Knowledge

Ecology of California

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ecoregions, plus the Central Valley grasslands. The EPA divides the region between the Central Valley (ecoregion 7), the Southern California chaparral (ecoregion 6), the Southern California mountains (ecoregion 8), and the Southern California coast (ecoregion 85).
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The redwood forests thrive in a thin belt up to 35 miles (56 km) wide next to the coast, where the trees are kept moist by winter rains and summer fog. The redwood forests are also notable for having the highest forest
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The deserts in California receive between 2 and 10 inches (51 and 254 mm) of rain per year. Plants in these deserts are brush and scrub, adapted to the low rainfall. Common plant species include
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and Los Angeles. The coastal sage ecoregion is notable for having the highest number of native bees in the United States, although much of the ecoregion is now urbanized. The
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of plants and animals in a contiguous region. The ecoregions of California can be grouped into four major groups: desert ecoregions (such as the
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These chaparral ecoregions contain numerous plant communities, including oak savanna, oak woodland, conifer woodlands, chamise chaparral,
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by altitude, because of the increasingly harsh climate as elevation increases. These biotic zones include montane forest dominated by
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used to inhabit the grasslands. The native grasslands and pools have now been largely replaced by livestock ranches and farms. The
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Different authorities define the boundaries of ecoregions somewhat differently: this article follows the definitions of the
1723: 1453: 2026: 1168: 2501: 2307: 1881: 259:. The montane chaparral consists of a mosaic of sage scrub, chaparral, and montane species, depending on altitude. The 224: 2287: 1806: 1541: 1353: 1043: 1018: 709: 574: 143: 2317: 1708: 1392: 1108: 106:'s high mountains block most moisture from reaching the eastern parts of the state, which are home to California's 2142: 1278: 1009: 20: 654: 2516: 2322: 2302: 2202: 2104: 2016: 2006: 1696: 1686: 2357: 2327: 2282: 2277: 2061: 1891: 1733: 1583: 1318: 1283: 542: 527: 426: 364: 440:
forest, grasslands, and shrublands. Although high, these slopes and mountains are in the rain shadow of the
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This article is about natural biological communities. For a description of human habitat adjustments, see
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to the region. Like many mountain ranges, the plant communities of the Sierra group into
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The Eastern Cascades slopes of the Modoc Plateau are characterized by a mosaic of open
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The WWF distinguishes between different chaparral ecoregions based on species
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The cooler and wetter mountains of northern California are covered by
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Keeley, JE (2000). "Chaparral". In Barbour, MG; Billings, WD (eds.).
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ecoregions. The low desert of southeastern California is part of the
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Ecological Regions of North America: Toward a Common Perspective
134:. The dry cold Great Basin desert of California consists of the 119: 37: 19:"Natural history of California" redirects here. For the book, 197: 463:
The coast of California north of San Francisco contains the
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which cannot support trees. The Sierra are also notable for
130:. The Mojave desert ecoregion is marked by the presence of 805:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 209. 223:
ecoregions. This region is divided by the WWF into three
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can be understood by dividing the state into a number of
471:(as defined by the EPA). This ecoregion is dominated by 467:(as defined by the WWF) and the southern section of the 239:
extends across the Mexican border into northwestern
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to the Sierra Nevada foothills contain California's
893:"Conflicting Visions for 'Serengeti of California'" 569:. Commission for Environmental Cooperation. 1997. 562: 421:The Klamath and Siskiyou Mountains are a notable 382:species of California, with 400 species that are 2493: 16:Environments and natural history of California 1447: 1093: 1002: 1000: 976: 784:"California interior chaparral and woodlands" 215:south to the Mexican border, and inland from 87:United States Environmental Protection Agency 763:"California montane chaparral and woodlands" 648:"Level III ecoregions of the United States" 261:California interior chaparral and woodlands 192: 1454: 1440: 1100: 1086: 1006: 997: 849:Ecological Subregions of the United States 688:Ecological Subregions of the United States 378:The Sierra Nevada are home to half of the 245:California montane chaparral and woodlands 202:California montane chaparral and woodlands 1059: 1057: 1055: 954: 952: 933: 931: 929: 927: 908: 906: 778: 776: 278:The Carrizo Plain grassland in springtime 70:), Mediterranean ecoregions (such as the 757: 755: 753: 751: 732: 730: 728: 726: 642: 640: 451: 343: 327: 273: 196: 36: 1461: 1038:. Sequoia Natural History Association. 890: 878:United States Department of Agriculture 874:"Restoring California's Native Grasses" 738:"California coastal sage and chaparral" 122:. California has two high deserts: the 2494: 1052: 977:Storer, TI; Usinger, RL (2004-09-01). 949: 924: 903: 827:"California Central Valley grasslands" 819: 800: 773: 706:"California Chaparral & Woodlands" 678: 676: 674: 348:Sierra Nevada lower montane forest in 332:Wildflowers bloom after a wildfire in 1435: 1081: 1065:"Northern California coastal forests" 1033: 803:North American Terrestrial Vegetation 748: 723: 708:. World Wildlife Fund. Archived from 637: 444:, and hence are drier and more open. 369:Eastern Cascades Slopes and Foothills 339: 237:California coastal sage and chaparral 251:north of Los Angeles as well as the 851:. US Forest Service. Archived from 690:. US Forest Service. Archived from 671: 465:Northern California coastal forests 74:), forested mountains (such as the 13: 1927:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 1013:. University of California Press. 447: 418:trees: the most massive on earth. 225:California chaparral and woodlands 14: 2528: 684:"American Semi-Desert and Desert" 144:Central Basin and Range ecoregion 2475: 2085:Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario 1109:Environment of the United States 506: 494: 429:caused by isolation in the last 2512:Plant communities of California 1027: 1010:A Natural History of California 970: 884: 866: 837: 794: 21:A Natural History of California 2095:San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland 2075:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim 698: 619: 601: 583: 555: 114:ecoregion, which extends into 1: 2507:Natural history of California 1007:Schoenherr, Allan A. (1992). 980:Sierra Nevada Natural History 549: 543:Protected areas of California 528:California Floristic Province 211:The coast of California from 891:Johnson, John (2001-05-13). 7: 1655:National Historic Landmarks 486: 10: 2533: 1660:National Natural Landmarks 960:"Eastern Cascades forests" 939:"Klamath-Siskiyou forests" 627:"Great Basin shrub steppe" 96: 92: 83:World Wide Fund for Nature 29: 18: 2502:Environment of California 2471: 2406: 2103: 2060: 1732: 1675:congressional delegations 1485: 1473: 1391: 1377: 1116: 142:by the WWF, and into the 138:, and is classified into 59:, which contain distinct 46:Joshua Tree National Park 32:Environment of California 1977:Santa Clara River Valley 1702:state historic landmarks 1411:Northern Mariana Islands 1036:To Find The Biggest Tree 538:California native plants 518:List of California birds 193:Mediterranean ecoregions 140:Great Basin shrub steppe 78:), and coastal forests. 1957:San Francisco Peninsula 1752:California Coast Ranges 914:"Sierra Nevada forests" 845:"California Dry Steppe" 533:Geography of California 263:form a ring around the 2027:Southern Border Region 1952:San Francisco Bay Area 1837:Greater San Bernardino 1807:East Bay (SF Bay Area) 1071:. World Wildlife Fund. 1069:Terrestrial Ecoregions 966:. World Wildlife Fund. 964:Terrestrial Ecoregions 945:. World Wildlife Fund. 943:Terrestrial Ecoregions 920:. World Wildlife Fund. 918:Terrestrial Ecoregions 833:. World Wildlife Fund. 831:Terrestrial Ecoregions 790:. World Wildlife Fund. 788:Terrestrial Ecoregions 769:. World Wildlife Fund. 767:Terrestrial Ecoregions 744:. World Wildlife Fund. 742:Terrestrial Ecoregions 633:. World Wildlife Fund. 631:Terrestrial Ecoregions 615:. World Wildlife Fund. 613:Terrestrial Ecoregions 597:. World Wildlife Fund. 595:Terrestrial Ecoregions 460: 458:Redwoods National Park 352: 336: 279: 217:San Francisco Bay Area 208: 118:and parts of northern 108:desert and xeric shrub 48: 2517:Regions of California 2482:California portal 1111:by political division 513:California portal 469:Coast Range ecoregion 455: 347: 331: 277: 200: 99:Deserts of California 53:ecology of California 40: 2080:Sacramento–Roseville 1982:Santa Clarita Valley 423:biodiversity hotspot 235:. In the south, the 206:Santa Ynez Mountains 2032:Southern California 1947:San Fernando Valley 1897:Northern California 1857:Greater Los Angeles 1421:U.S. Virgin Islands 523:Fauna of California 295:temperate grassland 25:Allan A. Schoenherr 1972:Santa Clara Valley 1967:San Joaquin Valley 1962:San Gabriel Valley 1817:Eastern California 1787:Coastal California 1762:Central California 1034:Flint, WD (2002). 501:Ecology portal 461: 371:(occurring on the 353: 340:Forested mountains 337: 319:pronghorn antelope 297:containing native 284:coastal sage scrub 280: 209: 128:Great Basin Desert 49: 2489: 2488: 2090:San Diego–Tijuana 2037:Transverse Ranges 1987:Santa Ynez Valley 1937:Saddleback Valley 1932:Sacramento Valley 1917:Peninsular Ranges 1892:North County (SD) 1862:Los Angeles Basin 1724:Index of articles 1429: 1428: 990:978-0-520-24096-4 897:Los Angeles Times 812:978-0-521-55986-7 365:Klamath Mountains 357:forest ecoregions 293:was once a large 253:Santa Lucia Range 249:Transverse Ranges 2524: 2480: 2479: 2478: 1822:Emerald Triangle 1812:East County (SD) 1797:Cucamonga Valley 1782:Coachella Valley 1525:California Dream 1515:California sound 1456: 1449: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1385:Washington, D.C. 1379:Federal district 1102: 1095: 1088: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1061: 1050: 1049: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1004: 995: 994: 974: 968: 967: 956: 947: 946: 935: 922: 921: 910: 901: 900: 888: 882: 881: 870: 864: 863: 861: 860: 841: 835: 834: 823: 817: 816: 798: 792: 791: 780: 771: 770: 759: 746: 745: 734: 721: 720: 718: 717: 702: 696: 695: 680: 669: 668: 666: 665: 659: 653:. Archived from 652: 644: 635: 634: 623: 617: 616: 605: 599: 598: 591:"Sonoran Desert" 587: 581: 580: 568: 559: 511: 510: 509: 499: 498: 497: 404:subalpine forest 334:San Diego County 2532: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2467: 2409: 2402: 2308:San Luis Obispo 2099: 2056: 1877:Mountain Empire 1777:Channel Islands 1742:Antelope Valley 1728: 1692:Protected areas 1481: 1469: 1460: 1430: 1425: 1387: 1373: 1112: 1106: 1076: 1063: 1062: 1053: 1046: 1032: 1028: 1021: 1005: 998: 991: 975: 971: 958: 957: 950: 937: 936: 925: 912: 911: 904: 889: 885: 872: 871: 867: 858: 856: 843: 842: 838: 825: 824: 820: 813: 799: 795: 782: 781: 774: 761: 760: 749: 736: 735: 724: 715: 713: 704: 703: 699: 682: 681: 672: 663: 661: 657: 650: 646: 645: 638: 625: 624: 620: 609:"Mojave Desert" 607: 606: 602: 589: 588: 584: 577: 561: 560: 556: 552: 547: 507: 505: 495: 493: 489: 450: 448:Coastal forests 350:Yosemite Valley 342: 241:Baja California 195: 183:western juniper 101: 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(SF) 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1772:Central Valley 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1714:Transportation 1711: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1444: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1401:American Samoa 1397: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1319:South Carolina 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284:North Carolina 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 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Nevada 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1922:Pomona Valley 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1872:Mojave Desert 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1847:Klamath Basin 1845: 1843: 1842:Inland Empire 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1792:Conejo Valley 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1767:Central Coast 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757:Cascade Range 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1665:NRHP listings 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 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1537:Demographics 1475: 1416:Puerto Rico 1324:South Dakota 1314:Rhode Island 1309:Pennsylvania 1289:North Dakota 1068: 1035: 1029: 1008: 979: 972: 963: 942: 917: 896: 886: 868: 857:. 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Index

A Natural History of California
Allan A. Schoenherr
Environment of California

Mojave desert
Joshua Tree National Park
ecoregions
ecological
communities
Mojave Desert
Central Valley
Sierra Nevada
World Wide Fund for Nature
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Deserts of California
California
desert and xeric shrub
Sonoran desert
Arizona
Mexico
Mojave desert
Great Basin Desert
Joshua trees
Owens Valley
Great Basin shrub steppe
Central Basin and Range ecoregion
EPA
creosote bush
blackbrush
greasewood

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