Edinburgh Festival Fringe

812: 828: 836: 232: 1602:, "No-one can say what the quality will be like overall. It does not much matter, actually, for that is not the point of the Fringe ... The Fringe is a forum for ideas and achievement unique in the UK, and in the whole world ... Where else could all this be attempted, let alone work?". Views from the middle ground of this perennial debate point out that the Fringe is not complete artistic anarchy. Some venues do influence or decide on the content of their programme, such as the Traverse and Aurora Nova, who used to run their own venue but are now just a production group. 1825: 512: 1401: 612:) could hold its head up in any major world festival. However, in 1982, 24% of the Fringe was housed in The Circuit/Assembly, both of which were being commercially marketed, and this attracted complaints, including from Traverse Theatre founder, Richard Demarco, who felt the Fringe should not have allowed either venue. By 1988, there was, according to former Fringe Administrator Michael Dale, a feeling that "smaller venues may lose out, but this case may be overstated... The episode of the super-venues, the Assembly Rooms in particular, has some way to go yet". 820: 677: 1025: 380:, director of Oxford Theatre Group. A constitution was drawn up, in which the policy of not vetting or censoring shows was set out, and the Society produced the first guide to Fringe shows. Nineteen companies participated in the Fringe in that year. By that time it provided a "complete... counter-festival programme" although efforts were still being made to gain publicity through the International Festival programme. The YMCA became established as the first central Fringe ticket office. 685: 31: 844: 2285: 2161: 717:

was estimated at £300,000, which it was forced to meet from its reserves, although other sources report this at £900,000. These events attracted much comment from the UK and world media. More debts emerged as the year went on, and an independent report criticised the Board and the current and previous Fringe Directors for a failure of management and an inability to provide the basic service.

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direct result of the wishes of the participants, the Society had been set up to help the performers that come to Edinburgh and to promote them collectively to the public. It did not come together so that groups could be invited, or in some way artistically vetted. What was performed and how it was done was left entirely to each Fringe group". This approach is now sometimes referred to as an

947:– Some promoters use a different financial model. Instead of charging performers to hire the room, and audiences to attend, they make their spaces available for free, with audiences making a donation at the end of the show if they have enjoyed it. These promoters tend to operate out of pubs and clubs – the rooms being made free to use as a way of boosting bar takings. The original 1245: 918:. The term 'Big Four' being an adopted label. These are in some cases the most long-standing venues (Underbelly being a relative newcomer, having been founded in 1996). They each operate multi-room venue complexes, often across multiple sites. They tend to specialise in comedy, and in 2008, they briefly and controversially tried to re-brand themselves as 123:) is the world's largest performance arts festival, which in 2024 spanned 25 days and featured more than 51,446 scheduled performances of 3,317 different shows across 262 venues from 58 different countries. Of those shows, the largest section was comedy, representing almost 40% of shows, followed by theatre, which was 26.6% of shows. 483:

it became clear after a few weeks that the role would have to be permanent. Milligan was responsible for a number of innovations which remain in place today, such as the numbering system for venues and the Fringe map in the brochure, and he was also credited with establishing the co-operative spirit of the Fringe. He left in 1976.

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difficult to promote the Fringe on merit given the Society's position of neutrality. Increasing show numbers was therefore a way of attracting more attention. At this point, the Fringe operated on only two full-time members of staff. In 1977, the office moved to a converted shop and basement at 170 High Street.

1621:(BAC) and support from several organisations including the Jerwood Foundation and Queen's University in Canada. Its aim was to encourage experimentation by reducing costs to performers – not charging for space, and providing accommodation. The same applied to audiences: all shows being "pay what you can". 1010:

and the Fringe Office becomes the focal point for theatre companies to hand out flyers, perform scenes from their shows, and attempt to sell tickets. These performances run alongside the Fringe Street Events which feature more than 200 street performers and thousands of buskers on the High Street and

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has been integral to the Fringe since the start, and has become known for its comprehensive festival coverage in August. Originally, it aimed to review every show on the Fringe. Now they are more selective, as there are simply too many shows to cover, although they do see almost every new play being

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In 2012, there was criticism of the increasing commercialism of the Pay-To-Play fringe venues who charge acts to perform in advance of the Fringe. In many cases venue costs such as: venue rents / guarantees, compulsory marketing and various deductions mean that performers are being charged more than

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was nominated for best newcomer in 2015. Other promoters such as Just the Tonic, The Pleasance and C Venues have since introduced the model to some of their venues. In 2016, Gilded Balloon adopted PWYW for the Counting House, which had previously been a Free Festival venue, and has since returned to

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A computerised booking system was first installed in the early 1990s, allowing tickets to be bought at a number of locations around the city. The internet began to have an impact in 2000 with the launch of the Fringe's official website, which sold more than half a million tickets online by 2005. The

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has complained of "an infestation of stand-up comics... an epidemic for which there is no cure", which "overwhelms the possibility of serious theatre". Others have commented that a large proportion of newer audiences are drawn almost exclusively to stand-up comics (particularly to television comedy

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Putting on shows is costly to venues as well, due to theatre licence fees which by 2009 had risen 800% in the preceding three years, and were eight times as high as fees in English cities, starting at £824 for a venue of up to 200 people and rising to £2,472 for a venue of up to 5,000 people. These

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In 2008, the Fringe faced its biggest crisis so far when the computerised ticketing system failed. The events surrounding the failed box office software led to the resignation of Fringe Director Jon Morgan after only one full year in post. The resultant financial loss suffered by the Fringe Society

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Problems then began to arise as the Fringe became too big for students and volunteers to deal with. Eventually in 1969, the Fringe Society became a constituted body, and in 1970 it employed its first administrator, John Milligan. He started work in January 1971, originally on a part-time basis, but

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from 1981) provided nightly showcases of Fringe fare to allow audiences to sample shows. In its earlier years the club also provided a significant space for after-hours socialising at a time when Edinburgh's strict licensing laws meant a 10pm pub closing time. For a time, the main ticket office was

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Over the first two decades of the Fringe, each performing group used its own performing space, or venue. However, by the late 1960s, the concept of sharing a venue became popular, principally as a means of cutting costs. It soon became common for halls to host up to six or seven different shows per

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Festival Club), the investment in staging, lighting and sound meant that the original amateur or student theatricals were left behind. In the same year, the YMCA in South St Andrew Street, which had been an important venue since the early days, closed. However, the subsequent rise in prominence of

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The International Festival, now under the direction of John Drummond, became more accommodating towards the Fringe in the late 1970s and some successful Fringe performers transferred to perform works at the Festival. These included Richard Crane and Faynia Williams, who in 1981 produced a sell-out

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compiled a list of shows under the title "Other Events" in their omnibus festival brochure, but it was printer C. J. Cousland who was the first to publish a listings guide, in 1954. This was funded by participating companies and was entitled "Additional Entertainments", since the name "Fringe" was

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In the mid-1990s, only the occasional top show charged £10 per seat, while the average price was £5–£7; in 2006, prices were frequently over £10, and reached £20 for the first time in 2006, for a one-hour show. Reasons people put forward for the increases include: increasing costs of hiring large

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The freedom to put on any show has led periodically to controversy when individual tastes in sexual explicitness or religion have been contravened. This has brought some into conflict with local city councillors. There have been occasional performing groups that have deliberately tried to provoke

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The first Fringe featured eight companies performing in five venues. By 1959, there were 19 companies; by 1969, 57; by 1979, 324. In 1981, there were 494, and the growth of the festival began to slow. But by 1999, there were over 600 companies giving 15,000 performances and in 2010, 1,900 giving

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The Fringe itself at times sprouts a fringe. While the festival is unjuried, participating in the Fringe requires registration, payment of a registration fee, and use of a Fringe venue. For example, the 2008 registration fee was £289.05. Some outdoor spaces also require registration, notably the

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The Fringe is an open access festival. The role of the Fringe Society is solely to facilitate the festival, concentrating mainly on the challenging logistics of organising such a large event. Alistair Moffat (Fringe administrator 1976–1981) summarised the role of the Society when he said, "As a

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The comedy section has grown over recent decades to become the biggest section of the programme. The 2008 Fringe marked the first time that comedy has made up the largest category of entertainment. This has led to criticism that it has changed the nature of the Fringe, and separated it from its

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Putting on a show at the Fringe with the big venues can be costly to performers, due to registration fees, venue hire, cost of accommodation, and travel to Edinburgh. In recent years venue costs and the need for expensive marketing have been increasingly challenged by Free and other Independent

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Moffatt believed the growth of the Fringe would stop due to a lack of venues, but just as that limit seemed to be being reached, groups began to find more efficient ways of sharing spaces. Venues could be fully utilised from 10am to 2am, with up to seven different groups throughout the day. The

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in Newington came on board. Moffat also expanded the street performance aspect and brought in sponsorship deals, particularly local breweries. In this way, the Fringe ascended to its current position as the largest arts festival in the world. This was a deliberate policy by Moffat, who found it

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are among the comedians who have performed at more Edinburgh Fringe festivals than anyone else. Arthur Smith has performed regularly at the Festival for over 40 years (since 1977), Paul Merton has been performing regularly at the festival since 1985. Barry Cryer performed at about 25 Edinburgh

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and Paradise Green. They may specialise in certain genres or run a programme across all genres (theSpaceUK, C venues, Zoo Venues and Greenside Venues). Although focusing on new writing rather than comedy, one is larger, theSpaceUK hosted over 400 shows at the 2019 Fringe, making it the largest

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opened here in 1993. It had a 700-seat marquee auditorium, which hosted, among other things, opera, even though the organisers had been told it was no such place for the artform. The venue also took over the nearby Heriot-Watt Students' Association and the Little Lyceum. In total, it hosted 38

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In 2022, the festival's 75th anniversary year, the Fringe Society consulted with stakeholders from across the festival – from artists to venues, residents to government bodies – to create a shared vision and set of values. The vision was “to give anyone a stage and everyone a seat”. Rooted in

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From the performers' perspective, the decision on where to perform is typically based on a mixture of cost, location (close proximity to the main Fringe hubs around the university is seen as an advantage), and the philosophy of the venue – some of whom specialise in amateur, school or college

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The Fringe board of directors is drawn from members of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society, many of whom are Fringe participants themselves – performers or venue operators. Elections are held once a year, in August, and board members serve a term of four years. The Board appoints the Fringe

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The 2015 Fringe issued an estimated 2,298,090 tickets for 50,459 performances of 3,314 shows in 313 venues over 25 days; the 2016 Fringe issued an estimated 2,475,143 tickets for 50,266 performances of 3,269 shows; and the 2017 Fringe 2,696,884 tickets for 53,232 performances of 3,398 shows.

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The Board eventually decided that the post of "Director" (instituted in 1992 in lieu of "Fringe Administrator") would be abolished and replaced by a Chief Executive, to reinforce the Fringe head's basic administrative function. A report into the failure was commissioned from accountancy firm

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This meant that two defining features of the future Fringe were established at the very beginning – the lack of official invitations to perform and the use of unconventional venues. Originally, these groups referred to themselves as the "Festival Adjuncts" and were also referred to as the

1666:(1982). The number of such events continues to grow, particularly in the US and Canada. (In the case of Edinburgh, the Fringe is an addition to the Festival proper, being officially known as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Where there is no pre-existing Festival to be added to, such as 605:. In 1982 the enterprise lost £28,000, and in 1983 there were further criticisms related to over-charging, over-crowding and inadequate facilities. The Circuit was not repeated, but it had demonstrated the potential for temporary venues at the Fringe, which are now a familiar sight. 1865:

venues. There is a change happening at the Fringe and performers can increasingly negotiate with the big venues. The festival is also a networking opportunity, training ground or springboard for future career advancement, and exciting and fun for performers as well as spectators.

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The groups that operate the venues are also diverse: some are commercial and others not-for-profit; some operate year-round, while others exist only to run venues at the Fringe. Some are local, others are based in London and elsewhere and transfer to Edinburgh for August.

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The 2021 festival took place during 6–30 August 2021, though it was much reduced in size, with 528 shows in person and 414 online. The 2022 festival took place from 5–29 August 2022 and marked a return to pre-pandemic levels, with 3,334 shows. Fifty were livestreamed, by

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Statistics for 2011 Edinburgh Festival Fringe concluded that it was the largest on record: there were over 40,000 performances of over 2,500 different shows in 258 venues. Ticket sales amounted to around 1.8 million. There are now 12 full-time members of staff.

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comedy was the biggest artform by number of shows, followed by theatre. The exact breakdown was: 34% comedy, 27% theatre, 14% music, 5% children's shows, 4% each cabaret/variety, dance/circus/physical theatre, spoken word, events, 3% musicals/opera, 2% exhibitions.

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and the Fringe during August. It set a standard to which other companies on the Fringe aspired. The Traverse is occasionally referred to as "The Fringe venue that got away", reflecting its current status as a permanent and integral part of the Edinburgh arts scene.

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by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss (2017). Over the years, it has attracted a number of companies that have made repeated visits to the Fringe, and in doing so helped to set high artistic standards. They have included: the London Club Theatre Group (1950s),

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for excellence in the field of physical and visual theatre since 1997. The categories under which these awards are given vary from year to year. A notable addition in 2007 was the inclusion of a Wild Card award chosen by the festival-going

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venues, where punters could 'Buy a ticket in advance to guarantee a seat or Pay What You Want (PWYW) on exit'. The model is a mixture of Paid and Free and enables performers to find a paying audience without risking large marketing spend.

414:, in 1963. While their original objective was to maintain something of the Festival atmosphere in Edinburgh all year round, the Traverse Theatre quickly and regularly presented cutting-edge drama to an international audience at both the 373:. This was not part of the International Festival, yet nor was it in the Fringe Programme, leading him to question the value of the "Fringe": "Away with the Fringe. To an artist in the theatre there is no such thing as a fringe of art." 248:

in 1947. With the International Festival using the city's major venues, these companies took over smaller, alternative venues for their productions. Seven performed in Edinburgh, and one undertook a version of the medieval morality play

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controversy as a means of advertising their shows, and this has led to censorship of sexual explicitness in such shows. Organisers continued to defend the festival's role as an open platform when they contacted controversial YouTuber

578:, "The Fringe then was entirely University revues and plays; there was not a single piece of stand-up comedy until me and Tony arrived." Comedy began an ascent which would see it become the biggest section of the programme by 2008. 1521:. She was followed by Paul Gudgin (2000–2007), Jon Morgan (2007–2008) and Kath Mainland (2008–2016). In November 2015, Mainland announced her decision to step down as Chief Executive to take on the role of executive director of the 1628:

Three values were also established to guide the behaviours and decisions of everyone involved with the Fringe. The Fringe Society said they would “live by them, champion them and uphold them where necessary”. The three values are:

188:, which publishes the programme, sells tickets to all events from a central physical box office and website, and offers year-round advice and support to performers. The Society's permanent location is at the Fringe Shop on the 588:, it had operated in the south side of the city in 1980 and 1981, but in 1982 expanded into a piece of empty ground popularly known as "The Hole in The Ground" near the Usher Hall. This was once the site of a church building ( 2184:

arts editor Allen Wright to encourage new theatre writing, and are given only to new plays (or new translations), and several are awarded for each of the three weeks of the Fringe – usually by a celebrity at a prestigious

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Scotland (1970s), the Children's Music Theatre, later the National Youth Music Theatre under Jeremy James Taylor, the National Student Theatre Company (from the 1970s), Communicado (1980s and 1990s), Red Shift (1990s),

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called an "official unofficial festival". A first attempt was made to provide a central booking service in 1955 by students from the university, although it lost money, which was blamed on those who had not taken part.

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Awards have three categories - Comic Originality, Cunning Stunt and Act Most Likely To Make A Million Quid They were presented originally for ten years, 2008–2017 and again from 2019, when they were taken over by the

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Scott-Moncrieff. Several venues now use their own ticketing systems; this is partly due to issues of commissions and how ticket revenue is distributed, but was reinforced by this 2008 failure of the main box office.

1844:— introduced free entry shows that collect donations at the end of each performance. 22 shows came under this banner in 2005, growing rapidly to over 600 in 2011. There was also the "pay what you can" model of the 1110:. Ironically, this show was put together by the Edinburgh International Festival as a rebuff to the emerging Fringe. But its title alone helped publicise "the Fringe", especially when it went on to London's 223:, for the first time ever since the founding of The Fringe, in an effort to stay true to The Fringe Society's 2022 vision of equality and inclusiveness. The 2024 festival was scheduled from August 2 to 26. 307:

Since it was not yet fully developed, much of the early years of the Fringe has gone unrecorded, except through anecdote. It did not benefit from any official organisation until 1951, when students of the

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with the Oxford Theatre Group in 1958. Due to many reviewers only being able to attend Fringe events late night after the official festival was finished, the Fringe came to be seen as being about revues.

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Over the years, this approach has led to adverse criticism about the quality of the Fringe. Much of this criticism comes from individual arts critics in national newspapers, hard-line aficionados of the

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Even with the rise of super venues, there was still theatre done on a shoestring, but several cultural entrepreneurs had raised the stakes to the point where a venue like Aurora (St Stephen's Church,

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and was succeeded by his deputy, Mhairi Mackenzie-Robinson, who left in 1993 to pursue a career in business. Hilary Strong served in the position until 1999, when she then became director of the

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followed a few years later. After the turn of the millennium, these were joined by online publications, some of which specialised in the Fringe, some of which had a broader remit. These include

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Royal Mile. Thus some artists perform outside the auspices of the Fringe, either individually or as part of a festival or in association with a venue, either outdoors or in non-Fringe venues.

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in Fife. These groups aimed to take advantage of the large assembled theatre crowds to showcase their own alternative theatre. Although at the time it was not recognised as such, this was the

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Of the shows, theatre had been the largest genre in terms of number of shows until 2008, when it was overtaken by comedy, which has been the major growth area over the last 20 years. At the

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In the 1960s and 1970s, the Fringe began to establish its reputation for size and variety and the tension between it and the more formal International Festival became of mutual benefit.

177:, exhibitions, and events. Comedy is the largest section, making up over one-third of the programme, and the one that in modern times has the highest public profile, due in part to the 2152:

has collated comedy reviews from as many publications as possible. In 2018, it gathered over 4,700 reviews from 135 publications, up from 4,300 from 83 different publications in 2014.

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first performed as a solo show at Underbelly in 2013, later became a TV series. Phoebe Waller-Bridge was later announced as President of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society in 2021.

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in 1947, when a critic remarked it was a shame the show was so far out "on the fringe of the Festival". In 1950, it was still being referred to in similar terms, with a small 'f':

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fees have been cited as punitive to smaller venues and site-specific performances by such figures as Julian Caddy, which in 2009 featured site-specific shows in such venues as

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Round the fringe of official Festival drama, there seems to be more private enterprise than before ... I am afraid some of us are not going to be at home during the evenings!

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By that year, the Fringe was attracting around a dozen companies, and a meeting was held to discuss creating "a small organisation to act as a brain for the Fringe", or what

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For many groups at the Fringe, the ultimate goal is a favourable review—which, apart from the welcome kudos, may help minimise financial losses from putting on the show.

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Mound Precinct. Many shows are "2 for 1" on the first Monday and Tuesday of the festival and different venues operate independent ticket offers throughout the festival.

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judging panel. In 2012 a second type of Bobby was launched called the Technical Bobby, awarded for technical achievement at the Fringe, such as lighting or set design.

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first appeared at the Fringe in the twilight of his career in 2013, and commented: "I've become Edinburgh's publicity agent. I tell everybody, 'You've got to be in it.

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in the University Chaplaincy Centre, and then in the Royal Mile Centre on the High Street. Although the Fringe was now associated with the High Street, areas like the

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in 1983. Fringe Sunday was held on the second Sunday of the Fringe when companies performed for free. Having outgrown even Holyrood Park, this showcase took place on

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since 1995. Around a dozen awards are given out each year, including a Special Award, given for the first time in 2014. Winners of the Special Award to date include

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sharing led to the rise of bigger, more centralised venues. Rents increased too, with a venue like Heriot-Watt Students' Union doubling their rent in three years.

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Moffat resigned as the Fringe Society Administrator in 1981 and was succeeded by Michael Dale, who changed the programme layout and helped the Fringe consolidate.

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in 2007, and continuing in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, under the co-directorship of Andy Field and Pearson, a primary "Fringe of the Fringe" festival was held, at

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was performed at the Fringe in 2013 before it was adapted for television, was named the first-ever President of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society in 2021.

4964: 4202: 1935:, among others. In February 2019, Shona McCarthy, chief executive of the Fringe Society, stated that "producers and promoters were being unfairly vilified ". 5003: 4877: 8043: 5154:"A loss and a gain for Edinburgh's audiences: The Fringe will be a poorer place without Aurora Nova this year, but Forest Fringe could step into its shoes" 6404: 3476: 1719:

In the field of comedy, the Fringe has provided a platform that has allowed the careers of many performers to bloom. In the 1960s, various members of the

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Fringe venues come in all shapes and sizes, with use being made of nearly any viable space that is available, from regular theatres (e.g. the Traverse or

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Student shows continued to thrive with the National Student Theatre Company, National Youth Music Theatre, Cambridge Mummers, Oxford Theatre Group and

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won the 2017 Edinburgh Comedy Award and was credited with challenging stand-up comedy convention. It subsequently developed a worldwide audience via

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Free Festival. Although the term "Free Fringe" originally referred to Buckley Hill's operation, it is now often used as shorthand for any free venue.

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day. The obvious next step was to partition a venue into two or more performing spaces; the majority of today's major venues fit into this category.

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On the fringe of the official Festival there are many praiseworthy "extras," including presentations by the Scottish Community Drama Association and

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and Fringe manager Kath Mainland was appointed in February 2009 to stabilise the situation, becoming the Fringe's first Chief Executive.

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the Assembly Rooms meant there was now a balance in the Fringe between the Old Town and the New Town, with Princes Street in the middle.

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The now defunct Festival Media Network was founded in 2010 to act as a trade organisation for these independent media. Its members were

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Formal organisation progressed in 1959, with the formation of the Festival Fringe Society. The push for such an organisation was led by

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Late-night revues, which would become a feature of Fringes, began to appear in the early 1950s. The first one was the New Drama Group's

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venues, theatre licences and related costs—and the price of accommodation, which is expensive for performers as well as for audiences.

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Many notable original shows originated at the Fringe and it has helped establish the careers of many writers and performers, including

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The planned 2020 Fringe Festival was suspended along with all of the city's other major summer festivals. This came as a result of the

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as "Bing Hitler", a "parody of all the über-patriotic native folk singers who seemed to infect every public performance in Scotland".

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staged as part of the Fringe's theatre programme, because of their Fringe First awards. For many years, the Scotsman's Arts Editor,

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The same year, other incidents conspired to add to the negative publicity. Fringe Sunday – a vast free showcase of events held on

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Society's Chief Executive (formerly known as the Fringe Administrator or Director). The Chief Executive operates under the chair.

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in 2007. Gervais was accused of greed and taking audiences away from smaller shows. Gervais donated the profits from the show to

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Some Fringe commentators agree that the Fringe will have to change and that the independent promoters are leading that change.

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for best drama was introduced in 2004. To be eligible for this award a show must have received a four or five star rating in

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There also continue to be single, independent venues, sometimes only hosting one show, sometimes only for a limited period.

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newspaper, started offering special ticket prices for different shows each day. This sold 45,000 tickets in its first year.

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to request that he clarify the fact that he had not been banned, which ran contrary to the punch line of one of his jokes.

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in response to the increasing costs to performers of appearing at the Fringe. The other main free promoter is Alex Petty's

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The early 1980s saw the arrival of the "super-venue" – locations that contained multiple performing spaces. By 1981 when

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In addition to ticketed, programmed events, the Fringe Street Events is run each day of the festival, primarily on the

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The Fringe's own position on this debate may be summed up by Michael Dale (Fringe Administrator 1982–1986) in his book

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to performers or shows deemed worthy of recognition. Similar to Fringe Firsts, they are given each week of the Fringe.

7563: 6888: 6778: 6732: 6535: 6520: 6506: 6491: 6477: 6250: 6218: 5257: 4729: 4375: 1538: 520: 185: 4155: 2305:, the mineral water manufacturer ended its long association in 2006 and was succeeded by the Scottish-based company 787:

was founded by Jess Brough in response to what they termed the "overwhelming whiteness" of the Edinburgh Festivals.

273:, a Scottish playwright and journalist, is credited with coining the title "Fringe" when he wrote during the second 6833: 6010: 5792: 5416:"How the Edinburgh Fringe is financed: the article which you cannot read in this morning's edition of The Scotsman" 1592: 1588: 1461: 772:. In 2011, a new all-year-round multi-arts festival venue, containing ten performance spaces, opened in the former 570:

scene was also beginning to take shape. Previously, comedy at the Fringe had taken the form of student revues. Now

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Comedy finally surpassed theatre as the biggest section of the programme in 2008, with 660 comedy entries to 599.

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debuted at the Fringe, ahead of a national tour. The show would later go to the West End, then Broadway in 2020.

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In the 21st century, shows that have debuted at the Fringe and then gone on to wider fame (or notoriety) include

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The first chair of the board of directors was Lord Grant, a High Court judge, who gave way in 1970 to the actor

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The Fringe Club ceased operation in 2004, but various venues still provide "the Best of the Fest" and similar.

262: 6281: 5560:"The future of the Fringe? Think smaller : Correspondents 2012 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide" 4702: 4632: 657:. A 3am late licence made it a home for late-night socialising for comedians, and the raucous late-night show 8182: 7062: 6563: 6462: 6207: 7305: 7142: 6933: 1625:

equality and inclusiveness, it was designed inspire all Fringe stakeholders to pull in the same direction.

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In 2019 there were more than 3,800 shows registered in the programme taking place in 322 different venues.

881:), schools, a public toilet, the back of a taxi, a double-decker bus and even in the audience's own homes. 741: 250: 8290: 7593: 7430: 7295: 3186: 2362: 1760: 1149: 4656: 4498:"Gilded Balloon to offer 'pay what you want' : News 2016 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide" 8201: 7242: 7222: 7107: 6918: 5279: 4914: 1713: 1614: 1106:, introducing a new wave of British satire and heralding a change in attitudes towards politicians and 933: 903: 862: 729: 664:

In 1988, the Society moved from 170 High Street to expanded headquarters at 158–166 High Street on the

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is awarded, along with a list of the top 10. This award is currently sponsored by the TV channel Dave.

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Many performers have spoken highly of the Fringe, and the effect it has had on their career. Magician

8221: 7384: 7137: 7082: 3631: 1985: 1959: 1928: 1748: 1709: 1267: 1197: 919: 745: 709: 602: 6696:"A fresh, brave and energising Fringe 2023 comes to a close, with creativity and care at its core |" 5663: 811: 8067: 7619: 7578: 7117: 7057: 6616: 5206: 4227: 3495:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2024 invites audiences to #UnleashYourFringe as full programme revealed" 3225:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2024 invites audiences to #UnleashYourFringe as full programme revealed" 3191: 2210: 1676:

In the field of drama, the Edinburgh Fringe has premièred several plays and musicals, most notably

1323: 536: 270: 212: 5318:"Edinburgh Fringe hit back at 'Nazi Pug Man' Mark Meechan's claim he was banned from the festival" 4607: 2253:

Editors' Awards was introduced in 2005 and are given to the ten things that have most excited the

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stars in famous venues), and that they are starting to regard non-comedy events as "peripheral".

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has been copied around the world. The largest and most celebrated of these spawned festivals are

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and must not have previously played in New York, as the prize is to put the show on in New York.

1962:

was a familiar figure at the Fringe and today, the young critics' award is named in his honour.

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The Fringe has made the careers of many on the artistic and organisational side of the Fringe.

1503: 1007: 874: 873:), conference centres, other university rooms and spaces, bars and pubs, temporary structures ( 827: 609: 547:

Fringe Sunday started in the High Street in 1981 and moved, through pressure of popularity, to

500: 476: 5347: 5108: 5082: 4431:"The free shows you can pay for... : News 2013 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide" 7510: 7337: 7077: 7067: 5962: 5721: 5046: 4475: 4073: 3995: 3962: 3911: 3536: 2228: 1997: 1618: 1279: 1152:, a leading innovative touring company at that time, brought two productions to the Fringe – 870: 6829: 5064: 231: 215:

outbreak in the early months of the year, with concerns of spreading the virus any further.

8226: 7489: 7447: 7247: 7177: 7147: 6440: 5905: 5877: 5726: 4679: 4528: 2351: 2298: 2193: 2171:

There are a growing number of awards for Fringe shows, particularly in the field of drama:

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Not long afterwards came the first complaints that the Fringe had become too big. Director

199: 6564:"Stage lights come down on the 2018 Edinburgh Festival Fringe | Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 1824: 1400: 511: 244:

The Fringe started life when eight theatre companies turned up uninvited to the inaugural

8: 8310: 8256: 8241: 7629: 7624: 7496: 7202: 7182: 7157: 6673: 5850: 4937: 3450:"The first steps towards recovery as the Edinburgh Festival Fringe 2022 comes to a close" 2306: 2180:

introduced the prestigious Fringe First awards in 1973. These awards were established by

2112: 1991: 1673:

In August 2016, the Adelaide Fringe began an official partnership with Edinburgh Fringe.

1499: 1303:. This had been taken over by Assembly Theatre and transformed into an 840-seat theatre. 616: 472: 468: 5534:"Edinburgh Fringe round-up II – will 2012 be a turning point? | Edinburgh is Funny" 5004:"Kath M Mainland steps down as Chief Executive of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society" 4551: 3279:"The comedians are ready and so are the crowds ... but where are the Edinburgh critics?" 1756: 1217:

using established comedians in the roles of the twelve jurors. Directed and produced by

316:, where cheap food and a bed for the night were made available to participating groups. 7363: 7300: 6770: 6747: 6382: 5748: 3307: 1973: 1526: 1522: 1449: 1300: 1186: 952: 800: 725: 650: 567: 552: 4805: 4408: 1716:. The Fringe is also the staging ground of the American High School Theatre Festival. 1432:

Fringes (since the 90s) and Richard Herring has performed at 25 Fringes (since 1987).

8021: 7290: 7197: 7127: 6774: 6751: 6728: 6646: 6593: 6111: 5273: 5225: 4983: 4383: 3352: 3243: 2314: 2024: 1923:

In July 2017, a campaign was set up to raise awareness of and challenge alleged poor

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attended the very first Fringe as a 23-year-old in 1947 and hosted his long-standing

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companies. The next year it became a "tented village", with several smaller tents.

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Sore Throats and Overdrafts: An illustrated story of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe

4855: 4352: 4283:"Shona McCarthy appointed as Chief Executive of Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society" 1024: 676: 490:, the number of companies performing rose from 182 to 494, and new venues such as 138:

has become a world-leading celebration of arts and culture, surpassed only by the

8095: 7573: 7342: 7132: 5845: 3201: 2135: 1932: 1698: 1688: 1651: 1610: 1484: 1453: 1428: 1388: 1222: 1093: 693: 620: 571: 487: 411: 154: 6162:"Here is every single one of the Fringe's funniest jokes for the last ten years" 4782: 4453: 4322: 2145:

publish a large number of Edinburgh reviews, especially of the drama programme.

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1981 was a watershed for comedy at the Fringe too. It was the first year of the

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claimed in 1961 that "it would be much better if only ten halls were licensed".

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After an interim period, during which Tim Hawkins, formerly general manager of

733: 631:, Kick Theatre, Lumiere and Son, Medieval Players and Trickster were regulars. 598: 462:

For many years, the Fringe Club (variously in the High Street from 1971 and at

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The artistic credentials of the Fringe were established by the creators of the

377: 299: 143: 4965:"Benny Higgins appointed Chair of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society board" 1845: 503:

for the Festival, after having been successful in the Fringe during the '70s.

126:

Established in 1947 as an unofficial offshoot to (and on the "fringe" of) the

8274: 8206: 7568: 7468: 7454: 7272: 6964: 5936: 5691:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe chief says 'fair pay' activists a threat to event" 5638:"'Terrible' and 'Shameful' Edinburgh Festival Fringe work practices revealed" 4603: 4387: 3477:"The best theatre to stream this month: Edinburgh fringe, Jane Eyre and more" 2335: 2294: 2262: 2164: 2097: 2030: 2018: 2003: 1979: 1828:

Fringe show flyers and posters compete for space on a High Street phone booth

1736: 1693: 1362: 1356: 1315: 1296: 1292: 1263: 1230: 1218: 937: 728:– was cancelled when a sponsor could not be secured. The "Big Four" venues - 624: 548: 422: 384: 366: 220: 44: 6838: 5183: 1148:

During the 1980s, the Fringe attracted a number of major touring companies.

347:

It was a few years before an official programme for the Fringe was created.

7503: 7482: 5375: 4760: 4661: 4186: 3374:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe cancelled this summer over coronavirus outbreak" 2355: 2240: 2176: 2129: 2106: 1953: 1813: 1791: 1768: 1764: 1752: 1720: 1683: 1476: 1472: 1471:

The first full-time Fringe chief was John Milligan, who had worked for the

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The following year, 1982, The Circuit became a prominent venue. Run by the

575: 528: 436: 435:

is credited with pioneering the one-man Fringe show with his show based on

432: 407: 357: 348: 340: 4255:"Grassroots project addresses Edinburgh fringe's 'overwhelming whiteness'" 2266:

in 2011 and are given to the best shows of the festival as decided by the

269:"semi-official" festival. It was not until the following year, 1948, that 8109: 7583: 7262: 7152: 7097: 7013: 5439:"Don't ask about dosh: The true cost of staging a Fringe show – Scotland" 5204: 4962: 3331: 3222: 1879: 1837: 1732: 1728: 1542: 1424: 1420: 1404: 1379: 1288: 1284: 1238: 1234: 1226: 1070: 1066: 1062: 983: 948: 585: 403: 332: 258: 174: 8151: 6439:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 7 November 2008. Archived from 6014: 4576:

Watson, Roland; Sylvester, Rachel; Hopkins, Kathryn (24 February 2012).

2280:, to encourage the writing and production of new musicals on the Fringe. 1130:

was first performed in its full version at the 1966 Fringe. Noted actor

684: 653:

as a comedy venue in the former J. & R. Allan's department store on

8251: 8231: 7634: 7603: 7524: 7162: 7122: 7112: 6824: 6062: 5959:"AIUK : Scotland: Freedom of Expression Award shortlist announced" 5813: 5770: 5512:"Stewart Lee & Bob Slayer: How The Fringe Escaped Its Certain Fate" 5205:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

4963:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

4323:"Edinburgh festivals: No fireworks but many are just happy it happened" 3332:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

3223:

Street, 180 High; Edinburgh; Eh1 1qs; Kingdom +44131 226 0026, United.

2395: 2313:

and rebranded as the Edinburgh Comedy awards, or "Eddies". As of 2024,

2310: 2249: 2012: 1849: 1744: 1743:. Atkinson was at Oxford. Notable companies in the 1980s have included 1491:

Festival in 1971 and had organised a small festival in his hometown of

1488: 1274: 1135: 1089: 986:

were among the first established acts to embrace this model along with

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for Comedy came into existence in 1981 when the award was won by the

2284: 2214: 2201: 2141: 1784: 1780: 1507: 1383: 1054: 979: 336: 131: 62: 6744:

The Edinburgh Fringe Survival Guide: How To Make Your Show A Success

5465:"Stewart Lee: the slow death of the Edinburgh Fringe | Culture" 5017: 3399: 3263: 1006:

During the Fringe the pedestrianised area of the High Street around

619:

producing well-received new work. Among professional companies, the

4521:"50 years on from Beyond the Fringe: Pete, Dud, Alan, Jon & me" 1875: 1568: 1464:). The current chair is Benny Higgins, who succeeded Professor Sir 1266:, quitting the project before it opened. Masterson was replaced by 1046: 975: 869:, Paradise in Augustines), lecture theatres (including the notable 752: 170: 150: 139: 1751:. More recent comedy performers to have been "discovered" include 707:

following year, a Half Price Ticket Tent, run in association with

331:, in 1952. Among the talent to appear in early Fringe revues were 7558: 7461: 7377: 5616: 5130: 4835: 4636: 4578:"First knight of nerves for Derek Jacobi and A Bunch of Amateurs" 2302: 2191:

Angels and Archangels are awarded by the team of arts writers of

1372: 1330: 755: 654: 204: 166: 4878:

The Scotsman - The Stars Who Made It Big At The Edinburgh Fringe

2127:

Most of the London-based broadsheets also review, in particular

895:

The main venue operators can broadly be split into four groups:

642:

to promote Edinburgh as 'The Festival City' for the first time.

8196: 3400:"2020 Fringe announcement from Shona McCarthy, Chief Executive" 2160: 1632:• Celebrate performing arts 1140: 162: 134:

every August. The combination of Edinburgh Festival Fringe and

5394: 3577:

Kemp, Robert (14 August 1948). "More that is Fresh in Drama".

3334:"Phoebe Waller-Bridge is the Fringe Society's first President" 2010:

From the 1990s onwards, Fringe-specific publications emerged.

1638:• Look out for each other. 768:

In 2009, theSpaceUK launched their multi-space complex at the

5583:"Comedy overtakes theatre in Edinburgh Festival Fringe first" 796: 589: 1965:

Other Scottish media outlets that provide coverage include:

1314:

served as the 6,000-seat venue for a one-off performance by

634:

In 1983, the Fringe joined with the International Festival,

157:

categorises shows into sections for theatre, comedy, dance,

99: 6817: 2231:

introduced the Amnesty Freedom of Expression Award in 2002.

1704: 889:

productions, some of whom are semi or wholly professional.

313: 4228:"theSpace @ Surgeons Hall (V53) – Edinburgh Fringe Venues" 4156:"Edinburgh festival: Report slams Fringe ticketing fiasco" 1927:

during the Fringe. The campaign received support from the

1723:

team appeared in student productions, as subsequently did

6617:"Edinburgh Fringe Is Back. Is a Smaller Festival Better?" 6317: 6315: 6176:"The top ten funniest jokes of the Edinburgh Fringe 2022" 4941: 1670:(est. 1997), the word comes before the word "festival".) 6300: 6129: 4127:"Tokyo Shock Boys have no fear, but they do have limits" 3662: 3594: 3592: 3590: 2301:. (Two further award categories have since been added.) 6669:"'It's a phenomenon': 75 years of the Edinburgh Fringe" 6354: 6352: 6350: 4454:"Bridget Christie wins Foster's Edinburgh comedy award" 4203:"Kath Mainland looks forward to life beyond the Fringe" 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3679: 3677: 3560: 3558: 3306:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. Archived from 2120:

was once again the most prolific reviewer, followed by

1513:

Dale departed in 1986 to become Head of Events for the

285:

The word "fringe" had in fact been used in a review of

8051: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6312: 6288: 6208:"Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2011" 4575: 839:

Box Office for the Assembly, George Square venue, 2013

443:, in 1965, although Elspeth Douglas Reid had done her 6038:"Edinburgh Comedy Awards 2024 judging panel revealed" 5741: 4039: 4037: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3745: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3650: 3587: 3513: 1171:

In 1986, the Fringe saw the break-out performance of

6528:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2014

6499:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2013

6470:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2012

6243:

Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society Annual Review 2015

5286: 3814: 3795: 3733: 3674: 3555: 1654:(established 1960 and second biggest in the world), 1635:• Be open to all 6327: 5536:. Londonisfunny.com. 30 August 2012. Archived from 5256:in archived version. 16 August 2016. Archived from 4703:"Ticket touts are greedy scum, rages Ricky Gervais" 4549: 1836:In the early 21st century, two organisations — The 1532: 1262:contracting chicken pox and the original director, 6796:The Fringe: 50 Years of the Greatest Show on Earth 6642:"Edinburgh Fringe ticket sales down 26.7 per cent" 4297:"Edinburgh festivals cancelled due to coronavirus" 4069:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 4" 4034: 4022: 4010: 3991:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 3" 3958:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 1" 3926: 3907:"How Comedy Captured the Edinburgh Fringe: Part 2" 3886: 3869: 3852: 3835: 3774: 3757: 3714: 3638: 3611: 2104:, which published 1000 reviews during August, and 6589:"Edinburgh Fringe claims record box office again" 6550:"Fringe Society 2016 end of season press release" 6282:"Fringe Society 2017 end of season press release" 6265:"Fringe Society 2015 end of season press release" 5713: 5246:"Adelaide partners with world's biggest festival" 4277: 4275: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 3984: 3982: 3980: 1662:, formerly Grahamstown, South Africa (1973), and 941:operator by number of shows at the modern fringe. 680:Entrance to the High Street, street performances. 8272: 5840: 5838: 4806:"Love Birds review at Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 3533:"Special Collections: Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 1258:was beset by problems, including the lead actor 562:, which ran until 2005 and are now known as the 6378:"35th Edinburgh Festival On Way To Big Success" 6137:"And now for something completely different..." 3694: 3692: 1443: 627:, Cherub, Cliff Hanger, Entertainment Machine, 6688: 6608: 6112:"New Fringe award dedicated to Malcolm Hardee" 5605: 4996: 4730:"Going wild and giving it up for a good cause" 4694: 4272: 4252: 4173: 4049: 3977: 3949: 3898: 1498:Moffat left in 1981 to become Head of Arts at 486:Between 1976 and 1981, under the direction of 54:2024: 2–26 August (exact dates vary each year) 8167: 8037: 6868: 6854: 6371: 6369: 6367: 5835: 5418:. Thejohnfleming.wordpress.com. 4 August 2012 4938:"The insiders' guide to the Edinburgh Fringe" 4823: 4747: 4650: 4625: 4602: 4182:"Edinburgh Fringe may seek £600,000 bail-out" 3604: 1487:, who had been involved in running the first 969:introduced a new model to the Fringe, at his 35:A street performer on the High Street in 2010 6230: 6228: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 5436: 5010: 4721: 4451: 3689: 3327: 3325: 3296: 3256: 1989:. Scottish arts and entertainment magazines 455:in 1969 and continued to do so until 1985. 6276: 6274: 6085:"In Malc's memory: New Fringe award set up" 5901:"Best reviewed Edinburgh Fringe shows 2014" 5873:"Best reviewed Edinburgh Fringe shows 2018" 5462: 5230:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5018:"About us | Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 4988:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4569: 3357:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3248:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3127:Festival cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic 1848:, and "Pay What You Want" as introduced by 1407:performing at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe 748:, which drew criticism from some quarters. 8174: 8160: 8044: 8030: 6861: 6847: 6364: 4867:The Guardian - It’s Hell Without The Drink 4756:"Fleabag – Edinburgh festival 2013 review" 3570: 2096:In 2012, the most prolific reviewers were 1918: 1529:. She took up the position in March 2016. 649:In 1986, promoter Karen Koren established 323:, a series of sketches taking place after 8181: 6542: 6513: 6484: 6455: 6225: 6193: 6055: 5371:"'Pure greed' of 800% rise in venue fees" 4596: 4552:"A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology" 3322: 235:1971 Festival Fringe Club Membership Card 6552:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 6284:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 6271: 6267:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 6257: 5688: 5368: 5315: 5037: 5035: 5006:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 4700: 4543: 4285:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 4200: 4066: 3988: 3955: 3904: 3397: 3371: 3266:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society. 2283: 2159: 1823: 1617:, with support from 2008 to 2010 by the 1399: 1299:, the meeting place on the Mound of the 1243: 1023: 853:List of Edinburgh Festival Fringe venues 842: 834: 826: 818: 810: 683: 675: 510: 230: 6764: 6375: 6321: 6294: 5846:"The List's Top-Rated Shows Statistics" 5613:"Comedians infest the Edinburgh Fringe" 5151: 5020:. The Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 4829: 4753: 4452:Brocklehurst, Steven (24 August 2013). 4373: 4179: 4153: 3751: 3668: 3656: 3598: 3519: 3474: 3197:Melbourne International Comedy Festival 1904: 865:), churches and church halls (e.g. the 744:- also decided to market themselves as 8301:Fringe festivals in the United Kingdom 8273: 6830:"Follow the Fringe Project" Collection 6741: 6306: 6036:Guide, British Comedy (25 July 2024). 5719: 5664:"Council backs 'Fair Fringe' campaign" 5580: 5292: 4727: 4550:Michael H. Hutchins (14 August 2006). 3829: 3808: 3739: 3683: 3564: 3276: 3182:List of Edinburgh Comedy Award winners 1859: 1668:New York International Fringe Festival 1664:Edmonton International Fringe Festival 226: 8155: 8025: 6842: 6798:, The Scotsman Publications Ltd, 1996 6727:. Edinburgh: Precedent Publications. 6035: 5032: 4890:"Skiddle - Paul Merton's Impro Chums" 4253:Wolfe-Robinson, Maya (29 July 2019). 4149: 4147: 4124: 3264:"About the Edinburgh Festival Fringe" 1943: 1938: 1679:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead 1411: 1127:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead 795:In 2016, Shona McCarthy, who had led 574:was becoming a feature. According to 295:Edinburgh University Dramatic Society 8321:Arts organisations based in Scotland 6803:The Traverse Theatre Story 1963–1988 6722: 6614: 6358: 6109: 4803: 4676:"BBC - Comedy Blog - for Odd's Sake" 4556:The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide 4220: 4201:Ferguson, Brian (10 November 2015). 4180:Carrell, Severin (10 January 2009). 4154:Carrell, Severin (4 February 2009). 4043: 4028: 4016: 3943: 3892: 3880: 3863: 3846: 3789: 3768: 3727: 3700:"History of the Edinburgh Festivals" 3644: 3576: 3218: 3216: 2274:The Edinburgh Musical Theatre Awards 2236:Carol Tambor Best of Edinburgh Award 1891:they can make back in ticket sales. 515:The Fringe Office at 180 High Street 479:were also prominent in this period. 146:in terms of global ticketed events. 6437:"Fringe Facts – Annual Report 2003" 5689:Ferguson, Brian (2 February 2019). 4832:"Hannah Gadsby: Nanette on Netflix" 4518: 4512: 4401: 3525: 3372:Saunders, Emmeline (1 April 2020). 3304:"Fringe Society Board of Directors" 2100:which published over 1900 reviews, 815:Assembly Rooms and Box Office, 2013 790: 688:Street performer in the High Street 257:, about 20 miles north, across the 13: 6805:, Methuen Publishing, London, 1988 6788: 6376:Rattner, Steven (31 August 1981). 6013:. Broadwaybaby.com. Archived from 5316:Mitchell, Hilary (1 August 2019). 4144: 2207:Stage Awards for Acting Excellence 2054:). The latter two merged in 2019. 1878:island and a swimming pool at the 1868: 671: 390: 14: 8337: 6889:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6809: 6536:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6507:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6478:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6251:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 6219:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 5720:Fowler, John (18 November 1997). 5063:. 8 February 2008. Archived from 4701:Ferguson, Brian (16 April 2009). 3213: 2007:also provide extensive coverage. 1806: 1739:, the latter three with the 1981 186:Edinburgh Festival Fringe Society 184:The Festival is supported by the 8217:QED: Question, Explore, Discover 6834:University of Maryland Libraries 6661: 6634: 6615:Jack, Malcolm (11 August 2021). 6581: 6556: 6429: 6397: 6168: 6154: 6103: 6077: 6029: 6003: 5977: 5951: 5921: 5893: 5865: 5806: 5785: 5771:"Festival Media Network Website" 5763: 5682: 5656: 5630: 5574: 5552: 5526: 5504: 5482: 5369:Cornwell, Tim (12 August 2009). 4728:Fraser, Gemma (28 August 2007). 4633:"Twelve Angry Men's description" 3475:Wiegand, Chris (1 August 2022). 3398:McCarthy, Shona (1 April 2020). 3277:Thorpe, Vanessa (14 July 2019). 2220:Total Theatre has presented its 2116:published 480 reviews. By 2019, 1819: 1801: 1593:Edinburgh International Festival 1589:Edinburgh International Festival 1533:Promoters and artistic directors 1019: 429:, became a major Fringe figure. 416:Edinburgh International Festival 352:still not yet in regular usage. 275:Edinburgh International Festival 246:Edinburgh International Festival 136:Edinburgh International Festival 128:Edinburgh International Festival 29: 8316:1947 establishments in Scotland 6716: 5793:"Broadway Baby: Edinburgh 2012" 5456: 5437:Claire Smith (25 August 2012). 5430: 5408: 5387: 5362: 5332: 5309: 5298: 5238: 5198: 5172: 5145: 5123: 5097: 5071: 5053: 4956: 4930: 4919: 4908: 4882: 4871: 4860: 4849: 4830:Bennett, Steve (20 June 2018). 4797: 4775: 4754:Gardner, Lyn (21 August 2013). 4668: 4657:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 4490: 4464: 4445: 4423: 4367: 4341: 4315: 4289: 4246: 4194: 4118: 4088: 3487: 1460:(widow of former Labour Leader 1458:Elizabeth Smith, Baroness Smith 1440:show until his death, aged 96. 1349:original musical production of 1255:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest 601:made his debut here as part of 312:set up a drop-in centre in the 263:first Edinburgh Festival Fringe 7058:Assembly George Square Gardens 6463:"Review of Society activities" 6410:. edfringe.com. Archived from 5818:: All Reviews, Edinburgh 2012" 4374:Gardner, Lyn (7 August 2000). 4125:Kirby, Alicia (6 April 2006). 3442: 3417: 3391: 3365: 3270: 2319:The Donald and Eleanor Taffner 1885: 1842:Free Edinburgh Fringe Festival 1452:. He was succeeded in 1983 by 1145:which was very well regarded. 994:Panel Prize with a PWYW show. 783:In 2018, an initiative called 774:Royal (Dick) Veterinary School 239: 1: 8326:Theatre festivals in Scotland 8306:Festivals established in 1947 7233:St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral 5985:"UNLIMITED | ThreeWeeks" 4067:Venables, Ben (6 June 2017). 3989:Venables, Ben (6 June 2017). 3905:Venables, Ben (6 June 2017). 3613:"Belgian Royalty at Festival" 3429:edfringe.shorthandstories.com 3207: 2369: 2139:, while arts industry weekly 1600:Sore Throats & Overdrafts 1479:. He left in 1976 to run the 831:The Pleasance Courtyard, 2013 758:took charge, the established 696:, who performed in 2008, and 8286:Comedy festivals in Scotland 7143:Scottish Storytelling Centre 6801:McMillan, J., Carnegie, J., 5581:Dibdin, Thom (5 June 2008). 5463:Stewart Lee (30 July 2012). 5152:Gardner, Lyn (21 May 2008). 4804:Vale, Paul (9 August 2015). 3956:Venables, Ben (9 May 2017). 1983:and the Scottish edition of 1641: 1591:, and occasionally from the 1444:Officials and administrators 1193:National Theatre of Scotland 861:), function rooms (e.g. the 7: 7431:Funniest Joke of the Fringe 6405:"Fringe Annual Report 2001" 6063:"The Malcolm Hardee Awards" 6011:"Broadway Baby Bobby Award" 5751:. Edinburgh Festival Fringe 4500:. Chortle. 26 February 2016 4472:"Comedy Awards - Adam Hess" 3175: 2398:and at the Mound Precinct. 2363:Funniest Joke of the Fringe 2276:were introduced in 2007 by 1761:Reduced Shakespeare Company 1475:and been a researcher with 1248:Fleabag at the Fringe, 2013 1225:in the role made famous by 1150:Joint Stock Theatre Company 447:as early as 1955. American 83:; 77 years ago 10: 8342: 8202:European Skeptics Congress 7421:So You Think You're Funny? 7333:Edinburgh People's Theatre 7243:Southside Community Centre 7063:St Columba's-by-the-Castle 6765:Moffatt, Alistair (1978). 5207:"Fringe development goals" 4207:The Edinburgh Evening News 2361:Each year since 2009, the 2260:The Bobby was launched by 1951:Edinburgh based newspaper 1714:Fitchburg State University 850: 555:and continued until 2008. 365:In 1956, the famous actor 149:It is an open-access (or " 8281:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 8189: 8129: 8106:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 8088: 8081: 8060: 7643: 7612: 7541: 7439: 7408: 7385:Jerry Springer: The Opera 7355: 7325: 7318: 7281: 7238:St Michael and All Saints 7083:Mayfield Salisbury Church 7038: 7031: 7004: 6942: 6909: 6902: 6884:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6876: 6870:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6700:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6568:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 6110:Wolf, Ian (2 June 2008). 5562:. Chortle. 28 August 2012 5344:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 5211:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 5079:"High Street Information" 4969:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 4409:"Edinburgh Fringe Venues" 3632:British Newspaper Archive 3454:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 3425:"Review of the year 2021" 3338:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 3229:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 3125: 2155: 2016:was founded in 1996, and 1929:City of Edinburgh Council 1749:National Theatre of Brent 1575:open access arts festival 1395: 1273:In 2005, a production of 1198:Jerry Springer: The Opera 920:Edinburgh Comedy Festival 847:Summerhall arts hub, 2013 806: 770:Royal College of Surgeons 746:Edinburgh Comedy Festival 603:The Greatest Show On Legs 121:Edinburgh Fringe Festival 111:(also referred to as the 109:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 95: 77: 69: 58: 50: 40: 28: 24:Edinburgh Festival Fringe 23: 8068:Budapest Fringe Festival 5773:. Festival Media Network 5722:"Obituary: Allen Wright" 5492:. Chortle. 23 March 2012 5061:"How much will it cost?" 4433:. Chortle. 17 April 2013 4376:"All the flat's a stage" 3192:List of fringe festivals 2167:holding his Herald Angel 1880:Apex International Hotel 1560: 1324:Macmillan Cancer Support 1118:for the next 12 months. 1014: 506: 369:performed the solo show 8252:SkepTrack at Dragon Con 8121:Reading Fringe Festival 8116:Malvern Fringe Festival 7416:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 5043:"Costs & Deadlines" 4785:. Lovebirds The Musical 2278:Musical Theatre Matters 1919:Work and pay conditions 1840:and The Laughing Horse 1777:Flight of the Conchords 1773:The League of Gentlemen 1515:Glasgow Garden Festival 1483:, and was succeeded by 1154:The Great Celestial Cow 992:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 951:was set up by comedian 760:Edinburgh Book Festival 700:who performed in 1994. 564:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 427:Pleasance Theatre Trust 310:University of Edinburgh 179:Edinburgh Comedy Awards 8247:Skeptics on The Fringe 8137:Dublin Fringe Festival 8101:Buxton Festival Fringe 8073:Prague Fringe Festival 7589:Christopher Richardson 7564:William Burdett-Coutts 7253:The Famous Spiegeltent 7103:Royal Over-Seas League 6723:Dale, Michael (1988). 5278:: CS1 maint: others ( 5250:Inside South Australia 4734:Edinburgh Evening News 3580:Edinburgh Evening News 2289: 2168: 1894:Stewart Lee stated in 1829: 1692:(1994), which starred 1656:National Arts Festival 1504:Cambridge Arts Theatre 1408: 1249: 1229:, Juror number eight. 1034: 875:The Famous Spiegeltent 848: 840: 832: 824: 816: 689: 681: 586:Actors Touring Company 521:William Burdett-Coutts 516: 501:The Brothers Karamazov 305: 283: 236: 8183:Skeptical conferences 8110:Edinburgh Free Fringe 7426:Malcolm Hardee Awards 7338:Glasgow Unity Theatre 7078:George Square Theatre 7068:The Stand Comedy Club 6742:Fisher, Mark (2012). 5383:on 19 September 2018. 5254:Brand South Australia 4411:. Cracking The Fringe 3537:University of Glasgow 2287: 2229:Amnesty International 2163: 1827: 1619:Battersea Arts Centre 1539:William Burdett-Coutt 1403: 1355:made its premiere at 1318:of his stand-up show 1247: 1027: 871:George Square Theatre 851:Further information: 846: 838: 830: 822: 814: 687: 679: 514: 371:The Strong Are Lonely 291: 279: 234: 7448:British Comedy Guide 7178:Quaker Meeting House 6767:The Edinburgh Fringe 6521:"Annual Review 2014" 6236:"Annual Review 2015" 6116:British Sitcom Guide 6065:. The Malcolm Hardee 6042:British Comedy Guide 5965:on 25 September 2006 5906:British Comedy Guide 5878:British Comedy Guide 5350:on 12 September 2008 3702:. Edinburgh Festival 2352:British Comedy Guide 2338:Foundation sponsors 2299:Cambridge Footlights 2288:Malcolm Hardee Award 2222:Total Theatre Awards 2150:British Comedy Guide 1905:Domination by comedy 1741:Cambridge Footlights 1696:, and most recently 1481:Craigmillar Festival 1336:Phoebe Waller-Bridge 1207:saw a production of 1098:Royal Lyceum Theatre 867:Quaker Meeting House 823:The Udderbelly, 2013 661:was started there. 200:Phoebe Waller-Bridge 169:, children's shows, 130:, it takes place in 8257:The Amazing Meeting 8242:Skeptics in the Pub 8055:festivals in Europe 7203:Edinburgh Playhouse 7183:Hill Street Theatre 6825:Festivals Edinburgh 6142:. 28 September 2007 5749:"Journalism Awards" 5593:on 7 September 2008 5067:on 7 February 2008. 4682:on 13 February 2006 4608:"The Scotsman" 4519:Leonard, Nicholas. 4106:on 15 February 2020 2977:"almost 2 million" 2332:Best Newcomer Award 2307:Intelligent Finance 2087:The Podcast Network 1860:Costs to performers 1500:Scottish Television 1008:St Giles' Cathedral 965:– In 2013 comedian 617:Bradford University 227:History and origins 8291:Edinburgh Festival 7301:Meadowbank Stadium 7173:Bruntsfield Church 6771:Johnston and Bacon 6621:The New York Times 6417:on 20 October 2006 6383:The New York Times 5909:. 7 September 2015 5540:on 5 December 2012 4612:The New York Times 4606:(1 October 2009). 4355:on 18 October 2015 4100:www.iaatouring.com 3187:Joke Of The Fringe 2290: 2257:editors each year. 2169: 2110:with 826 reviews. 1974:Scotland on Sunday 1944:Sources of reviews 1939:Reviews and awards 1925:working conditions 1830: 1527:UK City of Culture 1523:Melbourne Festival 1450:Andrew Cruickshank 1412:Veteran performers 1409: 1301:Church of Scotland 1295:was staged at the 1252:A 2004 version of 1250: 1035: 953:Peter Buckley Hill 849: 841: 833: 825: 817: 801:UK City of Culture 692:Acts included The 690: 682: 651:The Gilded Balloon 568:alternative comedy 517: 237: 8265: 8264: 8227:Skeptic's Toolbox 8149: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8019: 8018: 7542:Prominent figures 7351: 7350: 7326:Theatre Companies 7314: 7313: 7306:Palladium Theatre 7291:Dunfermline Abbey 7268:St Bride's Centre 7148:St Cecilia's Hall 7128:John Hope Gateway 7098:Sweet Grassmarket 7027: 7026: 6757:978-1-408-13252-4 6443:on 3 October 2009 6140:Irish Independent 6017:on 2 October 2012 5933:Herald-events.com 5701:on 19 August 2019 5514:. Theskinny.co.uk 5111:on 5 October 2009 5085:on 5 October 2009 4531:on 24 August 2010 4096:"Jim Rose Circus" 3173: 3172: 2329:DLT Entertainment 2315:DLT Entertainment 2063:Festival Previews 1856:discussed above. 1519:Greenwich Theatre 1291:also directed by 1183:(theatrical show) 1108:the establishment 1103:Beyond the Fringe 1096:performed at the 1031:Beyond the Fringe 1028:Original cast of 988:Adrienne Truscott 963:Pay What You Want 445:One Woman Theatre 303:, 24 August 1950 255:Dunfermline Abbey 105: 104: 8333: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8086: 8085: 8046: 8039: 8032: 8023: 8022: 7549:Anthony Alderson 7323: 7322: 7093:Traverse Theatre 7073:New Town Theatre 7036: 7035: 6995:Heroes of Fringe 6955:Greenside Venues 6907: 6906: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6821: 6820: 6818:Official website 6784: 6761: 6738: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6525: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6496: 6492:"Review of 2013" 6488: 6482: 6481: 6467: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6373: 6362: 6356: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6309:, p. 12-13. 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6240: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6204: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6164:. 7 August 2019. 6158: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5987:. Archived from 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5961:. Archived from 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5939:on 9 August 2016 5935:. Archived from 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5881:. 31 August 2018 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5822:Threeweeks.co.uk 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5697:. Archived from 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5670:. 24 August 2017 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5589:. Archived from 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5379:. Archived from 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5346:. Archived from 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5320:. Edinburgh Live 5313: 5307: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5252:. website named 5242: 5236: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5182:. Archived from 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5107:. Archived from 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5081:. Archived from 5075: 5069: 5068: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5049:on 19 June 2009. 5045:. Archived from 5039: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4987: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4896:on 27 March 2019 4892:. Archived from 4886: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4678:. Archived from 4672: 4666: 4665:, 19 August 2004 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4527:. Archived from 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4474:. Archived from 4468: 4462: 4461: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4351:. Archived from 4349:"Paradise Green" 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4329:. 31 August 2021 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4102:. 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Archived from 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3456:. 29 August 2022 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3404:Edinburgh Fringe 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3310:on 15 March 2016 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3220: 2401: 2400: 2322:Best Comedy Show 2205:has awarded the 2148:Since 2010, the 1854:Heroes of Fringe 1797: 1757:Fascinating Aïda 1547:Anthony Alderson 1434:Nicholas Parsons 1312:Edinburgh Castle 1260:Christian Slater 1162:Fire in the Lake 971:Heroes of Fringe 791:The Fringe today 785:Fringe of Colour 698:Tokyo Shock Boys 636:Edinburgh Tattoo 594:Traverse Theatre 525:Assembly Theatre 464:Teviot Row House 400:Traverse Theatre 325:Donald Pleasence 173:, opera, music, 159:physical theatre 113:Edinburgh Fringe 91: 89: 84: 33: 21: 20: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8271: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8261: 8222:Skepsis Congres 8185: 8180: 8150: 8141: 8125: 8096:Brighton Fringe 8077: 8056: 8050: 8020: 8015: 7639: 7608: 7574:Richard Demarco 7537: 7435: 7404: 7347: 7343:Pilgrim Players 7310: 7296:Gateway Theatre 7277: 7133:John Knox House 7023: 7000: 6938: 6898: 6872: 6867: 6816: 6815: 6812: 6791: 6789:Further reading 6781: 6758: 6735: 6719: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6650: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6374: 6365: 6357: 6328: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6272: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6034: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5929:"Herald Angels" 5927: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5882: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5844: 5843: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5812: 5811: 5807: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5532: 5531: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5314: 5310: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5261: 5260:on 2 April 2019 5244: 5243: 5239: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5186:on 22 June 2009 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5133:. Forest Fringe 5131:"Forest Fringe" 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5011: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4971: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4764: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4659:, Lyn Gardner, 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4478:on 8 March 2016 4470: 4469: 4465: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4199: 4195: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4152: 4145: 4135: 4133: 4131:The Japan Times 4123: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4065: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3987: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3870: 3862: 3853: 3845: 3836: 3828: 3815: 3807: 3796: 3788: 3775: 3767: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3625: 3623: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3588: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3396: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3366: 3350: 3349: 3342: 3340: 3330: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3202:Just for Laughs 3178: 2422:Tickets issued 2372: 2340:The Panel Prize 2158: 2136:The Independent 1946: 1941: 1933:Unite the Union 1921: 1912:Richard DeMarco 1907: 1888: 1871: 1869:Costs to venues 1862: 1822: 1809: 1804: 1795: 1699:Six the Musical 1689:Moscow Stations 1652:Adelaide Fringe 1646:The concept of 1644: 1611:Deborah Pearson 1580:fringe festival 1563: 1535: 1485:Alistair Moffat 1454:Jonathan Miller 1446: 1429:Richard Herring 1414: 1398: 1389:Six the Musical 1241:also featured. 1114:and New York's 1094:Jonathan Miller 1022: 1017: 855: 809: 793: 776:under the name 694:Jim Rose Circus 674: 672:1990s and 2000s 621:Almeida Theatre 509: 488:Alistair Moffat 441:There Was A Man 412:Richard Demarco 393: 391:1960s and 1970s 242: 229: 87: 85: 82: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8339: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8296:Busking venues 8293: 8288: 8283: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8179: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8083: 8082:UK and Ireland 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8064: 8062: 8061:Central Europe 8058: 8057: 8053:Fringe theatre 8049: 8048: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7644:Fringe by year 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7594:Tommy Sheppard 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7532:The Wee Review 7528: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7371:The Elvis Dead 7367: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7327: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7248:Symposium Hall 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7208:Canongate Kirk 7205: 7200: 7198:Surgeons' Hall 7195: 7193:Bedlam Theatre 7190: 7188:Symposium Hall 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7118:Pleasance Dome 7115: 7110: 7108:Assembly Rooms 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7053:Fringe Central 7050: 7044: 7042: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7019:Laughing Horse 7016: 7010: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6970:Paradise Green 6967: 6962: 6960:Just the Tonic 6957: 6952: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6924:Gilded Balloon 6921: 6915: 6913: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6866: 6865: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6827: 6822: 6811: 6810:External links 6808: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6762: 6756: 6739: 6733: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6687: 6660: 6633: 6607: 6580: 6555: 6541: 6512: 6483: 6454: 6428: 6396: 6363: 6326: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6270: 6256: 6224: 6192: 6167: 6153: 6128: 6102: 6076: 6054: 6028: 6002: 5991:on 13 May 2009 5976: 5950: 5920: 5892: 5864: 5834: 5805: 5784: 5762: 5740: 5712: 5681: 5655: 5644:. 29 July 2019 5629: 5604: 5573: 5551: 5525: 5503: 5481: 5455: 5429: 5407: 5395:"Sweet Venues" 5386: 5361: 5331: 5308: 5297: 5285: 5237: 5197: 5171: 5144: 5122: 5096: 5070: 5052: 5031: 5009: 4995: 4955: 4944:. 23 July 2013 4929: 4918: 4907: 4881: 4870: 4859: 4848: 4822: 4810:Thestage.co.uk 4796: 4774: 4746: 4720: 4693: 4667: 4649: 4624: 4595: 4568: 4542: 4511: 4489: 4463: 4444: 4422: 4400: 4366: 4340: 4314: 4303:. 1 April 2020 4288: 4271: 4245: 4234:. 20 June 2014 4232:TheSpaceUK.com 4219: 4193: 4172: 4143: 4117: 4087: 4048: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3976: 3948: 3925: 3897: 3885: 3868: 3851: 3834: 3813: 3794: 3773: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3713: 3688: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3619:Dundee Courier 3603: 3586: 3569: 3554: 3524: 3512: 3501:. 12 June 2024 3486: 3467: 3441: 3416: 3390: 3364: 3321: 3295: 3269: 3255: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 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2474: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2347:Malcolm Hardee 2343: 2295:Perrier Awards 2282: 2281: 2271: 2258: 2245: 2232: 2226: 2218: 2198: 2186: 2157: 2154: 2122:The Wee Review 2047:The Wee Review 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1920: 1917: 1906: 1903: 1887: 1884: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1821: 1818: 1808: 1807:Subject matter 1805: 1803: 1800: 1725:Rowan Atkinson 1648:fringe theatre 1643: 1640: 1562: 1559: 1534: 1531: 1466:Timothy O'Shea 1456:, and then by 1445: 1442: 1413: 1410: 1397: 1394: 1280:The Odd Couple 1215:Assembly Rooms 1213:staged at the 1173:Craig Ferguson 1138:production of 1075:Tadeusz Kantor 1051:Billy Connolly 1043:Steven Berkoff 1039:Rowan Atkinson 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1001: 1000: 960: 957:Laughing Horse 942: 932:, ZOO venues, 930:Just the Tonic 923: 908:Gilded Balloon 863:Assembly Rooms 859:Bedlam Theatre 808: 805: 792: 789: 734:Gilded Balloon 673: 670: 599:Malcolm Hardee 560:Perrier Awards 539:(formerly the 533:Assembly Rooms 508: 505: 453:Gertrude Stein 392: 389: 378:Michael Imison 321:After The Show 300:Dundee Courier 241: 238: 228: 225: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 60: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8338: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8269: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8207:Het Denkgelag 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8172: 8170: 8165: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089:Great Britain 8087: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7620:George Square 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7569:Kate Copstick 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7559:Steve Bennett 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7476:Fringe Review 7473: 7471: 7470: 7466: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7457: 7456: 7455:Broadway Baby 7452: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7273:Assembly Roxy 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:Assembly Hall 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7158:The Pleasance 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965:Monkey Barrel 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6780:0-7179-4245-7 6776: 6772: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6734:0-9512-6502-4 6730: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6584: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6458: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6361:, p. 24. 6360: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6324:, p. 67. 6323: 6318: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6297:, p. 33. 6296: 6291: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6266: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6229: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6141: 6138: 6132: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6091:. 2 June 2008 6090: 6086: 6080: 6064: 6058: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5896: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5823: 5819: 5817: 5809: 5794: 5788: 5772: 5766: 5750: 5744: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5561: 5555: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5513: 5507: 5491: 5485: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5301: 5295:, p. 15. 5294: 5289: 5281: 5275: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5132: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5019: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4985: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4915:Broadway Baby 4911: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4863: 4857: 4852: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4784: 4778: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604:Andy Borowitz 4599: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4557: 4553: 4546: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4432: 4426: 4410: 4404: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4046:, p. 15. 4045: 4040: 4038: 4031:, p. 18. 4030: 4025: 4019:, p. 30. 4018: 4013: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3952: 3946:, p. 20. 3945: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3895:, p. 13. 3894: 3889: 3883:, p. 14. 3882: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3866:, p. 27. 3865: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3849:, p. 31. 3848: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3832:, p. 14. 3831: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3811:, p. 13. 3810: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3792:, p. 25. 3791: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3771:, p. 17. 3770: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3754:, p. 43. 3753: 3748: 3742:, p. 21. 3741: 3736: 3730:, p. 12. 3729: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3701: 3695: 3693: 3686:, p. 20. 3685: 3680: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3659:, p. 39. 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 11. 3646: 3641: 3633: 3621: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3601:, p. 17. 3600: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3567:, p. 12. 3566: 3561: 3559: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3522:, p. 15. 3521: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3354: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3251: 3245: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 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Slevin 381: 379: 374: 372: 368: 367:Donald Wolfit 363: 360: 359: 353: 350: 345: 342: 338: 335:in 1955, and 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 304: 302: 301: 296: 290: 288: 282: 278: 276: 272: 266: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 233: 224: 222: 221:NextUp Comedy 216: 214: 209: 207: 206: 202:, whose show 201: 197: 193: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 101: 98: 94: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 46: 45:Arts festival 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 16:Arts festival 8267: 8246: 8105: 7599:Charlie Wood 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7504:The Scotsman 7502: 7495: 7488: 7483:The Guardian 7481: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7440:Publications 7397: 7390: 7383: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7282: 7228:Rose Theatre 7223:Queen's Hall 7218:Voodoo Rooms 7039: 7005: 6985:Sweet Venues 6943: 6910: 6883: 6877:Key articles 6869: 6802: 6795: 6766: 6743: 6724: 6717:Bibliography 6703:. 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Retrieved 3228: 3126: 3066: 3061: 3040: 3035: 3011: 2952: 2915: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2356:Reggie Watts 2339: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2254: 2248: 2241:The Scotsman 2239: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2177:The Scotsman 2175: 2170: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2130:The Guardian 2128: 2126: 2121: 2118:The Scotsman 2117: 2111: 2107:The Scotsman 2105: 2101: 2095: 2091:WhatsOnStage 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1960:Allen Wright 1954:The Scotsman 1952: 1950: 1947: 1922: 1908: 1900: 1896:The Guardian 1895: 1893: 1889: 1872: 1863: 1835: 1831: 1814:Mark Meechan 1810: 1792:Paul Daniels 1789: 1769:Jenny Eclair 1765:Steve Coogan 1753:Rory Bremner 1721:Monty Python 1718: 1697: 1687: 1684:Tom Stoppard 1677: 1675: 1672: 1645: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1567: 1564: 1551:Charlie Wood 1536: 1512: 1497: 1477:BBC Scotland 1473:Arts Council 1470: 1447: 1437: 1417:Arthur Smith 1415: 1387: 1377: 1366: 1361: 1350: 1340: 1329: 1328: 1319: 1305: 1278: 1272: 1253: 1251: 1223:Owen O'Neill 1210:12 Angry Men 1208: 1203: 1196: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1170: 1166:Karim Alrawi 1161: 1158:Sue Townsend 1153: 1147: 1139: 1132:Derek Jacobi 1125: 1122:Tom Stoppard 1120: 1101: 1086:Dudley Moore 1082:Alan Bennett 1079: 1059:Eddie Izzard 1036: 1029: 1005: 1002: 990:who won the 962: 944: 925: 900:The Big Four 899: 894: 891: 887: 883: 856: 794: 782: 767: 764: 750: 723: 719: 715: 708: 705: 702: 691: 663: 658: 648: 644: 633: 614: 607: 583: 580: 576:Alexei Sayle 557: 546: 518: 497: 492:St Columba's 485: 481: 461: 457: 444: 440: 437:Robert Burns 433:John Cairney 431: 421: 397: 394: 382: 375: 370: 364: 358:The Scotsman 356: 354: 349:John Menzies 346: 341:Dudley Moore 328: 320: 318: 306: 298: 292: 286: 284: 280: 267: 243: 217: 210: 203: 198: 194: 183: 148: 125: 120: 116: 112: 108: 106: 100:edfringe.com 73:1947–present 70:Years active 18: 8190:Conferences 7584:Karen Koren 7579:Robert Kemp 7364:Black Watch 7263:Wee Red Bar 7213:Cafe Camino 7153:Cowgatehead 7138:King's Hall 7048:Fringe Shop 7014:Free Fringe 6680:3 September 6653:3 September 6626:3 September 6573:29 November 6307:Fisher 2012 5857:5 September 5827:1 September 5798:1 September 5777:27 February 5340:"Why come?" 5293:Fisher 2012 5216:22 November 5137:28 February 5024:28 February 4974:22 November 4841:4 September 4767:4 September 4709:. Edinburgh 4588:28 February 4136:15 February 4110:15 February 3830:Fisher 2012 3809:Fisher 2012 3740:Fisher 2012 3684:Fisher 2012 3565:Fisher 2012 3460:22 November 3434:22 November 3343:22 November 3314:16 February 2842:>15,000 2710:454 or 494 2413:Performers 2384:2015 Fringe 2213:(2014) and 2211:Chris Goode 2067:Fringe Guru 2044:(2007) and 2042:Fringe Guru 1886:Pay-To-Play 1838:Free Fringe 1733:Hugh Laurie 1729:Stephen Fry 1609:Started by 1543:Karen Koren 1425:Barry Cryer 1421:Paul Merton 1405:John Bishop 1380:Toby Marlow 1289:Alan Davies 1285:Bill Bailey 1239:Bill Bailey 1235:Phil Nichol 1227:Henry Fonda 1188:Black Watch 1071:Tim Minchin 1067:Stewart Lee 1063:Stephen Fry 999:that model. 984:Miss Behave 949:Free Fringe 945:Free venues 799:'s term as 726:The Meadows 610:Stockbridge 553:The Meadows 523:set up the 499:version of 477:Morningside 404:John Calder 333:Ned Sherrin 271:Robert Kemp 259:River Forth 240:Early years 175:spoken word 59:Location(s) 8311:Royal Mile 8275:Categories 8232:SkeptiCamp 7635:Royal Mile 7604:Bob Slayer 7554:Ed Bartlam 7525:ThreeWeeks 7511:The Skinny 7490:The Herald 7319:Performers 7163:Adam House 7123:Summerhall 7113:Dance Base 6990:Zoo Venues 6980:theSpaceUK 6975:PQA Venues 6944:Other Paid 6934:Underbelly 6794:Bain, A., 6769:. London: 6746:. 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