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its
Creator. As time passed, however, he seemed even less certain: "We do not know why we are born into the world, but we can try to find out what sort of a world it is — at least in its physical aspects." His life was dedicated to science and the objective world of phenomena. The world of pure values is one which science cannot enter, and science is unconcerned with the transcendent, however, compelling a private revelation or individual moment of ecstasy. He pulled no punches when a deeply depressed friend asked him about his belief: "The whole thing is so much bigger than I am, and I can't understand it, so I just trust myself to it, and forget about it."
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3160:; Akrami, Y.; Ashdown, M.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Ballardini, M.; Banday, A. J.; Barreiro, R. B.; Bartolo, N.; Basak, S.; Battye, R.; Benabed, K.; Bernard, J. -P.; Bersanelli, M.; Bielewicz, P.; Bock, J. J.; Bond, J. R.; Borrill, J.; Bouchet, F. R.; Boulanger, F.; Bucher, M.; Burigana, C.; Butler, R. C.; Calabrese, E.; Cardoso, J. -F.; Carron, J.; Challinor, A.; Chiang, H. C.; et al. (2020).
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1532:"Hubble believed that his count data gave a more reasonable result concerning spatial curvature if the redshift correction was made assuming no recession. To the very end of his writings, he maintained this position, favouring (or at the very least keeping open) the model where no true expansion exists, and therefore that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature."
1455:. All of his estimated distances are now known to be too small, by up to a factor of about 7. This was due to factors such as the fact that there are two kinds of Cepheid variables or confusing bright gas clouds with bright stars. However, his distances were more or less proportional to the true distances, and combining his distances with measurements of the redshifts of the galaxies by
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He was essentially an observer, and as he said in The Realm of the
Nebulae: "Not until the empirical resources are exhausted, need we pass on to the dreamy realms of speculation." Edwin never exhausted those empirical resources. "I am an observer, not a theoretical man," he attested, and a lightly spoken word in a lecture or in a letter showed that observation was his choice.
1554:") to the equations to avoid this "problem". When Einstein learned of Hubble's redshifts, he immediately realized that the expansion predicted by general relativity must be real, and in later life, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of life." In fact, Einstein apparently once visited Hubble and tried to convince him that the universe was expanding.
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1493:"Mr. Humason and I are both deeply sensible of your gracious appreciation of the papers on velocities and distances of nebulae. We use the term 'apparent' velocities to emphasize the empirical features of the correlation. The interpretation, we feel, should be left to you and the very few others who are competent to discuss the matter with authority."
1485:-distance relation, and published observational support for it, two years before the discovery of Hubble's law. Although he used the term "velocities" in his paper (and "apparent radial velocities" in the introduction), he later expressed doubt about interpreting these as real velocities. In 1931 he wrote a letter to the Dutch cosmologist
1169:. His father died in the winter of 1913, while Edwin was still in England. In the following summer, Edwin returned home to care for his mother, two sisters, and younger brother, along with his brother William. The family moved once more to Everett Avenue, in Louisville's Highlands neighborhood, to accommodate Edwin and William.
1233:, where he served in the 2nd Battalion, 343rd Infantry Regiment. He rose to the rank of major, and was found fit for overseas duty on July 9, 1918; the 86th Division moved overseas, but never saw combat as it was broken up and its personnel used as replacements in other units. After the end of World War I, Hubble spent a year at
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article reporting on Hubble's remarks, "The nebulae could not be uniformly distributed, as the telescope shows they are, and still fit the explosion idea. Explanations which try to get around what the great telescope sees, he said, fail to stand up. The explosion, for example, would have had to start
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John terribly depressed, and asked Edwin about his belief. Edwin said, "The whole thing is so much bigger than I am, and I can't understand it, so I just trust myself to it, and forget about it." It was not his nature to speculate. Theories, in his opinion, were an appropriate cocktail conversation.
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which increased the effective firepower of bombs and projectiles. His work was facilitated by his personal development of several items of equipment for the instrumentation used in exterior ballistics, the most outstanding development being the high-speed clock camera, which made possible the study
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One morning, while driving north with Grace after the failed eclipse expedition of 1923, he broached
Whitehead's idea of a God who might have chosen from a great many possibilities to make a different universe, but He made this one. By contemplating the universe, one might approximate some idea of
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that a letter he found in the Lemaître archive demonstrated that the redaction had been made by Lemaître himself, who apparently saw no point in publishing scientific content which had already been reported in 1929 by Hubble. However, the fact remains that Lemaître published the law in French, two
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Hubble's findings fundamentally changed the scientific view of the universe. Supporters state that Hubble's discovery of nebulae outside of our galaxy helped pave the way for future astronomers. Although some of his more renowned colleagues simply scoffed at his results, Hubble ended up publishing
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Freedman, Wendy L.; Madore, Barry F.; Gibson, Brad K.; Ferrarese, Laura; Kelson, Daniel D.; Sakai, Shoko; Mould, Jeremy R.; Kennicutt, Jr., Robert C.; Ford, Holland C.; Graham, John A.; Huchra, John P.; Hughes, Shaun M. G.; Illingworth, Garth D.; Macri, Lucas M.; Stetson, Peter B. (2001). "Final
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Often called a "pioneer of the distant stars," astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889–1953) played a pivotal role in deciphering the vast and complex nature of the universe. His meticulous studies of spiral nebulae proved the existence of galaxies other than our own Milky Way. Had he not died suddenly in
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Hubble was a dutiful son, who despite his intense interest in astronomy since boyhood, acquiesced to his father's request to study law, first at the
University of Chicago and later at Oxford. In this time, he also took some math and science courses. After the death of his father in 1913, Edwin
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Soszynski, I.; Poleski, R.; Udalski, A.; Szymanski, M. K.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzynski, G.; Wyrzykowski, L.; Szewczyk, O.; Ulaczyk, K. (2008). "The
Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. The OGLE-III Catalog of Variable Stars. I. Classical Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud".
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Grace heard that Enrico Fermi and
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, both members of the Nobel Committee, had joined their colleagues in unanimously voting Hubble the prize in physics, a rumor later confirmed by the astronomers Geoffrey and Margaret Burbidge after speaking with
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1927 paper, which formulated what was later called Hubble's Law and also gave observational evidence. Historians quoted in the article were skeptical that the redactions were part of a campaign to ensure Hubble retained priority. However, the observational astronomer
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did not cover work done in astronomy. Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered part of physics, instead of being a separate science. He did this largely so that astronomers—including himself—could be recognized by the
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Udalski, A.; Soszynski, I.; Szymanski, M.; Kubiak, M.; Pietrzynski, G.; Wozniak, P.; Zebrun, K. (1999). "The
Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. Cepheids in the Magellanic Clouds. IV. Catalog of Cepheids from the Large Magellanic Cloud".
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of the characteristics of bombs and low-velocity projectiles in flight. The results of his studies were credited with greatly improving design, performance, and military effectiveness of bombs and rockets. For his work there, he received the
1257:, the founder and director of the observatory. Hubble remained on staff at Mount Wilson until his death in 1953. Shortly before his death, Hubble became the first astronomer to use the newly completed giant 200-inch (5.1 m) reflector
1687:. This campaign was unsuccessful in Hubble's lifetime, but shortly after his death, the Nobel Prize Committee decided that astronomical work would be eligible for the physics prize. However, the Nobel prize is not awarded posthumously.
1189:, Indiana, where he also coached the boys' basketball team. After a year of high-school teaching, he entered graduate school with the help of his former professor from the University of Chicago to study astronomy at the university's
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Riess, Adam G.; Casertano, Stefano; Yuan, Wenlong; Macri, Lucas; Bucciarelli, Beatrice; Lattanzi, Mario G.; MacKenty, John W.; Bowers, J. Bradley; Zheng, WeiKang; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Huang, Caroline; Anderson, Richard I. (2018).
1070:, Illinois, in 1900. In his younger days, he was noted more for his athletic prowess than his intellectual abilities, although he did earn good grades in every subject except spelling. Edwin was a gifted athlete, playing
1365:. His observations, made in 1924, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own; thus today they are no longer considered
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had found that his newly developed theory of general relativity indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a
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There were methodological problems with Hubble's survey technique that showed a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. In particular, the technique did not account for changes in luminosity of galaxies due to
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This meant that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. If interpreted that way, Hubble's measurements on 46 galaxies lead to a value for the
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long after the earth was created, and possibly even after the first life appeared here." (Hubble's estimate of what we now call the Hubble constant would put the Big Bang only 2 billion years ago.)
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his findings on nebulae. This published work earned him an award titled the
American Association Prize and five hundred dollars from Burton E. Livingston of the Committee on Awards.
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was titled "Photographic
Investigations of Faint Nebulae". At Yerkes, he had access to its 40-inch refractor built in 1897, as well as an innovative 26-inch (61 cm) reflector.
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Hubble went on to estimate the distances to 24 extra-galactic nebulae, using a variety of methods. In 1929 Hubble examined the relationship between these distances and their
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Edwin Hubble was born in 1889 to
Virginia Lee Hubble (née James) (1864–1934) and John Powell Hubble, an insurance executive, in Marshfield, Missouri, and moved to
3226:"Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheid Standards Provide a 1% Foundation for the Determination of the Hubble Constant and Stronger Evidence for Physics Beyond LambdaCDM"
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Georges, Lemaître (1927). "Un Univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques".
1439:, grouping them according to their appearance in photographic images. He arranged the different groups of galaxies in what became known as the Hubble sequence.
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Sharov, Alexander S., Igor D. Novikov "Edwin Hubble, The Discoverer of the Big Bang Universe". Cambridge, UK: The Cambridge University Press (1989) p. 101
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of 500 km/s/Mpc, which is much higher than the currently accepted values of 74 km/s/Mpc (cosmic distance ladder method) or 68 km/s/Mpc (
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instead of science (as a promise to his dying father), and later added studies in literature and Spanish, eventually earning his master's degree.
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had provided the first evidence that the light from many of these nebulae was strongly red-shifted, indicative of high recession velocities.
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Hubble's papers comprising the bulk of his correspondence, photographs, notebooks, observing logbooks, and other materials, are held by the
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Edwin Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson Observatory, California, in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch (2.5 m)
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Yet the reason for the redshift remained unclear. Georges Lemaître predicted on theoretical grounds based on Einstein's equations for
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1831:(The assertion that he would have won the Nobel Prize in 1953 is likely false, although he was nominated for the prize that year.)
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Hubble married Grace Lillian (Burke) Leib (1889–1980), daughter of John Patrick and Luella (Kepford) Burke, on February 26, 1924.
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that results from a six-year survey with the Mt. Wilson telescope did not support the expanding universe theory. According to a
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3390:"Savant Refutes Theory of Exploding Universe – Mt. Wilson Astronomer Reports Results of Long Searching With 100-Inch Telescope"
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published a paper suggesting that while the omissions may have been made by a translator, they may still have been deliberate.
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3065:"Milky Way Cepheid Standards for Measuring Cosmic Distances and Application to Gaia DR2: Implications for the Hubble Constant"
1505:. Light traveling through an expanding metric will experience a Hubble-type redshift, a mechanism somewhat different from the
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returned to the Midwest from Oxford but did not have the motivation to practice law. Instead, he proceeded to teach Spanish,
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1326:, then the world's largest. At that time, the prevailing view of the cosmos was that the universe consisted entirely of the
981:(November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. He played a crucial role in establishing the fields of
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Osterbrock, Donald E.; Joel A. Gwinn; Ronald S. Brashear (July 1993). "Edwin Hubble and the Expanding Universe".
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1396:. Despite the opposition, Hubble, then a thirty-five-year-old scientist, had his findings first published in
1225:, Hubble rushed to complete his Ph.D. dissertation so he could join the military. Hubble volunteered for the
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Tsumura, Kohji (May 29, 2017). "Verification of the anecdote about Edwin Hubble and the Nobel Prize".
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at Mount Wilson Observatory that Hubble used to measure galaxy distances and a value for the rate of
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released a 41-cent stamp honoring Hubble on a sheet titled "American Scientists" designed by artist
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in San Marino, California. They were donated by his wife Grace Burke Hubble upon her death in 1980.
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Scolnic, Dan; Macri, Lucas M.; Yuan, Wenlong; Casertano, Stefano; Riess, Adam G. (March 18, 2019).
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Hubble proved that many objects previously thought to be clouds of dust and gas and classified as "
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Hubble was raised as a Protestant Christian but some of his later statements suggest uncertainty.
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which explained his approaches to extra-galactic astronomy and his view of the subject's history.
1043:. The Hubble law implies that the universe is expanding. A decade before, the American astronomer
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to their intrinsic luminosity gives their distance from Earth. Hubble found Cepheids in several
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1607:. He was cared for by his wife and continued on a modified diet and work schedule. He died of
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expressing his opinion on the theoretical interpretation of the redshift-distance relation:
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and homogeneous, but there was a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. According to
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1165:, Kentucky, so that the family could live in a small town, ultimately settling in nearby
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Bergh, Sidney van den (June 6, 2011). "The Curious Case of Lemaitre's Equation No. 24".
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degree by 1910. For a year he was also a student laboratory assistant for the physicist
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2962:"life in the universe Astronomy Encyclopedia. London: Philip's, 2002. Credo Reference".
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2009:
1982:
1896:, Hubble's life and work are portrayed on screen in episode 10: "The Edge of Forever".
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Today, the "apparent velocities" in question are usually thought of as an increase in
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of a galaxy increases with its distance from Earth, a behavior that became known as
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4162:. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman memorial lectures, 25. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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In the 1930s, Hubble was involved in determining the distribution of galaxies and
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2380:"Astronomer Sleuth Solves Mystery of Big Cosmos Discovery by Nola Taylor Redd,
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4190:"A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae"
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Hubble, Edwin Powell. "Red-shifts in the Spectra of Nebulae." Oxford (1934)
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1903:, written by Cornell physicist Hasan Padamsee, tells Hubble's life story.
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Edwin P. Hubble Planetarium, located in the Edward R. Murrow High School,
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Leavitt, Henrietta S. (1908). "1777 variables in the Magellanic Clouds".
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1509:(although the two mechanisms become equivalent descriptions related by a
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3288:"Lost in translation: Mystery of the missing text solved Mario Livio
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by many in the astronomy establishment of the time, in particular by
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3132:"The answer to life, the universe and everything might be 73. Or 67"
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Freedman, Wendy L.; Madore, Barry F. (2010). "The Hubble Constant".
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The Oxford guide to the history of physics and astronomy, Volume 10
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1977:
1935:
1784:
1760:
1604:
1558:
1482:
1452:
1071:
997:
514:
416:
409:
3653:
2340:
2325:
2215:
1410:. Hubble's results for Andromeda were not formally published in a
5812:
4813:
4799:
4787:
1366:
1174:
1158:
5784:
2855:
Sharov, Aleksandr Sergeevich; Novikov, Igor Dmitrievich (1993).
1834:
The other scientists on the "American Scientists" sheet include
1306:
1284:
during which he directed a large volume of research in exterior
4775:
4761:
4744:
3524:
Short History of Nearly Everything: Special Illustrated Edition
1827:
1953, Hubble would have won that year's Nobel Prize in Physics.
993:
5982:
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
19:
This article is about the astronomer. For the politician, see
3361:
2267:
1630:
4693:
Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR)
4351:
Edwin Powell Hubble — The man who discovered the cosmos
2621:
2619:
2617:
2069:"Famous Astronomers | List of Great Scientists in Astronomy"
1641:
reported claims that Hubble might have played a role in the
1603:
Hubble had a heart attack in July 1949 while on vacation in
1301:
399:
5682:
4957:
4677:
4652:
Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS)
2739:"Edwin Hubble, Family, and Friends in Louisville 1909–1916"
2412:
1774:
5859:
2973:
David L. Block; Ivacircnio Puerari; Alan Stockton (2000).
1082:
meet in 1906, and he played a variety of positions on the
6032:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
3729:"Past Recipients of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal"
3433:
Fool Me Twice: Fighting the Assault on Science in America
3223:
2614:
118:
4363:
The problem of the expanding universe, 1942 Edwin Hubble
4142:
Farrar Straus & Giroux (T) (New York, August 1995.)
3345:
The Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
3061:
3123:
1611:(a blood clot in his brain) on September 28, 1953, in
1520:. These data seemed to indicate that the universe was
1280:
as the Chief of the External Ballistics Branch of the
5824:
4399:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
3731:. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from
2858:
Edwin Hubble, the discoverer of the Big Bang universe
2845:
1929:Edwin Hubble Discovers the universe is expanding
2240:
1039:, although it had been proposed two years earlier by
3456:
2802:
2725:
Hubble, Edwin – The Queen's College, Illinois (1910)
2625:
2593:
1805:, Illinois, where he lived from 11 years old and up.
1245:
In 1919, Hubble was offered a staff position at the
4578:
List of scientists whose names are used as SI units
3641:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
2675:
2515:"Geometric derivation of the chronometric redshift"
1669:
1577:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1442:
1382:
General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens
5053:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century
3552:
3162:"Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters"
3002:
1871:2008 "American Scientists" US stamp series, $ 0.41
4323:
4103:"On stage: Hubble's contentious life and science"
2921:"A spiral nebula as a stellar system, Messier 31"
2848:
2473:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1645:of key parts of the 1931 English translation of
5908:
3747:
3149:
2888:
2758:. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago Press
1725:Legion of Merit for outstanding contribution to
1474:) due to errors in their distance calibrations.
1050:Hubble's name is most widely recognized for the
220:Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science
4708:Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS/HRS)
3776:
3678:Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles
3550:
3009:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2778:"Major Edwin Hubble is Made Lieutenant Colonel"
2600:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–18.
1157:In 1909, Hubble's father moved his family from
3886:. Edward R. Murrow High School. Archived from
3593:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 156–7.
3586:
3406:
2479:(5). American Philosophical Society: 403–409.
2401:
2399:
6047:Members of the American Philosophical Society
5034:
4607:
4383:
3281:
3279:
3055:
2854:
2573:"Virginia Lee Hubble (James) (c.1864 – 1934)"
2273:Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant".
1237:, where he renewed his studies of astronomy.
1219:United States declared war on Germany in 1917
959:
5997:United States Army personnel of World War II
3461:. University of Chicago Press. p. 183.
2976:Toward a new millennium in galaxy morphology
2895:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. x–xi.
2807:. University of Chicago Press. p. 183.
2755:Photographic investigations of faint nebulae
2736:
2706:
2630:. University of Chicago Press. p. 362.
1849:
1720:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
238:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
5992:United States Army personnel of World War I
4657:Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)
3915:. Exploring America's Highway. p. 62.
3520:
2998:
2996:
2709:"Rhodes Scholars: Complete List, 1903–2010"
2396:
2328:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2319:
2261:
2236:
2234:
1435:Hubble also devised the most commonly used
1193:, where he received his Ph.D. in 1921. His
1138:winner. Hubble also became a member of the
1061:
5041:
5027:
4621:
4614:
4600:
4390:
4376:
3409:"Hubble: No Evidence of 'Big Bang' Theory"
3276:
2861:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
2096:"Most Influential Astronomers of All Time"
1631:Accusations concerning Lemaître's priority
1598:
966:
952:
398:
42:
6037:High school basketball coaches in Indiana
4723:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)
4305:Astronomy at the University of Louisville
4225:
4215:
4004:
3944:"School Information / School Information"
3652:
3615:"Edwin Powell Hubble Papers: Finding Aid"
3485:
3307:
3259:
3241:
3177:
3098:
3080:
3038:
3028:
2946:
2548:
2538:
2443:
2433:
2339:
2286:
2214:
2176:
2146:
1801:Hubble Middle School, a public school in
1575:In December 1941, Hubble reported to the
1302:Universe goes beyond the Milky Way galaxy
187:
5977:Chicago Maroons men's basketball players
3912:Exploring Missouri Highways: Trip Trivia
3902:
3400:
2993:
2836:A Science Odyssey:People and Discoveries
2671:
2669:
2231:
2155:
2060:
1419:
1305:
1204:
1109:
349:, 2nd Battalion, 343rd Infantry Regiment
4917:Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
4335:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
4307: — Photographs of Edwin Hubble at
4147:The Observational Approach to Cosmology
3998:
3675:
3559:. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp.
3382:
3338:
3005:"Hubble's diagram and cosmic expansion"
2466:
2087:
2042:"Biography of Edwin Hubble (1889–1953)"
1566:The Observational Approach to Cosmology
1096:University of Chicago's basketball team
5909:
4718:Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC)
4346:American Physical Society's Hubble Bio
4187:
4152:
4021:https://www.worldcat.org/title/9863838
3807:
3129:
3003:Robert P. Kirshner (January 6, 2004).
2915:
2751:
2676:Michael D. Lemonick (March 29, 1999).
2405:
2120:
2034:
1229:and was assigned to the newly created
5967:Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford
5317:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein
5022:
4595:
4371:
3970:"Hubble of the Century Sees Galaxies"
3810:Faint Objects and How to Observe Them
3638:
3632:
3546:
3544:
3421:(Shows legible photo of the article.)
3285:
2666:
2643:
2641:
2512:
2243:Annals of Harvard College Observatory
1881:
1790:Edwin Hubble Highway, the stretch of
1564:on August 30, 1935. In 1936 he wrote
1268:Hubble also worked as a civilian for
5001:
4140:Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae
3908:
3704:"Newcomb Cleveland Prize Recipients"
3459:Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae
3436:. Harmony/Rodale. October 11, 2011.
3407:Larry Harnisch (December 31, 2011).
2805:Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae
2649:"Edwin Hubble | American astronomer"
2628:Edwin Hubble: mariner of the nebulae
2597:Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the nebulae
2193:
1739:Elected member of the United States
1683:for their valuable contributions to
1026:galactic and extragalactic distances
4286:. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
4039:. Missouri House of Representatives
3362:Public Broadcasting Station (PBS).
2882:
2358:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101829
1946:Galaxy morphological classification
1200:
13:
6017:People from San Marino, California
4284:Discovering the expanding universe
4125:
3541:
2711:. The Rhodes Trust. Archived from
2638:
1794:passing through his birthplace of
1249:'s Mount Wilson Observatory, near
1031:Hubble confirmed in 1929 that the
694:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
14:
6063:
5987:Recipients of the Legion of Merit
5947:American men's basketball players
5932:20th-century American astronomers
4948:Space Telescope Science Institute
4642:Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
4637:Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)
4421:Newtonian constant of gravitation
4290:
4272:10.1038/scientificamerican0793-84
4083:. Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame
1657:In November 2011, the astronomer
909:Timeline of cosmological theories
674:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
6012:People from Marshfield, Missouri
6002:Military personnel from Missouri
5972:Chicago Maroons baseball players
5894:
5882:
5870:
5858:
5846:
5834:
5000:
4989:
4988:
4676:
4670:
3976:. April 19, 2014. Archived from
3292:479, 171–173 (10 November 2011)"
1780:Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope;
1670:Campaign to obtain a Nobel Prize
1625:
1587:
1443:Redshift increases with distance
1247:Carnegie Institution for Science
933:
922:
921:
373:
288:Carnegie Institution for Science
4703:Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)
4095:
4073:
4051:
4025:
4013:
3992:
3962:
3936:
3876:
3851:
3826:
3812:. Springer Verlag. p. 39.
3801:
3721:
3696:
3669:
3607:
3580:
3514:
3479:
3450:
3424:
3355:
3332:
3217:
3130:Devlin, Hannah (May 10, 2018).
2966:
2955:
2909:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2796:
2782:Springfield Missouri Republican
2770:
2745:
2730:
2700:
2587:
2565:
2506:
2460:
2372:
2121:Hubble, Edwin (December 1926).
1876:Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame
1437:system for classifying galaxies
689:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
542:Future of an expanding universe
183:
23:. For the jazz trombonist, see
16:American astronomer (1889–1953)
5194:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel
3286:Livio, Mario (November 2011).
2979:. Springer. pp. 146–150.
2114:
2066:
1748:American Philosophical Society
1384:appeared. Hubble's hypothesis
1333:Using the Hooker Telescope at
1296:
1282:Ballistics Research Laboratory
1209:Hubble's identity card in the
904:History of the Big Bang theory
700:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
6022:People from Wheaton, Illinois
5060:Leaders & revolutionaries
4133:The Day We Found the Universe
3759:The Franklin Institute Awards
3527:. Random House Digital, Inc.
3457:Gale E. Christianson (1996).
2892:The Day We Found the Universe
2803:Gale E. Christianson (1996).
2766:– via Internet Archive.
2752:Hubble, Edwin Powell (1920).
2626:Gale E. Christianson (1996).
2594:Gale E. Christianson (1996).
2513:Segal, I.E. (December 1993).
2093:
2027:
1408:American Astronomical Society
1211:American Expeditionary Forces
896:Discovery of cosmic microwave
547:Ultimate fate of the universe
6052:Recipients of Franklin Medal
2784:. August 11, 1918. p. 6
1816:United States Postal Service
1754:
1741:National Academy of Sciences
1265:near San Diego, California.
1004:. He used the strong direct
7:
6007:United States Army officers
4953:Goddard Space Flight Center
4943:Great Observatories program
4713:High Speed Photometer (HSP)
4246:Biographical Memoirs NAS 41
4135:. New York: Pantheon, 2009.
3196:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910
1906:
1733:
1557:Hubble also discovered the
1148:The Queen's College, Oxford
664:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
126:The Queen's College, Oxford
10:
6068:
5211:Artists & entertainers
4662:Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)
4647:Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)
4037:Hall of Famous Missourians
4033:"Edwin Hubble (1889–1953)"
3166:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2519:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2014:National Historic Landmark
1866:Hall of Famous Missourians
1310:The 100-inch (2.5 m)
1146:, he spent three years at
1010:classical Cepheid variable
427:Chronology of the universe
18:
5667:
5513:Scientists & thinkers
5512:
5361:
5210:
5059:
4984:
4935:
4901:Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
4831:
4731:
4698:Faint Object Camera (FOC)
4685:
4668:
4629:
4574:
4480:Stefan–Boltzmann constant
4466:Stefan–Boltzmann constant
4405:
3366:. PBS.org. Archived from
3230:The Astrophysical Journal
3069:The Astrophysical Journal
2926:The Astrophysical Journal
2889:Marcia Bartusiak (2010).
2678:"Astronomer Edwin Hubble"
2275:The Astrophysical Journal
2016:in San Marino, California
1973:Expansion of the universe
1889:Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
1850:Other notable appearances
1695:
1690:
1674:During Hubble's life the
1541:. Earlier, in 1917,
1511:coordinate transformation
1503:expansion of the universe
1451:as determined from their
1316:expansion of the universe
1240:
520:Expansion of the universe
372:
367:
363:
353:
342:
332:
324:
314:
309:
305:
301:
270:
260:
253:
197:
170:
139:
102:
83:
57:
41:
34:
6027:Physicists from Missouri
5962:Discoverers of asteroids
5952:American Rhodes Scholars
5942:American astrophysicists
4340:University of St Andrews
4159:The realm of the nebulae
3575:World of Physics Hubble.
3551:Paul Kupperberg (2005).
3396:: 10. December 31, 1941.
3341:"Edwin Hubble 1889–1953"
3261:10.3847/1538-4357/ab1422
3100:10.3847/1538-4357/aac82e
2540:10.1073/pnas.90.23.11114
1886:In the 1980 documentary
1809:
1570:The Realm of the Nebulae
1114:Hubble's studies at the
1062:Early life and education
684:Planck space observatory
470:Gravitational wave (GWB)
283:Mount Wilson Observatory
4867:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
4859:Hubble Deep Field South
3587:J. L. Heilbron (2005).
3555:Hubble and the Big Bang
3364:"Cosmological Constant"
3339:Sandage, Allan (1989).
3188:2020A&A...641A...6P
3030:10.1073/pnas.2536799100
2653:Encyclopedia Britannica
2467:Slipher, V. M. (1917).
2350:2010ARA&A..48..673F
2123:"Extragalactic nebulae"
1702:Newcomb Cleveland Prize
1666:years prior to Hubble.
1599:Health issues and death
1501:that occurs due to the
1459:, and by his assistant
1274:Aberdeen Proving Ground
1020:(discovered in 1908 by
987:observational cosmology
983:extragalactic astronomy
537:Inhomogeneous cosmology
293:University of Cambridge
214:Newcomb Cleveland Prize
6042:Hubble Space Telescope
5124:Martin Luther King Jr.
4623:Hubble Space Telescope
4447:Johann Josef Loschmidt
4309:New Albany High School
4188:Hubble, Edwin (1929).
3909:Heim, Michael (2007).
3808:Cudnik, Brian (2012).
3156:Planck Collaboration;
2406:Hubble, Edwin (1929).
2271:Hubble Space Telescope
2102:. Jerrick Ventures LLC
2044:. NASA. Archived from
2005:Hubble Space Telescope
1924:Cosmic distance ladder
1829:
1822:. His citation reads:
1814:On March 6, 2008, the
1746:Elected member of the
1676:Nobel Prize in Physics
1534:
1513:for nearby galaxies).
1495:
1428:
1376:as early as 1755 when
1319:
1214:
1183:New Albany High School
1140:Kappa Sigma Fraternity
1126:, which resulted in a
1052:Hubble Space Telescope
1022:Henrietta Swan Leavitt
95:San Marino, California
5957:American cosmologists
5362:Builders & titans
5166:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4565:von Klitzing constant
4356:May 31, 2009, at the
4278:Harry Nussbaumer and
4217:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
3950:on September 18, 2018
3492:. iUniverse. p.
3394:The Los Angeles Times
2435:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168
2127:Astrophysical Journal
1966:William Wilson Morgan
1951:Gerard de Vaucouleurs
1824:
1681:Nobel Prize Committee
1635:In 2011, the journal
1548:cosmological constant
1530:
1491:
1426:classification scheme
1423:
1309:
1208:
1118:were concentrated on
1116:University of Chicago
1110:Undergraduate studies
628:Large-scale structure
606:Shape of the universe
325:Years of service
278:University of Chicago
157:Hubble luminosity law
111:University of Chicago
5503:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
4976:Hubble Origins Probe
4875:Extended Groth Strip
4686:Previous instruments
4326:Robertson, Edmund F.
4138:Christianson, Gale;
4061:. U.S. Stamp Gallery
3863:search.amphilsoc.org
3859:"APS Member History"
3784:"Gold Medal Winners"
3735:on September 4, 2017
3521:Bill Bryson (2010).
2684:. UK. Archived from
2392:. November 14, 2011.
2384:, November 14, 2011"
1652:Sidney van den Bergh
1337:, Hubble identified
1235:Cambridge University
1056:Marshfield, Missouri
1033:recessional velocity
940:Astronomy portal
898:background radiation
875:List of cosmologists
76:Marshfield, Missouri
5651:Ludwig Wittgenstein
5598:John Maynard Keynes
5370:Stephen Bechtel Sr.
4927:List of deep fields
4909:Hubble Legacy Field
4842:Pillars of Creation
4630:Current instruments
4457:Johann Jakob Balmer
4324:O'Connor, John J.;
4317: — Written by
4264:1993SciAm.269a..84O
4252:Scientific American
4244:Edwin Powell Hubble
4208:1929PNAS...15..168H
4131:Bartusiak, Marcia.
3890:on December 1, 2017
3690:1927ASSB...47...49L
3663:2011JRASC.105..151V
3252:2019ApJ...876...85R
3091:2018ApJ...861..126R
3021:2003PNAS..101....8K
2939:1929ApJ....69..103H
2531:1993PNAS...9011114S
2525:(23): 11114–11116.
2426:1929PNAS...15..168H
2297:2001ApJ...553...47F
2255:1908AnHar..60...87L
2225:2008AcA....58..163S
2187:1999AcA....49..223U
2139:1926ApJ....64..321H
2067:Redd, Nola Taylor.
1901:Creation's Birthday
1855:1934 Delivered the
1609:cerebral thrombosis
1351:apparent luminosity
1276:in Maryland during
1263:Palomar Observatory
1128:bachelor of science
979:Edwin Powell Hubble
640:Structure formation
532:Friedmann equations
422:Age of the universe
386:Part of a series on
162:Hubble–Reynolds law
62:Edwin Powell Hubble
5937:American agnostics
5771:Emmeline Pankhurst
5690:Lady Diana Spencer
5668:Heroes & icons
5454:Charles E. Merrill
5173:Theodore Roosevelt
4972:(2010 documentary)
4922:Anniversary images
4561:Klaus von Klitzing
4555:Josephson constant
4476:Boltzmann constant
4451:Loschmidt constant
4109:. November 1, 2011
3980:on October 4, 2017
3763:Franklin Institute
3755:"Laureates Search"
3486:Tom Bezzi (2000).
2737:John F. Kielkopf.
2707:The Rhodes Trust.
2010:Edwin Hubble House
1983:General relativity
1882:In popular culture
1620:Huntington Library
1479:general relativity
1429:
1415:scientific journal
1399:The New York Times
1390:Harvard University
1349:. Comparing their
1320:
1255:George Ellery Hale
1227:United States Army
1215:
1191:Yerkes Observatory
1100:Big Ten Conference
679:Dark Energy Survey
623:Large quasar group
392:Physical cosmology
319:United States Army
87:September 28, 1953
5822:
5821:
5750:Charles Lindbergh
5683:The American G.I.
5577:Robert H. Goddard
5563:Alexander Fleming
5187:Margaret Thatcher
5159:Eleanor Roosevelt
5117:Ruhollah Khomeini
5110:Pope John Paul II
5089:Mikhail Gorbachev
5075:Winston Churchill
5016:
5015:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4851:Hubble Deep Field
4847:
4824:
4810:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4755:
4589:
4588:
4431:Avogadro constant
3838:www.nasonline.org
3819:978-1-4419-6756-5
3413:LA Daily Mirror (
3302:(7372): 171–173.
2868:978-0-521-41617-7
2688:on March 19, 2007
2269:Results from the
2022:of April 26, 1920
1919:Distance measures
1861:Oxford University
1729:research in 1946.
1581:Los Angeles Times
1518:spatial curvature
1461:Milton L. Humason
1449:radial velocities
1363:Triangulum Nebula
1347:Henrietta Leavitt
1339:Cepheid variables
1253:, California, by
1094:. Hubble led the
976:
975:
647:
646:
489:
488:
381:
380:
255:Scientific career
72:November 20, 1889
6059:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5875:
5874:
5873:
5863:
5862:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5635:
5628:
5626:William Shockley
5621:
5614:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5549:Philo Farnsworth
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5338:Steven Spielberg
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5068:David Ben-Gurion
5043:
5036:
5029:
5020:
5019:
5004:
5003:
4992:
4991:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4885:
4877:
4869:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4816:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4764:
4747:
4680:
4674:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4490:Rydberg constant
4486:Johannes Rydberg
4472:Ludwig Boltzmann
4441:Faraday constant
4392:
4385:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4342:
4315:Edwin Hubble bio
4275:
4239:
4229:
4219:
4181:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3946:. Archived from
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3558:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3311:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3245:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3181:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3102:
3084:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:on July 16, 2011
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2343:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2290:
2288:astro-ph/0012376
2265:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2203:Acta Astronomica
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2178:astro-ph/9908317
2165:Acta Astronomica
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2048:on June 30, 2011
2038:
2020:The Great Debate
2012:, residence and
1961:Whirlpool galaxy
1539:galaxy evolution
1487:Willem de Sitter
1405:
1359:Andromeda Nebula
1357:, including the
1328:Milky Way Galaxy
1324:Hooker Telescope
1312:Hooker telescope
1201:Doctoral studies
1122:, astronomy and
1041:Georges Lemaître
1018:pulsation period
996:" were actually
968:
961:
954:
938:
937:
936:
925:
924:
618:Galaxy formation
578:Lambda-CDM model
567:
566:
559:Components
441:
440:
402:
383:
382:
377:
208:
191:
189:
185:
122:
90:
71:
69:
46:
32:
31:
21:Edwin N. Hubbell
6067:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6056:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5883:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5835:
5833:
5825:
5823:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5799:Andrei Sakharov
5797:
5792:Jackie Robinson
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5727:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5663:
5658:Wright brothers
5656:
5649:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5542:Albert Einstein
5540:
5533:
5528:Tim Berners-Lee
5526:
5519:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5412:Amadeo Giannini
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5357:
5350:
5345:Igor Stravinsky
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5282:Aretha Franklin
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5254:Charlie Chaplin
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5219:Louis Armstrong
5217:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5180:Margaret Sanger
5178:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5073:
5066:
5055:
5047:
5017:
5012:
4980:
4931:
4892:Mystic Mountain
4833:
4827:
4727:
4681:
4675:
4666:
4625:
4620:
4590:
4585:
4570:
4551:Brian Josephson
4546:Douglas Hartree
4535:Hubble constant
4505:Planck constant
4437:Michael Faraday
4427:Amedeo Avogadro
4408:
4401:
4396:
4358:Wayback Machine
4293:
4170:
4149:(Oxford, 1937.)
4128:
4126:Further reading
4123:
4122:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4042:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4018:
4014:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3981:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3674:
3670:
3637:
3633:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3519:
3515:
3504:
3484:
3480:
3469:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3405:
3401:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3370:on June 4, 2011
3360:
3356:
3337:
3333:
3309:10.1038/479171a
3284:
3277:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3128:
3124:
3060:
3056:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2735:
2731:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2674:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2624:
2615:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2511:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2465:
2461:
2404:
2397:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2324:
2320:
2266:
2262:
2239:
2232:
2198:
2194:
2160:
2156:
2133:(64): 321–369.
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
1998:Albert Einstein
1993:Hubble constant
1941:Hubble sequence
1909:
1884:
1852:
1842:, chemist, and
1812:
1757:
1736:
1698:
1693:
1672:
1633:
1628:
1601:
1590:
1562:1373 Cincinnati
1543:Albert Einstein
1499:proper distance
1468:Hubble constant
1445:
1403:
1372:This was first
1343:standard candle
1304:
1299:
1291:Legion of Merit
1243:
1203:
1132:Robert Millikan
1112:
1098:to their first
1080:track and field
1064:
972:
934:
932:
914:
913:
900:
897:
890:
888:Subject history
880:
879:
871:
716:
708:
707:
704:
701:
659:
649:
648:
611:Galaxy filament
564:
552:
551:
503:
498:Expansion
491:
490:
475:Microwave (CMB)
454:Nucleosynthesis
438:
310:Military career
297:
249:
244:Legion of Merit
210:
209:
204:
193:
181:
177:
176:Grace Burke Sr.
166:
147:Hubble sequence
135:
109:
103:Alma mater
98:
92:
88:
79:
73:
67:
65:
64:
63:
53:
50:Johan Hagemeyer
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6065:
6055:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5904:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5764:Marilyn Monroe
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5736:Kennedy family
5732:
5725:
5722:Tenzing Norgay
5718:Edmund Hillary
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5468:Walter Reuther
5464:
5457:
5450:
5447:Louis B. Mayer
5443:
5436:
5433:William Levitt
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5384:Willis Carrier
5380:
5373:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5138:Nelson Mandela
5134:
5131:Vladimir Lenin
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5082:Mahatma Gandhi
5078:
5071:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5046:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
4998:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4837:
4835:
4832:Special fields
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4811:
4797:
4785:
4773:
4756:
4738:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4469:
4459:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4424:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4402:
4395:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4348:
4343:
4330:"Edwin Hubble"
4321:
4312:
4302:
4292:
4291:External links
4289:
4288:
4287:
4276:
4247:
4242:Mayall, N.U.,
4240:
4202:(3): 168–173.
4185:
4168:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4094:
4081:"Edwin Hubble"
4072:
4059:"Edwin Hubble"
4050:
4024:
4012:
3991:
3961:
3935:
3921:
3901:
3875:
3850:
3834:"Edwin Hubble"
3825:
3818:
3800:
3775:
3746:
3720:
3695:
3684:(A47): 49–59.
3668:
3631:
3606:
3599:
3579:
3569:
3540:
3533:
3513:
3502:
3478:
3467:
3449:
3442:
3423:
3399:
3381:
3354:
3331:
3275:
3216:
3148:
3122:
3054:
2992:
2985:
2965:
2954:
2948:10.1086/143167
2908:
2901:
2881:
2867:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2813:
2795:
2769:
2744:
2729:
2699:
2665:
2637:
2613:
2606:
2586:
2575:. May 16, 1864
2564:
2505:
2459:
2420:(3): 168–173.
2395:
2371:
2318:
2305:10.1086/320638
2260:
2230:
2192:
2154:
2148:10.1086/143018
2113:
2094:Reese, Riley.
2086:
2059:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1892:by astronomer
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1857:Halley Lecture
1851:
1848:
1838:, biochemist;
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1717:
1714:Franklin Medal
1711:
1705:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1671:
1668:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1586:
1507:Doppler effect
1444:
1441:
1394:Harlow Shapley
1345:discovered by
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1259:Hale Telescope
1242:
1239:
1202:
1199:
1144:Rhodes Scholar
1111:
1108:
1092:shooting guard
1063:
1060:
1024:) for scaling
974:
973:
971:
970:
963:
956:
948:
945:
944:
943:
942:
930:
916:
915:
912:
911:
906:
901:
894:
891:
886:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
698:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
660:
655:
654:
651:
650:
645:
644:
643:
642:
630:
625:
620:
608:
600:
599:
595:
594:
593:
592:
580:
572:
571:
565:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
522:
517:
504:
497:
496:
493:
492:
487:
486:
485:
484:
482:Neutrino (CNB)
472:
464:
463:
459:
458:
457:
456:
439:
437:Early universe
436:
435:
432:
431:
430:
429:
424:
419:
404:
403:
395:
394:
388:
387:
379:
378:
370:
369:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
351:
350:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
329:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
257:
251:
250:
248:
247:
241:
235:
232:Franklin Medal
229:
223:
217:
203:
202:
201:
199:
195:
194:
179:
175:
174:
172:
168:
167:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
141:
140:Known for
137:
136:
134:
133:
123:
106:
104:
100:
99:
93:
91:(aged 63)
85:
81:
80:
74:
61:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6064:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5880:
5878:
5868:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:
5844:
5842:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5806:Mother Teresa
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5733:
5730:
5726:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5641:
5640:Francis Crick
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:Leakey family
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:Sigmund Freud
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5535:Rachel Carson
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5521:Leo Baekeland
5518:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:David Sarnoff
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:Lucky Luciano
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5352:Oprah Winfrey
5349:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5331:Frank Sinatra
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5310:Pablo Picasso
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5289:Martha Graham
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:Marlon Brando
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:Ronald Reagan
5149:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5009:
5008:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4830:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:Space Shuttle
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:J. J. Thomson
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4319:Allan Sandage
4316:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4169:9780300025002
4165:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4145:Hubble E.P.,
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4113:September 15,
4108:
4104:
4098:
4082:
4076:
4060:
4054:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3979:
3975:
3974:Socialbilitty
3971:
3965:
3954:September 17,
3949:
3945:
3939:
3924:
3922:9780974435862
3918:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3889:
3885:
3884:"PLANETARIUM"
3879:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3821:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3785:
3779:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3620:
3619:oac.cdlib.org
3616:
3610:
3602:
3600:9780195171983
3596:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3576:
3572:
3570:9781404203075
3566:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3534:9780307885166
3530:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3503:9780595142477
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3468:9780226105215
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3443:9781609613204
3439:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2986:9780792361855
2982:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2958:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2917:Hubble, E. P.
2912:
2904:
2902:9780307276605
2898:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2816:
2814:9780226105215
2810:
2806:
2799:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2762:September 15,
2757:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2607:9780226105215
2603:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2574:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Spiral galaxy
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:, physicist.
1845:
1841:
1840:Linus Pauling
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1820:Victor Stabin
1817:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1792:Interstate 44
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1626:Controversies
1623:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1593:
1588:Personal life
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:Allan Sandage
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:Vesto Slipher
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:peer-reviewed
1409:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:Immanuel Kant
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:86th Division
1228:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1152:jurisprudence
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1045:Vesto Slipher
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
931:
929:
920:
919:
918:
917:
910:
907:
905:
902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
884:
883:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
712:
711:
703:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
658:
653:
652:
641:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
597:
596:
591:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
573:
569:
568:
562:
556:
555:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
509:
506:
505:
501:
495:
494:
483:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
465:
461:
460:
455:
452:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
434:
433:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:
401:
397:
396:
393:
390:
389:
385:
384:
376:
371:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
348:
347:86th Division
345:
341:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
273:
269:
266:
263:
259:
256:
252:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
211:
207:
200:
196:
173:
169:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
142:
138:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
105:
101:
96:
86:
82:
77:
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
30:
26:
22:
5917:Edwin Hubble
5901:Solar System
5729:Helen Keller
5704:Billy Graham
5676:Muhammad Ali
5644:James Watson
5591:Edwin Hubble
5590:
5556:Enrico Fermi
5475:Pete Rozelle
5426:Estée Lauder
5324:Bart Simpson
5261:Le Corbusier
5226:Lucille Ball
5096:Adolf Hitler
5050:
5006:
4994:
4967:
4963:Edwin Hubble
4962:
4890:
4840:
4819:
4805:
4792:
4780:
4767:
4758:
4750:
4741:
4582:non SI units
4576:
4541:Hugo Tetrode
4531:Edwin Hubble
4530:
4511:Wilhelm Wien
4462:Josef Stefan
4417:Isaac Newton
4333:
4297:
4283:
4258:(1): 84–89.
4255:
4251:
4199:
4193:
4158:
4154:Hubble, E.P.
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4111:. Retrieved
4106:
4097:
4087:November 21,
4085:. Retrieved
4075:
4065:November 21,
4063:. Retrieved
4053:
4043:November 21,
4041:. Retrieved
4036:
4027:
4015:
3994:
3982:. Retrieved
3978:the original
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3948:the original
3938:
3928:November 21,
3926:. Retrieved
3911:
3904:
3894:November 21,
3892:. Retrieved
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2046:the original
2036:
1988:Hubble's law
1929:K correction
1900:
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1844:John Bardeen
1833:
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1825:
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1685:astrophysics
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1417:until 1929.
1397:
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1374:hypothesized
1371:
1335:Mount Wilson
1332:
1321:
1278:World War II
1267:
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1216:
1195:dissertation
1171:
1156:
1113:
1065:
1049:
1037:Hubble's law
1030:
1006:relationship
991:
978:
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702:Probe (WMAP)
636:
633:Reionization
614:
586:
560:
528:
511:
508:Hubble's law
499:
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450:
413:
354:Battles/wars
271:Institutions
254:
205:
152:Hubble's law
89:(1953-09-28)
48:Portrait by
36:Edwin Hubble
29:
25:Eddie Hubble
5927:1953 deaths
5922:1889 births
5889:Outer space
5877:Spaceflight
5757:Harvey Milk
5711:Che Guevara
5633:Alan Turing
5612:Jean Piaget
5489:Juan Trippe
5461:Akio Morita
5391:Walt Disney
5377:Leo Burnett
5303:James Joyce
5275:T. S. Eliot
5247:Coco Chanel
5233:The Beatles
5201:Lech Wałęsa
5103:Ho Chi Minh
4525:Bohr radius
4516:Otto Sackur
4280:Lydia Bieri
3789:. RAS. 2014
3624:October 24,
3489:Hubble Time
3415:WP:NEWSBLOG
3158:Aghanim, N.
3015:(1): 8–13.
2788:October 19,
2334:: 673–710.
2171:: 223–317.
1798:, Missouri;
1769:The crater
1764:2069 Hubble
1708:Bruce Medal
1659:Mario Livio
1404:November 23
1386:was opposed
1297:Discoveries
1223:World War I
1179:mathematics
1163:Shelbyville
1136:Nobel Prize
1134:, a future
1120:mathematics
1086:court from
1000:beyond the
657:Experiments
590:Dark matter
583:Dark energy
525:FLRW metric
462:Backgrounds
358:World War I
226:Bruce Medal
5911:Categories
5778:Rosa Parks
5697:Anne Frank
5619:Jonas Salk
5584:Kurt Gödel
5496:Sam Walton
5405:Bill Gates
5398:Henry Ford
5296:Jim Henson
5145:Mao Zedong
4834:and images
4759:Servicing:
4521:Niels Bohr
4501:Max Planck
4006:1705.10125
3793:January 9,
3647:(4): 151.
3243:1903.07603
3179:1807.06209
3082:1804.10655
3075:(2): 126.
2028:References
1894:Carl Sagan
1836:Gerty Cori
1796:Marshfield
1727:ballistics
1647:Lemaître's
1613:San Marino
1472:CMB method
1286:ballistics
1217:After the
1187:New Albany
1167:Louisville
1124:philosophy
1084:basketball
1014:luminosity
1008:between a
737:Copernicus
715:Scientists
570:Components
68:1889-11-20
5853:Astronomy
5841:Biography
5743:Bruce Lee
5268:Bob Dylan
4878:(2004–05)
4870:(2003–04)
4793:Discovery
4781:Discovery
4768:Endeavour
4751:Discovery
4409:constants
4407:Physical
4178:611263346
3654:1106.1195
3326:203468083
3236:(1): 85.
3204:119335614
3109:0004-637X
2682:The Times
2633:"Chandra.
2579:March 11,
2485:0003-049X
2389:Space.com
2382:Space.com
2366:119263173
2341:1004.1856
2313:119097691
2216:0808.2210
2073:SPACE.com
1914:Astronomy
1899:The play
1755:Namesakes
1643:redaction
1550:(a "
1453:redshifts
1424:Hubble's
1270:U.S. Army
1150:studying
1102:title in
1002:Milky Way
867:Zeldovich
767:Friedmann
742:de Sitter
669:BOOMERanG
598:Structure
563:Structure
447:Inflation
368:Signature
265:Astronomy
5419:Ray Kroc
4995:Category
4820:Atlantis
4806:Columbia
4735:missions
4354:Archived
4236:16577160
4156:(1936).
4107:Symmetry
3984:July 21,
3868:July 19,
3843:July 19,
3713:June 19,
3318:22071745
3270:85528549
3209:July 18,
3117:55643027
3049:14695886
2919:(1929).
2559:11607440
2469:"Nebulæ"
2454:16577160
2106:April 6,
2100:Futurism
2079:April 6,
2052:June 21,
1978:Big Bang
1936:Galaxies
1907:See also
1785:Brooklyn
1761:Asteroid
1750:in 1929.
1743:in 1927.
1722:in 1940;
1716:in 1939;
1710:in 1938;
1704:in 1924;
1605:Colorado
1559:asteroid
1483:redshift
1251:Pasadena
1076:football
1072:baseball
998:galaxies
928:Category
847:Suntzeff
807:Lemaître
757:Einstein
722:Aaronson
515:Redshift
417:Universe
410:Big Bang
206:See list
5827:Portals
5813:Bill W.
5007:Commons
4936:Related
4817:(2009,
4814:STS-125
4803:(2002,
4800:STS-109
4791:(1999,
4788:STS-103
4779:(1997,
4765:(1993,
4748:(1990,
4742:Launch:
4300:profile
4260:Bibcode
4204:Bibcode
4183:Alt URL
3686:Bibcode
3659:Bibcode
3374:May 29,
3248:Bibcode
3184:Bibcode
3141:May 13,
3087:Bibcode
3017:Bibcode
2935:Bibcode
2933:: 103.
2719:May 29,
2692:May 29,
2527:Bibcode
2498:July 9,
2422:Bibcode
2346:Bibcode
2293:Bibcode
2251:Bibcode
2221:Bibcode
2209:: 163.
2183:Bibcode
2135:Bibcode
2075:. Perch
1803:Wheaton
1773:on the
1392:–based
1367:nebulae
1355:nebulae
1293:award.
1261:at the
1221:during
1175:physics
1159:Chicago
1068:Wheaton
994:nebulae
852:Sunyaev
837:Schmidt
827:Penzias
822:Penrose
797:Huygens
787:Hawking
772:Galileo
192:
180:
5720:&
5642:&
4969:Hubble
4912:(2019)
4904:(2012)
4896:(2010)
4886:(2006)
4883:SWEEPS
4862:(1998)
4854:(1995)
4846:(1995)
4776:STS-82
4762:STS-61
4745:STS-31
4234:
4227:522427
4224:
4176:
4166:
3919:
3816:
3768:May 8,
3597:
3567:
3531:
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3316:
3296:Nature
3290:Nature
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3040:314128
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1771:Hubble
1734:Honors
1696:Awards
1691:Honors
1663:Nature
1638:Nature
1241:Career
1088:center
926:
862:Wilson
857:Tolman
817:Newton
812:Mather
802:Kepler
792:Hubble
752:Ehlers
732:Alpher
727:Alfvén
635:
613:
585:
527:
510:
502:Future
477:
449:
412:
315:Branch
261:Fields
246:(1946)
240:(1940)
234:(1939)
228:(1938)
222:(1935)
216:(1924)
198:Awards
186:
171:Spouse
97:, U.S.
78:, U.S.
52:, 1931
5865:Stars
4001:arXiv
3787:(PDF)
3649:arXiv
3322:S2CID
3266:S2CID
3238:arXiv
3200:S2CID
3174:arXiv
3113:S2CID
3077:arXiv
2550:47932
2489:JSTOR
2362:S2CID
2336:arXiv
2309:S2CID
2283:arXiv
2211:arXiv
2173:arXiv
1874:2017
1859:] at
1810:Stamp
1787:, NY;
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842:Smoot
832:Rubin
777:Gamow
762:Ellis
747:Dicke
337:Major
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5051:Time
4958:NASA
4580:and
4298:Time
4232:PMID
4195:PNAS
4174:OCLC
4164:ISBN
4115:2016
4089:2017
4067:2017
4045:2017
3986:2017
3956:2018
3930:2017
3917:ISBN
3896:2017
3870:2023
3845:2023
3814:ISBN
3795:2015
3770:2015
3741:2017
3715:2015
3708:AAAS
3626:2023
3595:ISBN
3565:ISBN
3563:–6.
3529:ISBN
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3376:2011
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3105:ISSN
3045:PMID
2981:ISBN
2897:ISBN
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2863:ISBN
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2790:2015
2764:2016
2721:2011
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2660:2017
2602:ISBN
2581:2014
2555:PMID
2500:2024
2481:ISSN
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2108:2018
2081:2018
2054:2011
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1177:and
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1016:and
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782:Guth
343:Unit
333:Rank
328:1918
188:1924
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4268:doi
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4212:doi
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