205:, and express support his regime. The Federalist Adams administration hoped to encourage the colony's independence, but Louverture maintained a colonial relationship with France. Stevens's title of consul suggested a diplomat attached to a country and not a colony, reflecting the Adams administration's view of the situation in Saint-Domingue. Following his arrival in the colony on April 1799, Stevens succeeded in accomplishing several of his objectives, including suppressing the activities of privateers operating out of the colony, gaining protections for American citizens and property in Saint-Domingue and the right of entry for U.S. vessels into the colony's ports.
78:
this speculation, mostly based on
Pickering's comments on the resemblance between the two men, has always been vague and unsupported. Rachel Faucette had been living on St. Kitts and Nevis for years at the time when Alexander was conceived, while Thomas Stevens lived on Antigua and St. Croix and James Hamilton Sr never disavowed his paternity, signing his letters to Alexander even in later years
228:. Stevens had to serve as the British agent in Saint-Domingue for a period of time since local commanders were opposed to having a British official in the colony. On 13 June 1799, he signed a convention which led to an armistice among the three parties, giving protections to British and American ships from local privateers and allowing them to enter the colony and engage in
77:
says many aspects of
Hamilton's biography make more sense given Stevens's paternity. It would explain why Hamilton was adopted into the Stevens family while his older brother, James, apparently was not. It may have also been a factor in Hamilton's acknowledged father abandoning his family. However,
89:
Director did find possible evidence that Thomas
Stevens did initially take both Hamilton boys in, not just Alexander, as in 1769 the registers read that the household had two “white male servants” that hadn't been listed before. By the 1772 register the “white male servants” are gone: Hamilton may
144:
Stevens returned to St. Croix in 1783. He worked there as a physician for ten years. He maintained his friendship with
Hamilton through correspondence. In adulthood, Hamilton tended to shun his turbulent adolescence, and Stevens was the only person from his childhood, including even his closest
153:
urged him to choose the United States. Also in 1792, Stevens married Hester
Kortright Amory. Stevens ended his ten years of practicing medicine in the Caribbean and moved to Philadelphia in 1793. While in Philadelphia, he engaged in a
50:
on 21 February 1754. Stevens's father, a
Scottish merchant named Thomas Stevens who was the landlord of Rachel Fawcette, Hamilton's mother, would later become the adoptive father of the orphaned
145:
living family members, with whom he kept in regular contact. Following the death of his wife, Eleanora, in 1792, Stevens decided to move to North
America. Stevens had considered a move to
220:. This was made difficult by the fact that Britain had occupied part of the colony from 1793 to 1798 in an attempt to capture Saint-Domingue and were also afraid of the
73:, who knew both men in adulthood, noted that the men were strikingly similar in appearance and concluded that they must be biological brothers. Hamilton biographer
502:
54:. Stevens was one of five children. He quickly became good friends with his adopted brother Hamilton, displaying many similar mannerisms. Both were interested in
872:
155:
174:
treatment advocated by most doctors including Rush. Upon his recovery, Hamilton became an advocate for
Stevens's method. Stevens was admitted to the
170:
contracted the disease, and
Stevens treated them with bark, wine, and cold baths, a regimen that stirred some controversy since Stevens spurned the
117:, who showed the digestive power of gastric juices, and helped dispel earlier theories of digestion. Stevens's work on digestion would influence
877:
267:
Little is known of
Stevens's last years. From 19 December 1809 to 3 March 1810, he served as the President of Saint Croix when it was under
23:
882:
897:
31:
114:
740:
887:
86:
26:(21 February 1754 – 26 September 1834) was an Antiguan-born physician and diplomat. A close friend of American statesman
133:. He served as the Society's president for the academic year 1779/1780. Stevens conducted experimental inquiry into the
803:
521:
515:
268:
784:
717:
137:
and received a prize for his work. Stevens remained in Edinburgh until 1783 and was one of the joint founders of the
339:
175:
69:
Contemporaries would often remark that Edward Stevens and Hamilton looked very much alike. Secretary of State
436:
178:
on 18 April 1794. Stevens's work in digestion may have influenced other researchers in Philadelphia, notably
458:
892:
217:
647:
796:
Diplomacy in Black and White : John Adams, Toussaint Louverture, and Their Atlantic World Alliance
138:
677:
209:
417:
167:
98:
244:
349:
179:
130:
83:
90:
have been upgraded and James Jr., who was by then 19 years old, had gone to live elsewhere.
867:
862:
202:
328:
8:
225:
118:
94:
105:
doctorate on 12 September 1777. Stevens' dissertation on gastric digestion was entitled
841:
773:
759:
750:
Girard, P. R. (2009). "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture's Diplomacy, 1798–1802".
237:
221:
102:
51:
35:
27:
814:
197:
sent Stevens to Saint-Domingue with instructions to establish a relationship with the
799:
780:
736:
729:
713:
706:
511:
248:
70:
833:
233:
150:
306:
252:
59:
504:
Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
190:
186:
110:
856:
159:
272:
171:
163:
824:
Treudley, Mary (1916). "The United States and Santo Domingo, 1789–1866".
74:
845:
763:
406:
Michael Newton, Alexander Hamilton: The Formative Years, 2015, pp 30-32
229:
194:
837:
256:
213:
329:"The Birthday of Edward Stevens, Alexander Hamilton's "Dear" Friend"
418:"Letter from James Hamilton Sr to Alexander Hamilton, 12 June 1793"
182:. In 1795, Stevens was appointed as a professor at King's College.
134:
109:. Based on this work, he was the first researcher to isolate human
63:
55:
47:
678:"Edward Stevens: President of St. Croix - Discovering Hamilton"
236:
provide important insight into American geopolitics during the
146:
708:
A nation among nations : America's place in world history
129:
On 20 January 1776, Stevens was admitted to the university's
97:
in 1774 and then sailed to Britain to study Medicine at the
616:
538:
255:
from Haiti and the Dominican Republic which belong to the
594:
592:
555:
553:
628:
604:
379:
232:. Stevens's correspondence with Pickering, Adams, and
589:
577:
565:
550:
397:
Henry Cabot Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 1882, appendix
367:
355:
775:
Burr, Hamilton, and Jefferson: A Study in Character
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
798:. Athens London: The University of Georgia Press.
772:
728:
705:
461:Alexander Hamilton: Myth, Legend and Reality, 2007
295:. Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandel. p. 120.
275:, including a letter introducing his son in 1823.
652:Poit. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
854:
472:
208:Stevens pushed for similar privileges for the
510:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
873:People from Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
816:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
456:
434:
82:. Moreover, William Cissel historian and
823:
634:
622:
610:
793:
770:
726:
571:
559:
544:
415:
385:
373:
361:
345:
162:on methods for treating an outbreak of
855:
749:
703:
675:
598:
583:
327:Newton, Michael E. (5 November 2018).
326:
224:leading to unrest among slaves in the
193:(modern-day Haiti) from 1799 to 1800.
878:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
439:The West Indian Founding Father, 2004
290:
30:, Stevens played a major role in the
812:
489:
322:
320:
185:Stevens served as the United States
16:Antiguan-born physician and diplomat
13:
883:Columbia College (New York) alumni
166:. Alexander Hamilton and his wife
14:
909:
317:
307:"Den danske lægestand, 1479-1900"
115:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
62:fluently, and were interested in
898:People of the Haitian Revolution
819:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 2008.
826:The Journal of Race Development
735:. New York, NY: Penguin Books.
669:
640:
495:
450:
428:
409:
293:Den danske lægestand, 1479-1900
80:”your very affectionate Father”
752:The William and Mary Quarterly
676:Newton, Michael (2018-11-12).
400:
391:
299:
284:
176:American Philosophical Society
1:
278:
262:
259:family, in Stevens's honour.
113:. His work confirmed that of
41:
7:
888:Columbia University faculty
779:. Oxford University Press.
712:. New York: Hill and Wang.
87:Christiansted Historic Site
10:
914:
771:Kennedy, Roger G. (2000).
697:
656:Plants of the World Online
139:Royal Society of Edinburgh
107:De alimentorum concoctione
243:In 1802, French botanist
124:
794:Johnson, Ronald (2014).
291:Caroe, Kristian (1905).
189:in the French colony of
704:Bender, Thomas (2006).
333:DiscoveringHamilton.com
271:. He corresponded with
99:University of Edinburgh
93:Stevens graduated from
245:Pierre Antoine Poiteau
214:like the United States
727:Chernow, Ron (2004).
201:ruler of the colony,
180:John Richardson Young
131:Royal Medical Society
682:Discovering Hamilton
416:Hamilton Sr, James.
203:Toussaint Louverture
46:Stevens was born in
813:"Stevens, Edward".
547:, pp. 209–210.
226:British West Indies
119:Lazzaro Spallanzani
893:American diplomats
731:Alexander Hamilton
625:, p. 135-137.
269:British occupation
238:Haitian Revolution
222:Haitian Revolution
218:at war with France
103:Doctor of Medicine
52:Alexander Hamilton
36:Haitian Revolution
28:Alexander Hamilton
742:978-1-59420-009-0
388:, pp. 27–28.
71:Timothy Pickering
32:American response
905:
849:
838:10.2307/29738186
820:
809:
790:
778:
767:
746:
734:
723:
711:
692:
691:
689:
688:
673:
667:
666:
664:
662:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
587:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
548:
542:
536:
535:
533:
532:
526:
520:. Archived from
509:
499:
493:
487:
470:
469:
467:
457:William Cissel.
454:
448:
447:
445:
435:William Cissel.
432:
426:
425:
413:
407:
404:
398:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
343:
337:
336:
324:
315:
314:
303:
297:
296:
288:
253:flowering plants
234:Thomas Jefferson
151:William Thornton
101:. He gained his
913:
912:
908:
907:
906:
904:
903:
902:
853:
852:
806:
787:
743:
720:
700:
695:
686:
684:
674:
670:
660:
658:
646:
645:
641:
633:
629:
621:
617:
609:
605:
597:
590:
582:
578:
570:
566:
558:
551:
543:
539:
530:
528:
524:
518:
507:
501:
500:
496:
488:
473:
465:
455:
451:
443:
433:
429:
422:Founders Online
414:
410:
405:
401:
396:
392:
384:
380:
372:
368:
360:
356:
344:
340:
325:
318:
305:
304:
300:
289:
285:
281:
265:
127:
60:French language
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
911:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
851:
850:
821:
810:
805:978-0820342122
804:
791:
785:
768:
747:
741:
724:
718:
699:
696:
694:
693:
668:
639:
637:, p. 136.
627:
615:
613:, p. 134.
603:
601:, p. 100.
588:
586:, p. 108.
576:
564:
549:
537:
517:0-902-198-84-X
516:
494:
471:
449:
427:
408:
399:
390:
378:
366:
354:
338:
316:
298:
282:
280:
277:
264:
261:
191:Saint-Domingue
187:consul-general
141:in that year.
135:color of blood
126:
123:
111:gastric juices
95:King's College
43:
40:
20:Edward Stevens
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
910:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
858:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:(1): 83–145.
831:
827:
822:
818:
817:
811:
807:
801:
797:
792:
788:
786:9780199923793
782:
777:
776:
769:
765:
761:
758:(1): 87–124.
757:
753:
748:
744:
738:
733:
732:
725:
721:
719:9780809072354
715:
710:
709:
702:
701:
683:
679:
672:
657:
653:
651:
643:
636:
635:Treudley 1916
631:
624:
623:Treudley 1916
619:
612:
611:Treudley 1916
607:
600:
595:
593:
585:
580:
574:, p. 76.
573:
568:
562:, p. 72.
561:
556:
554:
546:
541:
527:on 2016-03-04
523:
519:
513:
506:
505:
498:
491:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
464:
462:
453:
442:
440:
431:
423:
419:
412:
403:
394:
387:
382:
376:, p. 27.
375:
370:
364:, p. 39.
363:
358:
351:
347:
342:
334:
330:
323:
321:
312:
308:
302:
294:
287:
283:
276:
274:
270:
260:
258:
254:
251:, a genus of
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Benjamin Rush
157:
152:
148:
142:
140:
136:
132:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
88:
85:
81:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
829:
825:
815:
795:
774:
755:
751:
730:
707:
685:. Retrieved
681:
671:
659:. Retrieved
655:
649:
642:
630:
618:
606:
579:
572:Johnson 2014
567:
560:Johnson 2014
545:Chernow 2004
540:
529:. Retrieved
522:the original
503:
497:
460:
452:
438:
430:
421:
411:
402:
393:
386:Chernow 2004
381:
374:Chernow 2004
369:
362:Kennedy 2000
357:
346:Chernow 2004
341:
332:
310:
301:
292:
286:
273:David Hosack
266:
242:
207:
198:
184:
172:bloodletting
164:yellow fever
143:
128:
106:
92:
79:
68:
58:, spoke the
45:
19:
18:
868:1834 deaths
863:1754 births
599:Girard 2009
584:Bender 2006
311:Archive.org
156:controversy
75:Ron Chernow
857:Categories
687:2018-11-12
531:2018-08-25
348:, p.
279:References
263:Later life
230:free trade
195:John Adams
42:Early life
650:Stevensia
490:CDSB 2008
257:Rubiaceae
249:Stevensia
846:29738186
764:40212042
199:de facto
64:medicine
56:classics
698:Sources
313:. 1905.
212:, who,
210:British
48:Antigua
34:to the
844:
802:
783:
762:
739:
716:
661:19 May
514:
247:named
149:, but
147:Guyana
125:Career
84:N.P.S.
842:JSTOR
760:JSTOR
525:(PDF)
508:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
444:(PDF)
216:were
168:Eliza
158:with
800:ISBN
781:ISBN
737:ISBN
714:ISBN
663:2021
512:ISBN
24:FRSE
834:doi
859::
840:.
828:.
756:66
754:.
680:.
654:.
591:^
552:^
474:^
420:.
350:27
331:.
319:^
309:.
240:.
121:.
66:.
38:.
22:,
848:.
836::
830:7
808:.
789:.
766:.
745:.
722:.
690:.
665:.
648:"
534:.
492:.
468:.
463:"
459:"
446:.
441:"
437:"
424:.
352:.
335:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.