground.
1977:; direct attachment of wires to wooden poles was found to give very poor results, especially during damp weather.
1581:
through the interior of the insulator. The heat resulting from the arc usually damages the insulator irreparably.
1215:
and reduce magnetically induced wire vibration. Large power transformer windings are still mostly insulated with
261:
840:
606:
83:
1723:
3296:
3241:
2852:
1876:
Pin-type insulators are unsuitable for voltages greater than about 69 kV line-to-line. Higher voltage
621:
326:
1951:
Suspended glass disc insulator unit used in suspension insulator strings for high voltage transmission lines
2787:
2001:
1391:
486:
226:
93:
1203:, insulation on the wire coils consists of up to four thin layers of polymer varnish film. Film-insulated
216:
1433:
1429:
1216:
1072:
involves charges ejected from the surface of metal electrodes rather than produced by the vacuum itself.
983:
979:
928:
779:
654:
551:
526:
446:
1086:
A flexible coating of an insulator is often applied to electric wire and cable; this assembly is called
3032:
2941:
1645:
top end is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number of disc units used depends on the voltage.
279:
2531:
2981:
2956:
1984:
Amongst the first to produce ceramic insulators were companies in the United
Kingdom, with Stiff and
1585:
is the voltage across the insulator (when installed in its normal manner) that causes a puncture arc.
1326:
All portable or hand-held electrical devices are insulated to protect their user from harmful shock.
1007:
896:; insulators have higher resistivity than semiconductors or conductors. The most common examples are
833:
794:
321:
311:
251:
246:
186:
903:
A perfect insulator does not exist because even insulators contain small numbers of mobile charges (
3151:
2905:
2895:
2751:
2111:
1966:
1500:
1270:
331:
764:
266:
2129:
1661:
1356:, double insulated appliances all are marked with a symbol of two squares, one inside the other.
1282:
932:
908:
644:
161:
156:
1884:
or ball-and-socket links. The advantage of this design is that insulator strings with different
769:
739:
2568:
1633:
1258:. Insulation materials that perform well at power and low frequencies may be unsatisfactory at
591:
361:
136:
2335:
1499:
materials for some types of insulators. These are typically composed of a central rod made of
3048:
3027:
2961:
2177:
1993:
1380:
1113:
1003:
956:
689:
376:
366:
316:
306:
2207:
Klein, N.; Gafni, H. (1966). "The maximum dielectric strength of thin silicon oxide films".
2150:
1939:
Suspension insulator string (the vertical string of discs) on a 275 kV suspension pylon
3017:
2792:
2290:
2251:
2242:
Inuishi, Y.; Powers, D.A. (1957). "Electric breakdown and conduction through Mylar films".
2216:
2117:
1671:
1453:
1386:
1196:
1164:
1129:
967:
916:
897:
892:âconduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes an insulator is its
889:
814:
714:
679:
431:
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196:
181:
116:
1444:. Insulators are also required where wire enters buildings or electrical devices, such as
53:
8:
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1334:
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749:
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291:
221:
2294:
2255:
2220:
3318:
3118:
3108:
2946:
2857:
2709:
2504:
IEC 60137:2003. 'Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1,000 V.' IEC, 2003.
2445:
2311:
2278:
2103:
2049:
1496:
1473:
1441:
1301:
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31:
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2423:
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are bare, and are insulated by the surrounding air. Conductors for lower voltages in
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121:
45:
1068:. Even a vacuum can suffer a sort of breakdown, but in this case the breakdown or
3221:
3176:
2842:
2759:
2599:
1449:
1259:
1228:
1208:
1145:
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131:
2438:
Inspection and
Monitoring Technologies of Transmission Lines with Remote Sensing
784:
3284:
3231:
3113:
3002:
2302:
1974:
1511:). Composite insulators are less costly, lighter in weight, and have excellent
1353:
1349:
1251:
1200:
1188:
1187:
The most important insulation material is air. A variety of solid, liquid, and
1122:
1099:
1053:
drops to a low level. In a solid, the breakdown voltage is proportional to the
1046:
1038:
1034:
966:
Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical
904:
704:
699:
521:
411:
336:
286:
236:
209:
166:
141:
111:
104:
2697:
1701:
1308:
In electrical apparatus such as motors, generators, and transformers, various
978:
is also used more specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach
3312:
3156:
3138:
3123:
3103:
3007:
2976:
2807:
2705:
2036:
2032:
1985:
1900:
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960:
885:
819:
804:
789:
729:
441:
356:
341:
256:
241:
146:
2228:
1049:. Rapidly the insulator becomes filled with mobile charge carriers, and its
3093:
2915:
2817:
2720:
2678:
Which Is The Best
Electrical Insulator- Rubber, Glass, Plastic Or Ceramics?
2320:
2045:
2029:
1908:
1578:
1577:
is a breakdown and conduction of the material of the insulator, causing an
1437:
1266:
1152:
1064:
1030:
987:
911:
when a sufficiently large voltage is applied that the electric field tears
799:
694:
659:
601:
536:
456:
421:
301:
176:
3213:
2931:
2900:
2880:
2827:
1916:
1508:
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1238:
In older apparatus made up to the early 1970s, boards made of compressed
1220:
1204:
1192:
1156:
936:
893:
719:
571:
401:
63:
30:
This article is about electrical insulation. For insulation of heat, see
1711:
1211:. Windings may also be impregnated with insulating varnishes to prevent
3128:
2966:
2802:
1881:
1569:
of an insulator due to excessive voltage can occur in one of two ways:
1528:
1512:
1338:
1232:
1160:
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436:
2263:
1692:
3186:
3012:
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2183:
2079:
2064:
1989:
1469:
1420:
860:
759:
734:
546:
68:
2436:
Hu, Yi; Liu, Kai (2017). "Transmission lines detection technology".
2097:
2075:
2055:
2040:
1504:
1489:
1239:
1106:
1054:
1018:
912:
511:
506:
126:
1748:
Typical number of disc insulator units for standard line voltages
1464:
Insulators used for high-voltage power transmission are made from
868:
3236:
3203:
3181:
3161:
2279:"Recovery of Alumina Nanocapacitors after High Voltage Breakdown"
1485:
952:
948:
481:
2052:
are necessary because lightning strikes to the mast are common.
1617:
3171:
3166:
2772:
2352:"Understanding IEC Appliance Insulation Classes: I, II and III"
1997:
1481:
1278:
1224:
1141:
940:
566:
73:
1915:
In very high voltage lines the insulator may be surrounded by
1456:, which are hollow insulators with the conductor inside them.
1410:
907:) which can carry current. In addition, all insulators become
3146:
2767:
2020:
1920:
1465:
1191:
insulators are also used in electrical apparatus. In smaller
1118:
1011:
924:
2626:"Insulators : National Insulator Association Home Page"
1973:
The first electrical systems to make use of insulators were
1175:
1033:
through the substance. Electrical breakdown occurs when the
1700:
An insulator that protects a full-length of bottom-contact
1477:
1286:
2777:
1996:) producing them from around 1860 and Bullers from 1868.
1042:
2547:
Standard
Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 11th Edition
1961:
1625:
Insulators are characterized in several common classes:
1557:
High voltage ceramic bushing during manufacture, before
1527:
Power lines supported by ceramic pin-type insulators in
1262:, due to heating from excessive dielectric dissipation.
2333:
2625:
2418:
1285:, silicone, or modified ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (
2516:
1170:
1125:
plastics, or within baked glass or ceramic coatings.
2424:
Insulator Usage, A.C. Walker's
Insulator Information
2093:
2078:
attaching antennas to radio equipment, particularly
1037:
in the material is strong enough to accelerate free
1372:It has been suggested that this article should be
919:, and the voltage at which it occurs is called the
1315:
997:
27:Material that does not conduct an electric current
1992:from the mid-1840s, Joseph Bourne (later renamed
3310:
2672:Function of Grading rings to Composite Insulator
1452:, for insulation from the case. Often these are
864:Ceramic insulator used on an electrified railway
1696:Bottom-contact third rail in a sheath insulator
1281:, rubber-like polymers, oil impregnated paper,
2601:Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution
2535:, A. C. Walker's Insulator Information website
2391:. Universal Clay Products, Ltd. Archived from
2736:
2682:
2241:
1344:Class II insulation means that the device is
841:
2750:
2334:Bernhard, Frank; Bernhard, Frank H. (1921).
2148:
1597:is the voltage that causes a flash-over arc.
1507:or ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (
1419:Pin-type glass insulator for long-distance
1411:Telegraph and power transmission insulators
1269:, crosslinked polyethylene (either through
2826:
2743:
2729:
2513:
2206:
2169:
848:
834:
52:
2310:
2276:
2142:
2015:
2340:. Electrical Trade Pub. Co. p. 822.
2019:
1960:
1742:
1691:
1616:
1552:
1414:
1174:
1002:Electrical insulation is the absence of
923:of an insulator. Some materials such as
867:
859:
2570:The Electric Power Engineering Handbook
2566:
2560:
2472:
2175:
1265:Electrical wires may be insulated with
597:Electromagnetism and special relativity
14:
3311:
2652:
2597:
2539:
2415:
2058:supporting antenna masts usually have
1543:10 kV ceramic insulator, showing sheds
1300:Flexible insulating materials such as
915:away from the atoms. This is known as
3324:Electrical resistance and conductance
2724:
2545:Donald G. Fink, H. Wayne Beaty (ed).,
2435:
2409:
2179:An Introduction to Electrical Science
1476:. Porcelain insulators are made from
1428:Conductors for overhead high-voltage
617:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
3267:
2155:. New Age International. p. 7.
1706:
1495:Some electric utilities use polymer
1358:
1247:under the trade name "Deltabeston."
3291:
2152:Electronics Theory and Applications
1687:
1181:mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
24:
2480:. IDC Technologies. Archived from
2446:10.1016/B978-0-12-812644-8.00004-7
1171:Insulation in electrical apparatus
1148:, the primary component of glass.
25:
3335:
2676:Aayush Kejriwal July 12th, 2024,
2382:"Electrical Porcelain Insulators"
1927:, which results in power losses.
1503:and an outer weathershed made of
3290:
3278:
3266:
3255:
3254:
2176:Waygood, Adrian (19 June 2013).
2096:
1944:
1932:
1710:
1536:
1520:
1363:
1297:, depending on the application.
2618:
2591:
2507:
2498:
2466:
2429:
2149:S. L. Kakani (1 January 2005).
1316:Class I and Class II insulation
998:Physics of conduction in solids
947:. Examples include rubber-like
2686:Artificial Intelligence Review
2420:. London: English Univ. Press.
2374:
2344:
2327:
2270:
2235:
2200:
1341:for the grounding connection.
13:
1:
2853:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2646:
2358:. 6 July 2018. Archived from
2277:Belkin, A.; et., al. (2017).
1919:. These typically consist of
1017:Most insulators have a large
622:Relativistic electromagnetism
2567:Grigsby, Leonard L. (2001).
2518:. UK: Butterworth & Co.
2209:IEEE Trans. Electron Devices
1459:
7:
2089:
2024:Egg-shaped strain insulator
1474:composite polymer materials
1430:electric power transmission
1295:compressed inorganic powder
1273:or chemical crosslinking),
980:electric power distribution
10:
3340:
3033:Spin gapless semiconductor
2942:Nearly free electron model
2604:. Technical Publications.
2533:Overvoltage and flashovers
2303:10.1038/s41598-017-01007-9
2114: â English physicist
1956:
1319:
1130:microelectronic components
347:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
29:
3250:
3212:
3137:
3081:
3041:
2990:
2982:Density functional theory
2957:electronic band structure
2924:
2873:
2866:
2835:
2824:
2758:
2698:10.1109/MSMC.2022.3198027
2475:"High Voltage Insulators"
1548:
1243:of this type was sold by
1183:with two conducting cores
612:Mathematical descriptions
322:Electromagnetic radiation
312:Electromagnetic induction
252:Magnetic vector potential
247:Magnetic scalar potential
3152:Bogoliubov quasiparticle
2896:Quantum spin Hall effect
2788:BoseâEinstein condensate
2752:Condensed matter physics
2657:. Churnet Valley Books.
2653:Taylor, Sue (May 2003).
2337:EMF Electrical Year Book
2135:
1967:Brookfield Glass Company
1612:
1501:fibre reinforced plastic
1302:PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
1271:electron beam processing
2514:Diesendorf, W. (1974).
2229:10.1109/T-ED.1966.15681
2130:Electrical conductivity
1112:In electronic systems,
1094:, and fire hazards. In
1081:
909:electrically conductive
880:is a material in which
162:Electrostatic induction
157:Electrostatic discharge
2557:, pages 14-153, 14-154
2025:
2016:Insulation of antennas
1970:
1697:
1680:Station post insulator
1622:
1562:
1425:
1184:
1114:printed circuit boards
873:
865:
592:Electromagnetic tensor
3028:Topological insulator
2962:Anderson localization
2549:, McGraw-Hill, 1978,
2023:
1964:
1743:Suspension insulators
1695:
1620:
1556:
1418:
1381:electrical insulation
1378:into articles titled
1219:, wood, varnish, and
1178:
1062:the air, creating an
1004:electrical conduction
871:
863:
585:Covariant formulation
377:Synchrotron radiation
317:Electromagnetic pulse
307:Electromagnetic field
18:Electrical insulation
2906:AharonovâBohm effect
2793:Fermionic condensate
2118:Electrical conductor
1899:(18,000â27,000
1668:or to the cross arm.
1424:just below the dome.
1387:electrical insulator
1165:electrical breakdown
917:electrical breakdown
878:electrical insulator
627:Stressâenergy tensor
552:Reluctance (complex)
297:Displacement current
3297:Physics WikiProject
2972:tight binding model
2952:Fermi liquid theory
2937:Free electron model
2886:Quantum Hall effect
2867:Electrons in solids
2416:Cotton, H. (1958).
2362:on 17 February 2020
2295:2017NatSR...7..932B
2256:1957JAP....28.1017I
2221:1966ITED...13..281K
2125:Dielectric material
2084:standoff insulators
2050:lightning arresters
1749:
1677:Line post insulator
1442:transmission towers
1256:sulfur hexafluoride
1155:systems containing
992:transmission towers
542:Magnetomotive force
427:Electromotive force
397:Alternating current
332:Jefimenko equations
292:Cyclotron radiation
2858:Critical phenomena
2598:Bakshi, M (2007).
2473:Holtzhausen, J.P.
2389:Product spec sheet
2283:Scientific Reports
2104:Electronics portal
2026:
1971:
1886:breakdown voltages
1878:transmission lines
1747:
1722:. You can help by
1698:
1623:
1563:
1426:
1310:insulation systems
1185:
935:, which have high
874:
866:
390:Electrical network
227:Gauss magnetic law
192:Static electricity
152:Electric potential
32:thermal insulation
3306:
3305:
3192:Exciton-polariton
3077:
3076:
3049:Thermoelectricity
2664:978-1-897949-96-2
2655:Bullers of Milton
2611:978-81-8431-271-3
2455:978-0-12-812644-8
2264:10.1063/1.1722899
2193:978-1-135-07113-4
2162:978-81-224-1536-0
2060:strain insulators
1874:
1873:
1740:
1739:
1595:Flashover voltage
1408:
1407:
1322:Appliance classes
1213:electrical corona
1023:breakdown voltage
941:electrical wiring
921:breakdown voltage
858:
857:
557:Reluctance (real)
527:Gyratorâcapacitor
472:Resonant cavities
362:Maxwell equations
16:(Redirected from
3331:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3257:
3197:Phonon polariton
3089:Amorphous magnet
3069:Electrostriction
3064:Flexoelectricity
3059:Ferroelectricity
3054:Piezoelectricity
2911:Josephson effect
2891:Spin Hall effect
2871:
2870:
2848:Phase transition
2830:
2813:Luttinger liquid
2760:States of matter
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1688:Sheath insulator
1649:Strain insulator
1583:Puncture voltage
1540:
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1450:circuit breakers
1403:
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1346:double insulated
1245:General Electric
1229:circuit breakers
1059:corona discharge
882:electric current
850:
843:
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517:Electric machine
500:Magnetic circuit
462:Parallel circuit
452:Network analysis
417:Electric current
352:London equations
197:Triboelectricity
187:Potential energy
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46:Electromagnetism
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3109:Superparamagnet
3082:Magnetic phases
3073:
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2947:Bloch's theorem
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2836:Phase phenomena
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280:Electrodynamics
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267:Right-hand rule
232:Magnetic dipole
222:BiotâSavart law
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137:Electric dipole
132:Electric charge
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3285:Physics Portal
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2186:. p. 41.
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1350:electric shock
1331:grounding wire
1320:Main article:
1317:
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1252:insulating gas
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1169:
1092:short circuits
1088:insulated wire
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1080:
1047:chain reaction
1035:electric field
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886:semiconductors
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1718:This section
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1676:
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1666:
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1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1637:uneconomical.
1635:
1631:
1630:Pin insulator
1628:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1590:flashover arc
1587:
1584:
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1467:
1457:
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1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:utility poles
1435:
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1198:
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1190:
1182:
1179:PVC-sheathed
1177:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
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1149:
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1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
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1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1100:electrocution
1097:
1096:coaxial cable
1093:
1089:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:energy. When
1056:
1052:
1048:
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1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:. Electronic
1005:
995:
993:
989:
988:utility poles
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
962:
961:thermoplastic
958:
955:which can be
954:
950:
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442:Joule heating
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358:
357:Lorentz force
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258:
257:Magnetization
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:Magnetic flux
240:
238:
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148:
147:Electric flux
145:
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123:
120:
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100:
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85:
84:Computational
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61:
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55:
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38:
33:
19:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3177:Pines' demon
2997:
2916:Kondo effect
2818:Time crystal
2692:(4): 15â25.
2689:
2685:
2654:
2633:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2569:
2562:
2546:
2541:
2532:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2489:. Retrieved
2482:the original
2468:
2459:
2437:
2431:
2417:
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2393:the original
2388:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2355:
2346:
2336:
2329:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2178:
2171:
2151:
2144:
2112:Stephen Gray
2083:
2074:
2070:
2054:
2046:Arcing horns
2030:broadcasting
2027:
2010:
2006:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1917:corona rings
1914:
1907:
1894:
1890:
1875:
1753:Line voltage
1728:
1724:adding to it
1719:
1699:
1656:
1652:
1641:115 kV.
1624:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1579:electric arc
1575:puncture arc
1574:
1564:
1494:
1463:
1446:transformers
1434:distribution
1427:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1345:
1343:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1307:
1299:
1291:power cables
1267:polyethylene
1264:
1249:
1237:
1193:transformers
1186:
1157:transformers
1153:high voltage
1150:
1127:
1111:
1104:
1087:
1085:
1077:
1074:
1065:electric arc
1063:
1031:electric arc
1027:
1016:
1001:
984:transmission
975:
971:
965:
902:
877:
875:
602:Four-current
537:Linear motor
422:Electrolysis
302:Eddy current
262:Permeability
182:Polarization
177:Permittivity
171:
3214:Soft matter
3114:Ferromagnet
2932:Drude model
2901:Berry phase
2881:Hall effect
2630:www.nia.org
2440:: 205â279.
2356:Fidus Power
1897:kilonewtons
1513:hydrophobic
1221:mineral oil
1205:magnet wire
1134:transistors
1008:band theory
974:. The term
963:in nature.
937:resistivity
894:resistivity
572:Transformer
402:Capacitance
327:Faraday law
122:Coulomb law
64:Electricity
3313:Categories
3129:Spin glass
3124:Metamagnet
3104:Paramagnet
2991:Conduction
2967:BCS theory
2808:Superfluid
2803:Supersolid
2647:References
2635:2017-12-12
2491:2008-10-17
2422:copied on
2402:2008-10-19
2366:16 October
2289:(1): 932.
2215:(2): 281.
2065:resonances
1882:clevis pin
1731:April 2021
1702:third rail
1529:California
1339:power plug
1289:). Larger
1233:switchgear
1197:generators
1161:capacitors
1070:vacuum arc
1051:resistance
972:insulation
968:conductors
898:non-metals
890:conductors
639:Scientists
487:Waveguides
467:Resistance
437:Inductance
217:AmpĂšre law
3319:Materials
3187:Polariton
3094:Diamagnet
3042:Couplings
3018:Conductor
3013:Semimetal
2998:Insulator
2874:Phenomena
2798:Fermi gas
2714:252999399
2706:2333-942X
2575:CRC Press
2184:Routledge
2080:twin-lead
2076:Feedlines
2056:Guy wires
2012:members.
1990:stoneware
1567:breakdown
1497:composite
1470:porcelain
1460:Materials
1421:open-wire
1399:June 2021
1102:hazards.
986:lines to
976:insulator
957:thermoset
951:and most
913:electrons
795:Steinmetz
725:Kirchhoff
710:Jefimenko
705:Hopkinson
690:Helmholtz
685:Heaviside
547:Permeance
432:Impedance
172:Insulator
167:Gauss law
117:Conductor
94:Phenomena
89:Textbooks
69:Magnetism
3261:Category
3242:Colloids
2321:28428625
2090:See also
2041:Steatite
2028:Often a
1662:crossarm
1653:dead end
1634:annealed
1490:feldspar
1454:bushings
1333:that is
1293:may use
1254:such as
1240:asbestos
1132:such as
1123:phenolic
1107:ampacity
1055:band gap
1043:ionizing
1019:band gap
953:plastics
949:polymers
820:Wiechert
775:Poynting
665:Einstein
512:DC motor
507:AC motor
342:Lenz law
127:Electret
3273:Commons
3237:Polymer
3204:Polaron
3182:Plasmon
3162:Exciton
2573:. USA:
2312:5430567
2291:Bibcode
2252:Bibcode
2217:Bibcode
2000:number
1986:Doulton
1957:History
1921:toruses
1683:Cut-out
1672:Bushing
1561:(1977)
1559:glazing
1486:alumina
1392:discuss
1335:earthed
1225:Busbars
1189:gaseous
1144:, i.e.
805:Thomson
780:Ritchie
770:Poisson
755:Neumann
750:Maxwell
745:Lorentz
740:Liénard
670:Faraday
655:Coulomb
482:Voltage
457:Ohm law
79:History
3172:Phonon
3167:Magnon
2925:Theory
2783:Plasma
2773:Liquid
2712:
2704:
2661:
2608:
2581:
2553:
2522:
2452:
2319:
2309:
2190:
2159:
2002:48,906
1988:using
1758:Discs
1657:anchor
1549:Design
1482:quartz
1283:Teflon
1279:Kapton
1199:, and
1142:quartz
945:cables
790:Singer
785:Savart
765:Ărsted
730:Larmor
720:Kelvin
675:Fizeau
645:AmpĂšre
567:Stator
74:Optics
3147:Anyon
2768:Solid
2710:S2CID
2485:(PDF)
2478:(PDF)
2396:(PDF)
2385:(PDF)
2136:Notes
1994:Denby
1613:Types
1607:sheds
1531:, USA
1466:glass
1375:split
1217:paper
1119:epoxy
1012:metal
929:paper
925:glass
815:Weber
810:Volta
800:Tesla
715:Joule
700:Hertz
695:Henry
680:Gauss
562:Rotor
3157:Hole
2702:ISSN
2659:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2520:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2426:page
2368:2018
2317:PMID
2188:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2048:and
1965:The
1763:34.5
1755:(kV)
1651:- A
1509:EPDM
1488:and
1478:clay
1384:and
1287:ETFE
1227:and
1159:and
1136:and
1082:Uses
990:and
943:and
933:PTFE
931:and
888:and
735:Lenz
660:Davy
650:Biot
2778:Gas
2694:doi
2442:doi
2307:PMC
2299:doi
2260:doi
2225:doi
1870:60
1867:765
1862:59
1859:750
1854:44
1851:600
1846:34
1843:500
1838:24
1835:400
1830:23
1827:360
1822:18
1819:345
1814:15
1811:287
1806:14
1803:230
1798:11
1795:161
1787:138
1779:115
1726:.
1655:or
1484:or
1472:or
1448:or
1440:or
1394:)
1390:. (
1275:PVC
1231:in
1151:In
1138:ICs
1128:In
1121:or
982:or
959:or
876:An
760:Ohm
3315::
2708:.
2700:.
2688:.
2628:.
2577:.
2458:.
2448:.
2387:.
2354:.
2315:.
2305:.
2297:.
2285:.
2281:.
2258:.
2248:58
2246:.
2223:.
2213:13
2211:.
2182:.
2086:.
1901:lb
1790:8
1782:6
1774:4
1771:69
1766:3
1704:.
1588:A
1573:A
1480:,
1468:,
1354:EU
1277:,
1195:,
927:,
900:.
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2730:v
2716:.
2696::
2690:8
2667:.
2638:.
2614:.
2587:.
2528:.
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2444::
2405:.
2370:.
2323:.
2301::
2293::
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2262::
2254::
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2219::
2196:.
2165:.
1903:f
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