557:
the ratio of the heart volume/stroke volume (the reciprocal of ejection fraction) could be used as a measure of cardiac function. In 1952, Bing and colleagues used a minor modification of Nylin's suggestion (EDV/SV) to assess right ventricular function using a dye dilution technique. Exactly when the relationship between end diastolic volume and stroke volume was inverted into its current form is unclear. Holt calculated the ratio SV/EDV and noted that '...The ventricle empties itself in a "fractional" manner, approximately 46 per cent of its end-diastolic volume being ejected with each stroke and 54 per cent remaining in the ventricle at the end of systole'.
1812:
561:
information that is fundamental to a hemodynamic analysis of left ventricular function". Elliott, Lane and Gorlin used the term "ejection fraction" in a conference paper abstract published in
January 1964. In 1965, Bartle et al. used the term ejected fraction for the ratio SV/EDV, and the term ejection fraction was used in two review articles in 1968 suggesting a wide currency by that time.
580:"Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in adult patients with cardiac disease. Additional value of analyzing left atrial size, left atrial ejection fraction and the difference in duration of pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocity at atrial contraction"
782:"2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC"
556:
and Faivre observed that some fluid remained in the heart after contraction. This was confirmed by Roy and Adami in 1888. In 1906, Henderson estimated the ratio of the volume discharged in systole to the total volume of the left ventricle to be approximately 2/3. In 1933, Gustav Nylin proposed that
907:
Asferg C, Usinger L, Kristensen TS, Abdulla J (May 2012). "Accuracy of multi-slice computed tomography for measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
560:
In 1962, Folse and
Braunwald used the ratio of forward stroke volume/EDV and observed that "estimations of the fraction of the left ventricular end-diastolic volume that is ejected into the aorta during each cardiac cycle, as well as of the ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes, provide
1352:
McDonagh, Theresa A; Metra, Marco; Adamo, Marianna; Gardner, Roy S; Baumbach, Andreas; Böhm, Michael; Burri, Haran; Butler, Javed; Čelutkienė, Jelena; Chioncel, Ovidiu; Cleland, John G F; Coats, Andrew J S; Crespo-Leiro, Maria G; Farmakis, Dimitrios; Gilard, Martine (2021-09-21).
142:
for measurement of the ejection fraction was ventriculography, but cardiac MRI is now considered the best method. Prior to these more advanced techniques, the combination of electrocardiography and phonocardiography was used to accurately estimate ejection fraction.
362:, compromises the heart's performance as an efficient pump and may reduce ejection fraction. This broadly understood distinction marks an important determinant between ischemic vs. nonischemic heart failure. Such reduction in the EF can manifest itself as
1033:
Wackers FJ, Berger HJ, Johnstone DE, Goldman L, Reduto LA, Langou RA, Gottschalk A, Zaret BL (June 1979). "Multiple gated cardiac blood pool imaging for left ventricular ejection fraction: validation of the technique and assessment of variability".
1162:
Mahadevan G, Davis RC, Frenneaux MP, Hobbs FD, Lip GY, Sanderson JE, Davies MK (April 2008). "Left ventricular ejection fraction: are the revised cut-off points for defining systolic dysfunction sufficiently evidence based?".
105:
In heart failure, the difference between heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction, is significant, because the two types are treated differently.
156:
In a healthy 70-kilogram (150 lb) man, the stroke volume is approximately 70 mL, and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) is approximately 120 mL, giving an estimated ejection fraction of
51:, gall bladder, or leg veins, although if unspecified it usually refers to the left ventricle of the heart. EF is widely used as a measure of the pumping efficiency of the heart and is used to classify
1676:"Determination of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end-diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution technic"
1552:
Henderson Y (1906). "The volume curve of the ventricles of the mammalian heart, and the significance of this curve in respect to the mechanics of the heart-beat and the filling of the ventricles".
472:
114:
Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is
1221:"Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance"
408:(SV). The ejection fraction is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected with each beat; that is, it is stroke volume (SV) divided by end-diastolic volume (EDV):
102:. A heart which cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the body's requirements (i.e., heart failure) will often, but not invariably, have a reduced ventricular ejection fraction.
167:, or 0.58 (58%). Healthy individuals typically have ejection fractions between 50% and 65%, although the lower limits of normality are difficult to establish with confidence.
1484:
Chauveau JB, Faivre J (1856). "Nouvelles recherches expérimentales sur les mouveménts et les bruits normaux du coeur envisages au point de vue la physiologie medicale".
663:
Krishnamurthy GT, Bobba VR, Kingston E (March 1981). "Radionuclide ejection fraction: a technique for quantitative analysis of motor function of the human gallbladder".
523:
1598:
Bing RJ, Heimbecker R, Falholt W (October 1951). "An estimation of the residual volume of blood in the right ventricle of normal and diseased human hearts in vivo".
1844:
193:
1274:
Maceira A (2006). "Normalized Left
Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function by Steady State Free Precession Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance".
370:
guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure subdivided heart failure into three categories on the basis of LVEF:
1715:
Elliott, William C.; Lane, Francis J.; Gorlin, Richard (January 1964). "Measurement of left ventricular volume in man by thermodilution".
1119:
2067:
1335:
2339:
1837:
384:
A chronically low ejection fraction less than 30% is an important threshold in qualification for disability benefits in the US.
186:
1146:
832:
1769:
KrayenbĂĽhl HP, Bussmann WD, Turina M, LĂĽthy E (1968). "Is the ejection fraction an index of myocardial contractility?".
413:
2436:
1830:
1402:
1427:
741:"Beyond ejection fraction: an integrative approach for assessment of cardiac structure and function in heart failure"
179:
1579:
Nylin G (1933). "The relation between heart volume and cardiac output per beat as a measure of cardiac activity".
138:) scans may also be used. Measurements by different modalities are not easily interchangeable. Historically, the
55:
types. It is also used as an indicator of the severity of heart failure, although it has recognized limitations.
367:
1417:
1980:
2357:
2112:
2090:
1635:"Estimation of the residual volume of the ventricle of the dog's heart by two indicator dilution technics"
2352:
2097:
2178:
1802:
119:
1220:
2382:
2329:
2205:
2185:
2149:
2072:
2032:
1853:
535:, whereas the stroke volume, end-diastolic volume or end-systolic volume are absolute measurements.
400:(EDV). Likewise, the volume of blood left in a ventricle at the end of systole (contraction) is the
2200:
2190:
2080:
994:"Different imaging approaches in the assessment of left ventricular dysfunction: all things equal?"
135:
123:
1742:
Bartle SH, Sanmarco ME, Dammann J (1965). "5. Ejected fraction: An index of myocardial function".
2387:
2319:
2264:
2165:
2085:
1969:
1947:
1965:
1354:
481:
2324:
2314:
2228:
1974:
1932:
1927:
28:
552:. It was initially assumed that the heart emptied completely during systole. However, in 1856
2173:
700:"Air-plethysmography and the effect of elastic compression on venous hemodynamics of the leg"
355:
99:
698:
Christopoulos DG, Nicolaides AN, Szendro G, Irvine AT, Bull ML, Eastcott HH (January 1987).
1922:
1905:
397:
216:
139:
83:
79:
1822:
780:
Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. (July 2016).
8:
2269:
2107:
2102:
1937:
1910:
401:
240:
1355:"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure"
78:) by the volume of blood present in the left ventricle at the end of diastolic filling (
2377:
2242:
1995:
1529:
1504:
1188:
1095:
1070:
969:
944:
881:
856:
2013:
1786:
1755:
1728:
1697:
1656:
1615:
1611:
1534:
1466:
1423:
1384:
1376:
1243:
1180:
1142:
1100:
1051:
1047:
1015:
974:
925:
886:
828:
803:
762:
721:
716:
699:
680:
676:
645:
601:
596:
579:
393:
71:
48:
1565:
1192:
2362:
1957:
1778:
1751:
1724:
1687:
1646:
1607:
1561:
1524:
1516:
1456:
1366:
1283:
1235:
1172:
1090:
1082:
1043:
1005:
964:
956:
917:
876:
868:
793:
752:
711:
672:
635:
591:
553:
332:
326:
313:
307:
127:
115:
857:"Left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes: it depends on the imaging method"
2212:
1942:
1816:
822:
1371:
921:
2372:
2297:
2289:
1883:
1870:
1239:
798:
781:
757:
740:
578:
Appleton CP, Galloway JM, Gonzalez MS, Gaballa M, Basnight MA (December 1993).
548:
543:
359:
320:
44:
1287:
960:
2430:
1990:
1900:
1893:
1878:
1380:
405:
363:
264:
75:
52:
40:
1692:
1675:
1520:
1461:
1444:
1176:
2404:
2394:
2367:
2256:
2247:
2044:
2018:
1701:
1660:
1651:
1634:
1619:
1538:
1388:
1247:
1184:
1104:
1019:
1010:
993:
978:
929:
890:
807:
766:
649:
640:
623:
16:
Fraction of blood ejected from a ventricle of the heart with each heartbeat
1790:
1470:
725:
684:
605:
2409:
2399:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2028:
1445:"Left ventricular residual volume in the intact and denervated dog heart"
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1055:
131:
87:
1086:
2347:
2132:
2022:
2005:
1888:
872:
532:
351:
301:
59:
1782:
546:
described the basic mechanism of the systemic circulation in his 1628
2279:
2050:
1917:
1306:
Normal ranges for heart rate are among the narrowest limits between
1071:"Clinical applications of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging"
697:
2307:
2038:
2302:
82:). LVEF is an indicator of the effectiveness of pumping into the
70:), is calculated by dividing the volume of blood pumped from the
2142:
2137:
1141:(8th ed.). St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 574.
577:
906:
2274:
1861:
1768:
1032:
528:
36:
32:
1161:
527:
EF is inherently a relative measurement—as is any fraction,
1852:
1219:
Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ (December 2006).
943:
Motwani M, Berman DS, Germano G, Slomka P (February 2016).
942:
662:
1351:
779:
1218:
820:
624:"Correlation of myocardial ultrastructure and function"
98:), is a measure of the efficiency of pumping into the
1800:
1741:
1597:
484:
416:
1068:
945:"Automated Quantitative Nuclear Cardiology Methods"
854:
1422:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 126.
617:
615:
517:
467:{\displaystyle EF(\%)={\frac {SV}{EDV}}\times 100}
466:
1714:
1505:"Remarks on Failure of the Heart from Overstrain"
1130:
1069:Marcu CB, Beek AM, van Rossum AC (October 2006).
404:(ESV). The difference between EDV and ESV is the
2428:
814:
229:End-diastolic volume / body surface area (mL/m)
1136:
991:
612:
253:End-systolic volume / body surface area (mL/m)
1673:
1483:
1139:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
1838:
1415:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
902:
900:
855:Wood PW, Choy JB, Nanda NC, Becher H (2014).
584:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
187:
1442:
1276:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
738:
392:By definition, the volume of blood within a
31:(or portion of the total) of fluid (usually
1302:
1300:
850:
848:
846:
844:
821:Armstrong WF, Ryan T, Feigenbaum H (2010).
621:
345:
1845:
1831:
1330:
1328:
1254:
1199:
897:
194:
180:
1691:
1650:
1551:
1528:
1460:
1370:
1094:
1009:
968:
880:
797:
773:
756:
715:
639:
595:
277:Stroke volume / body surface area (mL/m)
1297:
841:
1854:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
1336:"Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult"
1325:
1273:
992:Van der Wall EE, Bax JJ (August 2000).
2429:
1443:Bruce TA, Chapman CB (November 1965).
35:) ejected from a chamber (usually the
1826:
1578:
1502:
1117:
827:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
476:Where the stroke volume is given by:
1632:
1075:Canadian Medical Association Journal
1674:Folse R, Braunwald E (April 1962).
1416:Armstrong WF, Ryan T (2012-02-03).
1137:Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster J (2009).
92:right ventricular ejection fraction
13:
1744:The American Journal of Cardiology
1717:The American Journal of Cardiology
1322:articles for more detailed limits.
1036:The American Journal of Cardiology
426:
340:
64:left ventricular ejection fraction
14:
2448:
1341:. Edwards Lifesciences LLC. 2009.
739:Cikes M, Solomon SD (June 2016).
377:moderately reduced LVEF (HFmrEF)
374:normal or preserved LVEF (HFpEF)
1810:
151:
120:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
1762:
1735:
1708:
1667:
1626:
1591:
1572:
1566:10.1152/ajplegacy.1906.16.3.325
1545:
1496:
1477:
1436:
1409:
1395:
1345:
1155:
1111:
1062:
1026:
985:
936:
354:), such as occurring following
122:, cardiac computed tomography,
43:). It can refer to the cardiac
732:
691:
656:
571:
429:
423:
396:at the end of diastole is the
387:
368:European Society of Cardiology
109:
1:
1981:Aortic valve area calculation
1419:Feigenbaum's Echocardiography
910:European Journal of Radiology
824:Feigenbaum's Echocardiography
564:
146:
1756:10.1016/0002-9149(65)90615-6
1729:10.1016/0002-9149(64)90274-7
1612:10.1016/0002-8703(51)90146-9
1048:10.1016/0002-9149(79)90148-6
717:10.1016/0741-5214(87)90205-9
677:10.1016/0016-5085(81)90009-3
622:Sonnenblick EH (July 1968).
597:10.1016/0735-1097(93)90787-2
39:) with each contraction (or
7:
2098:Effective refractory period
1977:) / End-diastolic dimension
1403:"4.00-Cardiovascular-Adult"
922:10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.02.002
704:Journal of Vascular Surgery
10:
2453:
1503:Adami JG (December 1888).
538:
518:{\displaystyle SV=EDV-ESV}
2437:Cardiovascular physiology
2383:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2338:
2330:Critical closing pressure
2288:
2255:
2241:
2221:
2158:
2150:Hexaxial reference system
2073:Cardiac electrophysiology
2060:
2004:
1956:
1869:
1860:
1372:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368
1288:10.1080/10976640600572889
1120:"Systolic Time Intervals"
961:10.1016/j.ccl.2015.08.003
174:
2358:Renin–angiotensin system
1240:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl336
799:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128
758:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv510
350:Damage to heart muscle (
346:Heart failure categories
136:radionuclide angiography
2388:Cerebral autoregulation
2353:Kinin–kallikrein system
2320:Jugular venous pressure
1970:End-diastolic dimension
1948:Pressure volume diagram
1693:10.1161/01.cir.25.4.674
1521:10.1136/bmj.2.1459.1321
1509:British Medical Journal
1462:10.1161/01.res.17.5.379
1293:(subscription required)
1177:10.1136/hrt.2007.123877
2325:Portal venous pressure
2315:Mean arterial pressure
2229:Ventricular remodeling
1975:End-systolic dimension
1933:Cardiac function curve
1652:10.1161/01.res.4.2.187
1633:Holt JP (March 1956).
1600:American Heart Journal
1581:Svenska Läkartidningen
1359:European Heart Journal
1228:European Heart Journal
1118:Kenny, JE (Dec 2018).
1011:10.1053/euhj.2000.2195
998:European Heart Journal
786:European Heart Journal
745:European Heart Journal
641:10.1161/01.cir.38.1.29
519:
468:
380:reduced LVEF (HFrEF)]
1966:Fractional shortening
520:
469:
356:myocardial infarction
283:52 mL/m (± 6.2 mL/m)
259:26 mL/m (± 5.1 mL/m)
235:78 mL/m (± 8.8 mL/m)
175:Ventricular volumes
100:pulmonary circulation
1906:End-diastolic volume
1639:Circulation Research
1449:Circulation Research
482:
414:
398:end-diastolic volume
232:78 mL/m (± 11 mL/m)
217:End-diastolic volume
84:systemic circulation
80:end-diastolic volume
27:) is the volumetric
2270:Vascular resistance
2108:Electrocardiography
2103:Pacemaker potential
2033:Conduction velocity
1938:Venous return curve
1911:End-systolic volume
1087:10.1503/cmaj.060566
402:end-systolic volume
280:51 mL/m (± 7 mL/m)
256:27 mL/m (± 7 mL/m)
241:End-systolic volume
171:
118:, although cardiac
2378:Myogenic mechanism
1996:Left atrial volume
1928:Frank–Starling law
949:Cardiology Clinics
873:10.1111/echo.12331
515:
464:
170:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2237:
2236:
2077:Action potential
2068:Conduction system
2014:Cardiac pacemaker
1986:Ejection fraction
1783:10.1159/000166167
1365:(36): 3599–3726.
1148:978-1-4160-3121-5
834:978-0-7817-9557-9
792:(27): 2129–2200.
456:
338:
337:
289:Ejection fraction
224:142 mL (± 21 mL)
221:144 mL (± 23 mL)
21:ejection fraction
2444:
2363:Vasoconstrictors
2340:Regulation of BP
2253:
2252:
2186:pulmonary artery
2159:Chamber pressure
1867:
1866:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1795:
1794:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1515:(1459): 1321–6.
1500:
1494:
1493:
1486:Caz. Med. De Par
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1374:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1271:
1252:
1251:
1225:
1216:
1197:
1196:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1098:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
989:
983:
982:
972:
940:
934:
933:
904:
895:
894:
884:
861:Echocardiography
852:
839:
838:
818:
812:
811:
801:
777:
771:
770:
760:
736:
730:
729:
719:
695:
689:
688:
665:Gastroenterology
660:
654:
653:
643:
619:
610:
609:
599:
575:
524:
522:
521:
516:
473:
471:
470:
465:
457:
455:
444:
436:
272:95 mL (± 14 mL)
269:94 mL (± 15 mL)
248:47 mL (± 10 mL)
245:50 mL (± 14 mL)
208:Right ventricle
196:
189:
182:
172:
169:
166:
165:
161:
128:nuclear medicine
124:ventriculography
116:echocardiography
86:. The EF of the
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2334:
2284:
2246:
2243:Vascular system
2233:
2217:
2154:
2056:
2041:(Contractility)
2000:
1952:
1943:Wiggers diagram
1856:
1851:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1767:
1763:
1740:
1736:
1713:
1709:
1672:
1668:
1631:
1627:
1596:
1592:
1577:
1573:
1550:
1546:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1478:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1272:
1255:
1234:(23): 2879–88.
1223:
1217:
1200:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1135:
1131:
1116:
1112:
1067:
1063:
1031:
1027:
990:
986:
941:
937:
905:
898:
853:
842:
835:
819:
815:
778:
774:
751:(21): 1642–50.
737:
733:
696:
692:
661:
657:
620:
613:
576:
572:
567:
541:
483:
480:
479:
445:
437:
435:
415:
412:
411:
390:
348:
343:
341:Pathophysiology
211:Left ventricle
200:
163:
159:
158:
154:
149:
112:
62:, known as the
17:
12:
11:
5:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2373:Autoregulation
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2298:Pulse pressure
2294:
2292:
2290:Blood pressure
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2166:Central venous
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2047:(Excitability)
2042:
2036:
2026:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1884:Cardiac output
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:Cardiac output
1864:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1797:
1796:
1761:
1734:
1707:
1666:
1625:
1606:(4): 483–502.
1590:
1571:
1544:
1495:
1476:
1435:
1428:
1408:
1394:
1344:
1324:
1296:
1253:
1198:
1154:
1147:
1129:
1110:
1061:
1042:(6): 1159–66.
1025:
1004:(16): 1295–7.
984:
935:
916:(5): e757-62.
896:
840:
833:
813:
772:
731:
690:
655:
611:
590:(7): 1972–82.
569:
568:
566:
563:
549:De motu cordis
544:William Harvey
540:
537:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
463:
460:
454:
451:
448:
443:
440:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
389:
386:
382:
381:
378:
375:
360:cardiomyopathy
347:
344:
342:
339:
336:
335:
329:
323:
321:Cardiac output
317:
316:
310:
304:
298:
297:
294:
291:
285:
284:
281:
278:
274:
273:
270:
267:
261:
260:
257:
254:
250:
249:
246:
243:
237:
236:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
206:
202:
201:
199:
198:
191:
184:
176:
153:
150:
148:
145:
111:
108:
72:left ventricle
58:The EF of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2449:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Cardiac index
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:Stroke volume
1899:
1895:
1894:Stroke volume
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Cardiac cycle
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1645:(2): 187–95.
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1560:(3): 325–67.
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1455:(5): 379–85.
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1429:9781451147834
1425:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
980:
976:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
903:
901:
892:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
867:(1): 87–100.
866:
862:
858:
851:
849:
847:
845:
836:
830:
826:
825:
817:
809:
805:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
727:
723:
718:
713:
710:(1): 148–59.
709:
705:
701:
694:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:(3): 482–90.
670:
666:
659:
651:
647:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
616:
607:
603:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
574:
570:
562:
558:
555:
551:
550:
545:
536:
534:
530:
525:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
477:
474:
461:
458:
452:
449:
446:
441:
438:
432:
420:
417:
409:
407:
406:stroke volume
403:
399:
395:
385:
379:
376:
373:
372:
371:
369:
365:
364:heart failure
361:
357:
353:
334:
330:
328:
324:
322:
319:
318:
315:
311:
309:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:67% (± 4.6%)
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
266:
265:Stroke volume
263:
262:
258:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
231:
228:
227:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
210:
207:
204:
203:
197:
192:
190:
185:
183:
178:
177:
173:
168:
152:Normal values
144:
141:
140:gold standard
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:stroke volume
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
53:heart failure
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2405:Carotid body
2368:Vasodilators
2248:hemodynamics
2053:(Relaxation)
2045:Bathmotropic
2019:Chronotropic
1985:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1557:
1554:Am J Physiol
1553:
1547:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1418:
1411:
1397:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1279:
1275:
1231:
1227:
1171:(4): 426–8.
1168:
1164:
1157:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1113:
1081:(8): 911–7.
1078:
1074:
1064:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1001:
997:
987:
955:(1): 47–57.
952:
948:
938:
913:
909:
864:
860:
823:
816:
789:
785:
775:
748:
744:
734:
707:
703:
693:
668:
664:
658:
634:(1): 29–44.
631:
627:
587:
583:
573:
559:
547:
542:
526:
478:
475:
410:
391:
383:
349:
288:
155:
113:
104:
95:
91:
67:
63:
57:
24:
20:
18:
2410:Glomus cell
2400:Aortic body
2395:Paraganglia
2206:ventricular
2179:ventricular
2128:QT interval
2123:QRS complex
2118:PR interval
2091:ventricular
2029:Dromotropic
1777:(1): 1–10.
1771:Cardiologia
1680:Circulation
1320:Tachycardia
1316:Bradycardia
1312:tachycardia
1308:bradycardia
1282:: 417–426.
1124:Pulmccm.org
628:Circulation
388:Calculation
366:. The 2021
293:66% (± 6%)
132:gated SPECT
110:Measurement
88:right heart
2348:Baroreflex
2265:Compliance
2257:Blood flow
2133:ST segment
2061:Conduction
2051:Lusitropic
2023:Heart rate
2006:Heart rate
1958:Ultrasound
1889:Heart rate
1750:(1): 125.
1723:(1): 106.
1686:: 674–85.
1314:. See the
565:References
533:percentage
352:myocardium
302:Heart rate
147:Physiology
74:per beat (
60:left heart
2308:Diastolic
2280:Perfusion
2039:Inotropic
1918:Afterload
1381:0195-668X
504:−
459:×
427:%
394:ventricle
49:ventricle
41:heartbeat
2431:Category
2303:Systolic
2081:cardiac
1817:Medicine
1702:13893859
1661:13293819
1620:14877744
1539:20752520
1389:34447992
1248:17088316
1193:45337388
1185:18347374
1105:17030942
1020:10952821
979:26590779
930:22381439
891:24786629
808:27206819
767:26417058
650:11712290
554:Chauveau
333:L/minute
331:4.0–8.0
327:L/minute
325:4.0–8.0
205:Measure
29:fraction
1923:Preload
1791:5733881
1530:2198364
1471:5843876
1096:1586078
970:4877137
882:4231568
726:3795381
685:7450441
606:8245357
539:History
312:60–100
306:60–100
162:⁄
2213:Aortic
2201:atrial
2174:atrial
2170:Right
2143:U wave
2138:T wave
2113:P wave
2086:atrial
1803:Portal
1789:
1700:
1659:
1618:
1537:
1527:
1492:: 406.
1469:
1426:
1387:
1379:
1246:
1191:
1183:
1145:
1103:
1093:
1056:443176
1054:
1018:
977:
967:
928:
889:
879:
831:
806:
765:
724:
683:
648:
604:
45:atrium
2275:Pulse
2222:Other
2197:Left
2191:wedge
1862:Heart
1339:(PDF)
1224:(PDF)
1189:S2CID
1165:Heart
531:, or
529:ratio
90:, or
37:heart
33:blood
1787:PMID
1698:PMID
1657:PMID
1616:PMID
1587:: 1.
1535:PMID
1467:PMID
1424:ISBN
1385:PMID
1377:ISSN
1318:and
1310:and
1244:PMID
1181:PMID
1143:ISBN
1101:PMID
1052:PMID
1016:PMID
975:PMID
926:PMID
887:PMID
829:ISBN
804:PMID
763:PMID
722:PMID
681:PMID
646:PMID
602:PMID
195:edit
188:talk
181:view
134:and
126:and
96:RVEF
68:LVEF
1968:= (
1779:doi
1752:doi
1725:doi
1688:doi
1647:doi
1608:doi
1562:doi
1525:PMC
1517:doi
1490:365
1457:doi
1367:doi
1284:doi
1236:doi
1173:doi
1091:PMC
1083:doi
1079:175
1044:doi
1006:doi
965:PMC
957:doi
918:doi
877:PMC
869:doi
794:doi
753:doi
712:doi
673:doi
636:doi
592:doi
462:100
358:or
314:bpm
308:bpm
164:120
19:An
2433::
1785:.
1775:53
1773:.
1748:15
1746:.
1721:13
1719:.
1696:.
1684:25
1682:.
1678:.
1655:.
1641:.
1637:.
1614:.
1604:42
1602:.
1585:10
1583:.
1558:16
1556:.
1533:.
1523:.
1511:.
1507:.
1488:.
1465:.
1453:17
1451:.
1447:.
1383:.
1375:.
1363:42
1361:.
1357:.
1327:^
1299:^
1278:.
1256:^
1242:.
1232:27
1230:.
1226:.
1201:^
1187:.
1179:.
1169:94
1167:.
1122:.
1099:.
1089:.
1077:.
1073:.
1050:.
1040:43
1038:.
1014:.
1002:21
1000:.
996:.
973:.
963:.
953:34
951:.
947:.
924:.
914:81
912:.
899:^
885:.
875:.
865:31
863:.
859:.
843:^
802:.
790:37
788:.
784:.
761:.
749:37
747:.
743:.
720:.
706:.
702:.
679:.
669:80
667:.
644:.
632:38
630:.
626:.
614:^
600:.
588:22
586:.
582:.
160:70
47:,
25:EF
2245:/
2035:)
2031:(
2025:)
2021:(
1846:e
1839:t
1832:v
1805::
1793:.
1781::
1758:.
1754::
1731:.
1727::
1704:.
1690::
1663:.
1649::
1643:4
1622:.
1610::
1568:.
1564::
1541:.
1519::
1513:2
1473:.
1459::
1432:.
1405:.
1391:.
1369::
1290:.
1286::
1280:8
1250:.
1238::
1195:.
1175::
1151:.
1126:.
1107:.
1085::
1058:.
1046::
1022:.
1008::
981:.
959::
932:.
920::
893:.
871::
837:.
810:.
796::
769:.
755::
728:.
714::
708:5
687:.
675::
652:.
638::
608:.
594::
513:V
510:S
507:E
501:V
498:D
495:E
492:=
489:V
486:S
453:V
450:D
447:E
442:V
439:S
433:=
430:)
424:(
421:F
418:E
130:(
94:(
66:(
23:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.