2132:
1554:
1275:
1757:
1970:' still sometimes sees use. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would seek to make as it was forced to move within the field; they are however an imaginary concept with no physical existence, and the field permeates all the intervening space between the lines. Field lines emanating from stationary charges have several key properties: first, that they originate at positive charges and terminate at negative charges; second, that they must enter any good conductor at right angles, and third, that they may never cross nor close in on themselves.
2862:
49:
1923:
1177:
2159:
2221:
2029:
80:
1919:, and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance. However, there is an important difference. Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion. Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker.
2959:
7680:
2621:
7704:
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3380:
1048:
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7692:
3002:. While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station. A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or banning the use of resistive electric heating in new buildings. Electricity is however still a highly practical energy source for heating and
2151:, who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other: two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other, while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart. The interaction is mediated by the magnetic field each current produces and forms the basis for the international
2362:: one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb. A capacitor connected to a voltage supply initially causes a current as it accumulates charge; this current will however decay in time as the capacitor fills, eventually falling to zero. A capacitor will therefore not permit a
2393:, a contemporary of Faraday. One henry is the inductance that will induce a potential difference of one volt if the current through it changes at a rate of one ampere per second. The inductor's behaviour is in some regards converse to that of the capacitor: it will freely allow an unchanging current, but opposes a rapidly changing one.
1871:. Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time. The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse. Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not observed under
2067:, which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated. The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term
1629:
first: the charge acts to force the two balls apart. Two balls that are charged with a rubbed amber rod also repel each other. However, if one ball is charged by the glass rod, and the other by an amber rod, the two balls are found to attract each other. These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by
1688:, that is, the net charge within an electrically isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system. Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as a wire. The informal term
3279:
why electricity was valuable. Faraday answered, "One day sir, you may tax it." However, according to Snopes.com "the anecdote should be considered apocryphal because it isn't mentioned in any accounts by
Faraday or his contemporaries (letters, newspapers, or biographies) and only popped up well after
1628:
on each other, an effect that was known, though not understood, in antiquity. A lightweight ball suspended by a fine thread can be charged by touching it with a glass rod that has itself been charged by rubbing with a cloth. If a similar ball is charged by the same glass rod, it is found to repel the
3115:
A voltage applied to a human body causes an electric current through the tissues, and although the relationship is non-linear, the greater the voltage, the greater the current. The threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current, but is about 0.1 mA to
2872:
Demand for electricity grows with great rapidity as a nation modernises and its economy develops. The United States showed a 12% increase in demand during each year of the first three decades of the twentieth century, a rate of growth that is now being experienced by emerging economies such as those
1866:
devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative. If, as is most common, this flow is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite direction. Alternating current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; almost always this takes the form
2845:
in 1884 is still used to convert the thermal energy of steam into a rotary motion that can be used by electro-mechanical generators. Such generators bear no resemblance to
Faraday's homopolar disc generator of 1831, but they still rely on his electromagnetic principle that a conductor linking a
2143:
existed around all sides of a wire carrying an electric current indicated that there was a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces, the two forces of nature then known. The force on the compass
2990:
becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories. Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the
1010:
The study of electrical phenomena dates back to antiquity, with theoretical understanding progressing slowly until the 17th and 18th centuries. The development of the theory of electromagnetism in the 19th century marked significant progress, leading to electricity's industrial and residential
1992:
causes flashover between the charged parts. Air, for example, tends to arc across small gaps at electric field strengths which exceed 30 kV per centimetre. Over larger gaps, its breakdown strength is weaker, perhaps 1 kV per centimetre. The most visible natural occurrence of this is
2144:
needle did not direct it to or away from the current-carrying wire, but acted at right angles to it. Ărsted's words were that "the electric conflict acts in a revolving manner." The force also depended on the direction of the current, for if the flow was reversed, then the force did too.
1915:. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two
2324:, stating that the current passing through a resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. The resistance of most materials is relatively constant over a range of temperatures and currents; materials under these conditions are known as 'ohmic'. The
1997:, caused when charge becomes separated in the clouds by rising columns of air, and raises the electric field in the air to greater than it can withstand. The voltage of a large lightning cloud may be as high as 100 MV and have discharge energies as great as 250 kWh.
2720:
Faraday's and Ampère's work showed that a time-varying magnetic field created an electric field, and a time-varying electric field created a magnetic field. Thus, when either field is changing in time, a field of the other is always induced. These variations are an
2729:
in 1864. Maxwell developed a set of equations that could unambiguously describe the interrelationship between electric field, magnetic field, electric charge, and electric current. He could moreover prove that in a vacuum such a wave would travel at the
1736:
By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part. Current defined in this manner is called
2182:. A current was allowed through a wire suspended from a pivot above the magnet and dipped into the mercury. The magnet exerted a tangential force on the wire, making it circle around the magnet for as long as the current was maintained.
1640:
The force acts on the charged particles themselves, hence charge has a tendency to spread itself as evenly as possible over a conducting surface. The magnitude of the electromagnetic force, whether attractive or repulsive, is given by
1930:
An electric field generally varies in space, and its strength at any one point is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would be felt by a stationary, negligible charge if placed at that point. The conceptual charge, termed a
2934:(wind and solar energy) in the grid, it has become more challenging to match supply and demand. Storage plays an increasing role in bridging that gap. There are four types of energy storage technologies, each in varying states of
2315:
the current through it, dissipating its energy as heat. The resistance is a consequence of the motion of charge through a conductor: in metals, for example, resistance is primarily due to collisions between electrons and ions.
2040:
The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field. A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires
2147:Ărsted did not fully understand his discovery, but he observed the effect was reciprocal: a current exerts a force on a magnet, and a magnetic field exerts a force on a current. The phenomenon was further investigated by
1157:, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the
3014:
representing a growing sector for electricity demand for heating and cooling, the effects of which electricity utilities are increasingly obliged to accommodate. Electrification is expected to play a major role in the
1225:
word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the
English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in
3128:. The lack of any visible sign that a conductor is electrified makes electricity a particular hazard. The pain caused by an electric shock can be intense, leading electricity at times to be employed as a method of
2543:
2205:
was inefficient and of no use as a practical generator, but it showed the possibility of generating electric power using magnetism, a possibility that would be taken up by those that followed on from his work.
3291:
of the time accordingly often depicted it as a mysterious, quasi-magical force that can slay the living, revive the dead or otherwise bend the laws of nature. This attitude began with the 1771 experiments of
2116:
of the electric potential. Usually expressed in volts per metre, the vector direction of the field is the line of greatest slope of potential, and where the equipotentials lie closest together.
1772:, and its nature varies with that of the charged particles and the material through which they are travelling. Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a
1595:. No object can have a charge smaller than the elementary charge, and any amount of charge an object may carry is a multiple of the elementary charge. An electron has an equal negative charge, i.e.
2097:: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric field. As relief maps show
2000:
The field strength is greatly affected by nearby conducting objects, and it is particularly intense when it is forced to curve around sharply pointed objects. This principle is exploited in the
2339:
is a development of the Leyden jar and is a device that can store charge, and thereby storing electrical energy in the resulting field. It consists of two conducting plates separated by a thin
2074:
For practical purposes, it is useful to define a common reference point to which potentials may be expressed and compared. While this could be at infinity, a much more useful reference is the
2185:
Experimentation by
Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a potential difference between its ends. Further analysis of this process, known as
2112:
The electric field was formally defined as the force exerted per unit charge, but the concept of potential allows for a more useful and equivalent definition: the electric field is the local
1807:
Current causes several observable effects, which historically were the means of recognising its presence. That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by
3352:
With electricity ceasing to be a novelty and becoming a necessity of everyday life in the later half of the 20th century, it required particular attention by popular culture only when it
1259:
conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and
1725:. Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current. Electric current can flow through some things,
2991:
burgeoning market for electrical lighting. In the late 20th century and in modern times, the trend has started to flow in the direction of deregulation in the electrical power sector.
4488:
The repulsive force between two small spheres charged with the same type of electricity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of the two spheres.
2683:, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working
2257:
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task.
3722:
Thales, too, to judge from what is recorded about him, seems to have held soul to be a motive force, since he said that the magnet has a soul in it because it moves the iron.
2045:. The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point. It is usually measured in
4898:
2373:
is a conductor, usually a coil of wire, that stores energy in a magnetic field in response to the current through it. When the current changes, the magnetic field does too,
1966:. The field may be visualised by a set of imaginary lines whose direction at any point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced by Faraday, whose term '
6012:
3310:(1819), although she does not name the method of revitalization of the monster. The revitalization of monsters with electricity later became a stock theme in horror films.
3675:
3300:. "Revitalization" or resuscitation of apparently dead or drowned persons was reported in the medical literature shortly after Galvani's work. These results were known to
6316:
2162:
The electric motor exploits an important effect of electromagnetism: a current through a magnetic field experiences a force at right angles to both the field and current.
1692:
refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other.
2745:
oscillating currents and, via suitably shaped conductors, electricity permits the transmission and reception of these signals via radio waves over very long distances.
5320:
3317:
grew, its wielders were more often cast in a positive light, such as the workers who "finger death at their gloves' end as they piece and repiece the living wires" in
4379:
1973:
A hollow conducting body carries all its charge on its outer surface. The field is therefore 0 at all places inside the body. This is the operating principal of the
5822:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2109:'s surface, since otherwise there would be a force along the surface of the conductor that would move the charge carriers to even the potential across the surface.
4412:
3263:. An electric shock stimulates this system, and causes muscles to contract. Action potentials are also responsible for coordinating activities in certain plants.
1577:
had defined a positive charge as being the charge acquired by a glass rod when it is rubbed with a silk cloth. A proton by definition carries a charge of exactly
1474:
is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged
2332:, and is symbolised by the Greek letter Ί. 1 Ί is the resistance that will produce a potential difference of one volt in response to a current of one amp.
5908:
5602:
637:
3473:
Almost all electric fields vary in space. An exception is the electric field surrounding a planar conductor of infinite extent, the field of which is uniform.
4968:
4714:
5488:
2105:) may be drawn around an electrostatically charged object. The equipotentials cross all lines of force at right angles. They must also lie parallel to a
610:
2086:. Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically unchargedâand unchargeable.
6760:
5694:
2876:
2982:
Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses. The invention of a practical
6755:
2926:
Normally, demand of electricity must match the supply, as storage of electricity is difficult. A certain amount of generation must always be held in
622:
5642:
4287:
3046:. Electrically powered vehicles are used in public transportation, such as electric buses and trains, and an increasing number of battery-powered
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3966:
5348:
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1935:', must be vanishingly small to prevent its own electric field disturbing the main field and must also be stationary to prevent the effect of
6715:
2492:
3092:, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry. A modern
1835:
in 1820, when, while preparing a lecture, he witnessed the current in a wire disturbing the needle of a magnetic compass. He had discovered
5404:
5781:
1317:, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the
3085:
have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process.
1753:
in either direction, or even in both directions at once. The positive-to-negative convention is widely used to simplify this situation.
1019:, with electricity's versatility driving transformations in both industry and society. Electricity is integral to applications spanning
2061:, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points. An electric field has the special property that it is
873:
642:
2004:, the sharp spike of which acts to encourage the lightning strike to develop there, rather than to the building it serves to protect.
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3524:
1356:
While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in
1271:
as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges.
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5748:
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experimented with amber rods: these were the first studies into the production of electricity. While this method, now known as the
652:
4870:
3688:
Aristotle and
Hippias affirm that, arguing from the magnet and from amber, he attributed a soul or life even to inanimate objects.
2057:
from infinity. This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of
6793:
6004:
3709:
2814:
in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available. The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the
1435:
as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the
6310:
2594:(3.6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure power using
2166:
This relationship between magnetic fields and currents is extremely important, for it led to
Michael Faraday's invention of the
7413:
1462:" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a
477:
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A Correction to the Record of Early
Electrophysiology Research on the 250th Anniversary of a Historic Expedition to Ăle de RĂŠ
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3741:
3567:
3283:
In the 19th and early 20th century, electricity was not part of the everyday life of many people, even in the industrialised
1095:
492:
487:
114:
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5304:
3042:, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a
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502:
1984:
equipment. There is a finite limit to the electric field strength that may be withstood by any medium. Beyond this point,
1345:
mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by
7599:
1195:
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the
English scientist
17:
2346:
layer; in practice, thin metal foils are coiled together, increasing the surface area per unit volume and therefore the
1482:. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline
6579:
4400:
1749:
direction to that of the electrons. However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can consist of a flow of
5814:
3220:. The effect is reciprocal: when a piezoelectric material is subjected to an electric field it changes size slightly.
2694:
components to perform electron control. The underlying principles that explain how semiconductors work are studied in
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meant that electrical power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage but lower current. Efficient
2304:: while they may temporarily store energy, they contain no sources of it, and exhibit linear responses to stimuli.
1839:, a fundamental interaction between electricity and magnetics. The level of electromagnetic emissions generated by
1831:
studied mathematically in 1840. One of the most important discoveries relating to current was made accidentally by
4706:
4433:
2947:
2810:, can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient. It was not until the invention of the
1443:
in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in
1015:
by the century's end. This rapid expansion in electrical technology at the time was the driving force behind the
287:
6490:
A history of electricity: (The intellectual rise in electricity) from antiquity to the days of
Benjamin Franklin
1649:
relation to the distance between them. The electromagnetic force is very strong, second only in strength to the
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5370:
4262:
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itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere. This reference point naturally takes the name
866:
632:
109:
5494:
1633:, who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms. This discovery led to the well-known axiom:
1285:
In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the
3074:
2190:
2058:
647:
352:
5702:
3880:. It is uncertain if Franklin personally carried out this experiment, but it is popularly attributed to him.
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such as electrical sparks. While the particles themselves can move quite slowly, sometimes with an average
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1086:
described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by
1016:
512:
252:
119:
32:
5931:"The Introduction of the Electric Telegraph in Britain, a Reappraisal of the Work of Cooke and Wheatstone"
3407:
968:
done to move an electric charge from one point to another within an electric field, typically measured in
242:
7639:
6898:
6786:
3786:
Chalmers, Gordon (1937), "The Lodestone and the Understanding of Matter in Seventeenth Century England",
2765:
1858:(AC). These terms refer to how the current varies in time. Direct current, as produced by example from a
1808:
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1517:
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680:
577:
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effect under certain conditions. If the current is sufficiently high, it will cause muscle contraction,
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5183:
4283:
3116:
1 mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a microamp can be detected as an
2935:
1350:
305:
5520:
3077:, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe.
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in 1831, in which he converted the mechanical energy of a rotating copper disc to electrical energy.
2193:, that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of
2186:
1459:
859:
820:
347:
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39:
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to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses. With increasing levels of
2606:
form of energy and can be converted into motion or many other forms of energy with high efficiency.
7474:
6818:
5173:
3425:
3327:. Electrically powered vehicles of every sort featured large in adventure stories such as those of
3082:
3062:
3038:
is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an
2842:
2036:. The + sign indicates the polarity of the potential difference between the battery terminals.
1501:
1389:
1248:
1069:
357:
3235:, are able to generate voltages themselves to serve as a predatory or defensive weapon; these are
2296:
behaviour, requiring complex analysis. The simplest electric components are those that are termed
1832:
1699:, which although still in use for classroom demonstrations, has been superseded by the electronic
1326:
1122:, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as
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292:
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7634:
7619:
7015:
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The Growth in Electricity Demand in U.S. Households, 1981â2001: Implications for Carbon Emissions
4408:
4374:
3272:
3096:
may contain many billions of miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.
2983:
2963:
2912:
2846:
changing magnetic field induces a potential difference across its ends. Electricity generated by
2703:
2587:
2340:
2297:
2148:
1948:
1489:
1455:
1330:
670:
197:
187:
182:
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5252:
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2738:, which unify light, fields, and charge are one of the great milestones of theoretical physics.
795:
765:
7147:
7043:
6970:
6960:
6841:
6779:
6686:
6671:
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3201:, generate a potential difference across their faces when pressed. This phenomenon is known as
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2735:
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1509:
1440:
1357:
914:
617:
387:
162:
6666:
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4159:
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3169:
Electricity is not a human invention, and may be observed in several forms in nature, notably
2260:
The components in an electric circuit can take many forms, which can include elements such as
1267:
was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the
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6110:"The Promises and Perils of Technological Solutions to the Troubles with Capital Punishment"
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3034:, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power. A stationary motor such as a
2822:
2807:
2722:
2715:
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marking points of equal height, a set of lines marking points of equal potential (known as
2083:
2079:
1985:
1952:
1828:
1773:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1653:, but unlike that force it operates over all distances. In comparison with the much weaker
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books. The masters of electricity, whether fictional or realâincluding scientists such as
3247:, detect or stun their prey via high voltages generated from modified muscle cells called
79:
8:
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3251:. All animals transmit information along their cell membranes with voltage pulses called
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behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes digital
2001:
1855:
1654:
1412:, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life.
1409:
1346:
1302:
1130:
were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.
984:
800:
780:
775:
582:
567:
452:
422:
317:
247:
6519:
6488:
6354:
6197:
5757:
5536:
5222:
4886:
4871:"Using Gravitational Analogies To Introduce Elementary Electrical Field Theory Concepts"
4823:
Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age
4250:
2833:
combustion or the heat released from nuclear reactions, but also more directly from the
2377:
a voltage between the ends of the conductor. The induced voltage is proportional to the
1977:, a conducting metal shell which isolates its interior from outside electrical effects.
7594:
7572:
7562:
7398:
6541:
6384:
6184:
Lima-de-Faria, JosĂŠ; Buerger, Martin J. (1990), "Historical Atlas of Crystallography",
6137:
5977:
5958:
5883:
4237:
4075:
3983:
3894:
3842:
3803:
3536:
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3399:
3140:
in some US states, though its use had become very rare by the end of the 20th century.
3137:
3093:
3066:
3054:
2920:
2699:
2672:
2656:
2632:
2475:
2281:
2063:
2013:
1884:
1689:
1685:
1665:
1650:
1401:
1393:
1146:
1032:
1004:
961:
930:
922:
675:
415:
217:
177:
3701:
2818:, store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electricity.
497:
7703:
7496:
7321:
7182:
7142:
7112:
7097:
7070:
6980:
6883:
6823:
6813:
6629:
6611:
6593:
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6464:
6376:
6368:
6290:
6266:
6233:
6209:
6162:
6141:
6129:
6089:
6065:
6041:
5984:
5962:
5950:
5946:
5887:
5875:
5833:
5789:
5728:
5674:
5574:
5548:
5468:
5436:
5310:
5256:
5226:
5187:
5154:
5128:
5102:
5061:
5030:
5002:
4924:
4850:
4826:
4799:
4772:
4745:
4687:
4628:
4620:
The Nature of Science: An AâZ Guide to the Laws and Principles Governing Our Universe
4598:
4571:
4544:
4520:
4463:
4350:
4212:
4169:
4139:
4108:
3987:
3903:
3870:
3807:
3767:
3647:
3623:
3596:
3563:
3438:
3410:, connects the direction of an electric current and its associated magnetic currents.
3342:
3110:
3043:
3020:
2927:
2896:
2803:
2769:
2676:
2660:
2595:
2443:
2243:
2202:
2179:
2093:, that is, it has only magnitude and not direction. It may be viewed as analogous to
1922:
1850:
In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either
1681:
1592:
1574:
1256:
1240:
1180:
1142:
1134:
1107:
735:
6660:
6545:
4514:
4079:
3846:
3227:, are able to detect and respond to changes in electric fields, an ability known as
2741:
The work of many researchers enabled the use of electronics to convert signals into
2598:, which keep a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer. Unlike
1205:, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the
7655:
7629:
7624:
7604:
7589:
7430:
7420:
7200:
7127:
6863:
6745:
6523:
6388:
6358:
6205:
6201:
6121:
5942:
5865:
5825:
5544:
5540:
4890:
4254:
4067:
3975:
3923:
3834:
3795:
3528:
3498:
3252:
3228:
3202:
3117:
3039:
3007:
2999:
2939:
2884:
2851:
2636:
2412:
2285:
2225:
2215:
2175:
2090:
2023:
1944:
1836:
1812:
1789:
1750:
1742:
1718:
1712:
1642:
1471:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1322:
1310:
1184:
1115:
1099:
1074:
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from
988:
953:
945:
926:
910:
835:
750:
710:
700:
587:
542:
525:
442:
377:
147:
71:
5870:
5853:
5521:"Grid-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy integration: A survey"
3735:
1263:. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that
1183:
conducted extensive research on electricity in the 18th century, as documented by
7684:
7665:
7579:
7346:
7261:
7117:
7107:
7092:
7050:
6955:
6905:
6856:
6740:
6460:
5426:
5177:
5148:
5122:
4157:
3365:
3318:
3288:
3276:
3016:
2795:
2742:
2668:
2439:
2420:
2408:
2378:
2355:
2197:
through the loop. Exploitation of this discovery enabled him to invent the first
2171:
1912:
1908:
1820:
1534:
1428:
1334:
1278:
1274:
1166:
1103:
1083:
1020:
937:
902:
770:
695:
690:
557:
432:
397:
257:
157:
48:
4033:
1657:, the electromagnetic force pushing two electrons apart is 10 times that of the
1381:
810:
7660:
7609:
7584:
7388:
7353:
7286:
7276:
7192:
7172:
7167:
7152:
7122:
7102:
7060:
7038:
7020:
6920:
6910:
6846:
3890:
3323:
3206:
3031:
2880:
2834:
2731:
2402:
2321:
2253:. From the resistor, the current returns to the source, completing the circuit.
2229:
2167:
2140:
2126:
2042:
1963:
1936:
1902:
1896:
1883:. These properties however can become important when circuitry is subjected to
1851:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1646:
1424:
1416:
1338:
1162:
1111:
1028:
976:
965:
949:
941:
730:
725:
547:
437:
362:
312:
262:
235:
192:
167:
137:
130:
56:
5829:
2861:
2458:
is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in
2311:
is perhaps the simplest of passive circuit elements: as its name suggests, it
7736:
7708:
7567:
7527:
7491:
7447:
7373:
7336:
7254:
7177:
6945:
6940:
6893:
6873:
6372:
6133:
6125:
5954:
5879:
5793:
5552:
5516:
4818:
4258:
4233:"Ueber den Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung"
4071:
3838:
3502:
3385:
3338:
3293:
3284:
3240:
3236:
3217:
3190:
3182:
3133:
3078:
3019:
of sectors that rely on direct fossil fuel burning, such as transport (using
3003:
2995:
2967:
2916:
2838:
2791:
2691:
2680:
2624:
2591:
2289:
2194:
2102:
1967:
1624:
The presence of charge gives rise to an electrostatic force: charges exert a
1483:
1479:
1369:
1298:
1227:
1222:
1170:
1087:
1079:
1075:
845:
830:
815:
755:
467:
382:
367:
282:
267:
172:
1745:, one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus deemed positive in the
7464:
7408:
7358:
7341:
7162:
6935:
6868:
6380:
3979:
3346:
3306:
3301:
3248:
3244:
3232:
3213:
3185:, are due to interactions between electric fields on the atomic scale. The
3159:
3121:
3047:
2923:, and then be despatched relatively long distances to where it was needed.
2811:
2599:
2390:
2386:
2363:
2317:
2098:
1989:
1981:
1974:
1956:
1872:
1840:
1816:
1777:
1761:
1700:
1695:
Charge can be measured by a number of means, an early instrument being the
1618:
1505:
1405:
1314:
1286:
1252:
1244:
1119:
1091:
825:
720:
685:
627:
562:
482:
447:
327:
202:
6108:
Linders, Annulla; Kansal, Shobha Pai; Shupe, Kyle; Oakley, Samuel (2021),
3464:
Accounts differ as to whether this was before, during, or after a lecture.
2220:
2152:
1768:
The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed
7469:
7435:
7309:
7299:
7242:
7225:
7157:
7055:
5935:
The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology
4135:
Fields of Force: The Development of a World View from Faraday to Einstein
3328:
2908:
2847:
2830:
2640:
2615:
2424:
2347:
2277:
2273:
2158:
1932:
1880:
1863:
1658:
1448:
1397:
1141:, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers.
1036:
992:
980:
975:
Electricity plays a central role in many modern technologies, serving in
745:
597:
427:
3925:
Poor Richard's Leyden Jar: Electricity and economy in Franklinist France
3193:
of circulating currents in the planet's core. Certain crystals, such as
1209:
effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the
1176:
1173:, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.
7503:
7425:
7363:
7331:
7271:
6965:
6735:
3540:
3515:
Moller, Peter; Kramer, Bernd (December 1991), "Review: Electric Fish",
3489:
Jones, D.A. (1991), "Electrical engineering: the backbone of society",
3361:
3296:
in which the legs of dead frogs were shown to twitch on application of
3089:
3069:, was one of its earliest applications. With the construction of first
3024:
2888:
2865:
2779:
2644:
2538:{\displaystyle P={\text{work done per unit time}}={\frac {QV}{t}}=IV\,}
2382:
2343:
2293:
1980:
The principles of electrostatics are important when designing items of
1876:
1756:
1614:
1493:
1470:
signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the
1268:
1201:
996:
462:
6693:
6676:
5979:
Media Management in the Age of Giants: Business Dynamics of Journalism
4894:
3255:, whose functions include communication by the nervous system between
2620:
7513:
7440:
7314:
7294:
7266:
7205:
6527:
5692:
5432:
4963:
3333:
3297:
3170:
3011:
2998:
effect employed in filament light bulbs also sees more direct use in
2336:
2329:
2265:
1994:
1962:
The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called
1868:
1513:
1497:
1463:
1444:
1420:
1342:
1264:
1210:
1206:
1154:
918:
906:
785:
760:
572:
94:
52:
6363:
6338:
5376:
4232:
3532:
2958:
2586:
Electric power is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the
2028:
1926:
Field lines emanating from a positive charge above a plane conductor
1621:
bearing an equal and opposite charge to its corresponding particle.
1149:
around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber
7249:
7230:
7215:
6915:
5813:
Pathak, M.; Slade, R.; Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; et al. (2023),
4998:
Physics in 50 Milestone Moments: A Timeline of Scientific Landmarks
3799:
3393:
3313:
As the public familiarity with electricity as the lifeblood of the
3178:
2987:
2943:
2892:
2783:
2370:
2308:
2261:
2247:
2131:
2113:
1669:
1645:, which relates the force to the product of the charges and has an
1566:
1540:
1475:
1239:
Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by
1150:
1127:
537:
532:
152:
1847:, which can be detrimental to the workings of adjacent equipment.
1281:'s discoveries formed the foundation of electric motor technology.
7383:
6925:
5368:
3825:
Guarnieri, M. (2014), "Electricity in the age of Enlightenment",
3379:
3129:
3030:
The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the
2915:
meant in turn that electricity could be generated at centralised
2787:
2774:
2734:, and thus light itself was a form of electromagnetic radiation.
2603:
2556:
2479:
2068:
2054:
2033:
2019:
1436:
1158:
890:
507:
5573:, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2022, pp. xiâxvi,
5431:, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series (Third ed.),
4742:
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology, 3rd edition
4158:
Nigel Mason; N.J. Mason; Peter Hughes; Randall McMullan (2001),
3356:
flowing, an event that usually signals disaster. The people who
3154:
6930:
6851:
6802:
6667:"One-Hundred Years of Electricity", May 1931, Popular Mechanics
3368:" (1968), are still often cast as heroic, wizard-like figures.
3260:
3256:
3194:
3173:. Many interactions familiar at the macroscopic level, such as
2684:
2664:
2652:
2571:
2432:
2301:
2269:
2094:
1722:
1673:
1635:
like-charged objects repel and opposite-charged objects attract
1610:
1570:
1553:
1544:
1306:
1051:
898:
894:
592:
99:
6312:
Theoretical physics â like sex, but with no need to experiment
5852:
Watson, S.D.; Crawley, J.; Lomas, K.J.; Buswell, R.A. (2023),
5001:, Quad Books, 1831: Michael Faraday creates the Faraday disc,
4058:
Guarnieri, M. (2014), "The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog",
3668:"Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 1 Chapter 1 [24]"
2381:
of the current. The constant of proportionality is termed the
6687:
Understanding Electricity and Electronics in about 10 Minutes
5209:
Dell, Ronald; Rand, David (2001), "Understanding Batteries",
3224:
3198:
3174:
3035:
2826:
2648:
2428:
2351:
2075:
2050:
1940:
1625:
1467:
1138:
1000:
979:
where electric current is used to energise equipment, and in
957:
4647:
Al-Khalili, Jim, "Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity",
2821:
Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical
1431:
published a paper that explained experimental data from the
7304:
7237:
7220:
6888:
4460:
The New Cosmic Onion: Quarks and the Nature of the Universe
3441:, an analogy between the flow of water and electric current
3349:âwere popularly conceived of as having wizard-like powers.
3212:(ĎΚÎΜξΚν), meaning to press, and was discovered in 1880 by
3125:
2659:, and associated passive interconnection technologies. The
2580:
2459:
2447:
2046:
1916:
1804:, enabling electrical signals to pass rapidly along wires.
1785:
1123:
1024:
969:
5306:
A Question of Power: Electricity and the Wealth of Nations
1325:, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to
6771:
6626:
Transforming Electricity: The Coming Generation of Change
5851:
5699:
Denmark's Second National Communication on Climate Change
5465:
Transforming Electricity: The Coming Generation of Change
4538:
4042:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2879:, in specific the contribution of fossil fuel burning to
2325:
1781:
1548:
1478:, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called
1305:, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which
1047:
1039:, making it the foundation of modern industrial society.
917:. Common phenomena are related to electricity, including
6107:
5172:
1764:
provides an energetic demonstration of electric current.
1191:, with whom Franklin carried on extended correspondence.
5595:"Growing Use of Electricity Raises Questions on Supply"
3588:
Life's Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe
3491:
IEE Proceedings A - Science, Measurement and Technology
2725:. Electromagnetic waves were analysed theoretically by
2416:
1741:. The motion of negatively charged electrons around an
1676:. Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the
1007:, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
5625:
The Consumer Society: A History of American Capitalism
5344:
History of the U.S. Electric Power Industry, 1882â1991
6254:
5812:
5782:"Demand for air conditioning is set to surge by 2050"
5666:
The Global Environment: Securing a Sustainable Future
5486:
5424:
5340:
5150:
Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits
2495:
1573:
is positive. Before these particles were discovered,
6183:
3375:
3099:
2942:(electrochemical storage), chemical storage such as
2907:
The invention in the late nineteenth century of the
2883:, have led to an increased focus on generation from
59:
are some of the most dramatic effects of electricity
5854:"Predicting future GB heat pump electricity demand"
5458:
5456:
4941:
4939:
4766:
3764:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
2966:, an early application of electricity, operates by
2189:, enabled him to state the principle, now known as
1800:that drives them itself propagates at close to the
6179:
6177:
5976:
5425:Kutscher, C.F.; Milford, J.B.; Kreith, F. (2019),
4568:Introduction to Engineering Electromagnetic Fields
3702:"De Animus (On the Soul) Book 1 Part 2 (B4 verso)"
3553:
3551:
3549:
2877:Environmental concerns with electricity generation
2537:
2053:of work must be expended to bring a charge of one
6250:
6248:
4762:
4760:
4370:"1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor"
3447: â Electric current produced in living cells
3271:It is said that in the 1850s, British politician
3143:
2854:is converted directly into electricity using the
2328:, the unit of resistance, was named in honour of
7734:
6302:
5453:
4936:
4053:
4051:
3820:
3818:
3816:
1721:, the intensity of which is usually measured in
1054:, the earliest known researcher into electricity
6174:
5124:Band Theory and Electronic Properties of Solids
5055:
4945:
4345:Jaeger, Richard C.; Blalock, Travis N. (2003),
3967:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
3546:
2748:
1939:. As the electric field is defined in terms of
1796:only fractions of a millimetre per second, the
1717:The movement of electric charge is known as an
1684:of nature. Experiment has shown charge to be a
38:"Electric" redirects here. For other uses, see
6255:Kandel, E.; Schwartz, J.; Jessell, T. (2000),
6245:
6083:
4959:
4957:
4757:
2868:is of increasing importance in many countries.
2753:
2049:, and one volt is the potential for which one
1668:, the most familiar carriers of which are the
936:The presence of either a positive or negative
6787:
6709:
6605:
6587:
6457:Science in popular culture: a reference guide
6450:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:
5622:
5514:
5147:Agarwal, Anant; Lang, Jeffrey (1 July 2005),
4868:
4817:
4793:
4561:
4559:
4543:, National Academies Press, pp. 215â16,
4401:"1948: Conception of the Junction Transistor"
4344:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4048:
3813:
3665:
3644:Electrical Stimulation and the Relief of Pain
3416:, the potential energy of a system of charges
1561:causes the leaves to visibly repel each other
867:
6551:
5280:U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
5204:
5202:
5101:(3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
5096:
5056:Alexander, Charles; Sadiku, Matthew (2006),
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
4713:, Arc Suppression Technologies, April 2011,
4349:, McGraw-Hill Professional, pp. 46â47,
4005:
3514:
2802:In the 6th century BC the Greek philosopher
2667:possible, and electronics is widely used in
1565:By modern convention, the charge carried by
1496:technology. The first working transistor, a
1217:("of amber" or "like amber", from ៤ΝξκĎĎον,
6570:Nahvi, Mahmood; Joseph, Edminister (1965),
6569:
6339:"Faraday on the fiscal benefits of science"
6221:
6088:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 95,
5693:Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy,
5146:
4954:
4709:EMI Reduction â Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed
4432:International Electrotechnical Commission,
4022:
2902:
2895:have become cost effective, speeding up an
1289:; that same year the surgeon and anatomist
1137:knew that certain objects, such as rods of
893:phenomena associated with the presence and
6794:
6780:
6716:
6702:
6431:
6284:
5746:
4588:
4586:
4565:
4556:
4334:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1â3
4181:
4127:
4125:
4123:
3955:
3646:, Elsevier Health Sciences, pp. 6â7,
1819:. Their work was greatly expanded upon by
1423:illuminated with ultraviolet light create
874:
860:
78:
6623:
6454:
6419:
6362:
6336:
6228:Ivancevic, Vladimir & Tijana (2005),
6227:
6084:Lipschultz, J.H.; Hilt, M.L.J.H. (2002),
6038:Power System Modelling and Fault Analysis
5869:
5462:
5199:
5120:
5092:
5090:
5042:
4965:Institution of Engineering and Technology
4811:
4789:
4787:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4484:Histoire de l'Academie Royal des Sciences
4329:
4224:
4057:
3824:
3613:
3611:
3525:American Institute of Biological Sciences
3360:it flowing, such as the nameless hero of
3243:, of which the best known example is the
2698:, whereas the design and construction of
2534:
1955:, it follows that an electric field is a
1189:History and Present Status of Electricity
6486:
6153:
6031:
6029:
5428:Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems
5208:
4948:Principles of Electricity, Fifth edition
4918:
4769:Principles of Electricity, Fifth edition
4092:
4090:
4088:
3785:
3580:
3578:
3153:
3104:
2957:
2860:
2773:
2702:to solve practical problems are part of
2619:
2219:
2157:
2130:
2027:
1921:
1755:
1664:Charge originates from certain types of
1552:
1492:came into its own with the emergence of
1273:
1261:flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky
1175:
1046:
47:
6723:
6497:
6308:
6059:
5974:
5662:
5639:"The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation"
5369:Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum,
5244:
5127:, Oxford University Press, p. 49,
5097:Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (2015),
5021:Urone, Paul Peter; et al. (2023),
4735:
4733:
4731:
4675:
4592:
4583:
4481:
4131:
4120:
4103:, Courier Dover Publications, pp.
4011:
3862:Franklin: The Essential Founding Father
3761:
3641:
3617:
3591:, Cambridge University Press, pp.
3557:
3061:, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by
2709:
2679:. Interconnection technologies such as
2135:Magnetic field circles around a current
944:. The motion of electric charges is an
909:, both being part of the phenomenon of
623:Electromagnetism and special relativity
14:
7743:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
7735:
7414:Integrated gasification combined cycle
6606:Nilsson, James; Riedel, Susan (2007),
5928:
5663:ReVelle, Charles and Penelope (1992),
5490:History of the Electric Power Industry
5396:
5248:Elementary Electric Power and Machines
5087:
4844:
4784:
4663:Introduction to Electrical Engineering
4646:
4616:
4516:Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd edition
4512:
4493:
4382:from the original on 30 September 2021
4028:
3921:
3858:
3700:Aristotle, Daniel C. Stevenson (ed.),
3608:
3584:
3266:
1293:described the structure of the fish's
7458:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
7133:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
6775:
6697:
6656:Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC
6420:Mikkelson, David (25 November 2000),
6400:
6261:, McGraw-Hill Professional, pp.
6062:Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basic
6035:
6026:
5722:
5299:
5079:
5020:
4901:from the original on 16 February 2008
4482:Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de (1785),
4457:
4230:
4206:
4161:Introduction to Environmental Physics
4096:
4085:
3958:"Experiments and observations on the
3744:from the original on 3 September 2017
3733:
3712:from the original on 26 February 2017
3699:
3666:Diogenes Laertius, R.D. Hicks (ed.),
3575:
3488:
2590:. Electricity is usually sold by the
2007:
1439:revolution. Einstein was awarded the
1165:, based on the 1936 discovery of the
643:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7691:
6337:Polymenis, Michael (December 2010),
6015:from the original on 11 October 2008
6003:Das, Saswato R. (15 December 2007),
5911:from the original on 4 December 2010
5592:
5351:from the original on 6 December 2010
5323:from the original on 7 November 2021
5060:(3, revised ed.), McGraw-Hill,
4994:
4739:
4728:
4660:
4570:, World Scientific, pp. 77â79,
4446:Physics for Scientists and Engineers
4290:from the original on 17 October 2008
4207:Sears, Francis; et al. (1982),
4060:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
3889:
3827:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
3132:. Death caused by an electric shockâ
2790:, in the power generating hall of a
2579:is electric potential or voltage in
2407:Electric power is the rate at which
2209:
1827:causes localised heating, an effect
1591:. This value is also defined as the
1569:is defined as negative, and that by
1321:previously used. The recognition of
1110:, attested to the numbing effect of
27:Phenomena related to electric charge
7715:
7600:World energy supply and consumption
6289:, Academic Press, pp. 204â05,
6064:, Academic Press, pp. 301â09,
6002:
5605:from the original on 8 January 2008
5217:, Royal Society of Chemistry: 2â4,
4682:, Oxford University Press, p.
3620:Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory
3088:Electronic devices make use of the
2690:Today, most electronic devices use
1788:) flow through liquids, or through
1706:
1102:. Several ancient writers, such as
24:
6588:Naidu, M.S.; Kamataru, V. (1982),
5121:Singleton, John (30 August 2001),
4921:Michael Faraday: His Life and Work
4869:Saeli, Sue; MacIsaac, Dan (2007),
4794:Naidu, M.S.; Kamataru, V. (1982),
4679:Lectures on electromagnetic theory
4623:, Houghton Mifflin Books, p.
4539:National Research Council (1998),
4012:Edwards, Paul (10 November 2021),
2139:Ărsted's discovery in 1821 that a
1661:attraction pulling them together.
1609:. Charge is possessed not just by
1528:
1153:, in contrast to minerals such as
25:
7759:
6642:
6319:from the original on 4 April 2014
6309:Jackson, Mark (4 November 2013),
6232:, World Scientific, p. 602,
5645:from the original on 7 April 2017
5407:from the original on 17 June 2019
5211:NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N
5058:Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
4717:from the original on 5 March 2016
4415:from the original on 30 July 2020
4284:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921"
4265:from the original on 11 June 2020
4209:University Physics, Sixth Edition
3994:from the original on 30 July 2022
3766:, Greenwood Press, pp. 7â8,
3734:Frood, Arran (27 February 2003),
3678:from the original on 30 July 2022
3100:Electricity and the natural world
2946:, thermal or mechanical (such as
2396:
2350:. The unit of capacitance is the
2120:
1890:
1386:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
1145:made a series of observations on
1064:History of electrical engineering
1060:History of electromagnetic theory
7714:
7702:
7690:
7679:
7678:
6500:"Electromagnetism for Engineers"
6413:
6394:
6186:Zeitschrift fĂźr Kristallographie
5947:10.1179/175812110X12714133353911
5669:, Jones & Bartlett, p.
5525:Energy Conversion and Management
5449:from the original on 6 June 2020
4923:, Elibron Classics, p. 79,
3938:from the original on 12 May 2014
3622:, World Scientific, p. 50,
3435:and its current different usages
3392:
3378:
2462:produced by an electric current
2450:, and represented by the letter
2385:. The unit of inductance is the
2366:current, but instead blocks it.
1887:, such as when first energised.
1815:in 1800, a process now known as
6552:Morely, A.; Hughes, E. (1994),
6493:, New York: J. Wiley & Sons
6330:
6287:Physics in Biology and Medicine
6278:
6147:
6101:
6086:Crime and Local Television News
6077:
6053:
5996:
5968:
5922:
5893:
5845:
5806:
5774:
5740:
5716:
5686:
5656:
5631:
5616:
5593:Wald, Matthew (21 March 1990),
5586:
5558:
5508:
5480:
5418:
5400:China Electricity â consumption
5390:
5362:
5334:
5293:
5268:
5238:
5166:
5140:
5114:
5073:
5014:
4988:
4912:
4862:
4849:, Thomson Brooks, p. 500,
4838:
4699:
4669:
4654:
4640:
4610:
4532:
4475:
4451:
4438:
4426:
4393:
4362:
4338:
4330:Blakemore, John Sydney (1985),
4323:
4301:
4276:
4151:
3949:
3915:
3883:
3865:, Regnery Publishing, pp.
3852:
3779:
3755:
3737:Riddle of 'Baghdad's batteries'
3467:
3458:
3422:, the sale of electrical energy
3239:in different orders. The order
2953:
2850:rely on a different mechanism:
2242:around the circuit, delivering
1729:, but will not flow through an
1309:passed signals to the muscles.
6455:Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002),
6403:"One Day, Sir, You May Tax It"
6206:10.1524/zkri.1994.209.12.1008a
5545:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.063
5309:, PublicAffairs, p. 352,
5276:"How electricity is generated"
4919:Thompson, Silvanus P. (2004),
4347:Microelectronic circuit design
3727:
3693:
3659:
3635:
3508:
3482:
3144:Electrical phenomena in nature
2837:of wind or flowing water. The
2609:
960:acting on an electric charge.
13:
1:
6650:Basic Concepts of Electricity
6624:Patterson, Walter C. (1999),
6480:
6422:"Michael Faraday 'Tax' Quote"
6401:Heuer, Rolf (February 2011),
6040:, Elsevier, pp. 552â54,
6005:"The tiny, mighty transistor"
5871:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.112917
5467:, Earthscan, pp. 44â48,
5463:Patterson, Walter C. (1999),
3706:The Internet Classics Archive
3558:Bullock, Theodore H. (2005),
2071:sees greater everyday usage.
2059:electric potential difference
1255:. Later in the 18th century,
648:Relativistic electromagnetism
6258:Principles of Neural Science
5641:, EnPowered, 28 March 2016,
5627:, Penguin Books, p. 211
5567:The Future of Energy Storage
4767:Morely & Hughes (1970),
4597:, Bantam Press, p. 77,
3708:, translated by J.A. Smith,
3445:Developmental bioelectricity
3315:Second Industrial Revolution
2749:Production, storage and uses
2637:active electrical components
1907:The concept of the electric
1845:electromagnetic interference
1133:Ancient cultures around the
1017:Second Industrial Revolution
905:. Electricity is related to
33:Electricity (disambiguation)
7:
5975:Herrick, Dennis F. (2003),
5487:Edison Electric Institute,
5341:Edison Electric Institute,
4845:Serway, Raymond A. (2006),
4665:, Prentice-Hall, p. 18
4566:Umashankar, Korada (1989),
4444:Lawrence S. Lerner (1997).
3371:
3053:Electricity is used within
2766:Electric power transmission
2754:Generation and transmission
2474:seconds passing through an
1823:in 1833. Current through a
1631:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
1523:
1518:bipolar junction transistor
1301:published his discovery of
10:
7764:
6801:
6677:Electricity Misconceptions
5929:Liffen, John (July 2010),
5747:Hojjati, B.; Battles, S.,
5723:Brown, Charles E. (2002),
5372:An Energy Summary of India
5251:, Ellis Horwood, pp.
5245:McLaren, Peter G. (1984),
5184:Cambridge University Press
4970:Michael Faraday: Biography
4097:Kirby, Richard S. (1990),
3562:, Springer, pp. 5â7,
3147:
3108:
2919:, where it benefited from
2763:
2757:
2713:
2613:
2466:consisting of a charge of
2400:
2213:
2191:Faraday's law of induction
2124:
2017:
2011:
1900:
1894:
1843:is high enough to produce
1710:
1538:
1532:
1351:On Physical Lines of Force
1161:may have had knowledge of
1067:
1057:
1042:
373:LiĂŠnardâWiechert potential
29:
7674:
7648:
7524:
7404:Fossil fuel power station
7372:
7285:
7191:
7066:Electric potential energy
7031:
7011:Thermodynamic temperature
6991:Thermodynamic free energy
6986:Thermodynamic equilibrium
6832:
6809:
6731:
6682:Electricity and Magnetism
6672:Socket and plug standards
6556:(5th ed.), Longman,
6554:Principles of Electricity
6285:Davidovits, Paul (2007),
6161:, Springer, p. 217,
5830:10.1017/9781009157926.002
5695:"F.2 The Heat Supply Act"
5029:, OpenStax, p. 612,
4593:Hawking, Stephen (1988),
4541:Physics Through the 1990s
4462:, CRC Press, p. 51,
4132:Berkson, William (1974),
4018:, HAL open-access archive
3956:Williamson, Hugh (1775),
3585:Morris, Simon C. (2003),
3431:, the origin of the word
3414:Electric potential energy
2932:variable renewable energy
2825:. These can be driven by
2187:electromagnetic induction
1516:in 1947, followed by the
1360:. Through such people as
638:Mathematical descriptions
348:Electromagnetic radiation
338:Electromagnetic induction
278:Magnetic vector potential
273:Magnetic scalar potential
40:Electric (disambiguation)
7475:Concentrated solar power
6590:High Voltage Engineering
6126:10.1177/0160597620932892
6060:Grimnes, Sverre (2000),
5983:, Blackwell Publishing,
5174:Charles LeGeyt Fortescue
4847:Serway's College Physics
4796:High Voltage Engineering
4259:10.1002/andp.18872670827
4231:Hertz, Heinrich (1887),
4072:10.1109/MIE.2014.2361237
3922:Riskin, Jessica (1998),
3839:10.1109/MIE.2014.2335431
3618:Stewart, Joseph (2001),
3503:10.1049/ip-a-3.1991.0001
3451:
3223:Some organisms, such as
3164:Electrophorus electricus
2903:Transmission and storage
2899:away from fossil fuels.
2292:, and typically exhibit
2153:definition of the ampere
2089:Electric potential is a
1875:direct current, such as
1502:point-contact transistor
1447:such as can be found in
1390:Charles Algernon Parsons
1349:, in particular in his "
1070:Etymology of electricity
952:. In most applications,
7016:Volume (thermodynamics)
6996:Thermodynamic potential
6899:Massâenergy equivalence
6498:Hammond, Percy (1981),
6487:Benjamin, Park (1898),
5905:Alternative Energy News
5901:"Public Transportation"
5023:"19.2: Series Circuits"
4771:, Longman, p. 73,
4595:A Brief History of Time
4409:Computer History Museum
4375:Computer History Museum
3762:Baigrie, Brian (2007),
3672:Perseus Digital Library
3642:Simpson, Brian (2003),
3273:William Ewart Gladstone
3231:, while others, termed
3083:satellite communication
2984:incandescent light bulb
2964:incandescent light bulb
2913:electrical transmission
2887:. In the power sector,
2794:station (photograph by
2704:electronics engineering
2631:Electronics deals with
2602:, electricity is a low
2588:electric power industry
2570:is electric current in
2504:work done per unit time
2442:, is the rate of doing
2358:, and given the symbol
1490:Solid-state electronics
188:Electrostatic induction
183:Electrostatic discharge
6971:Quantum thermodynamics
6961:Laws of thermodynamics
6842:Conservation of energy
6114:Humanity & Society
6036:Tleis, Nasser (2008),
5623:d'Alroy Jones, Peter,
5099:The Art of Electronics
4617:Trefil, James (2003),
4100:Engineering in History
3980:10.1098/rstl.1775.0011
3902:, Dover Publications,
3859:Srodes, James (2002),
3408:Ampère's circuital law
3187:Earth's magnetic field
3166:
3050:in private ownership.
2979:
2869:
2799:
2760:Electricity generation
2669:information processing
2628:
2555:is electric charge in
2539:
2254:
2163:
2136:
2037:
1927:
1765:
1697:gold-leaf electroscope
1562:
1559:gold-leaf electroscope
1510:Walter Houser Brattain
1460:cat's-whisker detector
1441:Nobel Prize in Physics
1427:more easily. In 1905,
1358:electrical engineering
1319:electrostatic machines
1282:
1192:
1055:
618:Electromagnetic tensor
60:
7088:Interatomic potential
6879:Energy transformation
5082:Environmental Physics
5080:Smith, Clare (2001),
4946:Morely & Hughes,
4661:Ward, Robert (1960),
4513:Duffin, W.J. (1980),
4458:Close, Frank (2007),
3788:Philosophy of Science
3157:
3105:Physiological effects
3023:) and heating (using
2961:
2864:
2777:
2627:electronic components
2623:
2540:
2438:Electric power, like
2411:is transferred by an
2235:on the left drives a
2223:
2178:sitting in a pool of
2161:
2134:
2031:
1925:
1862:and required by most
1833:Hans Christian Ărsted
1770:electrical conduction
1759:
1727:electrical conductors
1678:electromagnetic force
1556:
1466:crystal) to detect a
1362:Alexander Graham Bell
1327:Hans Christian Ărsted
1277:
1233:Pseudodoxia Epidemica
1179:
1050:
611:Covariant formulation
403:Synchrotron radiation
343:Electromagnetic pulse
333:Electromagnetic field
51:
7536:Efficient energy use
7509:Airborne wind energy
7487:Solar thermal energy
7394:Electricity delivery
7006:Thermodynamic system
6951:Irreversible process
6751:antiferroelectricity
6592:, Tata McGraw-Hill,
6315:, The Conversation,
6192:(12), Springer: 67,
5858:Energy and Buildings
4995:Lees, James (2017),
4798:, Tata McGraw-Hill,
4676:Solymar, L. (1984),
4286:, Nobel Foundation,
4166:Taylor & Francis
3674:, Tufts University,
3275:asked the scientist
3150:Electrical phenomena
3059:electrical telegraph
2986:in the 1870s led to
2936:technology readiness
2808:triboelectric effect
2723:electromagnetic wave
2716:Electromagnetic wave
2710:Electromagnetic wave
2493:
2199:electrical generator
1986:electrical breakdown
1829:James Prescott Joule
1739:conventional current
1731:electrical insulator
1433:photoelectric effect
1353:" in 1861 and 1862.
1169:, which resembles a
1013:electrical engineers
653:Stressâenergy tensor
578:Reluctance (complex)
323:Displacement current
31:For other uses, see
7558:Energy conservation
7480:Photovoltaic system
7453:Nuclear power plant
7138:Quantum fluctuation
7001:Thermodynamic state
6976:Thermal equilibrium
6725:Polarization states
6520:1951Natur.168....4G
6355:2010Natur.468..634P
6230:Natural Biodynamics
6198:1994ZK....209.1008P
5815:"Technical Summary"
5763:on 16 February 2008
5537:2014ECM....87..885C
5497:on 13 November 2007
5223:1985STIN...8619754M
5179:Wireless Telegraphy
4887:2007PhTea..45..104S
4875:The Physics Teacher
4740:Bird, John (2007),
4332:Solid state physics
4313:The Free Dictionary
4251:1887AnP...267..983H
4036:Gymnotus electricus
4034:"An account of the
3960:Gymnotus electricus
3896:All About Lightning
3267:Cultural perception
3136:âis still used for
2873:of India or China.
2856:photovoltaic effect
2843:Sir Charles Parsons
2778:Early 20th-century
2736:Maxwell's equations
2727:James Clerk Maxwell
2700:electronic circuits
2696:solid state physics
2657:integrated circuits
2633:electrical circuits
2379:time rate of change
2282:Electronic circuits
2170:in 1821. Faraday's
2002:lightning conductor
1856:alternating current
1776:such as metal, and
1666:subatomic particles
1655:gravitational force
1410:George Westinghouse
1347:James Clerk Maxwell
1303:bioelectromagnetics
1005:integrated circuits
985:electrical circuits
931:electric discharges
915:Maxwell's equations
568:Magnetomotive force
453:Electromotive force
423:Alternating current
358:Jefimenko equations
318:Cyclotron radiation
18:Electrical impulses
7595:Sustainable energy
7573:Energy development
7563:Energy consumption
7399:Energy engineering
6510:(4262), Pergamon:
5379:on 5 December 2007
4821:(9 October 2002),
4448:, Volume 2, p. 636
4405:The Silicon Engine
4245:(8): S. 983â1000,
4238:Annalen der Physik
4211:, Addison Wesley,
3962:, or electric eel"
3420:Electricity market
3400:Electronics portal
3304:when she authored
3298:animal electricity
3280:Faraday's death."
3167:
3138:judicial execution
3124:of the heart, and
3094:integrated circuit
3055:telecommunications
2980:
2921:economies of scale
2870:
2816:electrical battery
2800:
2673:telecommunications
2629:
2596:electricity meters
2564:is time in seconds
2535:
2476:electric potential
2320:is a basic law of
2255:
2164:
2137:
2038:
2014:Electric potential
2008:Electric potential
1928:
1911:was introduced by
1766:
1690:static electricity
1686:conserved quantity
1682:fundamental forces
1680:, one of the four
1651:strong interaction
1563:
1504:, was invented by
1456:solid-state device
1402:Reginald Fessenden
1394:Werner von Siemens
1331:AndrÊ-Marie Ampère
1283:
1193:
1147:static electricity
1096:Arabic naturalists
1082:texts dating from
1056:
962:Electric potential
923:static electricity
913:, as described by
416:Electrical network
253:Gauss magnetic law
218:Static electricity
178:Electric potential
61:
7730:
7729:
7497:Solar power tower
7143:Quantum potential
6981:Thermal reservoir
6884:Energy transition
6769:
6768:
6617:978-0-13-198925-2
6610:, Prentice Hall,
6608:Electric Circuits
6572:Electric Circuits
6296:978-0-12-369411-9
6155:Encrenaz, ThÊrèse
6047:978-0-7506-8074-5
6009:Los Angeles Times
5907:, 10 March 2010,
5705:on 8 January 2008
5580:978-0-578-29263-2
5517:Gayme, Dennice F.
5442:978-0-429-93916-7
5316:978-1-61039-749-0
5282:, 9 November 2022
5160:978-0-08-050681-4
5134:978-0-19-105746-5
5108:978-0-521-80926-9
5067:978-0-07-330115-0
5036:978-1-951693-21-3
5008:978-0-85762-762-9
4895:10.1119/1.2432088
4832:978-0-8018-6909-9
4751:978-1-4175-0543-2
4469:978-1-58488-798-0
4434:IEV ref 113-02-13
4175:978-0-7484-0765-1
3773:978-0-313-33358-3
3569:978-0-387-23192-1
3439:Hydraulic analogy
3343:Charles Steinmetz
3253:action potentials
3111:Electrical injury
3057:, and indeed the
3021:electric vehicles
2970:: the passage of
2948:pumped hydropower
2897:energy transition
2885:renewable sources
2804:Thales of Miletus
2770:Mains electricity
2677:signal processing
2523:
2505:
2286:active components
2244:electrical energy
2210:Electric circuits
1943:, and force is a
1751:charged particles
1593:elementary charge
1575:Benjamin Franklin
1257:Benjamin Franklin
1241:Otto von Guericke
1181:Benjamin Franklin
1143:Thales of Miletus
1108:Scribonius Largus
989:active components
933:and many others.
884:
883:
583:Reluctance (real)
553:Gyratorâcapacitor
498:Resonant cavities
388:Maxwell equations
16:(Redirected from
7755:
7718:
7717:
7706:
7694:
7693:
7682:
7681:
7656:Carbon footprint
7590:Renewable energy
7431:Hydroelectricity
7421:Geothermal power
6864:Energy condition
6796:
6789:
6782:
6773:
6772:
6761:ferrielectricity
6746:ferroelectricity
6718:
6711:
6704:
6695:
6694:
6638:
6620:
6602:
6584:
6566:
6548:
6528:10.1038/168004b0
6494:
6474:
6473:
6452:
6429:
6428:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6366:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6181:
6172:
6171:
6159:The Solar System
6151:
6145:
6144:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5982:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5873:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5819:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5762:
5756:, archived from
5755:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5701:, archived from
5690:
5684:
5683:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5572:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5515:Castillo, Anya;
5512:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5493:, archived from
5484:
5478:
5477:
5460:
5451:
5450:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5375:, archived from
5366:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5206:
5197:
5196:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5094:
5085:
5084:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4973:, archived from
4961:
4952:
4951:
4950:, pp. 92â93
4943:
4934:
4933:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4764:
4755:
4754:
4737:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4563:
4554:
4553:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4510:
4491:
4490:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4315:, archived from
4305:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4204:
4179:
4178:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4129:
4118:
4117:
4094:
4083:
4082:
4066:(4): 59â61, 69,
4055:
4046:
4045:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3930:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3901:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3582:
3573:
3572:
3560:Electroreception
3555:
3544:
3543:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3486:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3229:electroreception
3203:piezoelectricity
3183:chemical bonding
3118:electrovibration
3071:transcontinental
3040:electric vehicle
3008:air conditioning
3000:electric heating
2978:generating heat.
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2482:) difference of
2440:mechanical power
2413:electric circuit
2226:electric circuit
2216:Electric circuit
2176:permanent magnet
2024:Electric battery
1837:electromagnetism
1743:electric circuit
1719:electric current
1713:Electric current
1707:Electric current
1608:
1607:10 coulombs
1606:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1589:10 coulombs
1588:
1585:
1582:
1419:discovered that
1378:Oliver Heaviside
1374:Galileo Ferraris
1323:electromagnetism
1311:Alessandro Volta
1185:Joseph Priestley
1116:electric catfish
1080:Ancient Egyptian
946:electric current
927:electric heating
911:electromagnetism
876:
869:
862:
543:Electric machine
526:Magnetic circuit
488:Parallel circuit
478:Network analysis
443:Electric current
378:London equations
223:Triboelectricity
213:Potential energy
82:
72:Electromagnetism
63:
62:
43:
36:
21:
7763:
7762:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7670:
7666:Waste-to-energy
7644:
7580:Energy security
7526:
7520:
7376:
7368:
7347:Natural uranium
7281:
7262:Mechanical wave
7193:Energy carriers
7187:
7027:
6956:Isolated system
6834:
6828:
6805:
6800:
6770:
6765:
6756:helielectricity
6741:paraelectricity
6727:
6722:
6645:
6636:
6618:
6600:
6582:
6574:, McGraw-Hill,
6564:
6538:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6471:
6461:Greenwood Press
6453:
6432:
6418:
6414:
6399:
6395:
6364:10.1038/468634d
6335:
6331:
6322:
6320:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6253:
6246:
6240:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6182:
6175:
6169:
6152:
6148:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6034:
6027:
6018:
6016:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5973:
5969:
5927:
5923:
5914:
5912:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5817:
5811:
5807:
5798:
5796:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5725:Power resources
5721:
5717:
5708:
5706:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5661:
5657:
5648:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5621:
5617:
5608:
5606:
5591:
5587:
5581:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5513:
5509:
5500:
5498:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5461:
5454:
5443:
5423:
5419:
5410:
5408:
5395:
5391:
5382:
5380:
5367:
5363:
5354:
5352:
5339:
5335:
5326:
5324:
5317:
5298:
5294:
5285:
5283:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5207:
5200:
5194:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5119:
5115:
5109:
5095:
5088:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5054:
5043:
5037:
5019:
5015:
5009:
4993:
4989:
4980:
4978:
4962:
4955:
4944:
4937:
4931:
4917:
4913:
4904:
4902:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4707:"Lab Note #105
4705:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4674:
4670:
4659:
4655:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4591:
4584:
4578:
4564:
4557:
4551:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4519:, McGraw-Hill,
4511:
4494:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4456:
4452:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4416:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4343:
4339:
4328:
4324:
4319:on 21 July 2018
4307:
4306:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4205:
4182:
4176:
4168:, p. 130,
4156:
4152:
4146:
4130:
4121:
4115:
4095:
4086:
4056:
4049:
4027:
4023:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3995:
3954:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:, p. 327,
3928:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3899:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3857:
3853:
3823:
3814:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3745:
3732:
3728:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3694:
3681:
3679:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3616:
3609:
3603:
3583:
3576:
3570:
3556:
3547:
3533:10.2307/1311732
3513:
3509:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3366:Wichita Lineman
3319:Rudyard Kipling
3289:popular culture
3277:Michael Faraday
3269:
3152:
3146:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3017:decarbonisation
2956:
2905:
2852:solar radiation
2796:Prokudin-Gorsky
2772:
2762:
2756:
2751:
2718:
2712:
2618:
2612:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2470:coulombs every
2409:electric energy
2405:
2399:
2356:Michael Faraday
2218:
2212:
2174:consisted of a
2172:homopolar motor
2129:
2123:
2091:scalar quantity
2026:
2016:
2010:
1937:magnetic fields
1913:Michael Faraday
1905:
1899:
1893:
1841:electric arcing
1821:Michael Faraday
1715:
1709:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1551:
1537:
1535:Electric charge
1531:
1529:Electric charge
1526:
1429:Albert Einstein
1425:electric sparks
1335:Michael Faraday
1313:'s battery, or
1295:electric organs
1279:Michael Faraday
1202:De Magnete
1197:William Gilbert
1167:Baghdad Battery
1112:electric shocks
1104:Pliny the Elder
1072:
1066:
1058:Main articles:
1045:
1011:application by
956:determines the
948:and produces a
938:electric charge
903:electric charge
880:
851:
850:
666:
658:
657:
613:
603:
602:
558:Induction motor
528:
518:
517:
433:Current density
418:
408:
407:
398:Poynting vector
308:
306:Electrodynamics
298:
297:
293:Right-hand rule
258:Magnetic dipole
248:BiotâSavart law
238:
228:
227:
163:Electric dipole
158:Electric charge
133:
55:(pictured) and
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7761:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7724:
7712:
7700:
7688:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7661:Jevons paradox
7658:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7585:Energy storage
7582:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7532:
7530:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7423:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7389:Electric power
7386:
7380:
7378:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7350:
7349:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7297:
7291:
7289:
7287:Primary energy
7283:
7282:
7280:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7197:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6921:Entropic force
6918:
6911:Thermodynamics
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6799:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6776:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6721:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6698:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6644:
6643:External links
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6621:
6616:
6603:
6598:
6585:
6581:978-0071422413
6580:
6567:
6562:
6549:
6536:
6495:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6430:
6412:
6393:
6329:
6301:
6295:
6277:
6271:
6244:
6238:
6220:
6214:
6173:
6167:
6146:
6120:(3): 384â413,
6100:
6094:
6076:
6070:
6052:
6046:
6025:
5995:
5989:
5967:
5941:(2): 268â299,
5921:
5892:
5844:
5838:
5824:, p. 91,
5805:
5773:
5739:
5733:
5715:
5685:
5679:
5655:
5630:
5615:
5599:New York Times
5585:
5579:
5557:
5507:
5479:
5473:
5452:
5441:
5417:
5389:
5361:
5333:
5315:
5292:
5267:
5261:
5237:
5231:
5198:
5192:
5186:, p. 17,
5165:
5159:
5139:
5133:
5113:
5107:
5086:
5072:
5066:
5041:
5035:
5013:
5007:
4987:
4977:on 3 July 2007
4953:
4935:
4929:
4911:
4861:
4855:
4837:
4831:
4810:
4804:
4783:
4777:
4756:
4750:
4727:
4698:
4692:
4668:
4653:
4639:
4633:
4609:
4603:
4582:
4576:
4555:
4549:
4531:
4525:
4492:
4474:
4468:
4450:
4437:
4425:
4392:
4361:
4355:
4337:
4322:
4300:
4275:
4223:
4217:
4180:
4174:
4150:
4144:
4119:
4113:
4084:
4047:
4021:
4004:
3974:(65): 94â101,
3948:
3914:
3908:
3882:
3875:
3851:
3812:
3800:10.1086/286445
3778:
3772:
3754:
3726:
3692:
3658:
3652:
3634:
3628:
3607:
3601:
3574:
3568:
3545:
3507:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3389:
3373:
3370:
3324:Sons of Martha
3268:
3265:
3191:natural dynamo
3189:is due to the
3148:Main article:
3145:
3142:
3109:Main article:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3032:electric motor
2994:The resistive
2955:
2952:
2917:power stations
2904:
2901:
2881:climate change
2835:kinetic energy
2829:produced from
2758:Main article:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:high frequency
2732:speed of light
2714:Main article:
2711:
2708:
2681:circuit boards
2614:Main article:
2611:
2608:
2584:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2559:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2446:, measured in
2403:electric power
2401:Main article:
2398:
2397:Electric power
2395:
2389:, named after
2354:, named after
2322:circuit theory
2290:semiconductors
2230:voltage source
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2203:Faraday's disc
2168:electric motor
2141:magnetic field
2127:Electromagnets
2125:Main article:
2122:
2121:Electromagnets
2119:
2103:equipotentials
2012:Main article:
2009:
2006:
1988:occurs and an
1968:lines of force
1964:electrostatics
1947:, having both
1903:Electrostatics
1897:Electric field
1895:Main article:
1892:
1891:Electric field
1889:
1852:direct current
1802:speed of light
1798:electric field
1794:drift velocity
1711:Main article:
1708:
1705:
1647:inverse-square
1613:, but also by
1533:Main article:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1417:Heinrich Hertz
1339:electric motor
1333:in 1819â1820.
1163:electroplating
1044:
1041:
1033:communications
977:electric power
950:magnetic field
942:electric field
901:possessing an
889:is the set of
882:
881:
879:
878:
871:
864:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
633:Four-potential
630:
625:
620:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
548:Electric motor
545:
540:
535:
529:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
503:Series circuit
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
473:Kirchhoff laws
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
438:Direct current
435:
430:
425:
419:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
400:
395:
393:Maxwell tensor
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
363:Larmor formula
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
313:Bremsstrahlung
309:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Magnetic field
260:
255:
250:
245:
239:
236:Magnetostatics
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
168:Electric field
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
138:Charge density
134:
131:Electrostatics
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
84:
83:
75:
74:
68:
67:
66:Articles about
57:urban lighting
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7760:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7723:
7722:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7640:United States
7638:
7636:
7635:South America
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7568:Energy policy
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7523:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7492:Solar furnace
7490:
7489:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7448:Nuclear power
7446:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7374:Energy system
7371:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7327:Gravitational
7325:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7256:
7255:Hydrogen fuel
7253:
7252:
7251:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7076:Gravitational
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6946:Heat transfer
6944:
6942:
6941:Heat capacity
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6894:Negative mass
6892:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6874:Energy system
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6712:
6707:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6657:
6653:chapter from
6652:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6637:
6635:1-85383-341-X
6631:
6628:, Earthscan,
6627:
6622:
6619:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6601:
6599:0-07-451786-4
6595:
6591:
6586:
6583:
6577:
6573:
6568:
6565:
6563:0-582-22874-3
6559:
6555:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6537:0-08-022104-1
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6472:
6470:0-313-31822-0
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6407:CERN Bulletin
6404:
6397:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6349:(7324): 634,
6348:
6344:
6340:
6333:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6305:
6298:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6274:
6272:0-8385-7701-6
6268:
6264:
6260:
6259:
6251:
6249:
6241:
6239:981-256-534-5
6235:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6215:0-7923-0649-X
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6180:
6178:
6170:
6168:3-540-00241-3
6164:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6095:0-8058-3620-9
6091:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6071:0-12-303260-1
6067:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6039:
6032:
6030:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5990:0-8138-1699-8
5986:
5981:
5980:
5971:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5839:9781009157926
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5786:The Economist
5783:
5777:
5759:
5752:
5751:
5743:
5736:
5734:3-540-42634-5
5730:
5726:
5719:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5680:0-86720-321-8
5676:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5659:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5626:
5619:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5483:
5476:
5474:1-85383-341-X
5470:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5448:
5444:
5438:
5435:, p. 5,
5434:
5430:
5429:
5421:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5393:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5365:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5337:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5301:Bryce, Robert
5296:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5264:
5262:0-85312-269-5
5258:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5241:
5234:
5232:0-85404-605-4
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5195:
5193:9781107605909
5189:
5185:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5143:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5091:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5038:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4991:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4942:
4940:
4932:
4930:1-4212-7387-X
4926:
4922:
4915:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4856:0-534-99724-4
4852:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4825:, JHU Press,
4824:
4820:
4819:Paul J. Nahin
4814:
4807:
4805:0-07-451786-4
4801:
4797:
4790:
4788:
4780:
4778:0-582-42629-4
4774:
4770:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4702:
4695:
4693:0-19-856169-5
4689:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4672:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4634:0-618-31938-7
4630:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4606:
4604:0-553-17521-1
4600:
4596:
4589:
4587:
4579:
4577:9971-5-0921-0
4573:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4550:0-309-03576-7
4546:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4526:0-07-084111-X
4522:
4518:
4517:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4365:
4358:
4356:0-07-250503-6
4352:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4309:"Solid state"
4304:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4218:0-201-07199-1
4214:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4147:
4145:0-7100-7626-6
4141:
4138:, Routledge,
4137:
4136:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4116:
4114:0-486-26412-2
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4044:(65): 395â407
4043:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4017:
4016:
4008:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3952:
3934:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3911:
3909:0-486-25237-X
3905:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3878:
3876:0-89526-163-4
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3723:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3653:0-444-51258-6
3649:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3629:981-02-4471-1
3625:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3602:0-521-82704-3
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3542:
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3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3426:Etymology of
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3386:Energy portal
3381:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3339:Thomas Edison
3336:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3321:'s 1907 poem
3320:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:Luigi Galvani
3290:
3286:
3285:Western world
3281:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:Gymnotiformes
3238:
3237:electric fish
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3218:Jacques Curie
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3134:electrocution
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:Optical fibre
3076:
3075:transatlantic
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3048:electric cars
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3004:refrigeration
3001:
2997:
2996:Joule heating
2992:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:Joule heating
2965:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2839:steam turbine
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:, 1905â1915).
2797:
2793:
2792:hydroelectric
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:semiconductor
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:that involve
2634:
2626:
2625:Surface-mount
2622:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:kilowatt hour
2589:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2499:
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2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
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2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
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2414:
2410:
2404:
2394:
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2376:
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2327:
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2283:
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2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:magnetic flux
2192:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:contour lines
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1659:gravitational
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:Coulomb's law
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1594:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:semiconductor
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:Thomas Edison
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:in 1821, and
1340:
1337:invented the
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:Luigi Galvani
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:Thomas Browne
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:galvanic cell
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Mediterranean
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:electric rays
1117:
1114:delivered by
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:ancient Greek
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:electric fish
1071:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:dealing with
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Coulomb's law
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
857:
855:
854:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
662:
661:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
607:
606:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
527:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Joule heating
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
412:
411:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:Lorentz force
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
310:
307:
302:
301:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
283:Magnetization
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:Magnetic flux
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
232:
231:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:Electric flux
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
127:
126:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
110:Computational
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
76:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
34:
19:
7719:
7707:
7695:
7683:
7465:Oil refinery
7409:Cogeneration
7342:Nuclear fuel
7210:
7148:Quintessence
6936:Free entropy
6869:Energy level
6833:Fundamental
6724:
6691:
6655:
6649:
6625:
6607:
6589:
6571:
6553:
6507:
6503:
6489:
6459:, Westport:
6456:
6425:
6415:
6406:
6396:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6321:, retrieved
6311:
6304:
6286:
6280:
6257:
6229:
6223:
6189:
6185:
6158:
6149:
6117:
6113:
6103:
6085:
6079:
6061:
6055:
6037:
6017:, retrieved
6008:
5998:
5978:
5970:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5913:, retrieved
5904:
5895:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5821:
5808:
5797:, retrieved
5785:
5776:
5765:, retrieved
5758:the original
5749:
5742:
5727:, Springer,
5724:
5718:
5707:, retrieved
5703:the original
5698:
5688:
5665:
5658:
5647:, retrieved
5633:
5624:
5618:
5607:, retrieved
5598:
5588:
5566:
5560:
5528:
5524:
5510:
5499:, retrieved
5495:the original
5489:
5482:
5464:
5427:
5420:
5409:, retrieved
5399:
5397:IndexMundi,
5392:
5381:, retrieved
5377:the original
5371:
5364:
5353:, retrieved
5343:
5336:
5325:, retrieved
5305:
5295:
5284:, retrieved
5279:
5270:
5247:
5240:
5214:
5210:
5178:
5168:
5153:, Elsevier,
5149:
5142:
5123:
5116:
5098:
5081:
5075:
5057:
5026:
5016:
4997:
4990:
4979:, retrieved
4975:the original
4969:
4947:
4920:
4914:
4903:, retrieved
4878:
4874:
4864:
4846:
4840:
4822:
4813:
4795:
4768:
4741:
4719:, retrieved
4708:
4701:
4678:
4671:
4662:
4656:
4648:
4642:
4619:
4612:
4594:
4567:
4540:
4534:
4515:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4459:
4453:
4445:
4440:
4428:
4417:, retrieved
4404:
4395:
4384:, retrieved
4373:
4364:
4346:
4340:
4331:
4325:
4317:the original
4312:
4303:
4292:, retrieved
4278:
4267:, retrieved
4242:
4236:
4226:
4208:
4160:
4153:
4134:
4099:
4063:
4059:
4041:
4035:
4030:Hunter, John
4024:
4014:
4007:
3996:, retrieved
3971:
3965:
3959:
3951:
3940:, retrieved
3924:
3917:
3895:
3891:Uman, Martin
3885:
3861:
3854:
3833:(3): 60â63,
3830:
3826:
3794:(1): 75â95,
3791:
3787:
3781:
3763:
3757:
3746:, retrieved
3736:
3729:
3721:
3714:, retrieved
3705:
3695:
3687:
3680:, retrieved
3671:
3661:
3643:
3637:
3619:
3587:
3559:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3469:
3460:
3432:
3427:
3357:
3353:
3351:
3347:Nikola Tesla
3332:
3322:
3312:
3307:Frankenstein
3305:
3302:Mary Shelley
3282:
3270:
3249:electrocytes
3245:electric eel
3233:electrogenic
3222:
3209:
3168:
3163:
3160:electric eel
3126:tissue burns
3122:fibrillation
3114:
3087:
3052:
3029:
2993:
2981:
2954:Applications
2925:
2906:
2875:
2871:
2848:solar panels
2841:invented by
2820:
2812:voltaic pile
2801:
2740:
2719:
2689:
2641:vacuum tubes
2630:
2600:fossil fuels
2585:
2576:
2567:
2561:
2552:
2547:
2483:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2437:
2406:
2391:Joseph Henry
2368:
2364:steady state
2359:
2334:
2306:
2274:transformers
2259:
2256:
2250:
2239:
2232:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2138:
2111:
2088:
2073:
2064:conservative
2062:
2039:
1999:
1990:electric arc
1982:high-voltage
1979:
1975:Faraday cage
1972:
1961:
1957:vector field
1929:
1906:
1873:steady state
1849:
1817:electrolysis
1806:
1778:electrolysis
1767:
1762:electric arc
1746:
1735:
1716:
1701:electrometer
1694:
1663:
1639:
1634:
1623:
1619:antiparticle
1564:
1557:Charge on a
1506:John Bardeen
1488:
1453:
1449:solar panels
1414:
1406:Nikola Tesla
1382:Ănyos Jedlik
1355:
1315:voltaic pile
1287:electric eel
1284:
1253:C. F. du Fay
1249:Stephen Gray
1245:Robert Boyle
1238:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1132:
1073:
1009:
993:vacuum tubes
974:
940:produces an
935:
886:
885:
628:Four-current
563:Linear motor
448:Electrolysis
328:Eddy current
288:Permeability
208:Polarization
203:Permittivity
89:
45:
7748:Electricity
7721:WikiProject
7541:Agriculture
7470:Solar power
7436:Tidal power
7310:Natural gas
7300:Fossil fuel
7243:Latent heat
7211:Electricity
6409:(7â08/2011)
5531:: 885â894,
5286:19 February
4649:BBC Horizon
3748:16 February
3527:: 794â96 ,
3497:(1): 1â10,
3433:electricity
3428:electricity
3329:Jules Verne
3205:, from the
3073:, and then
2909:transformer
2831:fossil fuel
2645:transistors
2616:electronics
2610:Electronics
2454:. The term
2348:capacitance
2278:electronics
1933:test charge
1881:capacitance
1398:Joseph Swan
1366:OttĂł BlĂĄthy
1297:. In 1791,
1291:John Hunter
1037:computation
997:transistors
981:electronics
887:Electricity
598:Transformer
428:Capacitance
353:Faraday law
148:Coulomb law
90:Electricity
7737:Categories
7504:Wind power
7426:Hydropower
7377:components
7332:Hydropower
7322:Geothermal
7272:Sound wave
7183:Zero-point
7113:Mechanical
7098:Ionization
7071:Electrical
6966:Negentropy
6847:Energetics
6736:dielectric
6481:References
6019:12 January
5915:2 December
5864:: 112917,
5767:9 December
5709:9 December
5609:9 December
5501:8 December
5411:8 December
5383:8 December
5355:8 December
5327:7 November
4981:9 December
4905:9 December
4881:(2): 104,
4744:, Newnes,
3716:5 February
3682:5 February
3517:BioScience
3362:Jimmy Webb
3197:, or even
3090:transistor
3067:Wheatstone
3044:pantograph
3025:heat pumps
3012:heat pumps
2976:resistance
2866:Wind power
2823:generators
2780:alternator
2764:See also:
2383:inductance
2344:dielectric
2341:insulating
2294:non-linear
2288:, usually
2266:capacitors
2032:A pair of
2018:See also:
1901:See also:
1885:transients
1877:inductance
1864:electronic
1825:resistance
1615:antimatter
1539:See also:
1494:transistor
1454:The first
1445:photocells
1421:electrodes
1269:Leyden jar
1215:electricus
1100:physicians
1068:See also:
987:involving
665:Scientists
513:Waveguides
493:Resistance
463:Inductance
243:Ampère law
7615:Australia
7551:Transport
7546:Computing
7514:Wind farm
7441:Wave farm
7315:Petroleum
7295:Bioenergy
7267:Radiation
7206:Capacitor
7128:Potential
6659:book and
6373:1476-4687
6142:225595301
6134:0160-5976
5963:110320981
5955:1758-1206
5888:257067540
5880:0378-7788
5794:0013-0613
5553:0196-8904
5433:CRC Press
4486:, Paris,
4419:8 October
4386:10 August
4269:25 August
3988:186211272
3808:121067746
3364:'s song "
3334:Tom Swift
3171:lightning
2940:batteries
2665:switching
2661:nonlinear
2337:capacitor
2330:Georg Ohm
2318:Ohm's law
2262:resistors
2246:into the
2107:conductor
1995:lightning
1953:direction
1949:magnitude
1869:sine wave
1809:Nicholson
1784:(charged
1774:conductor
1567:electrons
1520:in 1948.
1514:Bell Labs
1498:germanium
1476:electrons
1464:germanium
1458:was the "
1415:In 1887,
1343:Georg Ohm
1265:lightning
1236:of 1646.
1211:Neo-Latin
1207:lodestone
1159:Parthians
1155:magnetite
1021:transport
919:lightning
907:magnetism
821:Steinmetz
751:Kirchhoff
736:Jefimenko
731:Hopkinson
716:Helmholtz
711:Heaviside
573:Permeance
458:Impedance
198:Insulator
193:Gauss law
143:Conductor
120:Phenomena
115:Textbooks
95:Magnetism
53:Lightning
7685:Category
7250:Hydrogen
7216:Enthalpy
7118:Negative
7108:Magnetic
7093:Internal
7051:Chemical
6916:Enthalpy
6835:concepts
6546:27576009
6381:21124439
6323:26 March
6317:archived
6157:(2004),
6013:archived
5909:archived
5799:13 March
5643:archived
5603:archived
5519:(2014),
5447:archived
5405:archived
5349:archived
5321:archived
5303:(2020),
5176:(1913),
4899:archived
4715:archived
4413:archived
4380:archived
4294:16 March
4288:archived
4263:archived
4080:39105914
4032:(1775),
3992:archived
3933:archived
3893:(1987),
3847:34246664
3742:archived
3710:archived
3676:archived
3372:See also
3331:and the
3179:friction
2988:lighting
2974:through
2944:hydrogen
2784:Budapest
2782:made in
2639:such as
2557:coulombs
2419:unit of
2375:inducing
2371:inductor
2309:resistor
2284:contain
2270:switches
2248:resistor
2224:A basic
2114:gradient
2034:AA cells
1854:(DC) or
1813:Carlisle
1780:, where
1747:opposite
1670:electron
1541:Electron
1524:Concepts
1219:elektron
1151:magnetic
1128:headache
1084:2750 BCE
1029:lighting
991:such as
891:physical
846:Wiechert
801:Poynting
691:Einstein
538:DC motor
533:AC motor
368:Lenz law
153:Electret
7697:Commons
7525:Use and
7384:Biomass
7354:Radiant
7201:Battery
7173:Thermal
7168:Surface
7153:Radiant
7123:Phantom
7103:Kinetic
7081:Binding
7061:Elastic
7044:Nuclear
7039:Binding
6926:Entropy
6824:Outline
6814:History
6516:Bibcode
6389:4420175
6351:Bibcode
6194:Bibcode
5533:Bibcode
5219:Bibcode
5027:Physics
4883:Bibcode
4721:7 March
4247:Bibcode
3998:16 July
3740:, BBC,
3541:1311732
3261:muscles
3257:neurons
3210:piezein
3130:torture
3006:, with
2972:current
2928:reserve
2788:Hungary
2653:sensors
2604:entropy
2572:amperes
2480:voltage
2456:wattage
2423:is the
2313:resists
2298:passive
2237:current
2180:mercury
2069:voltage
2055:coulomb
2020:Voltage
1860:battery
1790:plasmas
1723:amperes
1617:, each
1571:protons
1500:-based
1472:current
1437:quantum
1307:neurons
1187:(1767)
1043:History
1025:heating
964:is the
831:Thomson
806:Ritchie
796:Poisson
781:Neumann
776:Maxwell
771:Lorentz
766:LiĂŠnard
696:Faraday
681:Coulomb
508:Voltage
483:Ohm law
105:History
7709:Portal
7630:Mexico
7625:Europe
7620:Canada
7605:Africa
7528:supply
7337:Marine
7226:Fossil
7178:Vacuum
6931:Exergy
6852:Energy
6803:Energy
6661:series
6632:
6614:
6596:
6578:
6560:
6544:
6534:
6504:Nature
6467:
6426:Snopes
6387:
6379:
6371:
6343:Nature
6293:
6269:
6236:
6212:
6165:
6140:
6132:
6092:
6068:
6044:
5987:
5961:
5953:
5886:
5878:
5836:
5792:
5731:
5677:
5649:29 May
5577:
5551:
5471:
5439:
5313:
5259:
5253:182â83
5229:
5190:
5157:
5131:
5105:
5064:
5033:
5005:
4927:
4853:
4829:
4802:
4775:
4748:
4690:
4631:
4601:
4574:
4547:
4523:
4466:
4353:
4215:
4172:
4142:
4111:
4105:331â33
4078:
3986:
3942:11 May
3906:
3873:
3845:
3806:
3770:
3650:
3626:
3599:
3593:182â85
3566:
3539:
3523:(11),
3287:. The
3225:sharks
3214:Pierre
3195:quartz
2685:system
2675:, and
2649:diodes
2548:where
2433:second
2427:, one
2415:. The
2302:linear
2228:. The
2149:Ampère
2095:height
2084:ground
1945:vector
1917:masses
1674:proton
1611:matter
1597:â1.602
1547:, and
1545:Proton
1221:, the
1199:wrote
1052:Thales
1035:, and
1001:diodes
899:matter
895:motion
816:Singer
811:Savart
791:Ărsted
756:Larmor
746:Kelvin
701:Fizeau
671:Ampère
593:Stator
100:Optics
7649:Misc.
7359:Solar
7163:Sound
7032:Types
6906:Power
6857:Units
6819:Index
6542:S2CID
6385:S2CID
6263:27â28
6138:S2CID
5959:S2CID
5884:S2CID
5818:(PDF)
5761:(PDF)
5754:(PDF)
5571:(PDF)
4076:S2CID
3984:S2CID
3936:(PDF)
3929:(PDF)
3900:(PDF)
3867:92â94
3843:S2CID
3804:S2CID
3537:JSTOR
3452:Notes
3354:stops
3207:Greek
3199:sugar
3175:touch
3063:Cooke
3036:winch
2893:solar
2827:steam
2581:volts
2460:watts
2448:watts
2429:joule
2421:power
2387:henry
2352:farad
2080:earth
2076:Earth
2051:joule
2047:volts
1941:force
1909:field
1867:of a
1786:atoms
1626:force
1579:1.602
1480:holes
1468:radio
1223:Greek
1213:word
1139:amber
1092:Roman
970:volts
958:force
841:Weber
836:Volta
826:Tesla
741:Joule
726:Hertz
721:Henry
706:Gauss
588:Rotor
7610:Asia
7364:Wind
7305:Coal
7277:Work
7238:Heat
7221:Fuel
7158:Rest
7056:Dark
7021:Work
6889:Mass
6630:ISBN
6612:ISBN
6594:ISBN
6576:ISBN
6558:ISBN
6532:ISBN
6465:ISBN
6377:PMID
6369:ISSN
6325:2014
6291:ISBN
6267:ISBN
6234:ISBN
6210:ISBN
6163:ISBN
6130:ISSN
6090:ISBN
6066:ISBN
6042:ISBN
6021:2008
5985:ISBN
5951:ISSN
5917:2010
5876:ISSN
5834:ISBN
5801:2023
5790:ISSN
5769:2007
5729:ISBN
5711:2007
5675:ISBN
5651:2017
5611:2007
5575:ISBN
5549:ISSN
5503:2007
5469:ISBN
5437:ISBN
5413:2007
5385:2007
5357:2007
5329:2021
5311:ISBN
5288:2023
5257:ISBN
5227:ISBN
5188:ISBN
5155:ISBN
5129:ISBN
5103:ISBN
5062:ISBN
5031:ISBN
5003:ISBN
4983:2007
4925:ISBN
4907:2007
4851:ISBN
4827:ISBN
4800:ISBN
4773:ISBN
4746:ISBN
4723:2012
4688:ISBN
4629:ISBN
4599:ISBN
4572:ISBN
4545:ISBN
4521:ISBN
4464:ISBN
4421:2019
4388:2019
4351:ISBN
4296:2013
4271:2019
4213:ISBN
4170:ISBN
4140:ISBN
4109:ISBN
4000:2022
3944:2014
3904:ISBN
3871:ISBN
3768:ISBN
3750:2008
3718:2017
3684:2017
3648:ISBN
3624:ISBN
3597:ISBN
3564:ISBN
3358:keep
3259:and
3216:and
3158:The
3081:and
3065:and
2962:The
2891:and
2889:wind
2768:and
2655:and
2444:work
2431:per
2425:watt
2369:The
2335:The
2307:The
2300:and
2276:and
2043:work
2022:and
1951:and
1879:and
1811:and
1782:ions
1672:and
1508:and
1408:and
1329:and
1251:and
1124:gout
1118:and
1106:and
1098:and
1094:and
1062:and
1003:and
966:work
761:Lenz
686:Davy
676:Biot
7231:Oil
6524:doi
6512:4â5
6508:168
6359:doi
6347:468
6202:doi
6190:209
6122:doi
5943:doi
5866:doi
5862:286
5826:doi
5671:298
5541:doi
4891:doi
4684:140
4255:doi
4243:267
4068:doi
3976:doi
3835:doi
3796:doi
3529:doi
3499:doi
3495:138
3345:or
3181:or
3027:).
2950:).
2486:is
2326:ohm
2082:or
1760:An
1602:634
1599:176
1584:634
1581:176
1549:Ion
1512:at
1230:'s
1126:or
897:of
786:Ohm
7739::
6540:,
6530:,
6522:,
6514:,
6506:,
6502:,
6463:,
6433:^
6424:,
6405:,
6383:,
6375:,
6367:,
6357:,
6345:,
6341:,
6265:,
6247:^
6208:,
6200:,
6188:,
6176:^
6136:,
6128:,
6118:45
6116:,
6112:,
6028:^
6011:,
6007:,
5957:,
5949:,
5939:80
5937:,
5933:,
5903:,
5882:,
5874:,
5860:,
5856:,
5832:,
5820:,
5788:,
5784:,
5697:,
5673:,
5601:,
5597:,
5547:,
5539:,
5529:87
5527:,
5523:,
5455:^
5445:,
5403:,
5347:,
5319:,
5278:,
5255:,
5225:,
5215:86
5213:,
5201:^
5182:,
5089:^
5044:^
5025:,
4967:,
4956:^
4938:^
4897:,
4889:,
4879:45
4877:,
4873:,
4786:^
4759:^
4730:^
4686:,
4627:,
4625:74
4585:^
4558:^
4495:^
4411:,
4407:,
4403:,
4378:,
4372:,
4311:,
4261:,
4253:,
4241:,
4235:,
4183:^
4164:,
4122:^
4107:,
4087:^
4074:,
4062:,
4050:^
4040:,
3990:,
3982:,
3972:65
3970:,
3964:,
3869:,
3841:,
3829:,
3815:^
3802:,
3790:,
3720:,
3704:,
3686:,
3670:,
3610:^
3595:,
3577:^
3548:^
3535:,
3521:41
3519:,
3493:,
3341:,
3177:,
3162:,
2938::
2858:.
2786:,
2706:.
2687:.
2671:,
2651:,
2647:,
2643:,
2435:.
2417:SI
2280:.
2272:,
2268:,
2264:,
2155:.
1959:.
1733:.
1703:.
1637:.
1543:,
1486:.
1451:.
1404:,
1400:,
1396:,
1392:,
1388:,
1384:,
1380:,
1376:,
1372:,
1368:,
1364:,
1247:,
1243:,
1090:,
1078:.
1031:,
1027:,
1023:,
999:,
995:,
972:.
929:,
925:,
921:,
6795:e
6788:t
6781:v
6717:e
6710:t
6703:v
6663:.
6526::
6518::
6361::
6353::
6204::
6196::
6124::
5945::
5868::
5828::
5543::
5535::
5221::
4893::
4885::
4711:"
4257::
4249::
4070::
4064:8
4038:"
3978::
3837::
3831:8
3798::
3792:4
3531::
3501::
3010:/
2577:V
2568:I
2562:t
2553:Q
2532:V
2529:I
2526:=
2521:t
2517:V
2514:Q
2508:=
2500:=
2497:P
2484:V
2478:(
2472:t
2468:Q
2464:I
2452:P
2360:F
2251:R
2240:I
2233:V
1931:'
1605:Ă
1587:Ă
875:e
868:t
861:v
42:.
35:.
20:)
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