638:, began to gather notice. LeBlanc was committed to strengthening Dominica's connections with other countries in the region, including hosting the Expo 1969 Trade Fair. In 1971, LeBlanc met with leaders of Guyana and other Caribbean states and was the first to sign the Grenada Declaration on 25 July 1972, which was intended to strength relationships in the region, but it was politically controversial in Dominica. That same year, the DFP won the local Roseau elections and the LeBlanc government reacted by introducing the Roseau Town Council (Dissolution and Interim Commissioner) Bill to replace the town council with a commissioner. A demonstration led by the Freedom Fighters and Louis Benoit of the
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early 1960s, he was focused on infrastructure development, as much of the island was still unconnected by roads but the colonial administrators refused to pay to build any major roads as they claimed not to have the funds, although they would build feeder roads. In response, LeBlanc established a system to divide the roads that he wanted constructed into sections and request funds from the
British government to construct each section separately. Using this strategy, he succeeded in building a road to connect the coastal villages to the ports in Roseau and Portsmouth. The LeBlanc government mandated a primary school education for local children and constructed the
703:
586:, founded a group called the Freedom Fighters, composed of upper-class merchants and professionals. The Freedom Fighters held rallies and infiltrated the House of Assembly to disrupt debates on the legislation but despite these efforts, the act was passed. A petition to repeal the act received over 3,000 signatures and led to a rally on 23 September 1968, where LeBlanc was said to have stated, "We are here to rule and rule we will". Although the act was not repealed, the law was never enforced and several leaders of the Freedom Fighters, including Charles, Allfrey and Loblack, joined to form a new political party, the
319:, a village on the north coast of Dominica. Growing up in a rural environment, where the village was not connected to the rest of the island by roads, significantly shaped his political leanings. Later in life, LeBlanc would often speak about his own informal education, which led to his contempt for those he considered intellectuals. He attended the local government school but when he applied for a scholarship for university, he was rejected for lacking a secondary school education. LeBlanc studied agriculture at the
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520:, the DUPP were soundly defeated by the DLP, retaining only one seat in the legislature, and following the resignation of Baron, the party dissolved. The DLP was essentially without an opposition party between 1961 and 1968. Even middle class voters, who had previously opposed the party, began to support the DLP after 1965. There was a popular tale in Dominica during LeBlanc's time in power that he could run a broomstick as a DLP candidate and still win the election.
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557:. This arrangement meant that Dominica had control over its own internal politics and policies, while Britain would handle the country's foreign affairs and national defense. LeBlanc often expressed his dissatisfaction with this arrangement, believing that Dominica should be given the same independence as Grenada, which would expand the country's national government and grant it a seat at the United Nations General Assembly.
410:. He was elected alongside Allfrey, with both DLP candidates receiving the most votes in the election. The elections were a Labour landslide, largely because the country's middle class saw no future in the federation and, believing it would soon collapse, did not field a strong candidate to oppose them. The federation â composed of ten member states, including Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and the former members of the
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change in social norms and the typical formal wear on the island became a loose white shirt described as an "Afro-Jacket". The use of patois in a formal setting was also discouraged, with many middle class
Dominicans pretending not to understand it and schools forbidding it to be taught. LeBlanc was a strong champion of the
582:, increased their criticism of a government that faced no significant political challenge. The government, led by LeBlanc, reacted by passing legislation intended to restrict media criticism, the Seditious and Undesirable Publications Act, which was nicknamed the "Shut-Your-Mouth Bill". These editors, led by the barrister
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class and black communities, who felt represented in government for the first time, although his focus on rural citizens was frequently contrasted with his contempt for those that he considered elite, notably those from Roseau who had historically held political power, which were often described by the DLP as the "
33:
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Since his death, LeBlanc has been described as "father of the nation" and he has been honoured in his country as a hero, gaining the prefix "papa" and "uncle" before his name. His legacy has been associated with his work in the 1960s to improve national infrastructure and for standing for "the little
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two weeks later, on 27 July 1974. John, who had won a party convention to replace LeBlanc as party leader, was sworn in as premier two days later. There are several theories as to why LeBlanc decided to resign, including that he was influenced by the economic or political position in the country, as
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lean which continued under LeBlanc, he felt that they had not gone far enough. LeBlanc was committed to achieving independence from
Britain and to helping poor workers, whom he called "little men", a catchphrase that still remains in Dominican politics. He had a strong relationship with the working
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Following the election, LeBlanc and his allies shifted the focus of the DLP to suit the issues that he had campaigned for â the party moved away from its role as the political arm of the DTU and coloniel politics to become a working class party that was open to middle class intellectuals. While the
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and increased separation from the DTU, while
Allfrey preferred changes within the existing colonial structure. LeBlanc won the leadership and expelled Allfrey and, later, Loblack from the party in 1964. In the election on 17 January 1961, he won one of the eleven seats in the legislature, defeating
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was gaining too much influence over LeBlanc, while
Imaobong Umoren wrote that their challenge was influenced by LeBlanc's nationalism and opposition to foreign investment. In response to this challenge, LeBlanc established the LeBlanc Labour Party only days before the election and won eight of the
536:
After the dissolution of the West Indies
Federation, talks began between various Windward and Leeward Islands to establish a new federation, the "Little Eight". The discussions carried on for four years, with LeBlanc expressing that the new federation "would preserve democracy in the area", but no
500:
dialect, and often used it in his campaign meetings. Through these efforts, it became an important part of the nation's cultural heritage, being used in the country's motto and spoken on the national radio station. This focus on cultural nationalism was crucial to LeBlanc's legacy. He commissioned
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LeBlanc retained his working-class roots as chief minister and refused to wear a suit jacket and tie, used by middle class
Dominicans to distinguish themselves from those of a lower class, to state functions or other formal events. Despite the criticism that he faced for this decision, it led to a
483:
As chief minister, LeBlanc was focused on infrastructure, education and national pride. One significant accomplishment was expanding the nation's roads system, which benefited the agricultural industry. LeBlanc was often frustrated by leading a country still under colonial
British rule. During the
442:(DUPP), which had been founded by Baron and R. H. Lockhart the same year. The DLP won 47.5% of the vote and 7 seats in the legislature, with the DUPP winning 25.6% of the vote and 4 seats. This was the party's first major electoral victory and LeBlanc was sworn in as the chief minister and
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man" and supporting the country's working class by improving education opportunities and encouraging a strong national culture. He has been criticised for his attitude as head of government, which has been described as divisive, and for leaving behind a legacy of "victimhood".
597:
The 1970 elections were the first under
Dominica's new political system. Aside from facing a challenge from the new DFP, LeBlanc was confronted by dissent within his own party. Ahead of the election on 26 October 1970, LeBlanc was challenged by three of his ministers â
488:, which included a technical training programme, Portsmouth Secondary School and Clifton Dupigny Technical College. It established a National Providence Fund, to provide pensions, funded affordable housing in Canefield and helped to re-vitalise village councils.
537:
results ever materialised and
Dominica was ultimately left to determine its own constitutional change. In April 1966, London hosted the Windward Islands Constitutional Conference, which established a plan for the British to grant Dominica
331:(DTU), he later began working for the Dominica Banana Growers Association and was elected to the local town council. In 1949, he married his wife Ethel and the couple had five children: Ewart, Erin, Einstar, Earlsworth and Eustace.
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Armour resigned on 13 July 1973 and was subsequently blamed for the circumstances leading to the state of emergency. These movements, led by the Dreads and the Four Corner Boys, only continued to grow more influential as the
414:â was intended to strength relationships in the region and was considered by some politicians to be a step towards independence. Based in Trinidad, the Federal House of Representatives was led by a small majority by the
256:. He was dedicated to representing the working class, particularly developing the nation's infrastructure, education and culture. He worked to develop Dominica's roads system and championed the native dance
710:
LeBlanc returned to Vieille Case after resigning from government. He was a delegate at the Constitutional Conference in May 1977 but after the conference, he left public life. LeBlanc was honoured with the
472:
had ready access and who could speak their language". One of his first acts as chief minister was to insist that local people should be invited to state functions, rather than British expatriates.
213:(3 October 1923 â 29 October 2004) was a Dominican politician who served as the chief minister from January 1961 to 1 March 1967 and as the first premier from 1 March 1967 to 27 July 1974. Born in
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LeBlanc stepped down as the DLP leader in July 1974. He then resigned his position as premier and his seat in the House of Assembly by sending a letter of resignation to the governor
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in 1976. He died in Vieille Case on 29 October 2004 at the age of 81. The West Coast Road, connecting Portsmouth and Roseau, was renamed the Edward Oliver Leblanc Highway in 2012.
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230:
303:. He was a delegate at the Constitutional Conference in May 1977 but otherwise retired from public life, returning to his hometown in Vieille Case. LeBlanc was honoured with the
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The DLP received its first challenge since the dissolution of the DUPP in 1968, when a speech criticising the government for supposed communist policies was reported in the
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eleven seats in the legislature, with the DLP retaining one seat and the DFP picking up two seats. LeBlanc was elected to the north-western constituency with 1,537 votes.
89:
542:
2000:
Politics of Survival and Change in Dominica, 1763â1973: An Interpretation of the Political Life Experience of Dominicans in the Colonial and Post-Colonial Situation
1889:
418:, with which the DLP had allied itself. The union was short-lived and the federation dissolved in 1962 when Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago both decided to leave.
364:
509:. LeBlanc helped to promote the country's national day as a cultural festival, with dance, music and art contests, and encouraged the rivival of the native dance
327:. He joined the civil service in Dominica, working as an agricultural instructor, and often travelled through the rural portions of the island. A member of the
446:. He was the first person of his background â being described as the "little boy from the country" â to have become the head of government for the country.
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as "a radical populist who sought to govern Dominica on behalf of the black masses. He was a man of the people and a leader to whom the masses and the
2160:
Salter, Richard C. (2000). "Shooting Dreads on Sight: Violence, Persecution, Millennialism, and Dominica's Dread Act". In Wessinger, Catherine (ed.).
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657:, was transferred to a desk job due to his negative comments about the LeBlanc government. In response, the country's civil service, led by the
296:, but he formed a new party for the election, the LeBlanc Labour Party and succeeded in winning eight of the eleven seats in the legislature.
380:
1447:
2225:"'It's Only Leftist Women Who Talk that Damn Nonsense About Women Being at a Disadvantage': Eugenia Charles's Gender Politics in Dominica"
425:, Allfrey challenged LeBlanc for leadership of the DLP on the basis of their ideological split; LeBlanc pushed for independence from the
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614:. Speaking on this issue, LeBlanc said "he cannot involve the Opposition because in the British tradition, which Dominica follows,
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to negotiate issues which Heath's Government is involved in." Patrick L. Baker suggested that part of their concern was that
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1973:
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impacted finances and traction of the youth and Rastafarian movements, or that he was impacted by colonial politics.
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upon its foundation in 1958. LeBlanc left the federation in 1960 to run for election to the national legislature.
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379:. Despite LeBlanc's success, the DLP suffered many losses in its first election, including Allfrey's loss to
265:
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In 1973, there began to be another split in the country's government, exacerbated by the growing youth and
344:
2195:
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541:. On 1 March 1967, the Dominica Constitutional Order 1967 came into force and under the new structure, a
217:, a village in the north of the island, LeBlanc attended the local school and studied agriculture at the
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with 46.9% of the vote. Douglas was a powerful adversary, as a businessman who controlled trade between
323:(now part of the University of the West Indies) in Trinidad, graduating in 1944. In 1948, he received a
2097:
2075:
Elections in the Americas, A Data Handbook Volume 1: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean
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2188:
From crown colony to associate statehood: political change in Dominica, The Commonwealth West Indies
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712:
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gained power. Violence continued into 1974, including between police and civilians at the 1974
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LeBlanc returned to Dominica in 1960 after resigning from the federal parliament. Ahead of the
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gained prominence in the party for his radio appearances calling for an aggressive response.
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1878:. Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica - Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica.
8:
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2004:
691:
554:
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269:
45:
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2148:
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1975:
Enjoying Power: Eugenia Charles and Political Leadership in the Commonwealth Caribbean
665:, which would involve police brutality against civilians. During this time, LeBlanc's
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1983:
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66:
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1998:
1969:
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411:
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LeBlanc resigned as premier on 27 July 2974 and was replaced by his deputy premier
293:
2364:
375:, but LeBlanc captured public interest due to his charisma and for campaigning in
2500:
2479:
2474:
2161:
2127:"The Defunct Dominica Defense Force and Two Attempted Coups on the Nature Island"
2101:
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the following year, LeBlanc resigned from the legislative council and ran in the
2016:
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635:
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343:(DLP) in 1957, which had been established on 24 May 1955 by the trade unionist
264:
language and the country's national day. On 1 March 1967, Dominica was granted
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610:â who intended to remove LeBlanc from the DLP on the basis that he was an
465:
32:
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in Trinidad. He worked in the civil service and became a member of the
1947:
Centring the Periphery: Chaos, Order, and the Ethnohistory of Dominica
1919:
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1926:
907:
650:
611:
510:
456:
277:
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646:(a successor to the Dominica Volunteer Force founded by LeBlanc).
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between 1957 and 1958, and as a representative of Dominica in the
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475:
461:
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1517:
1502:
947:"Short overview of the political life of Nicholson A.N. Ducreay"
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to represent Dominica in the federation's legislative body, the
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Members of the Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation
746:
Division of Culture. Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica
376:
372:
1840:
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would act as the executive, advised by a cabinet comprising a
272:. The DLP began to face challenges from the newly established
1890:"Completion ceremony of Edward Oliver Leblanc Highway Friday"
1624:
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1514:
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1289:
1287:
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in 1976 and he has been described as "father of the nation".
2287:"The Leblanc era: electoral politics in Dominica, 1951-1975"
2268:
Edward Oliver Leblanc And The Struggle To Transform Dominica
1418:
1416:
1352:
1350:
1042:
1040:
706:
Groundbreaking for the Edward Oliver Leblanc Highway in 2017
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occupied the House of Assembly, drawing a response from the
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constituency. The DLP was challenged in the election by the
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Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases
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564:. A group of newspaper editors, including Allfrey of the
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The country's close links with Guyana, particularly the
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1102:"Edward Leblanc, 81; Led Dominica Toward Independence"
969:
967:
885:
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229:(DLP), he served as a representative in the country's
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1067:
1008:
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553:. Under this new structure, LeBlanc became the first
479:
Newly constructed Layou Valley Road in the late 1950s
1813:"New Premier Is Sworn In On Dominica in West Indies"
1709:
1692:
1541:
1362:
1137:
1079:
1052:
1025:
991:
678:
celebrations in Grand Bay. LeBlanc's deputy premier
284:, LeBlanc was challenged by three of his ministers,
2394:
2305:
Recording of LeBlanc's National Day Address in 1971
964:
878:
1607:"1970 General Election Results - Electoral Office"
861:"Edward Oliver LeBlanc: a rendezvous with history"
838:
464:gros bourg". LeBlanc was described by the writer
2096:
2040:Midgett, Douglas (2006). "The Creole Master". In
1535:
1313:"Independence and the national question â part I"
513:and funded the choral singers Siffleur Montagne.
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408:Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation
239:Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation
1968:
1846:
1569:
1523:
1508:
1484:
1448:"E.O. Leblanc described as an exemplary leader"
1247:
2208:(5th ed.). John Harper Publishing. 2001.
2380:
449:
248:, LeBlanc was elected to the constituency of
2018:The Dominica Story: A History of the Island
252:and was sworn in as the chief minister and
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2373:
2011:
1858:
1752:
1635:
1422:
1356:
1235:
1046:
941:
786:
532:The Ministerial Building in the late 1950s
523:
31:
2548:People from Saint Andrew Parish, Dominica
1310:
661:, went on strike. The country declared a
2124:
1764:
1674:
701:
549:and government ministers serving in the
527:
474:
385:
321:Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture
219:Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture
2284:
2103:Phyllis Shand Allfrey: A Caribbean Life
2039:
1407:
1293:
1211:
832:
102:21 January 1961 â 1 March 1967
2530:
2222:
2184:
2159:
2068:
1922:A Political Chronology of the Americas
1864:
1661:A Political Chronology of the Americas
1647:
1593:
1581:
1434:
1311:Christian, Gabriel (1 November 2014).
1259:
1155:
1131:
1073:
1019:
985:
315:LeBlanc was born on 3 October 1923 in
2368:
2291:Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs
2265:
1997:Grell, Francis Carlton (March 1976).
1996:
1943:
1715:
1703:
1686:
1554:
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1472:
1395:
1383:
1368:
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935:
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782:
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853:
780:
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774:
772:
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766:
764:
762:
736:
734:
732:
640:Waterfront and Allied Workers' Union
455:DLP under Allfrey and Loblack had a
58:1 March 1967 â 27 July 1974
1980:University of the West Indies Press
697:
334:
13:
2259:
1872:"National Service Awards Register"
1299:
1091:
930:
14:
2579:
2568:20th-century Dominica politicians
2553:Dominica Labour Party politicians
2298:
2047:Men of the Global South: A Reader
1729:"Former government minister dies"
850:
759:
729:
398:When Dominica joined the nascent
359:to represent the constituency of
233:representing the constituency of
2426:
416:West Indian Federal Labour Party
16:Dominican politician (1923â2004)
2396:Heads of government of Dominica
1882:
1805:
1770:
1721:
1599:
1440:
325:London matriculated certificate
194:
2517:Acting officeholders shown in
1972:; Cobley, Alan Gregor (2006).
895:
440:Dominica United People's Party
1:
2558:Finance ministers of Dominica
722:
310:
268:and LeBlanc became the first
2351:1 March 1967 â 27 July 1974
2185:Thomas, Cuthbert J. (1973).
1689:, pp. 205â206, 250â251.
507:Aspects of Dominican History
404:March 1958 federal elections
345:Emmanuel Christopher Loblack
7:
2196:University of Massachusetts
2098:Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth
1847:Barriteau & Cobley 2006
1570:Barriteau & Cobley 2006
1524:Barriteau & Cobley 2006
1509:Barriteau & Cobley 2006
1485:Barriteau & Cobley 2006
1248:Barriteau & Cobley 2006
672:Movement for a New Dominica
10:
2584:
2324:Chief Minister of Dominica
2125:Phillips, Dion E. (2002).
1944:Baker, Patrick L. (1994).
1912:
634:led by the prime minister
632:People's National Congress
450:Chief minister (1961â1967)
276:and the growing youth and
90:Chief Minister of Dominica
2515:
2459:
2435:
2424:
2402:
2353:
2344:
2341:Himself as Chief Minister
2338:
2330:
2321:
2313:
2266:Andre, Irving W. (2004).
2223:Umoren, Imaobong (2021).
2205:Trade Unions of the World
2168:Syracuse University Press
1181:Trade Unions of the World
659:Civil Service Association
225:. An early member of the
204:
181:
171:
157:
137:
132:
128:
116:
106:
95:
88:
76:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
2108:Rutgers University Press
742:"Edward Oliver Le Blanc"
713:Dominica Award of Honour
351:. He was elected to the
305:Dominica Award of Honour
2307:at Dominica News Online
2243:10.1111/1468-0424.12492
2080:Oxford University Press
524:Premiership (1967â1974)
486:Dominica Grammar School
2285:Riviere, Bill (1993).
1611:electoraloffice.gov.dm
1536:Paravisini-Gebert 1996
707:
644:Dominica Defense Force
590:(DFP), to contest the
588:Dominica Freedom Party
568:, Stanley Boyd of the
533:
480:
400:West Indies Federation
395:
392:West Indies Federation
274:Dominica Freedom Party
167:Vieille Case, Dominica
705:
653:. A radio announcer,
651:Rastafarian movements
592:1970 general election
531:
518:1966 general election
478:
423:1961 general election
389:
357:1957 general election
349:Phyllis Shand Allfrey
341:Dominica Labour Party
282:1970 general election
278:Rastafarian movements
246:1961 general election
227:Dominica Labour Party
211:Edward Oliver LeBlanc
176:Dominica Labour Party
25:Edward Oliver LeBlanc
2270:. Pont Casse Press.
2230:Gender & History
2023:Macmillan Publishers
1952:McGill-Queen's Press
1894:Dominica News Online
1452:Dominica News Online
1317:Dominica News Online
1158:, pp. 232, 234.
951:Dominica News Online
911:. 22 November 2004.
790:(18 December 2004).
687:Louis Cools-Lartigue
539:associated statehood
496:language, the local
390:Inauguration of the
329:Dominica Trade Union
266:associated statehood
223:Dominica Trade Union
2347:Premier of Dominica
2005:McMaster University
1876:www.dominica.gov.dm
1778:"World News Briefs"
1650:, pp. 318â319.
1638:, pp. 239â241.
1499:, pp. 166â167.
1475:, pp. 326â327.
1410:, pp. 211â212.
1398:, pp. 246â247.
1386:, pp. 165â166.
1344:, pp. 249â250.
1296:, pp. 213â214.
1279:, pp. 248â249.
1226:, pp. 245â246.
1197:, pp. 244â245.
1170:, p. 228, 243.
988:, pp. 170â171.
444:minister of finance
371:and the capital in
353:Legislative Council
339:LeBlanc joined the
254:minister of finance
231:Legislative Council
46:Premier of Dominica
2333:Himself as Premier
2013:Honychurch, Lennox
1818:The New York Times
1783:The New York Times
943:Honychurch, Lennox
788:Honychurch, Lennox
708:
663:state of emergency
534:
505:and a work titled
481:
396:
2525:
2524:
2463:
2439:
2438:(1967–1978)
2406:
2405:(1960–1967)
2363:
2362:
2354:Succeeded by
2331:Succeeded by
2215:978-0-9543811-5-8
2177:978-0-8156-2809-5
2132:Caribbean Studies
2117:978-0-8135-2265-4
2089:978-0-19-155793-4
2061:978-1-84277-513-4
2032:978-0-333-62776-1
1989:978-976-640-191-7
1970:Barriteau, Eudine
1961:978-0-7735-1134-7
1936:978-1-135-35652-1
1511:, pp. 39â40.
1454:. 29 October 2014
1110:. 31 October 2004
1107:Los Angeles Times
792:"Edward Le Blanc"
600:Nicholson Ducreay
551:House of Assembly
434:to represent the
286:Nicholson Ducreay
208:
207:
67:Nicholson Ducreay
2575:
2461:
2460:Prime ministers
2437:
2430:
2404:
2403:Chief ministers
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2339:Preceded by
2314:Preceded by
2311:
2310:
2294:
2281:
2254:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2181:
2156:
2121:
2093:
2065:
2036:
2008:
1993:
1965:
1940:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1821:. 29 July 1974.
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1786:. 28 July 1974.
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
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1690:
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1527:
1521:
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1494:
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1444:
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1399:
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1354:
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1328:
1327:
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1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1006:
1000:
989:
983:
977:
971:
962:
961:
959:
957:
939:
928:
927:
925:
923:
903:"Edward Leblanc"
899:
893:
887:
876:
875:
873:
871:
857:
848:
842:
836:
830:
817:
816:
814:
812:
784:
757:
756:
754:
752:
738:
698:Death and legacy
692:1970s oil crisis
655:Daniel Cauderion
608:Mabel Moir James
412:Windward Islands
335:Political career
294:Mabel Moir James
198:
196:
164:
147:
145:
133:Personal details
119:
100:
79:
56:
35:
21:
20:
2583:
2582:
2578:
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2576:
2574:
2573:
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2511:
2455:
2431:
2422:
2398:
2393:
2359:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2301:
2278:
2262:
2260:Further reading
2257:
2216:
2191:
2178:
2118:
2090:
2062:
2033:
1990:
1962:
1937:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1896:. 20 April 2012
1888:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1859:Honychurch 1995
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1753:Honychurch 1995
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1636:Honychurch 1995
1634:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
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1553:
1542:
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1522:
1515:
1507:
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1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1423:Honychurch 1995
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1357:Honychurch 1995
1355:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1300:
1292:
1283:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1236:Honychurch 1995
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1053:
1047:Honychurch 1995
1045:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1001:
992:
984:
980:
972:
965:
955:
953:
945:(1 July 2017).
940:
931:
921:
919:
901:
900:
896:
888:
879:
869:
867:
859:
858:
851:
843:
839:
831:
820:
810:
808:
785:
760:
750:
748:
740:
739:
730:
725:
700:
584:Eugenia Charles
562:Dominica Herald
526:
452:
347:and the writer
337:
313:
200:
197: 1949)
192:
188:
172:Political party
166:
162:
161:29 October 2004
149:
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117:
101:
96:
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69:
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26:
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5:
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2329:
2320:
2315:
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2300:
2299:External links
2297:
2296:
2295:
2282:
2276:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2237:(1): 269â285.
2220:
2214:
2200:
2194:(PhD thesis).
2182:
2176:
2157:
2122:
2116:
2094:
2088:
2070:Nohlen, Dieter
2066:
2060:
2037:
2031:
2009:
2003:(PhD thesis).
1994:
1988:
1966:
1960:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1881:
1863:
1861:, p. 254.
1851:
1849:, p. 106.
1839:
1804:
1769:
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1755:, p. 218.
1745:
1720:
1718:, p. 251.
1708:
1706:, p. 182.
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1640:
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1574:
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1557:, p. 167.
1540:
1538:, p. 232.
1528:
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1437:, p. 285.
1427:
1425:, p. 233.
1412:
1400:
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1371:, p. 250.
1361:
1359:, p. 205.
1346:
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1238:, p. 235.
1228:
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1199:
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1136:
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1121:
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1024:
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1007:
1005:, p. 164.
990:
978:
976:, p. 163.
963:
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892:, p. 247.
877:
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835:, p. 213.
818:
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667:deputy premier
636:Forbes Burnham
618:does not send
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2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
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1971:
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1773:
1767:, p. 55.
1766:
1765:Phillips 2002
1761:
1754:
1749:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1696:
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1677:, p. 75.
1676:
1675:Phillips 2002
1671:
1665:, p. 87.
1664:
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1628:
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1572:, p. 87.
1571:
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1532:
1526:, p. 40.
1525:
1520:
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1487:, p. 38.
1486:
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1250:, p. 86.
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:
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1204:
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1185:, p. 95.
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975:
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909:
904:
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891:
886:
884:
882:
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854:
847:, p. 45.
846:
841:
834:
829:
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664:
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637:
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628:
625:
624:Ronald Armour
621:
620:Harold Wilson
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:W. S. Stevens
601:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
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576:Edward Scobie
573:
572:
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566:Dominica Star
563:
558:
556:
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548:
544:
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530:
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519:
514:
512:
508:
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503:Dies Dominica
501:the magazine
499:
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477:
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365:R. B. Douglas
362:
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290:W. S. Stevens
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187:Ethel Patrick
184:
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127:
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99:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
75:
72:
71:Ronald Armour
68:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2518:
2499:
2445:
2417:
2357:Patrick John
2345:
2322:
2290:
2267:
2234:
2228:
2204:
2187:
2162:
2139:(1): 52â81.
2136:
2130:
2102:
2074:
2046:
2017:
1999:
1974:
1946:
1921:
1898:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1816:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1781:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1711:
1682:
1670:
1660:
1655:
1643:
1614:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1531:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1451:
1442:
1430:
1408:Midgett 2006
1403:
1391:
1364:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1294:Midgett 2006
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1212:Midgett 2006
1190:
1180:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1112:. Retrieved
1105:
1081:
1069:
1027:
981:
954:. Retrieved
950:
920:. Retrieved
906:
897:
868:. Retrieved
864:
840:
833:Midgett 2006
809:. Retrieved
797:The Guardian
795:
749:. Retrieved
745:
717:
709:
684:
680:Patrick John
648:
629:
616:Edward Heath
596:
579:
569:
565:
561:
559:
535:
515:
506:
502:
490:
482:
470:petit bourgs
453:
436:Roseau South
420:
397:
338:
317:Vieille Case
314:
301:Patrick John
298:
250:Roseau South
243:
215:Vieille Case
210:
209:
163:(2004-10-29)
151:Vieille Case
111:Elizabeth II
97:
83:Patrick John
78:Succeeded by
53:
18:
2543:2004 deaths
2538:1923 births
2317:Frank Baron
2042:Jones, Adam
1648:Thomas 1973
1594:Umoren 2021
1582:Thomas 1973
1435:Thomas 1973
1260:Salter 2000
1156:Nohlen 2005
1132:Nohlen 2005
1074:Thomas 1973
1020:Nohlen 2005
986:Thomas 1973
466:Selwyn Ryan
432:Frank Baron
381:Elkin Henry
123:Frank Baron
118:Preceded by
2532:Categories
2495:P. Charles
2480:E. Charles
2328:1961â1967
1716:Grell 1976
1704:Baker 1994
1687:Grell 1976
1555:Baker 1994
1497:Baker 1994
1473:Grell 1976
1396:Grell 1976
1384:Baker 1994
1369:Grell 1976
1342:Grell 1976
1277:Grell 1976
1224:Grell 1976
1195:Grell 1976
1168:Grell 1976
1144:Grell 1976
1086:Grell 1976
1062:Baker 1994
1032:Grell 1976
1003:Baker 1994
974:Baker 1994
890:Grell 1976
845:Grell 1976
723:References
369:Portsmouth
363:, beating
361:Portsmouth
311:Early life
235:Portsmouth
153:, Dominica
144:1923-10-03
2436:Premiers
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2145:0008-6533
2052:Zed Books
1927:Routledge
1827:0362-4331
1792:0362-4331
917:0140-0460
908:The Times
806:0261-3077
571:Chronicle
457:socialist
280:. In the
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2100:(1996).
2072:(2005).
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1913:Sources
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