Female education - Knowledge

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rates and completed courses. They were organized by women and had a planned, structured curriculum, which included learning how to do skills such as learning how to "fish, cook, weave, spin cotton, dress hair, and make baskets, musical instruments, pots, and fishing nets." Much of the scholarship and research on these schools arises from the Bundu schools of Sierra Leone. In addition to these skills, girls would often be given reproductive education, such as birth control techniques or child rearing skills. In particular to the Bundu schools, women would be given an intense education in medicinal herbs and home medicinal skills. These schools did not just teach educational curriculum (such as history passed on through songs and dances), but enabled the transmission of cultural values and were centers of female power. Despite the colonial and post-colonial ideal that women ought to be educated just to serve decorative or child-bearing maternal roles, these institutions taught women to play central economic, corporate and familial roles in their communities.

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Africa. Insufficient infrastructure such as school teaching, health, and dormitory can also prevent women from entering school. At the same time, the curriculum and related teachers, syllabus, textbooks and teaching methods lack gender awareness, or exist gender bias, which has far more adverse effects for girls than boys. In many African countries, it is still to strengthen the society's perception of women's family life, and to hide the prejudice that women's intelligence is not as good as men's. In such a learning environment, women's learning attitudes are often negative, and they cannot fully exert their abilities. In the secondary and higher education stages, women are usually assigned to learn courses that are more feminine, such as home economics, craft classes or biology (biological is considered to be related to women's traditional occupations, such as nursing).

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formal education offers many benefits recognized internationally. The Fourth United Nations World Conference on Women has released publications citing numerous ways through which women's education in Africa is beneficial to society as a whole. These entail an increase in family health, in higher wage jobs available to women, an improvement in quality standards of childhood development, and a greater inclusion of women in decisions making that can impact a nation in environmental, political, social and economic ways. Despite there being a drop in participation of women in education in the majority of countries in West Africa in the 1950s and 1960s, rates of women education have been steadily climbing since then. However, there is still much statistical gender disparity as according to UNESCO statistics on women's enrollment and graduation rates.

3291:(夏葛女子醫學院), this college was located in Guangzhou, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Edward A.K. Hackett (1851–1916) of Indiana, United States. The college was dedicated in 1902 and offered a four-year curriculum. By 1915, there were more than 60 students, mostly in residence. Most students became Christians, due to the influence of Dr. Fulton. The college was officially recognized, with its diplomas marked with the official stamp of the Guangdong provincial government. The college was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese women's social status. The David Gregg Hospital for Women and Children (also known as Yuji Hospital 柔濟醫院 was affiliated with this college. The graduates of this college included 3870: 3351: 3206:), the first school for girls (Masturat School in 1920), the first theatre for women in Paghman and the first hospital for women (the Masturat Hospital in 1924). In 1928, Amanullah sent fifteen female graduates of the Masturat middle school, daughters of the royal family and government officials, to study in Turkey. Soraya Tarzi was the only woman to appear on the list of rulers in Afghanistan, and was credited with having been one of the first and most powerful Afghan and Muslim female activists. However, Queen Soraya, along with her husband's, advocacy of social reforms for women led to a protest and contributed to the ultimate demise of her and her husband's reign in 1929. King 2968:

on "population growth, health, nutrition, fertility, infant mortality, and changes in women's productivity and earnings." Researchers have cited some disadvantages however to this reliance on women's formal education. One, there is concern for women being alienated from their indigenous cultures and not receiving the education in values that were typically received through pre-colonial indigenous educational systems. In addition, there is an increasing body of literature that suggests how the formal education institutions channel women into particular lower-earning job fields such as the humanities, while guiding women away from more technical jobs with higher wages.

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schooling from parish priests or clerks. Near the end of the Middle Ages, references to women as schoolteachers appear in some French and English records. The instruction of girls was usually oral, although instructors sometimes read texts aloud to girls until they could read on their own. Families with the status and financial means could send daughters to nunneries for education outside the home. There, they could encounter a wide range of reading material, including spiritual treatises, theological studies, lives of the fathers, histories, and other books.

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even after fulfilling the 73rd amendment from 1992. The amendment established affirmative action by allotting 33% of seats at panchayats, or local self-governments, to women. Mizoram chose not to partake in the 73rd Amendment but has seen greater literacy rates, it is second highest in the country, and also has a better sex ratio. It was thus found that affirmative actions steps alone were not enough. Women also need to be given the opportunity to develop through formal education to be empowered to serve and profit from holding these public leadership roles.

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this the most convenient method. An informant played a major role in gathering information that was then cross-checked. The sample of victims of violence was made up of married women from ages 18–60 both from rural and urban communities. The study described different forms of physical violence that are already present and provided an idea of what women go through, even across communities (rural and urban). Education in this study was stressed to be the solution and a necessity in eliminating violence. A discussion of political and social barriers is needed.

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percentage of students who can graduate and pass the exam is low. At the same time, in the diversion of secondary education and higher education, there is also a "level separation" of gender, which means that boys and girls are concentrated in certain classes and majors, so that these courses become male-dominated subjects or female-dominated subjects. For example, in the fields of education, humanities, and art, the proportion of girls generally far exceeds that of boys. Science, engineering, and architecture are dominated by boys.

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two cycles. While reading, writing, dictation, and arithmetic are introduced in the first cycle, the second cycle delves into Islamic studies, experimental and social sciences, and the Persian language. Although these educational organizations are gender inclusive, they mainly cater to women; in fact, 71% of enrollees are women between the ages of 15 and 45. Throughout the 1990s, two-thirds of enrollees in literacy programs were women, which directly led to a dramatic rise (20%) in female literacy rates in Iran from 1987 to 1997.

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in rural areas. In the countryside, parents tend to use their limited resources for sons because they believe sons have abilities to bring more back and their contributions to family in the future are more significant than daughters. In an investigation, parents are 21.9% more likely to stop financing girls' education if they come into financial problems and family issues. Boys are provided with more opportunities for further studying, especially after middle school. This difference became more evident in the universities.

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assists her mother or other female relatives to complete their home tasks or achieves a transition to an adult role such as a wife or mother at this time. From that age, some girls who are still in elementary school are at risk of interrupting their studies. The traditional concept of marriage in Africa regards investment in women's education as a waste, that is, all proceeds flow to another family. Therefore, it is often difficult for women to get care from their father and thus lose many educational opportunities.

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females and gender equality. Successful projects in Peru and Malawi have conducted teacher training using teaching guides for gender-sensitive instruction. The teacher guides have been created by Visionaria Network from Peru, and Girls Empowerment Network from Malawi. They both received grants from WomenStrong International. These projects creates guides and teacher trainings for teachers to support gender sensitivity in classrooms and support girls in recognizing and reaching their full potential.

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among others There are factors that promote violence against women, which should be made open to the public. There is need for proper women and girl education to save them from the tragedy called violence. Development can be possible if individuals are able to learn positive habits that will shied them away from violence. World Health indicated that around the globe about 30% of women experience violence either by intimate sex mate or relatives.In the 1980s, Zambia brought in schooling at all levels.

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formally allowed to attend university in France in 1861, for them to qualify was often difficult due to the poor quality of their secondary education. When the problem of unqualified female teachers in girls' secondary education was addressed by a state teacher's seminary for women as well as state secondary education for girls, both of these were still gender segregated. The French school system was not desegregated on the middle secondary education level until the 20th century.

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domestic violence awareness, and healthy relationships. Immigrant Latina Women (ILW) is a highly affected group by domestic violence. Though this program took place outside of a traditional classroom, dialogue, critical thinking, and emotional well-being were stressed, areas that should be acquired while in school. Lastly, though many of the women were illiterates they were still able to come away with a stronger sense of control over their own lives, an important life skill.

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researches, 42% of female students choose to have fourth year in the high school but only 28% of male students choose to study in order to enter university. Moreover, women have a much higher probability than men to pass college entrance exams. Islamic female are in need of achieving higher education and truth proved that their abilities are enough for getting higher education. The education opportunities for female need more national attention and less regulations.

3000:, surveys have been taken by researchers suggesting that school teachers, particularly in rural schools, believe that boys learn lessons better, have more ambition, are smarter, and work harder, while girls make less effort, rarely give good responses to questions, and use poor French expression. In addition in both urban and rural schools analyzed, girls were expected to do the manual labor to keep the schools clean while this expectation was not held for the boys. 2538:

needs to be taken. Different places have different challenges requiring different solutions. However, focusing on women's empowerment in educational systems worldwide is shown to be successful. The discussion of girl power and women's education as solutions for eliminating violence against women and economic dependence on men can sometimes take dominance and result in the suppression of understanding how context, history and other factors affect women (Shenila

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Europeans was through Dutch traders, mixed race children of traders and indigenous people were removed from their indigenous communities and placed in Dutch educational institutions in Ghana. In these early colonial schools the education was also gendered by Western standards: the boys were educated from a young age to be military officers in the Dutch army and the girls were educated to be married to Dutch military officers in the region.

2343: 3324:) than males. Girls need to achieve higher grades than male students in order to get into the same level university. It is an invisible ceiling for Chinese female, especially in the top universities. It is not a public rule but a mainstream consensus among most of Chinese university admission offices. According to a telephone interview with an officer, who declined to give her name, at the Teaching Office at the 3061:

population and 27% of the urban population live below the poverty line, yet they have to bear nearly 60% of the cost of primary education. This forces them to selectively educate their children. For poor families, girls are the most direct victims when education costs are unaffordable. In a survey in the mid-1990s, 58% of respondents let their daughters to drop out, while only 27% of respondents chose sons.

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under its banner, 8,000 girls. Women's employment and education was acknowledged in 1854 by the East Indian Company's Programme: Wood's Dispatch. Slowly, after that, there was progress in female education, but it initially tended to be focused on the primary school level and was related to the richer sections of society. The overall literacy rate for women increased from 0.2% in 1882 to 6% in 1947.

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to why there are so few women in higher-level management and administrative jobs. In Ghana in 1990, women made up less than 1% of managers in the labor market, but with an average annual growth rate of 3.2%. Researchers hope that improving primary education attainment and accomplishment will lead to more attainment and accomplishment in the tertiary educational level and in the labor market.

2939:, which were economic and social forums for women in which they discussed direct action to enforce their interests, which were largely misunderstood and disregarded by various British colonial administrations. Hence, as the colonial administrations introduced schools to the region, they ignored educating women to fill economic roles in the community. In fact, the educational ideal of men as " 2931:

education in "religious thought, reading and writing" and for the instructors to be paid by the pupil. For women in particular however, these colonial forms of education brought with them European ideals of women's roles in the family, society and economy. These Western ideas of womanhood oftentimes contrasted with women's roles in the economy, society, or in the home. For example,

4507:, was accepted as a university student by dispensation in 1870, advanced classes and college classes were included in many girls' schools to prepare students for university (by means of dispensation). In 1872, the demand that all students must be members of the Swedish-speaking upper classes was dropped. Women were given the right to teach in grammar schools for girls in 1882. 3908:—died 680 AD. Founder of the co-ed monastery of Whitby (men and women lived in separate houses), she established a center of education in her monastery similar to what was founded by the Frankish nuns. According to the Venerable Bede, "Her prudence was so great, that not only meaner men in their need, but sometimes even kings and princes, sought and received her counsel." 4603:('daughters' high schools') became common; in many German cities later in the century, these schools were given government support, became public and had their education adjusted to become equivalents of boys' high schools. It was not until 1908, when women were allowed to attend university; in the 20th century, the public secondary education system was integrated. 4484:, preferred by those who did not wish to send their daughters to schools in Sweden. The private girls' schools were, however, criticized for shallow education of accomplishments, which resulted in girls' education being included in the school reform of 1843. The following year, two Swedish-language state schools for girls was founded in Turku and Helsinki: 3308:

uneducated women to learn basic writing and calculation. This project raised the proportion of educated women. It was promoted not only in cities but also in rural area. Villages had their own elementary schools. Instead of only taking care of children and chores at home, middle-aged women had chances to learn writing and reading in local schools.

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ethnicity. On the other hand, compared with the rest of the world, Africa, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, still lags behind in the field of women's education. Educational interventions in conflict-affected regions must adopt a more holistic and culturally sensitive approach to reshape gender norms and foster sustainable peace-building efforts.

3595:, an alliance of smaller religious schools. This led to the creation of the first female seminary in Iran. These institutions offer the opportunity to earn anything from high school diplomas to doctoral degrees. The acceptance rate for women into these religious institutions was 28% in 2010 (7,000 accepted out of 25,000 applicants). 2984:

of men have completed tertiary education as opposed to 0.2% of women. Some of the reasons for poor enrollment and participation is the "male breadwinner" ideal that prioritizes educating boys over girls and limited funds available to families for education. In addition, in West Africa women are seen as the primary providers of

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was the first girl form of higher education in Saudi Arabia. By 1961 there were 12 elementary schools for girls and by 1965 there were 160. By 1970, there 357 and by 1975 there were 963, and 1980 there were 1,810. By 1981, the number of girls enrolled in public schools almost equaled the number of boys.

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From 1857 public secondary education girls' schools, called lyceum or girls' gymnasiums (as the equivalent to the state gymnasium's for boys), were opened in Russia. The Russian school regulation for state secondary girls' schools of 1860 stated that in contrast to state secondary boys' school, which

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in Moscow in 1765. The quality of these schools were very high even for Western European standards, and they became a role model for later girls' schools in Russia. They were followed by both private girls' schools as well as by state schools who allowed girls in the lower classes, and in 1792, there

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During his reign, Emperor Charlemagne had his wife and daughters educated in the liberal arts at the Palace Academy of Aachen, for which he is praised in the Vita Karolini Magni. There is evidence that other nobles had their daughters educated at the Palace Academy as well. In line with this, authors

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During 1978 and 1979, the proportion of women who participated in universities as students or faculties was rather low. 31% of students admitted to universities were women. For faculty gender composition, there are 14% female. This situation has changed with time passing by. University enrollment was

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After India attained independence in 1947, the University Education Commission was created to recommend suggestions to improve the quality of education. However, their report spoke against female education, referring to it as: "Women's present education is entirely irrelevant to the life they have to

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In recent decades, female education in Africa has made great (though uneven) progress. On the one hand, the level of development of women's education between countries and countries in this region is still significantly different due to differences in geographical location, social class, language and

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In addition to the enrollment rate and gender parity index, other indicators, such as repetition rates, dropout rates, graduation rates, etc., also reflect the progress of women's education in Africa. In 1999, the repetition rate of female primary education in Sub-Saharan African countries was 17.7%,

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One of the primary ways in which there are gender disparities in education in West Africa are in the ratios of male to female participation: 43.6% of men have completed primary education as opposed to 35.4% of women, 6.0% of men have completed secondary education as opposed to 3.3% of women, and 0.7%

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by providing equal opportunities to access and benefit from quality STEM education. To enhance female literacy in Bangladesh, the government has implemented a range of programs. These initiatives encompass distributing free books to all primary schoolchildren, providing free education for girls up to

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students became a political issue in Sweden during the period from 1900 to 1940. By 1900, 66 percent of Sweden's teachers were women, many of whom worked in isolated rural areas, where they faced loneliness and the threat of male violence. Politicians, teachers, and female authors debated a number of

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reports that noble women were often sent to these schools for girls even if they did not intend to pursue the religious life, and St. Aldhelm praised their curriculum for including grammar, poetry, and scriptural study. The biography of Sts. Herlinda and Renilda also demonstrates that women in these

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In 1955, Queen (Princess at the time) Effat, King Faisal's Wife, of Saudi Arabia established "Dar Al Hanan", the first school for girls in the country. In 1959, King Saud addressed the nation, started a public Girl Education program. In 1960, "Kuliyat Al Banat" (The girl college) was launched, which

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regime's neglect in regards to educating children and populations in rural areas. In the late 1980s, LMO created adult literacy programs, vocational-technical schools, and religious institutions to combat high illiteracy rates. Adult literacy programs teach introductory reading, writing, and math in

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While formal education is prevalent amongst Iranian women, non-formal educational intuitions are an option as well. Non-formal education in the Islamic Republic of Iran originated from the Literary Movement Organization (LMO), which aspired to decrease illiteracy rates in the country. Established in

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Islamic higher education contains five levels: associate, bachelor's, master's, professional doctorate and specialized doctorate. Before the revolution, the gender gap is obvious in master level and specialized doctorate, which are only 20% and 27%. It has changed after 30 years. In 2007, the female

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In addition, the status and literacy rates between West Bengal and Mizoram were found to be profound; a study compared the two states as they took on politically different approaches to helping empower women (Ghosh, Chakravarti, & Mansi, 2015). In West Bengal, literacy rates were found to be low

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Mahila Samakhya Program: This program was launched in 1988 as a result of the New Education Policy (1968). It was created for the empowerment of women from rural areas especially socially and economically marginalized groups. When the SSA was formed, it initially set up a committee to look into this

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was also a pioneer in promoting women's education in 19th-century India. With participation of like-minded social reformers like Ramgopal Ghosh, Raja Dakshinaranjan Mukherjee and Pandit Madan Mohan Tarkalankar, he established Calcutta's (now Kolkata) first school for girls in 1849 called the secular

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The Church Missionary Society tasted greater success in South India. The first boarding school for girls came up in Tirunelveli in 1821. By 1840 the Scottish Church Society constructed six schools with roll strength of 200 Hindu girls. When it was mid-century, the missionaries in Madras had included

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According to the fifth national census in 2000, the average education length of females is up to 7.4 years. This digit increases from 7.0 years to 7.4 years in 3 years. However, the female education duration is still 0.8 year less than male's duration. This gap in higher-level of education is larger

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Due to the social custom that men and women should not be near one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for women in Western medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary, Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854–1927),

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In addition, various forms of sexual violence and sexual harassment in schools, or concerns about sexual violence and sexual harassment, are silent barriers to girls' enrollment. These behaviors not only affect the school's academic performance, but also cause pregnancy, early marriage and so on. At

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Compared with men, women in most African countries have been disadvantaged in education, and the higher the level of education, the more unfavorable the situation. One of the most important reasons for this "vertical separation" is that girls' academic performance is worse than that of boys, and the

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Gender disparities in higher education persist as well, with women accounting for a little over 20% of university level enrollment in all of Sub-Saharan Africa, and countries in West Africa such as Niger and Ghana reporting rates of 15% and 21%, respectively. This is considered a contributing factor

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for their own children, as women invest more of their income in their families than men do. Yet, many barriers to education for girls remain. In some African countries, such as Burkina Faso, girls are unlikely to attend school for such basic reasons as a lack of private latrine facilities for girls.

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education disparities are deep rooted, even in Europe and North America. In some Western countries, women have surpassed men at many levels of education. For example, in the United States in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50%

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were to prepare students for university, girls were foremost to be educated to become wives and mothers. Since the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861, village folk schools were established for the peasantry where boys and girls were given elementary education together as children, but until the

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In the 1850s the women's movement started in Russia, which were firstly focused on charity for working-class women and greater access to education for upper- and middle-class women, and they were successful since male intellectuals agreed that there was a need for secondary education for women, and

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The state schools however only allowed girls in the elementary education classes, not on the secondary education level, and the majority of the private girls' schools gave a shallow education of accomplishments with focus on becoming a wife and mother or, if they failed in marrying, a seamstress or

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in Italy in 1732, and taught physics at the same university. She was the first recorded woman to have a doctorate in science. Working at the University of Bologna, she was also the first salaried woman teacher in a university and at one time she was the highest paid employee. She was also the first

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Soon afterwards, committees were created that talked about equality between men and women in the field of education. For example, one committee on differentiation of curriculum for boys and girls (1959) recommended equality and a common curricula at various stages of their learning. Further efforts

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However, the fact that the female literacy rate was at 8.9% post-Independence could not be ignored. Thus, in 1958, a national committee on women's education was appointed by the government, and most of its recommendations were accepted. The crux of its recommendations were to bring female education

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Schools create a safe and fair learning environment and institutional culture that is conducive to women. Gender considerations will be taken into account in the supply and allocation of resources to meet women's specific educational needs. More important is to strengthen gender awareness education

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Effectively promote universal, free and compulsory basic education, reduce or eliminate the direct cost of basic education, so that primary education can be more affordable. For example, in 2001, Tanzania implemented free primary education, resulting in a rapid increase in the gross enrollment rate

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Africa's deep-rooted attitude towards women may be traced back to the patriarchal system that continued in African native culture and colonial experience. Traditionally, women's reproductive and family roles are of great value. Adolescent African girls feel this pressure strongly because she either

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The location of the school has a direct impact on the type of education that women receive, the quality of education, and the time of education. Many parents are unwilling to let young children go to school far away from home, and the distance between the school and the home is very common in rural

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In post-colonial West Africa, many of the ideals of Western education have remained while much of the infrastructure and funding left with the colonial presence. Particularly in Nigeria, formal education was seen as a policy making tool, as women's formal education has been linked to having effects

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Women's education in West Africa manifested in both formal and informal structures, with one of the more notable structures that had influence on women's education being preparatory schools labeled "Bush Schools". These bush schools were institutions that would oftentimes boast near 100% graduation

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Education systems vary in administration, curriculum and personnel, but all have an influence on the students that they serve. As women have gained rights, formal education has become a symbol of progress and a step toward gender equity. In order for true gender equity to exist, a holistic approach

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In the first half of the 19th century, a growing discontent over the shallow education of women eventually resulted in the finishing schools being gradually replaced by girls' schools with a higher level of academic secondary education, called "Higher Girl Schools", in the mid-19th century. At the

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France formally included girls in the state elementary education school system in 1836, but girls and boys were only integrated in the lower levels; the secondary education of girls was entrusted to girls' schools managed by nuns or governesses, who lacked necessary qualifications. When women were

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In 2005, the Saudi government launched King Abdullah Scholarship Program (KASP), with over half of the scholarship beneficiaries being women. In 2015, 44,000 women had graduated from top universities in the US, East Asia, Europe, and more. The scholarship provided full-board scholarships for women

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largely opposed the bill, claiming that Indians (both male and female) were largely uneducated and thus unsuited to judging European offenders in court. Indian women who supported the bill responded by noting that they were more educated as a whole then the Anglo-Indian women who opposed the bill,

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In the 21st century, university education is becoming more prevalent. The total enrollment goes up. Compare to the year of 1977, which is the first year when college entrance examination was recovered, the admission rate increased from 4.8% to 74.86%. Since the general admission has largely risen,

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In the 1980s, Chinese central government passed a new education law, which required local governments to promote 9-year obligation education nationwide. The new education law guaranteed education rights until middle school. Before the 1960s, female enrollment in elementary school was 20%. 20 years

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Between the years 1931 and 1945, the percent of uneducated women was over 90%, and most of the women who were educated had only completed the elementary level. In the 1950s, after the establishment of People Republic China, the government started a civilization project. It enabled large amounts of

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among Chinese women that lasted through the end of the 19th century, it was recognized that a woman's virtue lay with her lack of knowledge. As a result, female education was not considered to be worthy of attention. With the arrival of numerous Christian missionaries from Britain and the U.S. to

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In regards to academic achievement, according to the FAWE Conference girls across the Sub-Saharan region reported lower scores in Math and Science subjects. The tendency for girls to be pushed into clerical positions upon finishing school is also a widely researched and held belief. Despite this,

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after 1820, male Scottish missionaries decided that only the most basic education was necessary to prepare native women for the propagation of Christianity within the home. They prevented female teachers from operating in the Scottish mission's territory. They delayed the establishment of a Girls'

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In Pakistan, a negative relationship was found between the formal level of education a woman attains and the likelihood of violence against that woman (After, 2013). The researcher used snowball convenient sampling, a sampling method where participants are referred. Ethical and privacy issues made

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organized the regulation of girls' schools and female education in Sweden: from 1870, some girls' schools were given the right to offer the Gymnasium level to their students, and from 1874, those girls' schools which met the demands were given governmental support and some were given the right to

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Schools in Ireland taught more than academics. They taught about social practices such as manners and conversation skills. Other skills that could help create "proper" adults. Therefore, most schools aimed their female education to help reinforce women's values and proper education for the future

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During the late Middle Ages in England, a girl could receive an education in the home, in domestic service, in a classroom hosted in a royal or aristocratic household, or in a convent. There is some evidence of informal elementary schools in late medieval towns, where girls may have received some

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and are prevented from going to the same school as male students. Female students have to learn different versions of textbooks, which are special editions only for female students. Unmarried women are ineligible for financial aid if they attempt to study abroad. Throughout the past 30 years, the

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Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme (KGBV): This scheme was launched in July, 2004, to provide education to girls at primary level. It is primarily for the underprivileged and rural areas where literacy level for females is very low. The schools that were set up have 100% reservation: 75% for

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missionaries led classes teaching western methods of hygiene and child birth to the indigenous mothers or mothers-to-be. The missionaries tried to construct an ideal of motherhood that matched white European middle-class standards, irrespective of the social context of the ideals of motherhood in

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One of the groups of people that the colonial governments in West Africa put heavy import on educating were the mixed children of white people, typically men, and indigenous people, typically women. In pre-British era of Ghanaian history, when much of the interaction between indigenous people and

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Gender equity goes further than simply enabling access to school; the curriculum also matters. There is a need to focus in schools on boosting girls' confidence and capacity to equally participate in society. The type of instruction teachers are using in the classroom determines empowerment among

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Education increases a woman's (and her partner's and the family's) level of health and health awareness. Furthering women's levels of education and advanced training also tends to delay the initiation of sexual activity, first marriage, and first childbirth. Moreover, more education increases the

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Most girls had to leave school early or be home after school to look after the house and their siblings. This would often be overlooked due to the impression that boys' education was more important than their female classmates. However, by 1892, school attendance was made mandatory for students.

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Before and after Independence, India has been taking active steps towards women's status and education. The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2001, has been a path breaking step towards the growth of education, especially for females. According to this act, elementary education is a fundamental

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The government plays an important role in advancing gender equality in education. One of its roles is to create a good environment through laws and policies to promote women's education to achieve gender equality. Beyond the law, the government must also set up a clear framework. For example, in

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Family economic status is an important factor in determining whether a parent is capable of withstanding the direct and indirect costs of a child's education. Direct costs include tuition, school uniform fees, transportation fees and other material fees like textbooks. In Kenya, 47% of the rural

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on vocational and business training for women in low- and middle-income countries summarized the evidence from thirty-five studies regarding the impacts of such training programs. The authors found that these types of programs have small positive effects on employment and income with variability

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Different countries experience various forms of violence against women and girls, which in Nigeria, UNICEF noted 16 facts about such incidence. Some of those facts include: physical effects, psychological effects, short-term and long-term effect; effects on the victims, the children, the society

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National Programme for Education of Girls at Elementary Level (NPEGEL): This programme was launched in July 2003. It was an incentive to reach out to the girls who the SSA was not able to reach through other schemes. The SSA called out to the "hardest to reach girls". This scheme has covered 24

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acted more cautiously, but nevertheless worked for the moderate and steady improvement of women's rights Women were allowed to take classes at the Masturat Women's Hospital in Kabul in 1931, and some girls' schools were reopened; the first High School for girls was officially called a 'Nursing

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In the past few decades, African countries have attached great importance to the role of education in the process of nation-state construction and development. Therefore, education has been placed on the policy priorities, and the rapid expansion of the number of educational institutions at all

4622:

to educate the classes who could not afford proper education. Therefore, more schools were built to house incoming students of all social classes. Yet, according to superintendents, there was poor student attendance amongst the children due to their chores, illness, bad weather, or the lack of

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Iranian women do have desires and abilities to pursue further education. An Iranian high school student can earn a diploma after studying for three years. If students aim to enter colleges, they will stay in the high schools for the fourth year study, which has very intense study. According to

2995:

In addition to this, some gender disparities are caused by teacher's attitudes towards students in the classroom according to the students' gender. There are some preconceived notions that boys are more intelligent and harder working than girls in some West African countries. In particular in

2524:

The relationship is a lot more complicated than it seems, women can be illiterate but still become empowered (Marrs Fuchsel, 2014). Immigrant Latina Women (ILW) were part of a qualitative study of 8 to 10 participant groups, at a time, and completed an 11-week program centered on self-esteem,

3603:

Newlyweds (women specifically) are educated on family planning, safe sex, and birth control in population control programs. In addition, the government has established rural health houses managed by local health workers. These health professionals travel to different areas in order to impart

3068:

of girls to go to school is higher, because they bear multiple roles such as family workers and mothers' assistants, and they have to bear more labor than men. For example, in a province of Zambia, girls spend four times as much time on direct productive labor as boys. Therefore, girls' late

2930:

people, were pioneered by missionaries and institutions that were trying to educate religious thought in addition to teaching more traditional western educational topics such as reading and writing. As early as 1529, King John III of Portugal had given instruction to open schools and provide

3025:

While the enrollment rate of women at all levels is increasing, the gender parity index is also improving. In sub-Saharan Africa, the gender parity index for primary school enrollment in 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2006 was 0.77, 0.81, 0.89, and 0.92, respectively. In some countries, women's gross

2464:

as well, increasing contraceptive use while lowering sexually transmitted infections, and increasing the level of resources available to women who divorce or are in a situation of domestic violence. Education also improves women's communication with partners and employers and their rates of

4818:

Between 1904 and 1909, girls were integrated in state boys' schools on the secondary levels, which made it possible for girls to complete their elementary and middle level education in a state school instead of having to go to an expensive private girls' school. Finally in 1927, all state

4499:

At this time it was not possible for the girls to pass the baccalaureate and move on to university studies. In 1865, a grammar school made it clear that only girls whose upbringing and manners were impeccable, whose company could not be considered detrimental to others, and who were from

3341:

Most females were allowed to pursue education without significant constraints in the Vedic period. Women's education, unlike in the subsequent periods was not neglected. Female scholars were also present during this period. The educators of this period had divided women into two groups –

2558:, as comparable, using girls' education as the focus, history and context were ignored. What led to the shooting of Malala was reduced to being solely about her educating herself as a girl. United States interference, poverty, and government corruption and instability were not addressed. 4215: 3715:

and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn Asakir himself had studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. According to a hadith collected in the

3445:

were made to expand the education system, and the Education Commission was set up in 1964, which largely talked about female education, which recommended a national policy to be developed by the government. This occurred in 1968, providing increased emphasis on female education.

4560:

established first elementary education schools for poor children and orphans and eventually before 1750, also a type of secondary education girls' schools for wealthy girls called "daughters institutes", which were essentially finishing schools. In Protestant Germany, the great

3612:

Women in Saudi Arabia play an important role, and Women have a higher graduation rate from college than males do in 2023. Women receive free, widespread access to K-12, undergraduate, and graduate Education, including full-board scholarships to over 512 universities globally.

4661:

in the 18th century, women's education in Russia was almost non-existent, and even noblewomen were often illiterate. With the exceptions of some smaller private schools in the Western European foreign colony of St Petersburg, women's education in Russian started when empress

3051:

There are gender differences in education in Africa, and the factors that lead to these differences are manifold. The factors that hinder the education of gender equality can be roughly divided into economic factors, school-related factors, and social and cultural factors.

10721:

Seeberg, Vilma; Baily, Supriya; Khan, Asima; Ross, Heidi; Wang, Yimin; Shah, Payal; Wang, Lei (3 April 2017). "Frictions that activate change: dynamics of global to local non-governmental organizations for female education and empowerment in China, India, and Pakistan".

2451:. In the poorest countries of the world, 50% of girls do not attend secondary school. Yet, research shows that every extra year of school for girls increases their lifetime income by 15%. Improving female education, and thus the earning potential of women, improves the 3342:

Brahmavadinis and Sadyodvahas. The former were life-long students of philosophy and theology. Sadyodvahas used to continue their studies until they got married. There were many women poets and philosophers, such as Apala, Ghosha, Visvavara, Sulabha Maitreyi and Gargi.

3504:

and the effect it has on girls' education, especially in slums and rural areas. In areas with no ready access to water, girls are often pulled out of school to collect water for their families. Another step in this direction has been Shakti program started by

3252:

gradually banned education for girls and women above the 6th grade. Women were also prohibited from working as teachers and in other professions, creating problems for girls' elementary education and leading to a risky underground network of girls' schools.

3210:'s deposition caused a severe backlash, the girls 'schools were closed, the female students who had been allowed to study in Turkey was recalled to Afghanistan and forced to put on the veil and enter purdah again, and polygamy for men was reintroduced. 3732:

were notable for not letting social mores restrain their education in religious knowledge. Further, In the 15th century, al-Sakhawi dedicated an entire volume of his biographical dictionary to female scholars, documenting information on 1,075 of them.

3590:

Religious schools are another educational route for Iranian women. Their popularity is illustrated by the rise in the institution of "female seminaries" as of 2010. In 1984, Ayatollah Khomeini, former supreme leader of Iran, called for the creation of

3834:, for instance, was distinguished for her knowledge of geometry, literature, music, and philosophy. In the wall paintings of Pompeii, women are more likely than men to be pictured with writing implements. Some women had sufficient knowledge of Roman 7459:

Vavrus, Frances; Bloch, Marianne (1998). "Gender and Educational Research, Policy and Practice in Sub-Saharan Africa: Theoretical and Empirical Problems and Prospects". In Bloch, Marianne N.; Beoku-Betts, Josephine A.; Tabachnick, B. Robert (eds.).

3021:

Taking Sub-Saharan Africa as an example: in early 1960, the gross enrollment rate of girls in primary education, secondary education and higher education was 25%, 1% and 0.1%, respectively. By 2006, the figures were 89%, 28% and 4%, respectively.

4058:"had been born and reared in one of the most brilliant and enlightened of European courts, where the cultural equality of men and women was normal". By her influence, she made education for English women both popular and fashionable. In 1523, 4815:

administer the school leaving exam. This was necessary to make it possible for women to enroll at the universities, which had been opened to women in 1870, as female students were not accepted in the same middle schools as male students.

4453:

in the 1780s, schools for secondary education for females were established in the capital of Copenhagen, though female teachers were only allowed to teach girls or very small boys. One of the first schools for females of any note was the

3567:

Female rate has not only increased in the students but also in faculty. Twenty years ago, only 6% of all professors and 8% of all associated professors were women. Now 8% of all professors and 17% of all associated professors are female.

4703:

in St Petersburg in 1878: however they did not issue formal degrees, and women were not allowed to attend university until 1905. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, men and women were given equal access to education on all levels.

4281:

Actual progress in institutional terms, for secular education of women, began in the West in the 19th century, with the founding of colleges offering single-sex education to young women. These appeared in the middle of the century.

2811:

Christian missionaries in the 19th century opened modern educational methods, but they usually focused on boys. After early experiments they settled on promoting ideology of domestic femininity imparted through girls' schooling. In

3560:. The general enrollment population declined during that time. After the cultural revolution, the amount of enrollment was going up. The increase in the number of university students is accompanied with an increase in female rate. 4758:, with only a shallow education of polite conversation in French, embroidery, piano playing and other accomplishments, and the purpose was only to give the students a suitable minimum education to be a lady, a wife and a mother. 4630:

Girls could attend a fee-paying school in Ireland from the ages of 7/8 to 17/18 years of age, although, since education can be expensive, they most often put the boys in school, with the impression that they would need it more.

3481:

One notable success came in 2013, when the first two girls ever scored in the top 10 ranks of the entrance exam to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Sibbala Leena Madhuri ranked eighth, and Aditi Laddha ranked sixth.

3402:

became one of the first Indian universities to admit female graduates to its degree programmes, before any British universities would begin to do the same. This point was later raised during the controversy surrounding the 1883

3126:

Ethiopia, the government clearly stipulates that women and men have the same opportunity to accept the same curriculum, and are free to choose a profession to ensure that women have the same employment opportunities as men.

2710:

and caring for older relatives with dementia, can open up new educational pathways, especially for out-of-school girls and adult women. Job search engines and professional networking sites enable women to compete in the

7755: 4694:

Women were allowed to attend lectures at the university in 1861, but were banned again when they attempted to enroll as students in 1863. When this resulted in women studying in Western Europe (mainly Switzerland), the

4551:

Germany was a pioneer in the education of girls. Beginning in the 17th century, schools for girls were opened in both Catholic Southern Germany as well as Protestant Northern Germany. In Catholic Germany, the Catholic

4084:

was an advocate of formal education for women. In fact his emphasis was on a type of universal education making no distinction between humans; with an important component allowed to parental input, he advocated in his

7048:

Day, Lynda (1998). "Rites and Reason: Precolonial Education and Its Relevance to the Current Production and Transmission of Knowledge". In Bloch, Marianne N.; Beoku-Betts, Josephine A.; Tabachnick, B. Robert (eds.).

3013:

levels has greatly increased women's educational opportunities. In particular, after the World Conference on Education for All, women's education received special attention in Africa and achieved rapid development.

4634:

By the second half of the 19th century, female students were criticized for learning other skills, such as artistic skills like the piano and painting. Although the education was often poor, some schools, such as

3454:

right for children between the ages of 6 and 14. The government has undertaken to provide this education free of cost and make it compulsory for those in that age group. This undertaking is more widely known as

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poses disadvantages. While these disadvantages were once somewhat contained to wealthy countries, they are now relevant globally, due to the rapid and continuing proliferation of internet-connected technology.

2434:

and girls face explicit barriers to entry to school, for example, violence against women or prohibitions of girls from going to school, while other problems are more systematic and less explicit, for example,

4108:, became pioneers in educational questions. Under the influence of Strasbourg in 1592, the German Duchy Pfalz-Zweibrücken became the first territory of the world with compulsory education for girls and boys. 10347:

Regulations on Women's Schools of the Ministry of National Education, 1860, May 10. In Memorial Book of the Ministry of National Education for 1865, Saint Petersburg: Rogalskiy & Co PrintingHouse, pp:

7490:

Anderson-Levitt, Kathryn M.; Bloch, Marianne; Soumare, Aminata M. (1998). "Inside Classrooms in Guinea: Girls' Experiences". In Bloch, Marianne N.; Beoku-Betts, Josephine A.; Tabachnick, B. Robert (eds.).

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including a year-round ticket, monthly stipend, full tuition coverage, free private tutoring, and even a monthly stipend and yearly ticket for a male family relative to travel with all the women students.

7700:

Bisika, Thomas; Ntata, Pierson; Konyani, Sidon (1 September 2009). "Gender-violence and education in Malawi: a study of violence against girls as an obstruction to universal primary school education".

6393:

Marrs Fuchsel, L. Catherine (2014). "'Yes, I Feel Stronger with More Confidence and Strength:' Examining the Experiences of Immigrant Latina Women (ILW) Participating in the Si, Yo Puedo Curriculum".

2740: 8515: 4723:), girls as well as boys were expected to be given elementary schooling. The establishment for girls' schools was left to each city's own authorities, and no school for girls were founded until the 3751:, it was common for women to attend informal lectures and study sessions at mosques, madrasas, and other public places. While there were no legal restrictions on female education, some men, such as 2443:

Improving girls' educational levels has been demonstrated to have clear impacts on the health and economic future of young women, which in turn improves the prospects of their entire community. The

4649:

Some families relied on private, in-home education through tutors or siblings. This form of education was usually expensive, and therefore, only middle to upper-classed families could afford it.

4401:(1849) in London started to offer some education to women, and by 1862 Davies was establishing a committee to persuade the universities to allow women to sit for the recently established (1858) 10489: 4421:

at Oxford in 1879. Bedford had started awarding degrees the previous year. Despite these measurable advances, few could take advantage of them and life for women students was very difficult.

8609: 4460:, and in the 1840s, schools for girls spread outside the capital and a net of secondary education girl schools was established in Denmark. The first college for women, the teachers seminary 3026:

enrollment ratios even exceed men's gross enrollment rates, such as the Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, and Zambia. The gender parity index for secondary and higher education also tends to increase.

3461:

Since then, the SSA has come up with many schemes for inclusive as well as exclusive growth of Indian education as a whole, including schemes to help foster the growth of female education.

4727:

in 1632, and that school was to be an isolated example. However, schools for boys did accept female students at the lowest lewels and occasionally even at high levels: Ursula Agricola and

3198:, wife of King Amanullah, made rapid reforms to improve women's lives and their position in the family, marriage, education and professional life. She founded the first women's magazine ( 4054:(1529, written two decades before); not mostly concerned with female education, in this work he does mention with approbation the trouble Thomas More took with teaching his whole family. 530: 3899:

and abbess of the convent he founded for her nuns, Caesaria the Younger continued the teaching of over a hundred women at the convent and aided in the copying and preservation of books.

7345:

Hollos, Marida (1998). "The Status of Women in Southern Nigeria: Is Education a Help or a Hindrance?". In Bloch, Marianne N.; Beoku-Betts, Josephine A.; Tabachnick, B. Robert (eds.).

3374:

became pioneers of female education when they started a school for girls in 1848 in Pune. In eastern India, apart from important contributions by eminent Indian social reformers like

3320:

more students got into universities. Although women are assumed to own the same rights of general education, they are forced to do better in the Chinese college entrance examination (

442: 6963:

Keshavjee, Rashida (February 2010). "The elusive access to education for Muslim women in Kenya from the late nineteenth century to the 'Winds of Change' in Africa (1890s to 1960s)".

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attempts to assail the walls of British medical education against strong opposition; she eventually took her degree in France. Garrett's successful campaign to run for office on the

2950:

One of the other ways through which colonizing countries were able to exert influence and indirect rule over the indigenous people was through maternal education. In colonial Ghana,

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Page from an illuminated manuscript from the late 10th century. The three nuns in front are all holding books, and the middle one appears to be teaching, gesturing to make a point.

2975:

Due to handicapes made for the afghan women and girls for getting education by Taliban government, United nations dedicated 2023 World education day to the afghan girls and women.

4449:

Girls were included as pupils in the first attempt of a public elementary school system in 1739, though this attempt was not fully realized until 1814. From the foundation of the

4712:

Around 1800, girls' middle-secondary schools begun to appear, and become more common during the 19th century. By the mid-1970s, most of them had been scrapped and replaced with

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and Mary Wollstonecraft, she argued that virtue had no sex and she promoted the broad education of women in order to increase their opportunities for employment. But unlike her

3758:

While women accounted for no more than one percent of Islamic scholars prior to the 12th century, there was a large increase of female scholars after this. In the 15th century,

7752: 7434:

Stromquist, Nelly P. (1998). "Agents in Women's Education: Some Trends in the African Context". In Bloch, Marianne N.; Beoku-Betts, Josephine A.; Tabachnick, B. Robert (eds.).

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and oratorical training to conduct court cases on their own behalf, or on behalf of others. Among occupations that required education, women could be scribes and secretaries,

3312:

after publishment of education law, in the year 1995, this percentage had increased to 98.2%. By 2003, proportion of female who dropped from middle school decreased to 2.49%.

4236:

in history, was a central, autonomous body responsible for nationwide, secular and coeducational training. In the late 19th century, in what was then the Russian province of

4100:'s text 'An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes' (1524), with the call for establishing schools for both girls and boys. Especially the Protestant South-West of the 2676:

Equipping women and girls with digital skills helps put them on equal footing with digitally savvy men, and opens up countless opportunities for increased agency and choice.

6629:

Khoja-Moolji, Shenila (20 April 2015). "Suturing Together Girls and Education: An Investigation Into the Social (Re)Production of Girls' Education as a Hegemonic Ideology".

6868: 4588:'s Royal Elisabeth School in Berlin in 1747. In the 18th century, it became common with so called Töchterschule ('daughters' schools') in German cities, supported by the 4349:

of women in larger numbers, principally to provide primary education. Women's access to traditionally all-male institutions took several generations to become complete.

2992:. In addition, a leading cause of gender disparities in education are gender disparities in the labor market, which lead to gendered ideas of women's role in a society. 2794:

Education for disabled women has also improved. In 2011, Giusi Spagnolo became the first woman with Down Syndrome to graduate college in Europe (she graduated from the

4368:

The interrelated themes of barriers to education and employment continued to form the backbone of feminist thought in the 19th century, as described, for instance, by

3652: 2460:

likelihood of remaining single, having no children, or having no formal marriage while increasing levels of long-term partnerships. Women's education is important for

6608: 4859:

were established with ministries addressing women's education. For medieval examples of convent schools, which are one form of such institutions, see the examples at

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would be in school; the social rank of a centurion was typically equivalent to modern perceptions of the "middle class". Girls as well as boys participated in public

4797:

During the second half of the 19th century, there were secondary education girl schools in most Swedish cities. All of these were private, with the exception of the

4436:

in 1870 is another example of how a small band of determined women were starting to reach positions of influence at the level of local government and public bodies.

525: 6714: 4871:(1849). Contemporary convent schools are usually not restricted to Catholic pupils. Students in contemporary convent education may be boys (particularly in India). 6843: 4496:. This led to the establishment of a net of girls' schools of a similar kind in Finland. At first these schools were reserved for girls from upper-class families. 2830:

As of 2015, Priscilla Sitienei was attending elementary school in Kenya at age 92. She died in November 2022, at the age of 99, whilst preparing for final exams.

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modernization reforms were seen as necessary by the government, which resulted in the resurrection of a state women's movement. In 1946 the government-supported

457: 8129: 5154:"Complex Inequalities of Educational Opportunities. A Large-Scale Longitudinal Study on the Relation Between Gender, Social Class, Ethnicity and School Success" 3877:

Medieval education for females was typically tied to a convent. Research has uncovered that several early women educators were in charge of schools for girls:

2561:

Education systems and schools play a central role in determining girls' interest in various subjects, including STEM subjects, which can contribute to women's

7857: 4921: 6928:

Erlank, Natasha (November 2000). "'Raising Up the Degraded Daughters of Africa': The Provision of Education for Xhosa Women in the Mid-Nineteenth Century".

3094:

Many tribes in different parts of the world, do not advocate women education. Their cultural values are violated in case of disobeyance of their ancestors.

2902: 3885:—died 570 AD. Founder and teacher of a co-ed school for girls and boys at her monastery of Cell Ide. Several important saints studied under her, including 3506: 447: 8519: 3668:, from which in later centuries developed what some consider the oldest existing, continually operating educational institution in the world according to 8575: 7519:

Beoku-Betts, Josephine (1998). "Gender and Formal Education in Africa: An Exploration of the Opportunity Structure at the Secondary and Tertiary Levels".

7299:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. Chapter: Working with Gender: The Emergence of the "Male Breadwinner" in Colonial Southwestern Nigeria. 3952:

indicate that the daughters of the nobility were widely given to education so that they could satisfy the expectations of their future social positions.

2988:. This offers competing demands on the time of girls and oftentimes their families will prioritize girls' spending time taking care of siblings or doing 8690: 6358:

Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Ather; Sindher, Riaz Hussain Khan; Hussain, Irshad (2013). "Studying the role of education in eliminating violence against women".

4823:

for boys were integrated, and the private girls' schools started to be transformed into co-educational schools, a process which was completed by 1970.

3030:

and in 2006 it fell to 13.3%. At the same time, the increase in female enrollment rates has also led to a growing number of female teachers in Africa.

564: 3830:

women seem to have been well-educated, some highly so, and were sometimes praised by male historians of the time for their learning and cultivation.

2781:

women receive and the subjects they study. UNESCO also believes that having more women in STEM fields is desirable because it would help bring about

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China in the 19th century and some of them being involved in the starting of schools for women, female education started to receive some attention.

2744:

Percentage of female students enrolled in engineering, manufacturing and construction programmes in higher education in different parts of the world

8619: 4901: 4345:

Once women began to graduate from institutions of higher education, there steadily developed also a stronger academic stream of schooling, and the

1872: 9851: 8197:

Lavely, William; Zhenyu, Xiao; Bohua, Li; Freedman, Ronald (March 1990). "The Rise in Female Education in China: National and Regional Patterns".

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requested her services for the convent she had founded at Chelle. Her pupils founded convents in other parts of western Europe, including Saxony.

11040: 5478: 4203: 4122:

published Latin correspondence with Ascham centred on the achievements in humanist study of Elizabeth and other high-ranking English persons, in

2821:. Finally new leadership arrived who had a broader vision of uplifting native women so they could promote Christianity and Western gender codes. 8429:

Acharya, Poromesh. "Education in Old Calcutta". In Chaudhuri, Sukanta. Calcutta, the Living City. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 86–7.

6080: 2688:, for example, can help women make informed decisions to safeguard and care for themselves and their families, while online social networks and 2594:. Increases in the amount of female education in regions tends to correlate with high levels of development. Some of the effects are related to 11045: 10822: 10322: 9486: 4978: 3287:

was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) to found the first medical college for women in China. Known as the

2943:", i.e. the primary financial support of a nuclear family structure, was introduced by successive British colonial governments in West Africa. 1703: 290: 6893:

Leach, Fiona (March 2012). "Resisting conformity: Anglican mission women and the schooling of girls in early nineteenth-century West Africa".

4255:

Much education was channeled through religious establishments. Not all of these educated women only for marriage and motherhood; for example,

9510: 3325: 1256: 10308:

Bisha, Robin (2002). Russian Women, 1698-1917 Experience and Expression: An Anthology of Sources. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

8557: 8533: 8232: 10882: 10140: 9687: 9383:

Schulenburg, Jane. Forgetful of their Sex: Female Sanctity and Society, ca. 500-1100. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 98-99.

8405: 5392:"Collier, P. (2008). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can be Done About It, Oxford University Press, USA" 10692:

Seeberg, Vilma (November 2014). "Girls' Schooling Empowerment in Rural China: Identifying Capabilities and Social Change in the Village".

8676: 10381: 7753:

Afghanistan Quarterly Journal. Establishment 1946. Academic Publication of the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan. Serial No: 32 & 33

5227:"Historical summary of faculty, students, degrees, and finances in degree-granting institutions: Selected years, 1869-70 through 2005-06" 4646:

Girls from urban families with parents who did not know how to read or write, still were taught religion and skills of the family trade.

3755:(d. 1336), did not approve of this practice and were appalled at the behavior of some women who informally audited lectures in his time. 3299:) and WONG Yuen-hing (黃婉卿), both of whom graduated in the late 1910s and then practiced medicine in the hospitals in Guangdong province. 2480:". Education of girls (and empowerment of women in general) in developing countries leads to faster development and a faster decrease of 9942: 8353: 6254:"Rising trends and inequalities in cesarean section rates in Pakistan: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys, 1990-2013" 10909: 6213:""Arm the Schoolmistress!" Loneliness, Male Violence, and the Work and Living Conditions of Early Twentieth-Century Teachers in Sweden" 4472:

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, private schools for girls were established in Finland; among the better known were those of

3241:. The taliban banned women from education in 1996. When the Taliban was removed from power in 2001, women were again allowed to study. 2472:

Because of the wide-reaching effects of female education on society, alleviating inequalities in education for women is highlighted in

2371: 5247: 2623:

Education of girls (and empowerment of women in general) in developing countries leads to faster development and a faster decrease of

10977: 6737:"Vocational and business training to improve women's labour market outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review" 4031:

is contemporary with Bruni's book, and "sets down the things which a lady or baroness living on her estates ought to be able to do."

3972:, becoming the first woman to graduate university. In 1239 she taught there, becoming first woman believed to teach at a university. 547: 542: 7786: 4623:

clothing. Most girls in Irish schools had multiple absences and were the majority of the statistic in school due to duties at home.

11068: 10357:

Regulations on Women's Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums of the Ministry of National Education, (1870). Date Views 22.04.2016 iknigi.net

8279: 4515:

As was normal in Catholic countries in Europe, girls were normally educated in convent schools for girls operated by nuns, such as

2587: 2580: 1201: 559: 10336: 8372: 5817:"In the Absence of Marriage: Long-Term Concurrent Partnerships, Pregnancy, and HIV Risk Dynamics Among South African Young Adults" 4461: 8104: 4941: 4492: 9916: 7225:

Allman, Jean (1 October 1994). "Making Mothers: Missionaries, Medical Officers and Women's Work in Colonial Asante, 1924–1945".

11035: 11025: 11020: 7904: 6872: 4691:

the law mandated that secondary education was always to be gender-segregated in accordance with the school regulation of 1870.

4164: 1681: 374: 10562: 9776:

Emil Sehling (ed.), Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16. Jahrhunderts. Vol 18: Rheinland-Pfalz I. Tübingen 2006, p. 406.

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as patron, giving school classes for girls and vocational classes to women, and from 1950 women students were accepted at the

9151: 9127: 9065: 9039: 9009: 8774: 8473: 7625: 7500: 7469: 7443: 7354: 7322: 7058: 6826: 6160: 6125: 6016: 5457: 5366: 4868: 2320: 2166: 1368: 369: 9713: 7082: 6689: 4428:, the first woman in the U.S. to graduate in medicine (1849), lectured in Britain with Langham support. They also supported 10962: 8382: 7845: 7739: 4936: 4619: 4170: 3625: 2289: 2219: 1529: 512: 8842: 5576: 5550: 4771: 4386: 4064: 3273: 2299: 2294: 1989: 1713: 1314: 10657:

Riordan, Cornelius (July 1994). "The Value of Attending a Women's College: Education, Occupation, and Income Benefits".

5604:"Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: Data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth" 11030: 8731:

Mehran, Golnar (November 2009). "'Doing and undoing gender': Female higher education in the Islamic Republic of Iran".

7939: 7268:

Van Allen, Judith (January 1972). "'Sitting on a Man': Colonialism and the Lost Political Institutions of Igbo Women".

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Leke, Robert J. I.; Oduma, Jemimah A.; Bassol-Mayagoitia, Susana; Bacha, Angela Maria; Grigor, Kenneth M. (July 1993).

4811: 4260: 4229: 4210: 3288: 1514: 537: 517: 283: 17: 10368: 9964:

Laura Bassi and Science in 18th Century Europe: The Extraordinary Life and Role of Italy's Pioneering Female Professor

4486: 682: 10064:

Siegberg, Arthur: Den högre kvinnobildningen i Finland, dess utveckling och mål., W. C. Fabritius & Sonner, Kr.a.

8499: 8434: 8133: 7096: 6543: 6195: 5273: 5210: 5089: 4836: 3775: 2951: 2325: 2304: 2239: 2207: 1194: 1022: 9205: 7578:

Dunne, Máiréad; Sayed, Yusuf (2002). "Transformation and Equity: Women and Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa".

5913:"Regional and Geographical Variations in Infertility: Effects of Environmental, Cultural, and Socioeconomic Factors" 4766:

for both sexes in Sweden in 1842, only five schools in Sweden provided academic secondary education to females: the

3937:

requested her presence on his mission to the Germans and while there she founded an influential convent and school.

3328:, "female students must account for less than 15 percent of students because of the nature of their future career." 979: 10677:

Rogers, Rebecca. "Learning to be good girls and women: education, training and schools". in Deborah Simonton, ed.,

6003: 4926: 4225: 1644: 1211: 482: 10870:

An e-book collection of over 1,000 books on home economics spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University's

10568:

Harrigan, Patrick (1998). "Women Teachers and the Schooling of Girls in France: Recent Historiographical Trends".

4984:

Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)

2615:

across studies. They found that the effects of training may increase with a stronger gender focus of the program.

11109: 10481: 2685: 492: 437: 9402: 4611:

Religion and cultural traditions had an influence on education for both girls and boys in the education system.

3869: 10902: 10497: 9361: 9329: 8582: 4896: 4802: 4536: 4263: 3383: 3230: 2824: 2477: 2473: 2364: 2156: 1811: 1777: 1686: 1164: 477: 158: 9873:

Findlen, Paula (September 1993). "Science as a Career in Enlightenment Italy: The Strategies of Laura Bassi".

4409:

She and Bodichon founded the first higher educational institution for women, with five students, which became

4244:

was organized, where women were taught covertly by Polish scholars and academics. Its most famous student was

11114: 10501: 8154:

Hannum, Emily (May 1999). "Political Change and the Urban-Rural Gap in Basic Education in China, 1949-1990".

7687:

Socio-Cultural and Economic Factors Affecting Primary Education of Maasai Girls in Loitokitok District, Kenya

3477:

states in India. Under the NPEGEL, "model schools" have been set up to provide better opportunities to girls.

2269: 2259: 2161: 1691: 1509: 606: 507: 487: 276: 10075: 8640:

Ghosh, Ratna (2015). "Women's Empowerment and Education: Panchayats and Women's Self-Help Groups in India".

8304: 4615:

mothers of the generation while limiting their educational opportunities compared to their male classmates.

4378:. Despite the changes in the economy, the position of women in society had not greatly improved and, unlike 2517:

solutions to reduce these threats, such as providing the teachers with guard dogs, weapons, and telephones.

775: 616: 11104: 11063: 10957: 10937: 10493: 9812:

Dabby, Benjamin (2010). "Hannah Lawrance and the claims of women's history in nineteenth-century England".

8956: 4520: 4425: 3534: 2249: 2224: 2049: 1318: 1273: 1266: 552: 502: 497: 9237:, citing a section from the historian Valerius Maximus that deals with women's abilities in the courtroom. 8016:

A Crusade of Compassion for the Healing of the Nations: A Study of Medical Missions for Women and Children

7869:

Blake, C. Fred (April 1994). "Foot-Binding in Neo-Confucian China and the Appropriation of Female Labor".

6815:

Cracking the code: Girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)

5203:

Cracking the code: girls' and women's education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)

4068:. This work was commissioned by Catherine, who had charge of the education of her daughter for the future 3564:

percent in master's degree rose up to 43% and for specialized doctorate degree, this data rose up to 33%.

758: 11003: 10952: 7818: 4557: 4319: 4267: 3557: 2254: 2244: 2214: 2096: 2081: 2071: 1659: 1524: 1519: 1216: 794: 384: 10532:

Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s-1920s

4182:(1795–1875), played an important role in nineteenth-century public debate about women's education. Like 2447:

rate of babies whose mothers have received primary education is half that of children whose mothers are

11015: 10972: 10932: 9847: 7963: 4658: 4640: 4429: 4394: 4295: 4162:, who worked as a teacher, governess, and school-owner, wrote of it in those terms. Her first book was 3665: 3203: 2859: 2197: 1784: 1082: 379: 148: 8258: 7642: 4450: 3849:. Boys and girls were educated either together or with similar methods and curriculum. One passage in 3350: 2827:

in the late 19th century brought along a highly restrictive policy against schooling for their girls.

2606:. Educating girls leads to a number of social benefits, including many related to women's empowerment. 584: 11099: 10967: 10942: 10895: 8019:. Compiler: Belle Jane Allen. Central committee on the united study of foreign missions. p. 128. 6609:"Girls' Education and Women's Equality: How to Get More out of the World's Most Promising Investment" 6084: 5169: 4600: 4410: 4138: 3379: 3355: 2591: 2485: 2357: 2009: 1789: 1231: 1040: 986: 178: 153: 10024: 8409: 7537: 4592:

who wished for their daughters to be given elementary schooling, as well as girls' schools known as

4580:

The Gynaeceum was followed by many Pietist girls schools in Germany, notably the Magdalenenstift in

4245: 4080:, taking a strongly religious direction. It also placed a strong emphasis on Latin literature. Also 3814: 11078: 10947: 9083:"Literature, Scholarship, and Piety: Negotiating Gender and Authority in the Medieval Muslim World" 7776:

Emadi, Hafizullah, Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan, Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2002

4775: 4398: 4154:

The issue of female education in the large, as emancipatory and rational, is broached seriously in

3543:, the progress of female education was affected by Islamic ecclesiocracy. Women are forced to wear 3185: 2748: 2733: 2635:

estimates that educating girls is the sixth most efficient action against climate change (ahead of

2492:

estimates that educating girls is the sixth most efficient action against climate change (ahead of

2436: 2431: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2231: 2111: 1907: 1669: 1323: 1125: 1001: 974: 887: 787: 229: 188: 10686:

Education and Women's Work: Female Schooling and the Division of Labor in Urban America, 1870-1930

10169:

Education and Empowerment: Cosmopolitan Education and Irish Women in the Early nineteenth Century.

10109:"Otto von Bismarck | Biography, Significance, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica" 7858:

With the Taliban's latest move, the highest level of education an Afghan girl can get is 6th grade

4720: 4118:. She fits the pattern of education for leadership, rather than for the generality of women. When 10797:

An Essay to Revive the Ancient Education of Gentlewomen, in Religion, Manners, Arts & Tongues

9170: 8561: 8540: 8236: 7159:

Merritt, Nikki (1994). "Nana Asma'u, Her Elegies and the Possibility of 'Insider Alternatives'".

7088: 4069: 3501: 2911: 2782: 2624: 2481: 2116: 2076: 1767: 1760: 1718: 957: 699: 259: 254: 87: 67: 10851: 10543:

A Historical Perspective on Gender Inequality and Development in the World Economy, c. 1850-2000

9684: 8465: 8455: 5300:"If you build it, will they come? School availability and school enrolment in 21 poor countries" 4991: 4969: 4273: 3082:

the same time, in many countries, teenage pregnancy almost interrupted girls' school education.

10636: 8010: 7074: 6735:

Chinen, Marjorie; Hoop, Thomas; Alcázar, Lorena; Balarin, María; Sennett, Josh (January 2017).

4956: 4671: 4566: 4259:

had allowed much equality from the foundation of the denomination in the mid-17th century. The

4221: 4111: 3673: 3399: 3392: 3296: 3245: 2689: 2599: 2513: 2264: 1924: 1831: 1654: 1615: 1504: 1494: 1470: 1448: 1438: 1413: 1403: 1072: 828: 716: 640: 82: 72: 57: 10388: 9119: 9113: 9031: 9025: 9001: 8995: 4456: 4314:

in 1875. Progress was gradual, and often depended on individual efforts—for example, those of

10485: 9760: 9644: 8489: 8451: 8357: 7524: 7207:

The History of Education in Ghana: From the Earliest Times to the Declaration of Independence

7078: 6998: 6560:"The Transfer of HRM Policies and Practices in American Multinational Hotels in Saudi Arabia" 6497: 6375: 5226: 4891: 4783: 4256: 4233: 4198: 4130:(1551), the emphasis was on the nobility of those tackling the classics, rather than gender. 3969: 3886: 3752: 3511: 3455: 3154: 2795: 2692:

allow women to disseminate information and share knowledge beyond their immediate community.

2014: 1974: 1964: 1919: 1750: 1725: 1634: 1499: 1261: 1221: 706: 623: 219: 173: 138: 5978:"Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa" 5602:

Chandra, Anjani; Martinez, Gladys M.; Mosher, William D.; Abma, Joyce C.; Jones, Jo (2005).

5153: 4839:, which in the 200s AD had courses for both men and women. Later Church writers such as St. 8740: 6813: 6265: 5647: 5577:"Plan Overseas - Education Girl-friendly schools see enrollment rates soar in Burkina Faso" 5251: 5107:"Challenges for integrating gender into poverty alleviation programmes: Lessons from Sudan" 4982: 4886: 4728: 4724: 4585: 4516: 4291: 3846: 3771: 3189: 2818: 2595: 2539: 2420: 2136: 2091: 2061: 2044: 2034: 1882: 1794: 1772: 1664: 1639: 1574: 1418: 1398: 1348: 1206: 1147: 1120: 860: 694: 419: 409: 239: 198: 193: 62: 33: 10804: 10360: 6664: 5768:

Bongaarts, John; Rindfuss, Ronald R.; Morgan, S. Philip; Swicegood, Gray (December 1988).

5635: 4096:

prompted the establishment of compulsory education for boys and girls. Most important was

3788: 3780: 3764: 3407:, a proposed legislation which would allow Indian judges to judge European offenders. The 8: 10866: 10108: 6774: 6510: 4856: 4713: 4663: 4524: 4504: 4433: 4379: 4332: 4159: 4077: 4055: 4023:'Cultivation' is in order for a noblewoman; formal competence is positively unbecoming." 3949: 3721: 3408: 3218: 3214: 2424: 2392: 1954: 1944: 1914: 1902: 1897: 1799: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1393: 1328: 1308: 1246: 1189: 1152: 1130: 1096: 1030: 782: 687: 466: 414: 404: 359: 112: 8744: 6269: 5002:

I'd blush if I could: closing gender divides in digital skills through education

4675:

were 302 state schools in European Russia with 17,178 pupils, 1,178 of whom were girls.

4593: 4535:

became more common, often operated by governesses—a famous pioneer school being that of

3979:

Europe, the question of female education had become a commonplace one, in other words a

3153:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

2566:

the university level, and granting stipends to girls attending rural secondary schools.

10998: 10816: 10739: 10709: 10585: 9890: 9829: 9636: 9628: 9567: 9559: 9440: 9094: 8939: 8887: 8756: 8657: 8614: 8461: 8329: 8214: 8179: 8171: 7886: 7717: 7250: 7184: 7176: 7141: 6980: 6945: 6910: 6646: 6296: 6253: 6234: 5953: 5940: 5849: 5797: 5750: 5703: 5695: 5532: 5419: 5327: 5181: 5134: 5052: 4931: 4916: 4798: 4732: 4688: 4643:

schools, had the opportunity to teach more of the present-day academics, such as math.

4418: 4414: 4190:

predecessors, she derived her argument from a scholarly reappraisal of women's history.

4183: 4036: 4024: 3965: 3896: 3704: 2632: 2489: 2452: 2396: 2141: 2131: 2121: 2106: 2101: 2086: 2039: 2019: 1994: 1959: 1949: 1929: 1826: 1708: 1698: 1599: 1353: 1184: 1055: 937: 650: 611: 364: 224: 168: 163: 143: 52: 47: 9057:

The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History of Islamic Education

8108: 7315:

Crossing the Color Line: Race, Sex, and the Contested Politics of Colonialism in Ghana

6320: 3881: 3660:

played an important role in the foundations of many educational institutions, such as

2664:

and digital services has made digital skills a prerequisite for full participation in

10743: 10713: 10535: 9908: 9894: 9833: 9640: 9571: 9444: 9147: 9123: 9061: 9035: 9005: 8931: 8818: 8760: 8698: 8661: 8495: 8469: 8430: 8378: 8218: 8183: 7988: 7935: 7662: 7621: 7496: 7465: 7439: 7350: 7318: 7242: 7188: 7133: 7092: 7054: 6984: 6949: 6914: 6822: 6650: 6589: 6539: 6485: 6402: 6340: 6336: 6301: 6283: 6238: 6191: 6156: 6121: 6059: 6012: 5958: 5932: 5893: 5854: 5836: 5789: 5742: 5687: 5524: 5516: 5472: 5453: 5423: 5411: 5372: 5362: 5331: 5319: 5206: 5185: 5173: 5126: 5085: 5056: 5044: 5000: 4951: 4946: 4763: 4736: 4700: 4528: 4374: 4369: 4241: 4155: 4143: 4101: 3748: 3629: 2940: 2918:

Early colonial forms of education on the West African coasts, particularly among the

2611: 2461: 2416: 2388: 2202: 2066: 2029: 2024: 2004: 1999: 1969: 1934: 1887: 1877: 1841: 1836: 1821: 1816: 1730: 1465: 1458: 1433: 1423: 1408: 1278: 1251: 1142: 1101: 1077: 952: 932: 919: 880: 875: 870: 843: 743: 318: 183: 117: 97: 76: 10525:

The Politics of Women's Education: Perspectives from Asia, Africa, and Latin America

7890: 7721: 7254: 5707: 5536: 5138: 4357: 3861:, and sang advanced choral compositions that would require formal musical training. 3770:

to female scholars, giving information on 1,075 of them. More recently, the scholar

3648: 3639: 10993: 10731: 10701: 10670: 10666: 10613: 10577: 10546: 10046:

Inger Dübeck: Kvinders retlige stilling. I Den Store Danske. Hentet 7. october 2015

10000: 9976: 9882: 9821: 9666: 9620: 9551: 9432: 8923: 8879: 8808: 8748: 8649: 8206: 8163: 7878: 7709: 7658: 7654: 7613: 7281: 7277: 7234: 7168: 7125: 7019: 6972: 6937: 6902: 6748: 6715:"Gender-Sensitive Teacher Training: A guide to the journey of the creation process" 6638: 6579: 6571: 6529: 6477: 6367: 6332: 6319:

Blair, Graeme; Christine Fair, C.; Malhotra, Neil; Shapiro, Jacob N. (2012-07-16).

6291: 6273: 6224: 6183: 6148: 6113: 6051: 5948: 5924: 5885: 5844: 5828: 5781: 5734: 5679: 5643: 5611: 5508: 5445: 5403: 5354: 5311: 5165: 5118: 5077: 5034: 4906: 4881: 4820: 4791: 4755: 4696: 4667: 4532: 4390: 4346: 4147: 4123: 3991:, addressed to Baptista di Montefeltro, the daughter of Antonio II da Montefeltro, 3831: 3371: 3238: 3226: 3065: 2936: 2891: 2547: 2466: 2444: 2400: 2387:

is a catch-all term for a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (

2151: 2146: 2056: 1984: 1979: 1939: 1892: 1867: 1804: 1676: 1604: 1453: 1338: 1137: 1091: 1067: 991: 964: 927: 770: 763: 753: 733: 677: 660: 601: 354: 264: 102: 92: 10735: 10434:(1972). Svensk flickskola under 1800-talet. Göteborg: Kvinnohistoriskt arkiv. ISBN 8813: 8796: 6775:"I'd blush if I could: closing gender divides in digital skills through education" 6642: 5874:"Age at Coresidence, Premarital Cohabitation, and Marriage Dissolution: 1985-2009" 5723:"Adolescent Sexual Behavior, Pregnancy, and Parenting: Research through the 1980s" 4835:

tradition, concern for female education has expressed itself from the days of the

4382:, Martineau did not support the emerging call for the vote for practical reasons. 4270:

in 1824, teaching an unusually wide range of subjects from languages to sciences.

11010: 10632: 9721: 9691: 9673: 9648: 9307: 8014: 7929: 7759: 7617: 7020:"Priscilla Sitienei: 'World's oldest primary school pupil' dies aged 99 in Kenya" 6906: 6379: 6278: 5039: 5022: 4832: 4767: 4473: 4464:, was opened in 1846. In 1875, women were given access to university education. 4311: 4179: 4059: 4012: 3904: 3858: 3677: 3661: 3592: 3578: 3413: 3388: 3199: 2543: 2412: 2347: 1755: 1564: 1552: 1358: 1303: 1283: 1241: 1106: 996: 942: 900: 838: 833: 799: 711: 665: 234: 122: 10457: 9423:

Hall, Megan (May 2021). "Women's Education and Literacy in England, 1066-1540".

7493: