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634:, who had independently also attempted to separate the isotope with the 2.3-day half-life, visited Berkeley for a short vacation, and they began to collaborate. Abelson observed that the isotope with the 2.3-day half-life did not have chemistry like any known element, but was more similar to uranium than a rare earth. This allowed the source to be isolated and later, in 1945, led to the classification of the
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director of the
Radiation Laboratory. He was promoted to deputy director in 1958. On the death of Lawrence that year, he became director, and he stayed in that position until his retirement in 1973. The laboratory was renamed the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in 1958. In 1970, it split into the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, and McMillan became director of the former.
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638:. As a final step, McMillan and Abelson prepared a much larger sample of bombarded uranium that had a prominent 23-minute half-life from U and demonstrated conclusively that the unknown 2.3-day half-life increased in strength in concert with a decrease in the 23-minute activity through the following reaction:
33:
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The phase stability principle was tested with the old 37-inch cyclotron at
Berkeley after McMillan returned to the Radiation Laboratory in September 1945. When it was found to work, the 184-inch cyclotron was similarly modified. He became a full professor in 1946. In 1954 he was appointed associate
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In June 1945, McMillan's thoughts began to return to cyclotrons. Over time they had gotten larger and larger. A 184-inch cyclotron was under construction at the
Radiation Laboratory, but he realised that a more efficient use could be made of the energy used to accelerate particles. By varying the
930:
to build up a visual image of the surrounding water. This proved to be far more difficult that doing so with radar, because of objects in the water and variations in water temperature that caused variations in the speed of sound. The polyscope proved to be impractical, and was abandoned. He also,
814:
This proved that the unknown radioactive source originated from the decay of uranium and, coupled with the previous observation that the source was different chemically from all known elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and
Abelson published their
809:
445:, and McMillan, who was appointed to the faculty at Berkeley as an instructor in 1935, soon became involved in the effort. His skill with instrumentation came to the fore, and he contributed improvements to the cyclotron. In particular, he helped develop the process of "
1020:, an isotope that caused spontaneous fission, making Thin Man impractical. In July 1944, Oppenheimer reorganised the laboratory to make an all-out effort on implosion. McMillan remained in charge of the gun-type weapon, which would now be used only with
317:, and after the war he returned to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory to build them. He was appointed associate director of the Radiation Laboratory in 1954 and promoted to deputy director in 1958. He became director upon the death of lab founder
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McMillan heard disturbing news in April 1944, and drove out to
Pajarito Canyon to confer with Segrè. Segrè's group had tested samples of plutonium bred in the Manhattan Project's nuclear reactors and found that it contained quantities of
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McMillan realized that his 1939 work with Segrè had failed to test the chemical reactions of the radioactive source with sufficient rigor. In a new experiment, McMillan tried subjecting the unknown substance to HF in the presence of a
1028:. McMillan was also involved with the implosion as the head of the G-3 Group within the G (Gadget) Division, which was responsible for obtaining measurements and timings on implosion, and served as the laboratory's liaison with
610:. Since these comprise a large percentage of fission products, Segrè and McMillan decided that the half-life must have been simply another fission product, titling the article "An Unsuccessful Search for Transuranium Elements".
413:
fellowship, allowing him to attend a university of his choice for postdoctoral study. With his PhD complete, although it was not formally accepted until
January 12, 1933, he accepted an offer from Ernest Lawrence at the
571:
reported by Hahn and
Strassmann, they detected two unusual radioactive isotopes, one with a half-life of about 2.3 days, and the other with one of around 23 minutes. McMillan identified the short-lived isotope as
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magnetic field used, the particles could be made to move in stable orbits, and higher energies achieved with the same energy input. He dubbed this the "phase stability principle", and the new design a "
1012:. Kistiakowsky joined the laboratory on February 16, 1944, and Parsons's E (Explosives) Division was divided in two, with McMillan as deputy for the gun and Kistiakowsky as deputy for implosion.
499:, transmuting the target to a heavier isotope while ejecting a proton. Their experiments indicated a nuclear interaction at lower energies than would be expected from a simple calculation of the
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1064:, who had published his proposal in 1944. McMillan became aware of Veksler's paper in October 1945. The two began corresponding, and eventually became friends. In 1963 they shared the
598:. Both scientists began their work using the prevailing theory, but Segrè rapidly determined that McMillan's sample was not at all similar to rhenium. Instead, when he reacted it with
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In 1935, McMillan, Lawrence and Robert
Thornton carried out cyclotron experiments with deuteron beams that produced a series of unexpected results. Deuterons fused with a target
1933:
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942:, in September 1942. Initially, he commuted back and forth between San Diego, where his family was, and Berkeley. In November he accompanied Oppenheimer on a trip to
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on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the article, but they soon decided on "neptunium", since uranium had been named after the planet
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333:, on September 18, 1907, the son of Edwin Harbaugh McMillan and his wife Anna Marie McMillan née Mattison. He had a younger sister, Catherine Helen, whose son
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362:(Caltech) was only a mile from his home, and he attended some public lectures there. He entered Caltech in 1924. He did a research project with
1962:
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1122:, from complications from diabetes on September 7, 1991. He was survived by his wife and three children. His gold Nobel Prize medal is in the
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degree in 1929, writing an unpublished thesis on "An improved method for the determination of the radium content of rocks". He then took his
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484:. Radioactivity was found concentrated in it, proving that it was in the oxygen. This was followed by an investigation of the absorption of
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576:, which had been reported by Hahn and Strassmann. McMillan suspected that the other was an isotope of a new, undiscovered element, with an
966:, established the test area known as the Anchor Ranch, and scoured the country for technical equipment from machine tools to a cyclotron.
804:{\displaystyle {\ce {{}^{238}_{92}U + {}^{1}_{0}n -> {}^{239}_{92}U -> {\overset {neptunium}{^{239}_{93}Np}}-> {}^{239}_{94}Pu}}}
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in 1933, writing his thesis on the "Deflection of a Beam of HCI Molecules in a Non-Homogeneous
Electric Field" under the supervision of
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958:, he drew up the specifications for the new laboratory's technical buildings. He recruited personnel for the laboratory, including
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with the HF, an action that definitively ruled out the possibility that the unknown substance was a rare earth. In May 1940,
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915:. Her sister Mary was Lawrence's wife. The McMillans had three children: Ann Bradford, David Mattison and Stephen Walker.
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is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed for war-related work at this point, leaving
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348:, as was his father's twin brother, and three of his mother's brothers. On October 18, 1908, the family moved to
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1998:
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in August 1941. There he worked on a device called a polyscope. The idea, which came from
Lawrence, was to use
422:, which Lawrence had founded the year before. McMillan's initial work there involved attempting to measure the
227:(September 18, 1907 – September 7, 1991) was an American physicist credited with being the first to produce a
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1969:
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283:
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McMillan, Edwin M. (September 1, 1945). "The Synchrotron—A Proposed High Energy Particle Accelerator".
1973:
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of at least 3,000 feet (910 m) per second, which they hoped to achieve with a modified Navy
970:
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568:
299:
2286:(1993). "Biographical Memoirs: Edwin Mattison McMillan (18 September 1907 – 7 September 1991)".
1032:, the aerial test program being carried out by Caltech. On July 16, 1945, he was present at the
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for the invention of the synchrotron. In 1964, McMillan received the Golden Plate Award of the
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looked at the implosion program in September 1943, and proposed a radical solution involving
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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
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however, developed a sonar training device for submariners, for which he received a patent.
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in 1940. This was both interesting and difficult to isolate due to its extraordinarily long
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1008:. This would require expertise in explosives, and McMillan urged Oppenheimer to bring in
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produced in the Radiation Laboratory's 37-inch (94 cm) cyclotron through bombarding
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in 1962. After his retirement from the faculty at Berkeley in 1974, he spent 1974–75 at
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was selected as the site of the project's weapons research laboratory, which became the
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Deflection of a beam of hydrogen chloride molecules in a non-homogeneous electric field
996:. McMillan took an early interest in this, watching tests of this concept conducted by
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2187:"Biographical Memoirs: Edwin Mattison McMillan (18 September 1907 – 7 September 1991)"
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1000:. The results were not encouraging. Simple explosions resulted in distorted shapes.
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with Seaborg "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements".
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McMillan suffered the first of a series of strokes in 1984. He died at his home in
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The main focus of the Radiation laboratory at this time was the development of the
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1024:. This being the case, Thin Man was replaced by a new, scaled-back design called
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449:", adjusting the cyclotron to produce a homogeneous magnetic field. Working with
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1060:". Unknown to McMillan, the synchrotron principle had already been invented by
1005:
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1457:. National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from
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in 1952. He served on the influential General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the
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to pursue this line of research and discover the second transuranium element,
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At the time it was believed that element 93 would have similar chemistry to
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in 1947, serving as its chairman from 1968 to 1971. He was elected to the
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of a partly submerged submarine. McMillan married Elsie Walford Blumer in
397:
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1021:
939:
618:, something he had not done before. This reaction resulted in the sample
573:
559:
in 1939, McMillan began experimenting with uranium. He bombarded it with
478:
310:
291:
196:
Deflection of a Beam of HCI Molecules in a Non-Homogeneous Electric Field
881:. He conducted tests in April 1941 with the radar operating from an old
503:
between a deuteron and a target nucleus. Berkeley theoretical physicist
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4251:
4180:
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3690:
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3595:
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3256:
3180:
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3057:
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1405:
1327:
An improved method for the determination of the radium content of rocks
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943:
595:
431:
32:
2299:
2250:
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1339:
911:, on June 7, 1941. Her father was George Blumer, Dean Emeritus of the
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later that year, and remained director until his retirement in 1973.
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from 1954 to 1958, and the Commission on High Energy Physics of the
772:
721:
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1381:
1217:"Some Thoughts on Stability in Nonlinear Periodic Focusing Systems"
873:, where he participated in the development and testing of airborne
853:
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470:
466:
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1868:
1689:"Edwin McMillan, Nobel Laureate And Chemistry Pioneer, Dies at 83"
1485:
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4519:
2320:
Audio lecture by Elsie McMillan at Los Alamos National Laboratory
2314:
Audio lecture by Edwin McMillan at Los Alamos National Laboratory
1435:
1420:
969:
As the laboratory took shape, McMillan became deputy head of the
830:
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560:
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427:
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2122:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
2013:
1999:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
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1802:
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1739:
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1103:, where he worked on the g minus 2 experiment to measure the
927:
279:
1510:(1939). "An Unsuccessful Search for Transuranium Elements".
1036:, when the first implosion bomb was successfully detonated.
4600:
4069:
1108:
1100:
477:
and oxygen to produce water, which was then collected with
298:
where the bombs were designed. He led teams working on the
2075:
1179:"The Transuranium Elements: Early History (Nobel Lecture)"
861:
McMillan's abrupt departure was caused by the outbreak of
4852:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1721:
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1582:
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design, and also participated in the development of the
1653:
1579:
591:, an expert on that element from his discovery of its
4687:
2212:
1929:"A new method of accelerating relativistic particles"
1414:
1388:
1305:
865:
in Europe. In November 1940, he began working at the
647:
903:, they showed that the radar was able to detect the
2120:"Nobel Prize Medal in Chemistry for Edwin McMillan"
1934:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de l'URSS
1353:
980:, an ordnance expert. The plutonium gun, codenamed
2152:
1361:
803:
2340:including the Nobel Lecture on December 12, 1951
2288:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1219:, University of California Radiation Laboratory,
1200:, University of California Radiation Laboratory,
1181:, University of California Radiation Laboratory,
1162:, University of California Radiation Laboratory,
1143:, University of California Radiation Laboratory,
438:were able to carry out these measurements first.
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2019:
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1544:
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1479:
1441:
1429:
1160:"A Thick Target for Synchrotrons and Betatrons"
1093:International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
392:
2376:
515:to explain the phenomenon. McMillan became an
4872:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3986:
2586:
2362:
1600:
1258:
1254:
1252:
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934:Oppenheimer recruited McMillan to join the
4837:University of California, Berkeley faculty
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2355:
2335:
1095:from 1960 to 1967. He was elected to the
31:
4802:California Institute of Technology alumni
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1570:
1545:McMillan, Edwin; Abelson, Philip (1940).
538:
4862:Pasadena High School (California) alumni
2342:The Transuranium Elements: Early History
2327:The Transuranium Elements: Early History
2159:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1889:
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606:present, it behaved like members of the
396:
2282:
2147:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
2099:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
2081:
1963:"Edwin McMillan, a biographical sketch"
1926:
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1954:
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4847:People from Redondo Beach, California
4000:
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1616:
1506:
1221:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1202:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1183:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1164:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1145:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
1097:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
366:as an undergraduate and received his
337:(that is, McMillan's nephew) won the
4827:Scientists from Pasadena, California
2112:
1687:Lambert, Bruce (September 9, 1991).
1677:
1538:
1274:
4817:National Medal of Science laureates
1958:
1945:
1603:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951"
1455:"Chart of Nuclides: Be information"
1415:Lofgren, Abelson & Helmolz 1992
1124:National Museum of American History
567:with deuterons. In addition to the
356:, from which he graduated in 1924.
13:
4812:People from Los Alamos, New Mexico
4458:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1332:California Institute of Technology
1261:"Edwin M. McMillan – Biographical"
1225:United States Department of Energy
1206:United States Department of Energy
1187:United States Department of Energy
1168:United States Department of Energy
1149:United States Department of Energy
992:. The alternative was to build an
416:University of California, Berkeley
360:California Institute of Technology
248:California Institute of Technology
179:University of California, Berkeley
92:California Institute of Technology
14:
4883:
2307:
2200:. National Academy Press: 215–241
1360:McMillan, Edwin Mattisox (1933).
1141:"Focusing in Linear Accelerators"
527:, he also discovered the isotope
4842:Atoms for Peace Award recipients
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4721:
4709:
4697:
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2268:. London: Simon & Schuster.
1227:(through predecessor agency the
1208:(through predecessor agency the
1189:(through predecessor agency the
1170:(through predecessor agency the
1151:(through predecessor agency the
465:. To produce it, they bombarded
409:In 1932, McMillan was awarded a
2322:Voices of the Manhattan Project
2316:Voices of the Manhattan Project
2087:
2050:
2025:
2007:American Academy of Achievement
1991:
1920:
1883:
1708:
1635:"Edwin McMillan – Session IIII"
1594:
1500:
1447:
1133:
1070:American Academy of Achievement
938:, the wartime effort to create
920:Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory
890:Naval Submarine Base New London
857:Edwin McMillan Los Alamos badge
848:
841:. In 1951, McMillan shared the
815:results in an article entitled
290:, the wartime effort to create
284:Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory
250:, he earned his doctorate from
235:. For this, he shared the 1951
4792:20th-century American chemists
1317:
1198:"Notes on Quadrupole Focusing"
1085:American Philosophical Society
684:
16:American physicist (1907–1991)
1:
2265:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
2226:"Obituary: Edwin M. McMillan"
2137:
1639:American Institute of Physics
1291:American Institute of Physics
1039:
994:implosion-type nuclear weapon
420:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory
324:
304:implosion-type nuclear weapon
256:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory
183:Berkeley Radiation Laboratory
4822:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
4618:Oppenheimer security hearing
1970:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
1287:"Edwin McMillan – Session I"
1081:National Academy of Sciences
1079:McMillan was elected to the
535:, about 1.39 million years.
513:Oppenheimer–Phillips process
393:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
7:
4857:People associated with CERN
4832:Princeton University alumni
2325:McMillan's Nobel Lecture:
2185:; Panofsky, W.K.H. (1996).
2020:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
1878:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
1863:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
1672:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
1495:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
1480:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
1442:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
1430:Jackson & Panofsky 1996
587:, so he began working with
543:Following the discovery of
294:, and helped establish its
10:
4888:
1051:(left) with McMillan, 1965
4671:
4561:Bismuth phosphate process
4556:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
4543:
4512:
4445:
4234:
4103:
4017:
4008:
3629:
3330:
3071:
2832:
2821:
2612:
2498:
2479:
2454:
2435:
2411:
2386:
2095:"Edwin Mattison McMillan"
1572:10.1103/PhysRev.57.1185.2
1113:National Medal of Science
799:
748:
702:
683:
664:
507:and his graduate student
411:National Research Council
331:Redondo Beach, California
309:McMillan co-invented the
218:
206:
188:
174:
164:
157:
150:National Medal of Science
134:
115:
87:
68:
61:Redondo Beach, California
42:
30:
23:
4807:Manhattan Project people
4797:American Nobel laureates
3747:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
3026:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2606:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1781:, pp. 477–479, 541.
1547:"Radioactive Element 93"
1324:McMillan, Edwin (1929).
1235:
1229:Atomic Energy Commission
1210:Atomic Energy Commission
1191:Atomic Energy Commission
1174:), (September 19, 1950).
1172:Atomic Energy Commission
1153:Atomic Energy Commission
1089:Atomic Energy Commission
871:Cambridge, Massachusetts
867:MIT Radiation Laboratory
843:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
792:
786:
741:
735:
695:
689:
676:
670:
657:
651:
569:nuclear fission products
344:McMillan's father was a
286:. In 1942 he joined the
276:MIT Radiation Laboratory
254:in 1933, and joined the
237:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
140:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4638:S-1 Executive Committee
4586:Einstein–Szilard letter
1927:Veksler, V. I. (1944).
1532:10.1103/PhysRev.55.1104
1231:), (September 5, 1967).
1193:), (December 12, 1951).
990:3-inch antiaircraft gun
971:gun-type nuclear weapon
954:. With Oppenheimer and
948:Los Alamos Ranch School
488:produced by bombarding
300:gun-type nuclear weapon
225:Edwin Mattison McMillan
47:Edwin Mattison McMillan
4080:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
3911:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3899:M. Stanley Whittingham
2870:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
2504:Nobel Prize recipients
2481:Physiology or Medicine
2149:Westfall, Catherine L.
1914:10.1103/PhysRev.68.143
1212:), (February 9, 1956).
1120:El Cerrito, California
1052:
909:New Haven, Connecticut
858:
817:Radioactive Element 93
805:
782:
731:
539:Discovery of neptunium
473:. This was mixed with
406:
339:Nobel Prize in Physics
80:El Cerrito, California
4867:Rare earth scientists
4658:X-10 Graphite Reactor
4613:Nobel Prize laureates
4483:509th Composite Group
3281:Christian B. Anfinsen
2921:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
1716:U.S. patent 2,694,868
1155:), (August 24, 1950).
1111:. He was awarded the
1066:Atoms for Peace Award
1047:
952:Los Alamos Laboratory
856:
806:
755:
704:
451:M. Stanley Livingston
401:McMillan (left) with
400:
329:McMillan was born in
296:Los Alamos Laboratory
258:where he discovered
145:Atoms for Peace Award
4566:British contribution
4468:Operation Peppermint
4463:Operation Crossroads
4322:Maria Goeppert Mayer
3943:Karl Barry Sharpless
3440:Dudley R. Herschbach
3265:Luis Federico Leloir
2194:Biographical Memoirs
2062:search.amphilsoc.org
2058:"APS Member History"
1851:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1839:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1827:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1815:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1803:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1791:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1767:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1755:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1740:Hoddeson et al. 1993
1370:Princeton University
1130:, in Washington DC.
1034:Trinity nuclear test
918:McMillan joined the
645:
383:Princeton University
379:Doctor of Philosophy
354:Pasadena High School
350:Pasadena, California
252:Princeton University
229:transuranium element
125:transuranium element
105:Princeton University
4327:George Kistiakowsky
4282:Charles Critchfield
3935:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3847:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
3584:Jens Christian Skou
3552:F. Sherwood Rowland
3464:Charles J. Pedersen
3428:Herbert A. Hauptman
3121:Vincent du Vigneaud
2738:Richard Willstätter
2622:Jacobus van 't Hoff
2242:1992PhT....45b.118L
2084:, pp. 290–291.
2033:"Edwin M. McMillan"
2003:www.achievement.org
1906:1945PhRv...68..143M
1880:, pp. 226–227.
1853:, pp. 272–273.
1841:, pp. 256–257.
1817:, pp. 238–239.
1793:, pp. 130–133.
1730:, pp. 449–451.
1563:1940PhRv...57.1185M
1524:1939PhRv...55.1104S
1497:, pp. 221–223.
1482:, pp. 221–222.
1444:, pp. 218–219.
1432:, pp. 217–218.
1417:, pp. 118–119.
1010:George Kistiakowsky
913:Yale Medical School
894:Luis Walter Alvarez
781:
771:
730:
720:
608:rare-earth elements
602:(HF) with a strong
521:associate professor
517:assistant professor
368:Bachelor of Science
4752:Nuclear technology
4740:History of science
4392:Henry DeWolf Smyth
4171:Robert Oppenheimer
4126:Priscilla Duffield
3895:John B. Goodenough
3823:William E. Moerner
3703:Richard R. Schrock
3675:Roderick MacKinnon
3647:K. Barry Sharpless
3472:Johann Deisenhofer
3301:Geoffrey Wilkinson
3297:Ernst Otto Fischer
3221:Robert S. Mulliken
3157:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
3105:Hermann Staudinger
2925:Irène Joliot-Curie
2334:on Nobelprize.org
2218:Abelson, Philip H.
2214:Lofgren, Edward J.
1960:Lofgren, Edward J.
1694:The New York Times
1601:Nobel Foundation.
1259:Nobel Foundation.
1053:
978:William S. Parsons
973:effort under Navy
888:. Flying over the
859:
801:
628:Carnegie Institute
505:Robert Oppenheimer
436:Immanuel Estermann
407:
57:September 18, 1907
4685:
4684:
4607:Los Alamos Primer
4596:Interim Committee
4551:African Americans
4503:The Great Artiste
4362:Isidor Isaac Rabi
4357:Norman Ramsey Jr.
4156:Franklin Matthias
4095:Heavy water sites
4002:Manhattan Project
3968:
3967:
3951:Moungi G. Bawendi
3871:Richard Henderson
3715:Roger D. Kornberg
3683:Aaron Ciechanover
3516:Rudolph A. Marcus
3420:Robert Merrifield
3356:Peter D. Mitchell
3129:Cyril Hinshelwood
2890:Friedrich Bergius
2814:Richard Zsigmondy
2730:Theodore Richards
2678:Ernest Rutherford
2568:
2567:
2332:Edwin M. McMillan
2251:10.1063/1.2809550
2224:(February 1992).
2183:Jackson, David J.
2145:Hoddeson, Lillian
2037:www.nasonline.org
1557:(12): 1185–1186.
1340:10.7907/9G6C-HC68
936:Manhattan Project
898:Air Chief Marshal
883:Douglas B-18 Bolo
791:
790:
789:
769:
765:
752:
751:
740:
739:
738:
718:
714:
694:
693:
692:
675:
674:
673:
656:
655:
654:
600:hydrogen fluoride
459:isotope of oxygen
375:Master of Science
288:Manhattan Project
222:
221:
159:Scientific career
72:September 7, 1991
4879:
4762:
4761:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4677:
4676:
4628:Quebec Agreement
4412:John von Neumann
4352:George B. Pegram
4161:Dorothy McKibbin
3995:
3988:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3959:Alexei I. Ekimov
3945:
3939:Morten P. Meldal
3929:
3917:
3905:
3889:
3873:
3863:Jacques Dubochet
3857:
3841:
3825:
3809:
3793:
3787:Robert Lefkowitz
3781:
3773:
3757:
3751:Thomas A. Steitz
3741:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3699:Robert H. Grubbs
3693:
3677:
3665:
3649:
3622:
3620:Hideki Shirakawa
3606:
3598:
3586:
3570:
3554:
3538:
3530:
3518:
3510:
3508:Richard R. Ernst
3502:
3494:
3482:
3466:
3450:
3434:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3386:
3384:Frederick Sanger
3370:
3364:Herbert C. Brown
3358:
3350:
3342:
3340:William Lipscomb
3323:
3311:
3303:
3291:
3275:
3273:Gerhard Herzberg
3267:
3259:
3247:
3239:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3149:Frederick Sanger
3143:
3135:
3133:Nikolay Semyonov
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3087:
3085:Glenn T. Seaborg
3064:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3012:
3010:Artturi Virtanen
3004:
2996:
2994:George de Hevesy
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2955:
2947:
2935:
2927:
2915:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2892:
2880:
2872:
2860:
2852:
2850:Heinrich Wieland
2844:
2842:Theodor Svedberg
2827:
2826:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2654:Adolf von Baeyer
2648:
2640:
2638:Svante Arrhenius
2632:
2624:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2506:
2402:Glenn T. Seaborg
2371:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2303:
2279:
2255:
2253:
2222:Helmolz, A. Carl
2209:
2207:
2205:
2191:
2178:
2158:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1979:on July 23, 2015
1978:
1972:. Archived from
1967:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1641:. March 19, 2015
1631:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:on July 12, 2017
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1368:(Ph.D. thesis).
1367:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1293:. March 19, 2015
1283:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1126:, a division of
1062:Vladimir Veksler
1006:explosive lenses
1002:John von Neumann
998:Seth Neddermeyer
964:Robert R. Wilson
810:
808:
807:
802:
800:
787:
785:
783:
780:
770:
767:
763:
753:
749:
736:
734:
732:
729:
719:
716:
712:
690:
688:
671:
669:
652:
650:
557:Fritz Strassmann
519:in 1936, and an
482:calcium chloride
453:, he discovered
373:in 1928 and his
315:Vladimir Veksler
208:Doctoral advisor
202:
153:
129:Synchrocyclotron
75:
56:
54:
37:McMillan in 1951
35:
21:
20:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4667:
4633:RaLa Experiment
4539:
4508:
4473:Project Alberta
4441:
4437:Chien-Shiung Wu
4367:James Rainwater
4302:Richard Feynman
4292:John R. Dunning
4267:Norris Bradbury
4230:
4216:Stafford Warren
4186:William Purnell
4166:Kenneth Nichols
4146:Ernest Lawrence
4121:James B. Conant
4099:
4013:
4004:
3999:
3969:
3964:
3948:
3932:
3923:David MacMillan
3920:
3915:Jennifer Doudna
3908:
3892:
3876:
3860:
3851:Fraser Stoddart
3844:
3835:Paul L. Modrich
3828:
3812:
3796:
3784:
3776:
3771:Ei-ichi Negishi
3763:Richard F. Heck
3760:
3744:
3731:Osamu Shimomura
3728:
3720:
3712:
3696:
3680:
3668:
3652:
3639:William Knowles
3636:
3625:
3616:Alan MacDiarmid
3609:
3601:
3589:
3573:
3568:Richard Smalley
3557:
3544:Paul J. Crutzen
3541:
3533:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3485:
3469:
3460:Jean-Marie Lehn
3453:
3437:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3389:
3373:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3326:
3321:Vladimir Prelog
3314:
3306:
3294:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3250:
3242:
3226:
3218:
3213:Robert Woodward
3210:
3205:Dorothy Hodgkin
3202:
3190:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3090:
3078:
3067:
3055:
3050:William Giauque
3047:
3039:
3034:Robert Robinson
3031:
3018:James B. Sumner
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2965:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
2961:Adolf Butenandt
2958:
2950:
2938:
2930:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2898:Irving Langmuir
2895:
2883:
2875:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2783:Frederick Soddy
2780:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2710:Victor Grignard
2707:
2699:
2691:
2686:Wilhelm Ostwald
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2608:
2599:
2569:
2564:
2502:
2494:
2491:(United States)
2475:
2466:(Great Britain)
2450:
2431:
2407:
2404:(United States)
2398:(United States)
2382:
2375:
2310:
2276:
2260:Rhodes, Richard
2203:
2201:
2189:
2167:
2140:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1965:
1957:
1946:
1925:
1921:
1893:Physical Review
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1580:
1551:Physical Review
1543:
1539:
1512:Physical Review
1505:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1389:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1242:
1238:
1215:McMillan, E. M.
1196:McMillan, E. M.
1177:McMillan, E. M.
1158:McMillan, E. M.
1139:McMillan, E. M.
1136:
1128:The Smithsonian
1105:magnetic moment
1042:
986:muzzle velocity
960:Richard Feynman
875:microwave radar
851:
822:Physical Review
784:
773:
766:
754:
733:
722:
715:
703:
687:
668:
649:
648:
646:
643:
642:
636:actinide series
604:oxidizing agent
545:nuclear fission
541:
501:Coulomb barrier
424:magnetic moment
403:Ernest Lawrence
395:
327:
319:Ernest Lawrence
272:microwave radar
270:, he worked on
200:
181:
148:
143:
138:
127:
103:
83:
77:
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4767:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4730:
4718:
4706:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Chicago Pile-1
4573:
4571:Calutron Girls
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4545:
4544:Related topics
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4407:Stanisław Ulam
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4342:Edwin McMillan
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4287:Harry Daghlian
4284:
4279:
4277:John Cockcroft
4274:
4272:James Chadwick
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Charles Thomas
4193:
4191:Frank Spedding
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:James Marshall
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:Thomas Farrell
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Arthur Compton
4113:
4107:
4105:
4104:Administrators
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3946:
3930:
3918:
3906:
3890:
3883:Gregory Winter
3879:Frances Arnold
3874:
3858:
3842:
3826:
3810:
3803:Michael Levitt
3799:Martin Karplus
3794:
3782:
3774:
3758:
3742:
3739:Roger Y. Tsien
3735:Martin Chalfie
3726:
3718:
3710:
3694:
3678:
3666:
3650:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3612:Alan J. Heeger
3607:
3599:
3587:
3580:John E. Walker
3571:
3555:
3539:
3531:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3483:
3480:Hartmut Michel
3467:
3456:Donald J. Cram
3451:
3435:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3396:Roald Hoffmann
3387:
3380:Walter Gilbert
3371:
3359:
3351:
3348:Ilya Prigogine
3343:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:John Cornforth
3312:
3304:
3292:
3285:Stanford Moore
3276:
3268:
3260:
3248:
3240:
3233:Ronald Norrish
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3141:Alexander Todd
3136:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3088:
3081:Edwin McMillan
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2956:
2948:
2941:Norman Haworth
2936:
2928:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2881:
2873:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2775:Walther Nernst
2770:
2763:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2670:Eduard Buchner
2665:
2657:
2649:
2646:William Ramsay
2641:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2464:John Cockcroft
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2426:Pär Lagerkvist
2422:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2396:Edwin McMillan
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2308:External links
2306:
2305:
2304:
2294:(2): 286–291.
2284:Seaborg, Glenn
2280:
2274:
2256:
2236:(2): 118–119.
2210:
2179:
2165:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2111:
2086:
2074:
2049:
2024:
2022:, p. 230.
2012:
1990:
1944:
1919:
1882:
1867:
1865:, p. 225.
1855:
1843:
1831:
1829:, p. 245.
1819:
1807:
1805:, p. 139.
1795:
1783:
1771:
1769:, p. 114.
1759:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1707:
1676:
1674:, p. 216.
1664:
1662:, p. 291.
1652:
1615:
1593:
1591:, p. 289.
1578:
1537:
1518:(11): 1104–5.
1499:
1484:
1472:
1446:
1434:
1419:
1404:
1402:, p. 288.
1387:
1352:
1316:
1314:, p. 287.
1304:
1273:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1213:
1194:
1175:
1156:
1135:
1132:
1041:
1038:
956:John H. Manley
850:
847:
812:
811:
798:
795:
779:
776:
762:
758:
747:
744:
728:
725:
711:
707:
701:
698:
686:
682:
679:
667:
663:
660:
632:Washington, DC
624:Philip Abelson
616:reducing agent
540:
537:
523:in 1941. With
511:developed the
509:Melba Phillips
492:with protons.
418:, to join the
394:
391:
326:
323:
278:, and then on
246:A graduate of
220:
219:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
192:
186:
185:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
155:
154:
136:
132:
131:
117:
116:Known for
113:
112:
89:
85:
84:
78:
76:(aged 83)
70:
66:
65:
59:
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
25:Edwin McMillan
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4884:
4873:
4870:
4868:
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4795:
4793:
4790:
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4777:
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4765:
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4755:
4753:
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4729:
4719:
4717:
4707:
4705:
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4694:
4691:
4680:
4670:
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4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Franck Report
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
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4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Alsos Mission
4451:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:Robert Wilson
4425:
4423:
4422:Eugene Wigner
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Edward Teller
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4377:Glenn Seaborg
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Mark Oliphant
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Willard Libby
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Robert Bacher
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4226:Roscoe Wilson
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4141:John Lansdale
4139:
4137:
4136:Leslie Groves
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Vannevar Bush
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3960:
3956:
3955:Louis E. Brus
3952:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3927:Benjamin List
3924:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3904:
3903:Akira Yoshino
3900:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3867:Joachim Frank
3864:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:Tomas Lindahl
3827:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3807:Arieh Warshel
3804:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3791:Brian Kobilka
3788:
3783:
3780:
3779:Dan Shechtman
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3755:Ada E. Yonath
3752:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:Avram Hershko
3684:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3664:
3663:Kurt WĂĽthrich
3660:
3659:Koichi Tanaka
3656:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:Paul D. Boyer
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3528:Michael Smith
3525:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:Sidney Altman
3484:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:Kenichi Fukui
3388:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3290:
3289:William Stein
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3237:George Porter
3234:
3230:
3229:Manfred Eigen
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3173:Melvin Calvin
3169:
3166:
3165:Willard Libby
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3113:Linus Pauling
3109:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3097:Richard Synge
3094:
3093:Archer Martin
3089:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3042:Arne Tiselius
3038:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:John Northrop
3019:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2866:Arthur Harden
2862:
2859:
2858:Adolf Windaus
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2791:Francis Aston
2787:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2722:Alfred Werner
2718:
2715:
2714:Paul Sabatier
2711:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2662:Henri Moissan
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2470:Ernest Walton
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2275:0-671-44133-7
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:Physics Today
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:0-521-44132-3
2162:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:(8): 329–331.
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1757:, p. 84.
1756:
1751:
1749:
1742:, p. 62.
1741:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Segrè, Emilio
1503:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
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1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
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1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1049:Mark Oliphant
1046:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:Project Camel
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:plutonium-240
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:on which the
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:conning tower
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:medium bomber
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
855:
846:
844:
840:
836:
835:Glenn Seaborg
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
796:
793:
777:
774:
760:
756:
745:
742:
726:
723:
709:
705:
699:
696:
680:
677:
665:
661:
658:
641:
640:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:precipitating
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
578:atomic number
575:
570:
566:
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558:
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546:
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534:
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526:
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510:
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448:
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425:
421:
417:
412:
404:
399:
390:
388:
387:Edward Condon
384:
380:
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372:
369:
365:
364:Linus Pauling
361:
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261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
241:Glenn Seaborg
238:
234:
230:
226:
217:
214:
213:Edward Condon
211:
209:
205:
198:
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177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
151:
146:
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137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
119:Discovery of
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
71:
67:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
4769:
4663:Y-12 Project
4648:Smyth Report
4643:S-50 Project
4605:
4601:K-25 Project
4530:Pumpkin bomb
4501:
4494:
4487:
4417:John Wheeler
4387:Louis Slotin
4382:Emilio Segrè
4341:
4332:George Koval
4312:James Franck
4297:Enrico Fermi
4242:Luis Alvarez
4201:Paul Tibbets
4176:Deak Parsons
3887:George Smith
3767:Akira Suzuki
3723:Gerhard Ertl
3707:Yves Chauvin
3655:John B. Fenn
3643:Ryoji Noyori
3630:2001–present
3604:Ahmed Zewail
3564:Harold Kroto
3548:Mario Molina
3476:Robert Huber
3448:John Polanyi
3432:Jerome Karle
3368:Georg Wittig
3253:Derek Barton
3245:Lars Onsager
3197:Giulio Natta
3193:Karl Ziegler
3185:John Kendrew
3080:
2953:Richard Kuhn
2878:Hans Fischer
2694:Otto Wallach
2630:Emil Fischer
2534:
2445:LĂ©on Jouhaux
2395:
2341:
2291:
2287:
2264:
2233:
2229:
2202:. Retrieved
2197:
2193:
2154:
2124:. Retrieved
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2082:Seaborg 1993
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2061:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2015:
2002:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1938:
1932:
1922:
1900:(5–6): 143.
1897:
1891:
1885:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1735:
1723:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1692:
1667:
1660:Seaborg 1993
1655:
1643:. Retrieved
1606:. Retrieved
1596:
1589:Seaborg 1993
1554:
1550:
1540:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1459:the original
1449:
1437:
1400:Seaborg 1993
1380:– via
1363:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1326:
1319:
1312:Seaborg 1993
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1264:. Retrieved
1134:Publications
1117:
1078:
1074:
1054:
1014:
968:
940:atomic bombs
933:
917:
901:Hugh Dowding
879:World War II
863:World War II
860:
849:World War II
820:
816:
813:
612:
589:Emilio Segrè
582:
542:
529:beryllium-10
525:Samuel Ruben
494:
440:
408:
358:
343:
335:John Clauser
328:
308:
292:atomic bombs
268:World War II
264:beryllium-10
245:
224:
223:
194:
175:Institutions
158:
123:, the first
74:(1991-09-07)
18:
4787:1991 deaths
4782:1907 births
4478:Silverplate
4432:Leona Woods
4397:Leo Szilard
4372:Bruno Rossi
4317:Klaus Fuchs
4221:Ed Westcott
4211:Harold Urey
3855:Ben Feringa
3839:Aziz Sancar
3819:Stefan Hell
3815:Eric Betzig
3592:Walter Kohn
3560:Robert Curl
3536:George Olah
3524:Kary Mullis
3500:Elias Corey
3492:Thomas Cech
3444:Yuan T. Lee
3412:Henry Taube
2945:Paul Karrer
2933:Peter Debye
2913:Harold Urey
2799:Fritz Pregl
2760:Fritz Haber
2702:Marie Curie
2489:Max Theiler
2379:Nobel Prize
2104:February 6,
2067:February 6,
2042:February 6,
1779:Rhodes 1986
1728:Rhodes 1986
1330:(masters).
1058:synchrotron
1022:uranium-235
984:, needed a
574:uranium-239
479:hygroscopic
461:that emits
311:synchrotron
4776:Categories
4716:California
4581:Demon core
4525:Little Boy
4446:Operations
4262:Niels Bohr
4252:Hans Bethe
4235:Scientists
4181:Boris Pash
4060:Los Alamos
3691:Irwin Rose
3671:Peter Agre
3596:John Pople
3404:Aaron Klug
3309:Paul Flory
3257:Odd Hassel
3181:Max Perutz
3062:Kurt Alder
3058:Otto Diels
2886:Carl Bosch
2413:Literature
2138:References
1040:Later life
1026:Little Boy
944:New Mexico
596:technetium
486:gamma rays
432:Otto Stern
325:Early life
53:1907-09-18
4728:Chemistry
4704:Biography
4623:Plutonium
4489:Enola Gay
4307:Val Fitch
4257:Aage Bohr
4206:Bud Uanna
4075:Oak Ridge
3376:Paul Berg
3331:1976–2000
3072:1951–1975
3002:Otto Hahn
2833:1926–1950
2613:1901–1925
2602:Laureates
2472:(Ireland)
2388:Chemistry
2381:laureates
1115:in 1990.
924:San Diego
839:plutonium
778:−
775:β
750:neptunium
727:−
724:β
685:⟶
626:from the
565:beryllium
553:Otto Hahn
533:half-life
471:deuterons
469:gas with
463:positrons
455:oxygen-15
443:cyclotron
346:physician
341:in 2022.
266:. During
260:oxygen-15
233:neptunium
169:Chemistry
121:neptunium
88:Education
4679:Category
4535:Thin Man
4496:Bockscar
4090:Wendover
4070:New York
4065:Montreal
4055:Inyokern
4030:Berkeley
4011:Timeline
2447:(France)
2428:(Sweden)
2262:(1986).
2204:July 16,
2175:26764320
2151:(1993).
2126:July 18,
1983:July 18,
1700:July 16,
1645:July 16,
1608:July 16,
1465:July 18,
1382:ProQuest
1378:77699392
1345:July 16,
1297:July 16,
1266:July 16,
982:Thin Man
757:→
706:→
561:neutrons
490:fluorine
475:hydrogen
467:nitrogen
447:shimming
4764:Physics
4690:Portals
4653:Uranium
4520:Fat Man
4513:Weapons
4085:Trinity
4050:Hanford
4035:Chicago
2604:of the
2456:Physics
2238:Bibcode
1902:Bibcode
1559:Bibcode
1520:Bibcode
1107:of the
975:Captain
877:during
831:Neptune
819:in the
593:homolog
585:rhenium
580:of 93.
549:uranium
426:of the
405:(right)
282:at the
274:at the
4045:Dayton
4039:Site A
3949:2023:
3933:2022:
3921:2021:
3909:2020:
3893:2019:
3877:2018:
3861:2017:
3845:2016:
3829:2015:
3813:2014:
3797:2013:
3785:2012:
3777:2011:
3761:2010:
3745:2009:
3729:2008:
3721:2007:
3713:2006:
3697:2005:
3681:2004:
3669:2003:
3653:2002:
3637:2001:
3610:2000:
3602:1999:
3590:1998:
3574:1997:
3558:1996:
3542:1995:
3534:1994:
3522:1993:
3514:1992:
3506:1991:
3498:1990:
3486:1989:
3470:1988:
3454:1987:
3438:1986:
3426:1985:
3418:1984:
3410:1983:
3402:1982:
3390:1981:
3374:1980:
3362:1979:
3354:1978:
3346:1977:
3338:1976:
3315:1975:
3307:1974:
3295:1973:
3279:1972:
3271:1971:
3263:1970:
3251:1969:
3243:1968:
3227:1967:
3219:1966:
3211:1965:
3203:1964:
3191:1963:
3179:1962:
3171:1961:
3163:1960:
3155:1959:
3147:1958:
3139:1957:
3127:1956:
3119:1955:
3111:1954:
3103:1953:
3091:1952:
3079:1951:
3056:1950:
3048:1949:
3040:1948:
3032:1947:
3016:1946:
3008:1945:
3000:1944:
2992:1943:
2959:1939:
2951:1938:
2939:1937:
2931:1936:
2919:1935:
2911:1934:
2896:1932:
2884:1931:
2876:1930:
2864:1929:
2856:1928:
2848:1927:
2840:1926:
2812:1925:
2797:1923:
2789:1922:
2781:1921:
2773:1920:
2758:1918:
2736:1915:
2728:1914:
2720:1913:
2708:1912:
2700:1911:
2692:1910:
2684:1909:
2676:1908:
2668:1907:
2660:1906:
2652:1905:
2644:1904:
2636:1903:
2628:1902:
2620:1901:
2300:986736
2298:
2272:
2173:
2163:
1376:
829:, and
827:Uranus
764:
713:
497:nuclei
430:, but
428:proton
371:degree
201:(1933)
199:
190:Thesis
165:Fields
152:(1990)
147:(1963)
142:(1951)
135:Awards
82:, U.S.
63:, U.S.
4018:Sites
2535:1951
2437:Peace
2377:1951
2296:JSTOR
2190:(PDF)
1977:(PDF)
1966:(PDF)
1236:Notes
928:sonar
922:near
892:with
761:2.355
457:, an
381:from
313:with
280:sonar
239:with
4025:Ames
2986:1942
2979:1941
2972:1940
2905:1933
2806:1924
2767:1919
2752:1917
2745:1916
2560:1956
2555:1955
2550:1954
2545:1953
2540:1952
2530:1950
2525:1949
2520:1948
2515:1947
2510:1946
2417:1951
2270:ISBN
2206:2015
2171:OCLC
2161:ISBN
2128:2015
2106:2023
2069:2023
2044:2023
1985:2015
1702:2015
1647:2015
1610:2015
1467:2015
1374:OCLC
1347:2015
1299:2015
1268:2015
1109:muon
1101:CERN
962:and
896:and
768:days
555:and
434:and
262:and
69:Died
43:Born
2292:137
2246:doi
1910:doi
1567:doi
1528:doi
1336:doi
869:in
797:239
746:239
717:min
700:239
662:238
630:in
551:by
547:in
109:PhD
4778::
3957:/
3953:/
3941:/
3937:/
3925:/
3913:/
3901:/
3897:/
3885:/
3881:/
3869:/
3865:/
3853:/
3849:/
3837:/
3833:/
3821:/
3817:/
3805:/
3801:/
3789:/
3769:/
3765:/
3753:/
3749:/
3737:/
3733:/
3705:/
3701:/
3689:/
3685:/
3673:/
3661:/
3657:/
3645:/
3641:/
3618:/
3614:/
3594:/
3582:/
3578:/
3566:/
3562:/
3550:/
3546:/
3526:/
3490:/
3478:/
3474:/
3462:/
3458:/
3446:/
3442:/
3430:/
3394:/
3382:/
3378:/
3366:/
3319:/
3299:/
3287:/
3283:/
3255:/
3235:/
3231:/
3195:/
3183:/
3131:/
3095:/
3083:/
3060:/
3024:/
3020:/
2963:/
2943:/
2923:/
2888:/
2868:/
2712:/
2290:.
2244:.
2234:45
2232:.
2228:.
2220:;
2216:;
2198:69
2196:.
2192:.
2169:.
2097:.
2060:.
2035:.
2005:.
2001:.
1968:.
1947:^
1939:43
1937:.
1931:.
1908:.
1898:68
1896:.
1870:^
1747:^
1691:.
1679:^
1637:.
1618:^
1581:^
1565:.
1555:57
1553:.
1549:.
1526:.
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1514:.
1487:^
1422:^
1407:^
1390:^
1372:.
1334:.
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1276:^
1243:^
1223:,
1204:,
1185:,
1166:,
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794:94
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737:Np
710:23
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659:92
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306:.
243:.
231:,
100:MS
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2009:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
