87:
376:
once, when the Mexica (Aztecs) came from
Chicomostoc, Zacatecas to take control of Xolotl, (and course on to the lagoon where they found an eagle devouring a serpent) they attacked the settlers of Acatic, Teocaltiche, Mitic, Teocaltitán and Xalostotitlán, but in Tepatitlán, when they encountered the Tecuexe, having heard of their legendary cruelty, the Mexica avoided facing them.
464:. Burials at El Opeño, as in all where shaft burial materials have been found, are distinguished by their exceptional quality within the Mesoamerica framework. No other Mesoamerican people built this type of tradition of funerary monuments before their flourishing or after their decline. These are vertical (or nearly vertical) tombs excavated in the
503:"...probable turquoise (from one of several possible locations in northern Mexico or New Mexico), jade from the Motagua Valley of Guatemala, marine shell from both the Pacific and Atlantic Casts, iron pyrite mirrors reminiscent of types made in Oaxaca, and green obsidian from Pachuca in central Mexico."
490:
Neither remains nor evidence of the builders of the tombs have been found around the site. Hence they have been represented as a people who were in the transition towards sedentary agriculture that characterized mesoamerican urban societies of the mid-Preclassical. However, analysis of archaeological
479:
These tombs can be considered the oldest antecedent of shaft tombs, which include this site archaeological material. The site architecture, as mentioned earlier, has very particular characteristics that were not included in the later necropoli of
Jalisco, Colima, and Nayarit. The funeral architecture
636:
It must be emphasized that the concept "shaft tomb tradition" groups together a series of archaeological materials extensively discovered at burials of western
Mesoamerica, although it is unknown the names of the peoples that carried on this funerary tradition. The ceramic styles of the regions that
375:
wrote "in any place… all know to work a stone, to make a simple house, to twist a cord and a rope, and the other subtle offices that do not require instruments or much art." The
Tecuexe were known for their fierceness and cruelty towards their enemy. They were known to be so brave, it is said, that
331:
What is apparently clear, is that regardless of names assigned by scientists and scholars, the broad ancient Mexico region or Cem
Anahuac, had many cultures and subcultures scattered in time and space, it is very likely that all had a common origin, the Nahuatl language and its derivations, and the
395:, American archaeologist who made excavations in the area of Colima in the year 1939. The similarities between the pieces of this Culture and contemporary ceramics of the Ecuador region indicate that there were some very early relationships between western Mesoamerica and the Andean Cultures.
346:
The Purépecha are an indigenous people centered in the northwestern region of the
Mexican state of Michoacán, principally in the area of the cities of Uruapan and Pátzcuaro. There is an ongoing discussion about which term should be considered as the correct one.
402:
phase, in the Valley of Mexico. The geographical extent of the
Capacha pottery covers the entire Pacific coast between the Mexican States of Sinaloa, in the North, and Guerrero, in the South. Especially important are the burials uncovered by Gordon Ekholm in
415:
Archaeological evidence found in this site corresponds to the
Preclassical horizon (1300 -200 BCE) settlements in evidence in this area. Jacona is one of the oldest towns of Michoacán and one of the first settlements dominated by and tributary of the
390:
Capacha is an archaeological complex of Colima, the west of
Mesoamerica. The Capacha Culture was the first with complex traits that developed in the region, approximately between the years 2000 and 1200 BC. It was studied and discovered by
423:
The current Jacona city (originally Xacona, derived from
Xucunan) was founded in 1555 by Augustinian Friars, Jacona, placing it at about 16 kilometres from the old pre-Hispanic town which was called then "Pueblo Viejo" or "Jacona Vieja"
435:
word, formed by the words: "ku", put together; "rhu", projection, tip; "tarha" play ball; and "an" gods. It means: "Point where the gods come together to play ball". This ball game was not a common game, but the "celestial ball game".
491:
materials, both human bone remains and offerings found in the tombs, indicates that the tomb builders were members of a clearly sedentary people with a high social stratification as reflected in the differences of the offering goods.
298:
480:
with similar or divergent characteristics was practiced by the peoples who lived in a wide continental region and at different periods in the prehispanic era. This region extends from western Mesoamerica down to northern
472:
which is part of the subsoil of the region. Access to the underground burial chambers had different means; for example in Nayarit, it is common for tombs to have a very deep shaft, although those in El Opeño had ladders.
427:
Xacona was established in a chichimeca (tecuexe) region, bordering the Purépecha kingdom. This explains why other neighboring places have Purépecha names. The main hill facing Jacona, for example, is called Curutarán.
257:. The importance of this site in mesoamerican archaeology is due to its antiquity and the ample diffusion of its style, contemporary to other native culture developments such as the
476:
In El Opeño twelve tombs were discovered, all of which show signs of architectural planning in the funerary complex. Also, the complex as a whole is organized into an overall plan.
371:
nation. It is known that they settled next to rivers which they used to their advantage to grow beans and corn. They were also expert artisans, carpenters and musicians.
253:, Mexico. It is home to a prehispanic site, mainly known from the ceramic material found in the funerary complexes of the site, which have been dated to the Late
754:"La globalización, un fenómeno que se remonta a la a la época prehispánica (Globalization, a phenomenon that predates prehispanic times): José Arturo Oliveros"
637:
constitute the shaft tomb region have allowed establishing smaller groupings that provide a more specific approach to the history of that Mesoamerican region.
507:
This exchange was mutual; obsidian from Michoacan was also being traded east into the Basin of Mexico, the Oaxaca Valley, and the Gulf Coast by that time.
254:
499:
A large number of imported goods have been found in the area. They demonstrate the wealth and social networks of these peoples. Among these goods are
316:
In relation to this site's inhabitants or their culture there is no clear information; available text mentions several cultures, among other the
301:, Jacona is a chichimeca origin word which means "place of vegetables". Another meaning comes from Xucunan, "place of flowers and vegetables".
487:
The geographical continuity and chronology of these practices requires deeper analysis to better understand the links between these peoples.
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743:(Tomb makers at El Opeño), El Colegio de Michoacán-H. Ayuntamiento de Jacona de Plancarte. (A PDF version is available at
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Capacha was contemporary to other important Mesoamerica cultural developments such as El Opeño, Michoacán, and the first
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history, name of the territories known to the Mexica civilization before the Mexico Spaniards invasion and conquest.
744:
776:
372:
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At the same time, the lack of validated information becomes evident, as well as the need of serious studies of
577:[Jacona Toponymy] (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán. Archived from
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265:. El Opeño tombs, the oldest in Mesoamerica, have been dated to around 1600 BCE - a similar period as
332:
many found similar archaeological evidence could corroborate this, regardless of the assigned name.
791:
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In relation to the name of the city it is located, Jacona or Xucunan, there are several versions.
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It is not clear if the name El Opeño, has some meaning or what is the original name of this site.
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that spread throughout much of the west of Mesoamerica on the territory of the current states of
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308:, one of the Great Chichimeca civilizations, whose language is Uto-Aztecan languages.
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Oliveros Morales 2004, pp. 118-119, 146, 150-152; Robles and Oliveros Morales 2005
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El Opeño consists of a funeral complex that is usually included in the
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culture as the founders or precursors of all mesoamerican cultures.
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367:. Like the Zacatecos, the Tecuexe were a tribe belonging to the
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Another version notes that Jacona (Xucunan) is a word from the
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550:[The ancient inhabitants of El Opeño were sedentary].
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El Opeño discoveries became a milestone that questions the
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and another contemporary culture, the Capacha culture.
548:"Los antiguos pobladores de El Opeño eran sedentarios"
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Jacona de Plancarte Municipality, Spanish Knowledge
741:Hacedores de tumbas en El Opeño, Jacona, Michoacán
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299:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Michoacán
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690:"Recent Research in Western Mexican Archaeology"
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614:Quintanar Hinojosa, Beatriz (February 2008).
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21:Tecuexe – Purépecha – Archaeological Site
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546:Marquez, Carlos F. (28 February 2006).
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694:Journal of Archaeological Research
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787:Archaeological sites in Michoacán
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359:derived from the dispersion of
245:located in the municipality of
104:Unknown, current day known as,
739:Oliveros, José Arturo (2004):
669:Pires Ferreira 1975, pp. 37-55
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373:Toribio de Benavente Motolinia
1:
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261:culture and earlier than the
54:El Opeño archaeological site
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706:10.1007/s10814-009-9034-x
484:along the Pacific coast.
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355:It is believed that the
78:, current day known as,
745:Tomb Makers at El Opeño
688:Beekman, C. S. (2009).
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393:Isabel Truesdell Kelly
140:19.93417°N 102.30722°W
777:Mesoamerican cultures
760:, February 28, 2006.
727:Healan 2004, Cuadro 1
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269:culture development.
758:La Jornada Michoacán
552:La Jornada Michoacán
495:Regional connections
446:Shaft tomb tradition
182:Uto-Aztecan language
145:19.93417; -102.30722
660:"La Jornada". 2006.
243:archaeological site
136: /
782:Mesoamerican sites
620:México Desconocido
575:"Jacona Toponimia"
433:Purépecha language
186:Purépecha language
418:Purépecha kingdom
342:Purépecha culture
336:Purépecha culture
297:According to the
255:Preclassic period
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65:Archaeology
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603:pt:El Opeño
440:Description
407:, Sinaloa.
281:Cem Ānáhuac
143: /
131:102°18′26″W
118:Coordinates
106:Mesoamérica
771:Categories
734:References
700:: 41–109.
523:Chichimeca
369:Chichimeca
365:La Quemada
318:Chichimeca
312:Background
263:Chupicuaro
193:Chronology
162:Chichimeca
128:19°56′03″N
714:145754465
462:Michoacán
326:Purépecha
251:Michoacán
170:Purépecha
80:Michoacan
718:pp41-109
616:"Breves"
511:See also
466:Tepetate
411:The Site
400:Tlatilco
361:Zacateco
287:The Name
236:El Opeño
225:Web Page
177:Language
71:Location
519:Culture
517:Tecuexe
458:Nayarit
450:Jalisco
405:Guasave
386:Capacha
357:Tecuexe
322:Tecuexe
306:Tecuexe
259:Capacha
166:Tecuexe
157:Culture
712:
528:Jacona
454:Colima
247:Jacona
213:Apogee
203:Period
110:México
100:Region
93:Mexico
90:
76:Jacona
710:S2CID
534:Notes
274:Olmec
267:Olmec
238:is a
49:Name:
626:: 9.
482:Peru
470:tuff
460:and
223:INAH
61:Type
747:).
702:doi
624:372
468:or
773::
708:.
698:18
696:.
692:.
642:^
622:.
618:.
560:^
456:,
452:,
420:.
324:,
184:–
168:–
164:–
112:)
716:.
704::
108:(
82:,
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