582:
455:, mainly those that can be reached in four hours of flight time, such as Singapore and Hong Kong. This new updated transportation network is called the Asia-Xinjiang-Europe transportation route, which would allow European shipments delivered by the Chongqing-Europe Railway to be efficiently distributed to other surrounding Asian cities. According to Li Muyuan, Secretary General of the Intermodal Transport Branch of China Communications and Transportation Association, the introduction of the Asia-Xinjiang-Europe route will allow
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695:. The first one was Chongqing's industrial restructuring which focused on the manufacturing industries, such as car manufacturing, following the Western Development Strategy. This was characterised by major state-led investments and the bankruptcy of state-owned enterprises in the heavy industries. In 2018, approximately 20% of Chongqing's industrial output was attributed to the
446:". Chongqing, as an inland city, is considered to be an important logistics centre in the initiative's overland route. Its role is to facilitate the creation of a corridor of trade and commerce between China, Africa and Europe. For example, the transcontinental Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe International Railway joins Chongqing and
343:, a complex road system that overcame the natural barriers, Chongqing successfully connected with China's powerful Central Plains regime and initiated cultural and political communication. Chongqing was also finally able to promote the economy by using its extensive resources to trade with these dominant regimes.
572:
made up approximately 22% of its total GDP in 1996 and approximately 8% in 2016. This decrease in the contribution of the primary sector to
Chongqing's economy may be attributed to its growing rate of urbanisation, which increased from 30% in 1997 to 62% in 2016. This subsequently caused the lack of
790:
to invest in
Chongqing. According to a white paper by CCID Consulting, a top Chinese think tank, the Yangtze river region has become the number one cluster in China in terms of the advanced manufacturing industry. It has also produced 32% of China's top 500 companies in the advanced manufacturing
643:, from composing 35% of its total GDP in 1996 to 48.3% in 2016 and 52.3%. in 2018. By the end of 2018, the total worth of Chongqing's services was 1,065.613 billion Yuan (US$ 150.32 billion), a slight increase from 956.403 billion Yuan (US$ 134.91 billion) in 2017. Following
806:
and private enterprises. These violations of business contracts are usually further encouraged by the lengthy Trial process in
Chongqing, which would lead to private negotiations outside the court. It has been suggested by the chamber that, for Chongqing to transition into a true international
418:
in 1949, Chongqing undertook further industrial development due to extensive resources found in its vicinity, such as iron and coal. During the 1960s and the 1970s, Chongqing was used as an industrial base for military-related industries and the production of heavy mechanical equipment. After
802:, insufficient communication with government authorities and unpredictable policies. It was found in a survey by the European Chamber of Commerce that more than a third of foreign companies experienced poor enforcement of their contracts, such as delayed or uncompleted payments, by both
525:
to stimulate growth in China's less developed western regions. This development plan focused on several western geographical regions, including
Chongqing and Chengdu in the upper Yangtze river economic belt. Its main contribution to Chongqing's economy was with regards to prioritising
593:
has maintained similar weight in its overall GDP composition over the years. Its total value contributed to 43% of its total GDP in 1996, 46.3% in 2014 and approximately 44% in 2016, but the structure of this sector has changed dramatically. In the 20th century, it was dominated by
294:
zone in north
Chongqing, which covers a land area of 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi) and was established in 2002 to include Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Chongqing High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Chongqing Export Processing Trade Zone.
741:
investment becoming the main driver of
Chongqing's economy. By 2017, fixed assets investment had contributed to approximately 90% of its total GDP. This has hence caused doubts regarding the ecological and economic sustainability of this model of development. The onset of this
267:, which only accounted for approximately 50% of its GDP in the first three-quarters of 2019. Under this new structural reform, Chongqing has set up development zones to help with attracting foreign investors and the growth of more advanced Manufacturing industries, such as the
534:
investment, which grew more than seven times since 1999 to 2009 and from 2013 to 2015 the sum of
Chongqing's overall investment on fixed assets aggregated to 4 billion Yuan. It was also these infrastructure investments that stabilised Chongqing's economy during the
630:
manufacturing base in China, with total production exceeding three million cars in 2016. Chongqing also manufactured 58 million laptops in the same year, comprising one third of the world's total laptop production output, along with 280 million mobile phones.
413:
The modern development of
Chongqing's economy has generally mirrored China's own development trajectory. Its industrial foundation was laid mostly between 1938 and 1945, when factories moved inland from the coastal regions. After the proclamation of the
819:
challenges during its economic reform and transitioning into a global city, including the fast depletion of Land reserve due to a rapid urbanisation rate, the balance between environment and economic progress and a downsizing labour force due to an
271:. Examples of these development zones include the Chongqing High Tech Industrial Development Zone, and the Xiyong Microelectronic Industrial Park. By 2017, the 41 municipal development zones and 5 state high-tech zones had been set up in
450:
in
Germany to provide low cost transportation for exports from China or cargoes from Europe. The government of Chongqing is also planning to strengthen and expand this transportation network to achieve broader coverage of nearby
753:
and visa pathways, through various industrial zones to attract foreign investors and develop specific industries. These industries mainly include emerging manufacturing, such as the manufacturing of new materials,
386:, Chongqing used the Yangtze river as the golden waterway to connect China's inner west region with the coastal region in the east. Cities and city groups in the adjacent area, such as the Chengdu-Chongqing city group,
427:, which grew from an annual average of US$ 74 million between 1979 and 1996, to an annual average of US$ 267 million from 1996 to 2000 and an annual average of US$ 358 million from 2001 to 2005.
746:
has also negatively impacted on
Chongqing's economy. Starting from 2017, Chongqing's GDP development rate had been consistently falling, from initially 9.3% in 2017, to 6.6% in 2018 and 6.3% in 2019.
502:
status to migrant works from rural areas, which granted them education, social security and access to the urban health care system. It was also accompanied by large spending on the construction of
707:
in 2008, the biggest hydropower station in the world, which has dramatically increased the river's shipping capacity and the dam's annual ship lock throughput reached 101 million tonnes in 2018
282:
is a large central business district is being constructed in the centre of the city of Chongqing, which was due to be completed in 2018. It aims to attract financial institutions to become a
778:
industries, grew by 13.7% year on year. This rapid increase in electronics manufacturing has incentivised a number of multinational corporations from the same industry, including
214:
0.29 trillion). From 2002 to 2017, Chongqing maintained a two-digit GDP growth rate for over 15 years, with the peak growth rate of 17.1% reached in 2010. According to the
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for foreign business, as well as investments in infrastructure. To achieve these goals, the government of Chongqing used means such as the distribution of over 3 million new
3407:
733:, Chongqing engaged in massive spending on infrastructure and largely expanded its industrial productive capacity. This is coupled with the massive state funding from the
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573:
arable land. By the end of 2018, the total value of Chongqing's primary industry amounted to 137.827 billion Yuan and occupied approximately 6.8% of its total GDP.
402:
and agricultural products after shipping in the Yangtze river was commenced, which enabled Chongqing to develop its economic and initiate the process of modernisation.
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766:
industry. In total, the aggregated value of these emerging manufacturing industries increased by 13.1% in 2018. During the same period, the total value of the city's
3372:
1650:
863:
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3127:
703:, which provides cost efficient waterway transportation for the export of manufactured goods to the global market. This was further aided by the completion of the
3760:
1843:
699:. The rapid growth of its manufacturing industries is facilitated by Chongqing's geographical advantage of being located in the intersection of the Yangtze and
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specifically, and for other parts of China in general, is to balance out the city's excessive industrial output that is not met by the city's weak domestic
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in 1997. In 2019, it was the sixth-largest Chinese city economy and ranked as China's third-largest municipal economy. In China's overall layout,
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in Chongqing was 2.96% by the end of 2018, with its lowest recording being 2.9% in 1997 and the highest being 4.120% in 2005.
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2412:
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2702:
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811:, "Chongqing will need to take a multifaceted approach to resolving inefficiencies in the business environment".
730:
718:
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104:
653:'s supply side reform, Chongqing has given more support to its service industries to rebalance the economy from
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Since the 21st century, Chongqing has been included in several major economic development strategies. In its
100:
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158.5 billion) and in 2018, Chongqing's gross domestic product was estimated to be 2.036 trillion
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Mountains and the Ba Mountain) and weak transportation. This form of traditional economy was challenged by
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717:'s current "supply side structural reform", which aims to eliminate excessive productive capacity in the
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434:(OBOR) initiative, China aims to connect Asia economically with Europe, Oceania, and other countries in
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river were put in use, did Chongqing become the regional economic and trade centre. Along with
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With regards to the risks of investing in Chongqing, as noted by the southwest branch of the
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8:
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2177:
2026:
2011:
1956:
1533:
1442:"Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway to better promote the "One Belt, One Road" Initiative"
922:
843:
798:, Chongqing's business environment for foreign investment is largely limited by its poor
696:
623:
603:
478:. The Chongqing model's political aspects focused mainly on ideology campaigns promoting
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leadership, while the economic aspects were concerned with urbanisation and attracting
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443:
249:
Chongqing engaged in the process of upgrading its current economic structure following
470:, which is a series of socio-political and economic policies introduced by the former
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2767:
2757:
2655:
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2223:
2085:
2061:
2031:
1976:
1941:
1553:
1414:
1272:"Chongqing Jiangbeizui CBD takes shape and is expected to be fully completed by 2018"
821:
729:. For Chongqing, as a result of China's 4 trillion Yuan stimulus package in the
615:
243:
219:
129:
749:
In response to the new reform, Chongqing has offered preferential policies, such as
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1991:
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639:
Chongqing's economy has experienced an increasing trend in the contribution of its
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399:
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initially possessed a self-sustaining agricultural economy, due to the surrounding
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10,720). According to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the
223:
1159:"China | Registered Unemployment Rate: Urban: Chongqing | Economic Indicators"
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3771:
3526:
2980:
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2278:
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1134:"China | Gross Domestic Product: per Capita: Chongqing | Economic Indicators"
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618:
and employing cluster strategy, Chongqing successfully transitioned into the
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Another major economic reform which impacted on Chongqing's economy was the
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corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra.
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45:
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2128:
1785:"Yangtze River Delta leads in advanced manufacturing – Chinadaily.com.cn"
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771:
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619:
599:
531:
517:. Chongqing, Chengdu and Xi'an are the three main cities included in the
507:
475:
351:
278:
Chongqing also has established special business zones. For instance, the
2428:
1304:. China: Liangjiang New Area Government. 7 January 2014. Archived from
1013:"China's painful economic transition in full view in city of Chongqing"
808:
714:
650:
395:
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28:
539:, unlike China's coastal cities which suffered from plunging exports.
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In 2011, Chongqing's gross domestic product exceeded 1 trillion
180:
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20:
346:
Meanwhile, the core cities of China's western region were initially
4275:
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4119:
4114:
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3258:
2504:
1651:"China: GDP distribution across economic sectors in Chongqing 2018"
1247:"Investing in Inland China: Assessing Chongqing's Industrial Zones"
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491:
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42:
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and infrastructure building. This has caused severe damage to its
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4245:
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3777:
1582:"Is China's Growth Moving Inland? A Decade of 'Develop the West'"
1047:"Chongqing's Economy Exceeded RMB 2 trillion, Grew by 6% in 2018"
691:
In modern China, Chongqing has undertaken several major economic
495:
435:
391:
383:
379:
359:
324:
192:
172:
4288:
4260:
4137:
4043:
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3898:
1108:"What Chongqing's Growth Story Tells Us about China's Slowdown"
479:
387:
340:
191:, as well as promoting the economy of the mid-lower reaches of
171:, China, has developed rapidly since it was separated from the
3580:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
1184:"Unemployment on the rise as downturn starts to bite in China"
259:'s nationwide economic reform announced in 2015. The goal for
4240:
4129:
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4073:
4058:
4053:
3998:
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1603:"Economic Development Policies for Central and Western China"
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415:
3408:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
506:, which had aggregated to 15 billion Yuan by 2011, and
4152:
4011:
3237:
National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
1756:"What is Supply-Side Reform? – China Development Institute"
3585:
Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
463:
and achieve integration of the two separate trade routes.
1678:
Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and.
864:
List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP per capita
779:
627:
459:
to connect the overland silk road economic belt with the
1534:"Chongqing: Model for a new economic and social policy?"
183:
is also important for connecting China's underdeveloped
3358:
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
1475:"With Bo Xilai on Trial, China Adopts Chongqing Model"
1730:"Three Gorges Dam exceeds cargo target set for 2030"
815:
has also pointed out that Chongqing will face other
1629:"Western triangle zone's attractiveness increasing"
610:in China during the 1990s, and less than 6% of the
298:
3222:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
398:for Chongqing. They provided material resources,
4314:
614:was treated in the same period. By investing in
3383:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
3207:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
869:List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP
710:Another major economic reform for Chongqing is
1072:"The Chongqing Economy: An Illustrated Primer"
859:List of Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP
3857:
3348:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
2520:
2496:List of Township-level divisions of Chongqing
1896:
1882:
959:"The 100 Largest China City Economies by GDP"
3871:
3388:National Financial Regulatory Administration
1419:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
598:which demanded extensive resources, such as
234:in 1997. By 2019, it has grown to be 75,828
151:All values, unless otherwise stated, are in
3600:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
2617:Grasping the large, letting go of the small
1531:
606:. Chongqing recorded the highest amount of
423:, Chongqing received significant growth in
3864:
3850:
3821:
3575:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area
3413:State Administration for Market Regulation
3398:National Development and Reform Commission
2527:
2513:
1889:
1875:
1815:"SOUTHWEST CHINA POSITION PAPER 2018/2019"
1621:
920:
27:
3282:National Equities Exchange and Quotations
1705:"China Gross Domestic Product: Chongqing"
1396:"China's 'One Belt, One Road' initiative"
834:List of major power stations in Chongqing
521:, a regional bloc created as part of the
144:, mining, export, Infrastructure building
3418:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
2459:Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport
1532:Lafarguette, Romain (30 December 2011).
1244:
682:
679:History of Chongqing § Modern Times
580:
530:and inducing large revenues increase in
404:
62:2.036 trillion (nominal; 2018 est.)
1216:"China's Supply-side Structural Reform"
1213:
1044:
4315:
3393:National Bureau of Statistics of China
3363:China Securities Regulatory Commission
1850:Chongqing (Chongqing) City Information
1809:
1807:
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661:and services, by placing the focus on
626:industries. It has become the biggest
438:through two major routes, the inland "
195:river and the central western region.
3892:(from upper reaches to lower reaches)
3845:
2508:
1870:
1819:European Chamber of Commerce in China
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1005:
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796:European Chamber of Commerce in China
542:
3610:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
3555:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
3353:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
2534:
1102:
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657:investment-dominated development to
4304:Major cities along the Yellow River
3087:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
2393:Southwest Political Science and Law
1802:
1773:
1668:
1233:
1202:
956:
672:
232:centrally-administered municipality
177:centrally-administered municipality
13:
4300:Major cities along the Pearl River
2591:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
1852:– Major Economic Indicators (2013)
1579:
1564:
1492:
1459:
1427:
1350:
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14:
4334:
3615:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
3368:General Administration of Customs
3232:China Reform Holdings Corporation
2623:Scientific Outlook on Development
1837:
1677:
1091:
1031:
976:
881:
442:Economic Belt" and the overseas "
3820:
3811:
3810:
3662:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan
3423:State Administration of Taxation
3311:Stock Exchange Executive Council
3165:
3164:
2778:
2777:
2545:
2544:
2075:
2070:
1472:
1245:Briefing, China (31 July 2017).
421:China's economic open-up in 1978
378:, during which the ports in the
299:Economic history and development
3672:2015–16 stock market turbulence
3595:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
2300:Chongqing Olympic Sports Center
1782:
1748:
1722:
1697:
1643:
1595:
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1320:
1294:
1264:
1214:Boulter, John (December 2018).
3590:Northeast China Revitalization
3227:China Internet Investment Fund
3212:China Government Guidance Fund
1550:10.4000/chinaperspectives.5749
1505:
1302:"Jiangbeizui Financial Center"
1278:. 17 June 2013. Archived from
1276:Chongqing Municipal Government
1176:
1151:
1126:
950:
770:industries, predominantly the
559:
1:
3682:China–United States trade war
3547:Regional economic initiatives
3500:National economic initiatives
3217:China-Africa Development Fund
2611:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
2388:Sichuan International Studies
2249:Science and Technology Museum
874:
466:Chongqing also benefits from
90:$ 10,720 (nominal; 2019 est.)
3783:List of Chinese by net worth
3766:China Compulsory Certificate
3677:Protein export contamination
3328:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
3244:China Investment Corporation
2708:Business process outsourcing
2479:Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport
2373:Posts and Telecommunications
2204:Baiheliang Underwater Museum
1684:chengdu.china.embassy.gov.au
1508:"The Chongqing Model Worked"
735:Western Development Strategy
490:(FDI) through low corporate
339:. After the construction of
244:registered unemployment rate
230:600 when Chongqing became a
7:
3097:Water supply and sanitation
1045:Martini (23 January 2019).
849:West Triangle Economic Zone
827:
634:
576:
519:West Triangle Economic Zone
10:
4339:
3605:Rise of Central China Plan
3403:National Energy Commission
2474:China National Highway 212
2469:China National Highway 210
2422:Culture & demographics
1580:Ma, Doris (October 2009).
676:
552:
546:
416:People's Republic of China
308:
302:
136:, information technology,
4297:
4274:
4166:
4128:
4105:
4082:
3997:
3962:
3927:
3897:
3880:
3801:
3695:
3638:2005–2011 property bubble
3628:
3570:China Western Development
3545:
3499:
3431:
3338:
3277:Dalian Commodity Exchange
3151:
3115:
3033:
2966:
2928:
2646:
2556:
2542:
2492:
2449:
2421:
2328:
2292:
2284:Twelve Views of Chongqing
2196:
2170:
2137:
2084:
2068:
1927:
1904:
1898:Municipality of Chongqing
1844:Chongqing: Market Profile
1220:Reserve Bank of Australia
488:foreign direct investment
425:foreign direct investment
311:Economic history of China
148:
134:electronics manufacturing
123:
115:
94:
84:
74:
66:
56:
51:
38:
26:
3512:Belt and Road Initiative
3491:Rural credit cooperative
3264:Foreign exchange reserve
3197:Beijing Financial Street
2606:Socialist market economy
1734:South China Morning Post
1188:South China Morning Post
1017:South China Morning Post
744:industrial restructuring
585:Automobile manufacturing
549:Chongqing § Economy
523:Western Development Plan
515:Western Development Plan
472:party secretary Bo Xilai
3754:Globalization and women
3620:Zhongyuan Economic Zone
3560:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
3340:Government institutions
3316:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
3306:Shanghai Metal Exchange
3294:Shanghai Stock Exchange
2958:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
2943:Megalopolises in China
2363:Technology and Business
2320:Yongchuan Sports Center
2244:Red Rock Village Museum
1371:Encyclopedia Britannica
1077:The Wall Street Journal
760:artificial intelligence
645:Chinese Communist Party
570:primary economic sector
394:also acted as the vast
370:. It is only after the
317:Chongqing-Sichuan basin
251:Chinese Communist Party
187:with its more advanced
3793:Science and technology
3687:2020–2021 reform spree
3441:International rankings
3287:Beijing Stock Exchange
2953:Suzhou Industrial Park
2948:Special Economic Zones
2484:Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport
2408:Science and Technology
938:Cite journal requires
731:Great Financial Crisis
688:
591:manufacturing industry
586:
537:Great Financial Crisis
410:
333:ecological degradation
315:In ancient China, the
3143:Intellectual property
2638:1949–1976 wage reform
2581:Industrial Revolution
2269:Three Natural Bridges
1789:www.chinadaily.com.cn
1607:China Business Review
1446:www.chinagoabroad.com
1367:"Chongqing – Economy"
839:Politics of Chongqing
697:manufacturing of cars
686:
584:
553:Further information:
432:One Belt and One Road
408:
80:6% (2018) 6.3% (2019)
4323:Economy of Chongqing
3831:Economy of East Asia
3537:Youth Business China
3373:Ministry of Commerce
3321:SZSE Component Index
2938:Dalian Software Park
776:software development
723:domestic consumption
687:The Three Gorges Dam
663:software information
305:History of Chongqing
290:is also an economic
269:electronics industry
3378:Ministry of Finance
3299:SSE Composite Index
3269:Hedge fund industry
3116:Law and regulations
2823:academic publishing
2601:Four Modernizations
2436:Sichuanese dialects
2264:Three Gorges Museum
2239:People's Great Hall
2139:Autonomous counties
1251:China Briefing News
1112:China Briefing News
921:World Bank (2019).
844:Liangjiang New Area
641:tertiary industries
604:natural environment
468:the Chongqing model
222:basis, Chongqing's
23:
3788:Chinese economists
3761:National Standards
3657:2007 slave scandal
3565:Bohai Economic Rim
3532:Made in China 2025
3481:Internal migration
3466:Standard of living
3254:Financial services
3128:Labor contract law
3082:Illegal drug trade
3052:World Trade Center
2888:Telecommunications
2836:equipment industry
2668:Advanced materials
2633:Population history
2596:Great Leap Forward
2550:Companies of China
2229:Foreigners' Street
2214:Dazu Rock Carvings
1846:, 19 December 2013
1821:. 15 November 2018
1538:China Perspectives
1332:Chinese Government
1190:. 15 February 2019
689:
616:incentive packages
587:
543:Sectors of economy
461:Maritime Silk Road
444:Maritime Silk Road
411:
18:
4310:
4309:
3978:Central Chongqing
3872:Cities along the
3839:
3838:
3652:2007 stock bubble
3517:Common prosperity
3507:Beijing Consensus
3461:Income inequality
2930:Development Zones
2502:
2501:
2413:Telecommunication
2383:Sichuan Fine Arts
2310:Datianwan Stadium
2224:Fengdu Ghost City
2171:Defunct divisions
1609:. 1 November 2010
1544:(2011/4): 62–64.
1019:. 18 January 2019
822:ageing population
719:industrial sector
665:services and the
648:general secretary
624:car manufacturing
482:and the style of
476:mayor Huang Qifan
409:The Yangtze river
254:general secretary
161:
160:
130:car manufacturing
4330:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3826:Outline of China
3824:
3823:
3814:
3813:
3647:pet food recalls
3522:Dual circulation
3273:Stock Exchanges
3202:Financial system
3168:
3167:
3107:Trading partners
2853:Renewable energy
2781:
2780:
2548:
2547:
2536:Economy of China
2529:
2522:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2330:Higher education
2079:
2074:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1709:www.ceicdata.com
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1631:. 18 August 2011
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1562:
1561:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1503:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1334:. Archived from
1328:"New North Zone"
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1308:on 10 April 2016
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1163:www.ceicdata.com
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1138:www.ceicdata.com
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1009:
974:
973:
971:
969:
957:Checkup, China.
954:
948:
947:
941:
936:
934:
926:
923:"Chongqing 2035"
918:
712:Paramount leader
705:Three Gorges Dam
673:Economic reforms
612:industrial waste
600:steel production
596:heavy industries
331:issues, such as
321:natural barriers
284:financial center
31:
24:
17:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4293:
4270:
4162:
4124:
4101:
4078:
3993:
3958:
3923:
3893:
3876:
3870:
3840:
3835:
3797:
3691:
3624:
3541:
3495:
3427:
3334:
3147:
3133:Labor relations
3111:
3029:
2962:
2924:
2810:Pharmaceuticals
2642:
2576:Five-year plans
2552:
2538:
2533:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2464:Chongqing Metro
2445:
2441:Sichuan cuisine
2417:
2324:
2288:
2259:Stilwell Museum
2254:Snowy Jade Cave
2219:Diaoyu Fortress
2192:
2166:
2133:
2080:
2066:
1923:
1900:
1895:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1680:"Australian in"
1676:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1584:
1578:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1504:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1479:thediplomat.com
1473:Keck, Zachary.
1471:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1282:on 4 March 2016
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1212:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1114:. 14 March 2019
1106:
1105:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1011:
1010:
977:
967:
965:
955:
951:
939:
937:
928:
927:
919:
882:
877:
854:Jiangbeizui CBD
830:
788:Hewlett-Packard
756:cloud computing
737:, resulting in
727:services sector
681:
675:
667:digital economy
637:
579:
562:
557:
555:Economic sector
551:
545:
313:
307:
301:
286:in the future.
280:Jiangbeizui CBD
163:
157:
126:
125:Main industries
97:
87:
77:
34:
12:
11:
5:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4308:
4307:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3883:Province-level
3878:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3818:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3697:Related topics
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3446:Social welfare
3443:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3161:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Postal history
3064:
3062:Communications
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3039:infrastructure
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2996:Oil refineries
2993:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Electric power
2735:
2733:Electric motor
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Historical GDP
2625:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:Iron rice bowl
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Yangtze Normal
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2315:Fuling Stadium
2312:
2307:
2305:Yanghe Stadium
2302:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1858:articles from
1853:
1847:
1839:
1838:External links
1836:
1833:
1832:
1801:
1772:
1747:
1721:
1696:
1667:
1642:
1620:
1594:
1563:
1524:
1512:Foreign Policy
1491:
1458:
1426:
1400:www.aph.gov.au
1383:
1349:
1338:on 12 May 2013
1319:
1293:
1263:
1232:
1201:
1175:
1150:
1125:
1090:
1063:
1030:
975:
949:
940:|journal=
879:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
829:
826:
813:The World Bank
762:, as well the
674:
671:
636:
633:
578:
575:
568:, Chongqing's
566:the World Bank
561:
558:
544:
541:
337:climate change
329:Sustainability
300:
297:
292:administrative
288:New North Zone
226:was less than
224:GDP per capita
220:GDP per capita
189:eastern region
185:western region
159:
158:
149:
146:
145:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
86:GDP per capita
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
36:
35:
33:Chongqing city
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4335:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
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4273:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
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4254:
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4232:
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4209:
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4192:
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4127:
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4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
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3970:
3969:
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3817:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3772:Made in China
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:Globalization
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
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3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Go Out policy
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3492:
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3329:
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3200:
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3141:
3139:
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3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
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3083:
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3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Trade history
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Energy policy
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2954:
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2833:
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2826:
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2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Pearl farming
2803:
2801:
2800:Online gaming
2798:
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2784:
2776:
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2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
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2703:Biotechnology
2701:
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2696:
2694:
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2684:
2681:
2679:
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2293:Sports venues
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1862:
1861:The Economist
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1761:
1760:en.cdi.org.cn
1757:
1751:
1736:. 24 May 2014
1735:
1731:
1725:
1710:
1706:
1700:
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1681:
1674:
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1589:Chatham House
1583:
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1002:
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964:
963:China Checkup
960:
953:
945:
932:
924:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
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893:
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880:
870:
867:
865:
862:
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857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
825:
823:
818:
817:socioeconomic
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
764:electric cars
761:
757:
752:
747:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:and focus on
720:
716:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:Jialing River
698:
694:
685:
680:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
646:
642:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
583:
574:
571:
567:
564:According to
556:
550:
540:
538:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
504:cheap housing
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
417:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
306:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:and became a
174:
170:
169:
156:
154:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:GDP by sector
93:
89:
83:
79:
73:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
22:
16:
4236:Zhangjiagang
4037:
3977:
3942:
3912:
3889:
3881:
3806:
3805:
3770:
3744:Demographics
3736:
3730:Largest SOEs
3476:Urbanization
3185:Central bank
2915:Video gaming
2795:Mobile phone
2429:
2398:Army Medical
2368:Three Gorges
2274:Wulong Karst
1918:
1859:
1823:. Retrieved
1818:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1588:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1342:23 September
1340:. Retrieved
1336:the original
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:the original
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1111:
1083:23 September
1081:. Retrieved
1075:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1021:. Retrieved
1016:
966:. Retrieved
962:
952:
931:cite journal
793:
748:
709:
690:
638:
589:Chongqing's
588:
563:
512:
508:land reforms
465:
453:Asian cities
429:
412:
376:Qing dynasty
368:Song dynasty
356:Tang dynasty
345:
314:
277:
248:
197:
165:
162:
150:
119:2.96% (2018)
116:Unemployment
46:Chinese Yuan
15:
3705:Agriculture
3643:2007 export
3471:Foreign aid
3433:Development
3249:CITIC Group
3190:Other banks
3138:Food safety
2848:Real estate
2788:gold mining
2743:Electronics
2673:Aquaculture
2234:Furong Cave
2197:Attractions
1506:Lu, Kevin.
804:state owned
800:rule of law
772:electronics
739:fixed asset
659:consumption
655:fixed asset
620:electronics
560:Agriculture
532:fixed asset
265:consumption
166:economy of
111::49% (2019)
101:Agriculture
19:Economy of
3710:Bankruptcy
3486:Emigration
3456:Corruption
3170:Accounting
3123:Tax system
3023:Geothermal
2893:Television
2858:Securities
2843:Rare earth
2819:Publishing
2763:Hedge fund
2678:Automotive
2648:Industries
2494:See also:
2348:Technology
2188:Shuangqiao
1051:iChongqing
875:References
809:metropolis
791:industry.
751:tax breaks
715:Xi Jinping
677:See also:
669:industry.
651:Xi Jinping
628:automobile
547:See also:
396:hinterland
323:(e.g. the
309:See also:
303:See also:
257:Xi Jinping
216:World Bank
153:US dollars
76:GDP growth
70:6th (2019)
52:Statistics
4226:Jingjiang
4221:Changzhou
4206:Yangzhong
4191:Zhenjiang
4158:Ma'anshan
4069:Huanggang
4038:see below
3964:Chongqing
3943:see above
3937:Panzhihua
3919:Dongchuan
3913:see below
3911:(Sichuan
3807:See also:
3738:The Hongs
3715:Companies
3667:2010 Expo
3057:Transport
3008:Renewable
2991:Oil shale
2723:Container
2693:Aerospace
2451:Transport
2343:Southwest
2338:Chongqing
2104:Dianjiang
2057:Liangping
2047:Rongchang
2037:Tongliang
2022:Yongchuan
2007:Changshou
2002:Qianjiang
1967:Jiulongpo
1962:Shapingba
1929:Districts
1856:Chongqing
1558:2070-3449
1312:23 August
1286:23 August
768:high-tech
608:acid rain
496:subsidies
492:tax rates
457:Chongqing
440:Silk Road
273:Chongqing
261:Chongqing
181:Chongqing
168:Chongqing
21:Chongqing
4317:Category
4276:Shanghai
4251:Changshu
4231:Jiangyin
4196:Yangzhou
4148:Tongling
4120:Jiujiang
4115:Ruichang
4097:Linxiang
4064:Huangshi
4027:Jingzhou
4017:Zhijiang
3972:Jiangjin
3941:(Yunnan
3816:Category
3259:Renminbi
3077:Shipping
2910:Textiles
2878:Software
2868:Shipping
2863:Sex toys
2832:Railway
2814:pharmacy
2768:Internet
2758:Gambling
2688:Aircraft
2683:Aviation
2656:Industry
2353:Jiaotong
2183:Wansheng
2178:Shizhong
2162:Pengshui
2094:Chengkou
2086:Counties
2027:Nanchuan
2012:Jiangjin
1957:Jiangbei
1914:Politics
1655:Statista
1415:cite web
828:See also
784:Inventec
725:and the
635:Services
577:Industry
448:Duisburg
109:Services
107:: 44.1%
105:Industry
67:GDP rank
43:Renminbi
39:Currency
4284:Baoshan
4256:Taicang
4246:Nantong
4216:Danyang
4211:Taixing
4201:Taizhou
4181:Yizheng
4176:Nanjing
4168:Jiangsu
4143:Chizhou
4107:Jiangxi
4092:Yueyang
4036:(Hunan
4032:Shishou
4007:Yichang
3989:Wanzhou
3929:Sichuan
3907:Lijiang
3874:Yangtze
3778:Mingong
3725:Top 500
3720:Largest
3451:Poverty
3180:History
3175:Banking
3157:banking
3153:Finance
3102:Exports
3072:Tourism
3003:Nuclear
2905:Tourism
2898:digital
2753:Fishing
2661:history
2566:History
2558:History
2403:Medical
2209:Ciqikou
2157:Youyang
2152:Xiushan
2119:Fengjie
2114:Yunyang
2052:Kaizhou
2042:Tongnan
2017:Hechuan
1982:Qijiang
1952:Dadukou
1947:Yuzhong
1937:Wanzhou
1919:Economy
1909:History
693:reforms
436:Eurasia
392:Guizhou
384:Sichuan
380:Yangtze
360:Chengdu
350:before
325:Qinling
218:, on a
193:Yangtze
173:Sichuan
103:: 6.9%
4289:Pudong
4266:Qidong
4261:Haimen
4186:Jurong
4138:Anqing
4044:Honghu
4022:Songzi
3984:Fuling
3954:Luzhou
3899:Yunnan
3890:Cities
3630:Events
2968:Energy
2783:Mining
2728:Cotton
2718:Coffee
2713:Cement
2571:Reform
2358:Normal
2147:Shizhu
2124:Wushan
2099:Fengdu
2062:Wulong
2032:Bishan
1977:Beibei
1972:Nan'an
1942:Fuling
1825:28 May
1794:28 May
1765:28 May
1740:28 May
1714:28 May
1689:28 May
1660:28 May
1635:31 May
1613:27 May
1556:
1517:27 May
1484:27 May
1451:27 May
1405:27 May
1376:27 May
1256:27 May
1225:27 May
1194:27 May
1168:28 May
1143:28 May
1118:27 May
1056:27 May
1023:27 May
968:27 May
480:Maoism
400:labour
388:Yunnan
362:after
358:, and
341:Shudao
4241:Rugao
4130:Anhui
4084:Hunan
4074:Wuxue
4059:Ezhou
4054:Wuhan
4049:Chibi
3999:Hubei
3949:Yibin
3092:Ports
3035:Trade
3018:Solar
2883:Steel
2828:Radio
2773:Media
2109:Zhong
1997:Banan
1992:Yubei
1783:谭欣雨.
1585:(PDF)
500:Hukou
484:party
348:Xi'an
142:steel
4153:Wuhu
4012:Yidu
3155:and
3037:and
3013:Wind
2981:Coal
2920:Wine
2873:Silk
2821:and
2812:and
2748:Film
2698:Beer
2129:Wuxi
1987:Dazu
1827:2020
1796:2020
1767:2020
1742:2020
1716:2020
1691:2020
1662:2020
1637:2013
1615:2020
1554:ISSN
1542:2011
1519:2020
1486:2020
1453:2020
1421:link
1407:2020
1378:2020
1344:2014
1314:2014
1288:2014
1258:2020
1227:2020
1196:2020
1170:2020
1145:2020
1120:2020
1085:2014
1058:2020
1025:2020
970:2020
944:help
786:and
774:and
622:and
494:and
474:and
390:and
374:and
372:Ming
366:and
364:Tang
354:and
335:and
240:US$
236:Yuan
228:US$
212:US$
208:Yuan
204:US$
200:Yuan
164:The
138:iron
2986:Oil
2279:Zoo
1546:doi
780:IBM
528:FDI
352:Sui
58:GDP
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