1174:), developmental rate, and possibly fitness. Females will use their hind feet to dig a shallow nest in loose soil; this process can take two to six hours. Eggs are generally deposited shortly after the digging phase, and each egg is deployed into a particular position. Eggs are oblong, 3 cm (1.2 in) long, creamy white, and leathery. Nests are then concealed with grass, leaves, or soil. A female can lay anywhere from 1 to 5 clutches of about 1 to 9 eggs in a single year, or even delay laying her clutch if resources are scarce. There is a theory that clutch size increases with latitude, but more studies are needed to confirm this. Females exhibit delayed fertility, wherein sperm can be stored in oviducts for several years until conditions are favorable for fertilization and laying. Incubation ranges widely depending on temperature, but averages 50 to 70 days.
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cause of this species' vulnerability. Eastern box turtles have also been found in urbanized areas where they are threatened by collisions with vehicles, mowing activity, and people removing them from the wild either out of a concern for the turtles’ safety or to keep them as pets. Diseases are another factor that threaten eastern box turtles. Ranaviruses, for example, have been found in eastern box turtles in
Illinois since 2014.
961:), whereas females usually have brown eyes. Eastern box turtles feature a sharp, horned beak and stout limbs, and their feet are webbed only at the base. Eastern box turtles have five toes on each front leg and normally four toes on each hind leg, although some individuals may possess three toes on each hind leg. Eastern box turtles range in size from 4.5 to 8 in (11 to 20 cm) long.
1170:, and mate-finding mechanisms are unclear), which can be a difficult task in areas where mates are sparse, the couple will embark on a three-phase courtship event. Following fertilization, the female finds an appropriate nesting site. Nest site selection is vital to egg development, as predation and temperature are primary concerns. Temperature affects the sex of offspring (
1189:
trade, although there are captive-bred individuals available. Buying a pet box turtle captive-bred rather than wild-caught helps discourage collection from the wild and helps preserve wild populations. The eastern box turtle is protected throughout most of its range, but many states allow the capture
1069:
Eastern box turtles are known to have high site fidelity and remain in the same home range for a very long period. Some have been known to stay at the same site for upwards of 32 years, which is highly uncommon for reptiles. They have a very strong homing instinct and will rarely travel more than 1.5
1065:
is known to burrow in leafy debris, brush, or soil. These burrows are called "resting forms" and they are used to regulate temperature or hydrate. They have also been known to take "baths" in shallow streams and ponds or puddles, and during hot periods may submerge in mud for days at a time. However,
952:
that allows total shell closure. Their shell has a middorsal keel that smooths out with age. The carapace can be of variable coloration but is normally brownish or black and accompanied by a yellowish or orangish radiating pattern of lines, spots, or blotches. Skin coloration, like that of the shell,
972:
Eastern box turtles have many uniquely identifying characteristics as part of the box turtle group. While the female's plastron is flat, it is concave in males so the male may fit over the back end of the female's carapace during mating. The front and back of the plastron are connected by a flexible
1284:
Eastern box turtles are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Species Red List. They are currently fairly common, especially in the southern part of their range, but many populations are declining rapidly. Habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation caused by urbanization or other human use is the main
1268:
are suitable for box turtles as well. While some high quality moist dog foods may be occasionally offered, whole animals are preferable. Commercial diets such as
Reptilinks, Mazuri Tortoise Diet, Repashy Veggie Burger, and Arcadia OmniGold can be used for variety and additional nutrition. Because
1272:
The vivid shell color found in many eastern box turtles often fades when a turtle is brought into captivity. This has led to the mistaken belief that the color fades as the turtle ages. Insufficient access to full sunlight is likely to cause the color in the keratin layer to fade. In addition to
1148:
have also shown that eastern box turtles have fed on live birds that were trapped in netting. Many times, they will eat an item of food, especially in captivity, just because it looks and smells edible, such as hamburger or eggs, even though the food may be harmful or unhealthy. Diet varies very
1003:
As ectotherms, Eastern box turtles must maintain temperature homeostasis by seeking cover, such as shaded forests or streams, when body temperatures are high and by finding basking locations when body temperatures are low, in order to increase their metabolic rate for foraging and digestion
1309:) and Tennessee. In Pennsylvania, the eastern box turtle made it through one house of the legislature, but failed to win final naming in 2009. In Virginia, bills to honor the eastern box turtle failed in 1999 and then in 2009; a core reason is the creature's close links to North Carolina.
1193:
Captive turtles may have a life span as short as three days if they are not fed, watered, and held in a proper container. Although box turtles may make hardy captives if their needs are met, and are frequently kept as pets, they are not easy turtles to keep, owing to their many specific
973:
hinge. When in danger, the turtle is able to close the plastron by pulling the hinged sections closely against the carapace, effectively sealing the soft body in bone, hence forming a "box". The shell is made of bone covered by living vascularized tissue and covered with a layer of
1198:, suitable substrate for burrowing, and a T5 HO fluorescent UVB lamp of appropriate strength. A basking area at one end of the enclosure is important to offer the turtle the ability to warm itself and is critical to sexually mature males and females for development of
1066:
if placed in water that is too deep (completely submerged), they may drown. Many
Eastern box turtles try to avoid stressful environmental conditions. When winter is in season, these turtles will burrow into the soil and stay dormant until the temperature rises.
1600:
Powell, R., Conant, R., Collins, J. T., Conant, I. H., Johnson, T. R., Hooper, E. D., Taggart, T. W., Conant, R., & Collins, J. T. (2016). Peterson Field Guide to
Reptiles and amphibians of Eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
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regions, with a moderately moist forest floor that has good drainage. Bottomland forest is preferred over hillsides and ridges. They can also be found in open grasslands, pastures, or under fallen logs or in moist ground, usually moist leaves or wet dirt.
1070:
miles (2.5 km) from their home territory. When they are relocated, they will still try to find their way back to their original home range. Home ranges of relocated turtles can be up to be 3 times larger than resident turtles in an area.
1165:
Reproduction for the eastern box turtle can occur at any point throughout the late spring, summer, and early fall months, but egg laying is most likely to occur in May and June, when rain is frequent. After finding a mate (there is no
1036:. In the northern parts of their range, they are rarely found above 1,000 feet in elevation, while they may be found up to 6,000 feet in the southern parts of their range. The eastern box turtle is considered uncommon to rare in the
1738:
DeGregorio, B. A.; Tuberville, T. D.; Kennamer, R. A.; Harris, B. B.; Brisbin, I. L. (2017). "Spring emergence of
Eastern Box Turtles ( Terrapene carolina): influences of individual variation and scale of temperature correlates".
1149:
little between seasons, with box turtles consuming plant matter and invertebrates during every feeding season, and mushrooms and snails during certain months. Young are primarily carnivorous and adults are mostly herbivorous.
1295:"The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster 'hares' run by to quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State's unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals."
1688:
Case, Beth C.; Lewbart, Gregory A.; Doerr, Phillip D. (August 2005). "The physiological and behavioural impacts of and preference for an enriched environment in the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina)".
2315:
1921:
Figueras, M. P., Green, T. M., & Burke, R. L. (2021). Consumption
Patterns of a Generalist Omnivore: Eastern Box Turtle Diets in the Long Island Pine Barrens. Diversity (14242818), 13(8), 345.
1432:
980:
When injured or damaged, the shell has the capacity to regenerate and reform. Granular tissue slowly forms and keratin slowly grows underneath the damaged area to replace damaged and missing
1269:
box turtles seldom get the nutrients they need to foster shell growth and skeletal and skin development, they also require a multivitamin supplement and access to a cuttlebone for calcium.
1085:, their metabolism does not drive their appetite; instead, they can just lessen their activity level, retreat into their shells, and halt their food intake until better conditions arise.
2119:
Rayl, J. M.; Adamovicz, L.; Stern, A. W.; Vieson, M. D.; Phillips, C. A.; Kelly, M.; Beermann, M.; Allender, M. C. (2020). "MORTALITY INVESTIGATION OF MONITORED EASTERN BOX TURTLES (
1073:
They are exclusively in North
America. When in an isolated habitat they move less. They prefer an enriched habitat over a barren habitat. They are also more active in the morning.
1444:
1949:
Willey, & Sievert, P. R. (2012). Notes on the
Nesting Ecology of Eastern Box Turtles near the Northern Limit of their Range. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(3), 361–372.
2320:
953:
is variable but is usually brown or black with some yellow, orange, red, or white spots or streaks. This coloration closely mimics that of the winter leaf of the
913:
per year. These characteristics, along with a propensity to get hit by cars and agricultural machinery, make all box turtle species particularly susceptible to
2088:
Henriquez, M. C.; Macey, S. K.; Baker, E. E.; Kelly, L. B.; Betts, R. L.; Rubbo, M. J.; Clark, J. A. (2017). "Translocated and resident
Eastern Box Turtles (
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and will feed on a variety of animal and vegetable matter. There are a variety of foods which are universally accepted by eastern box turtles, which include
1081:
The eating habits of eastern box turtles vary greatly due to individual taste, temperature, lighting, and their surrounding environment. Unlike warm-blooded
1794:
1209:
Water should be fresh and clean and available at all times. A large, easily accessible water dish for bathing and drinking is important to their health.
1276:
In captivity, box turtles are known to be capable of living over 100 years, but in the wild, often live much shorter lives due to disease and predation.
2261:
992:), box turtle scutes continue to grow throughout the turtle's life and develop growth rings. Water turtles typically shed their scutes as they grow.
957:. In some isolated populations, males may have blue patches on their cheeks, throat, and front legs. Furthermore, males normally possess red eyes (
1416:
925:
1190:
and possession of box turtles for personal use. Captive breeding is fairly commonplace, but not so much that it can supply the market demand.
2456:
1305:
The eastern box turtle is the official state reptile of two U.S. states: North
Carolina (which gives rise to the species and subspecies name
2282:
1959:
Burke, Russell L. (2011). "Nesting ecology and hatching success of the eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina, on Long Island, New York".
2530:
909:, the box turtle is largely terrestrial. Box turtles are slow crawlers, extremely long-lived, and slow to mature and have relatively few
984:. Over time, the damaged area falls off, revealing the new keratin formed beneath it. Unlike water turtles such as the native eastern
2510:
1012:
The eastern box turtle is found mainly in the eastern United States, as is implied by its name. They occur as far north as southern
2404:
1774:
2430:
1171:
2525:
1273:
providing UVB lighting, providing a varied diet complete with a carotenoid supplement can help sustain a pet's vibrant colors.
977:. This shell is connected to the body through its fused rib cage which makes the shell permanently attached and not removable.
2369:
2435:
2540:
1368:
2535:
1566:
Fredericksen, Todd S. (2014). "Thermal Regulation and Habitat Use of the Eastern Box Turtle in Southwestern Virginia".
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2192:
1658:
Fredericksen, T. S. (2014). "Thermal regulation and habitat use of the eastern box turtle in southwestern Virginia".
576:
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511:
2461:
2023:"Unexpectedly Low Rangewide Population Genetic Structure of the Imperiled Eastern Box Turtle Terrapene c. carolina"
306:
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They have very low reproductive success. Females can lay fertile eggs up to four years after a successful mating.
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requirements. Eastern box turtles require high humidity, warm temperatures with vertical and horizontal
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region; however, populations can be found in areas not bisected by heavily traveled roads. In the
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205:
39:
1994:
Belzer, Bill (2009). "The newsletter of Chelonian conservationists and Biologists".
1980:
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Females' rear claws are longer and straighter. Males have longer and thicker tails.
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2003:
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30:
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1931:
Congello, Karin (1978). "Nesting and egg laying behavior in Terrapene carolina".
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Thousands of box turtles are collected from the wild every year for the domestic
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1972:
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958:
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as well as wild strawberries, and fish (not goldfish). Mixed berries, fruit,
1213:
709:
666:
291:
277:
245:
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67:
2144:
2074:
1820:"Effects of Relocation on Movements and Home Ranges of Eastern Box Turtles"
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Kimble, Steven J. A.; Rhodes, O. E. Jr.; Williams, Rod N. (2014-03-19).
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In 2011, citing "a widespread persistent and ongoing gradual decline of
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2187:(2nd ed.). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
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151:
121:
2283:"Virginia House crushes box turtle's bid to be state reptile"
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1199:
1125:
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1097:
1033:
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875:
84:
78:
2316:
Center for Reptile and Amphibian Conservation and Management
1833:
Iglay, Raymond B.; et al. (2007). "Eastern box turtle (
1438:
Male with 'Best In Class' shell and good looks. Southwest PA
1241:
1221:
1203:
1101:
1045:
1851:
10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[102:ebttcc]2.0.co;2
1186:
2118:
2087:
1450:
Older female with a worn and weathered shell. Western PA
1795:"There Is No Place Like Home – Turtle Homing Instincts"
1775:"There's No Place Like Home for the Eastern Box Turtle"
924:
that probably exceeds 32% over three generations", the
1725:"North American Box Turtles (Terrapene) - Steve Zuppa"
2161:. North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State
1524:
2254:
2159:"Eastern Box Turtle – North Carolina State Reptiles"
2020:
1161:
Female digging a hole with her back legs to lay eggs
2092:) in New York: Movement patterns and habitat use".
1088:In the wild, eastern box turtles are opportunistic
2180:
2179:Shearer, Benjamin F.; Shearer, Barbara S. (1994).
1933:Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
2502:
1687:
928:(IUCN) downgraded its conservation status from
2178:
1866:Hibernal phenology of the eastern box turtle,
1471:
1172:Type I temperature-dependent sex determination
926:International Union for Conservation of Nature
893:The eastern box turtle is a subspecies of the
1899:North American Box Turtles: A Natural History
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1016:and the southern and eastern portions of the
1657:
1565:
2262:"Regular Session 2009–2010: House Bill 621"
2123:) IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS, USA, FROM 2016–18".
1007:
2209:"Official State Symbols of North Carolina"
2172:
1871:(MSc thesis). University of Rhode Island.
1618:
1612:"Eastern Box Turtle – Care Tips and Facts"
944:Eastern box turtles have a high, domelike
56:
29:
2226:
2064:
2046:
1876:
1634:"Terrapene Carolina (Florida Box Turtle)"
1542:
1048:, and of Special Concern in Michigan and
1930:
1837:) movements in a fragmented landscape".
1518:
1156:
963:
1631:
2503:
2183:State names, seals, flags, and symbols
1993:
1987:
1863:
1857:
1799:Fox Run Environmental Education Center
1683:
1681:
1527:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World"
1467:
1465:
2330:
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1958:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1878:10.23860/thesis-walden-margarete-2017
1832:
1826:
1896:
1494:
1678:
1483:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1462:
1212:Captive diets include various live
1044:, they are a Species of Concern in
1020:Upper Peninsula, south to northern
901:. While in the pond turtle family,
13:
2531:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1885:
1374:Shenandoah National Park, Virginia
14:
2552:
2304:
1300:North Carolina Secretary of State
1288:
878:-shelled turtles normally called
605:A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835
594:A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1835
2511:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2311:Diet and Feeding Your Box Turtle
2264:. Pennsylvania State Legislature
1901:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1691:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1525:Fritz, Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007).
1443:
1431:
1415:
1400:
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1367:
1355:
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1331:
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98:
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2201:
2151:
2112:
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2014:
1961:The American Midland Naturalist
1952:
1943:
1924:
1915:
1812:
1787:
1767:
1731:
1717:
1422:A Female Eastern Box Turtle in
1326:Eastern box turtles laying eggs
1279:
1152:
917:, or human-induced, mortality.
2321:Eastern Box Turtle Information
2289:. Associated Press. 2009-02-20
1996:Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter
1703:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.11.011
1651:
1604:
1594:
1559:
1338:Adult male, eastern box turtle
939:
1:
2526:Reptiles of the United States
2234:"Tennessee Symbols And Honor"
1455:
1052:. Eastern box turtles prefer
968:Eastern box turtle in Florida
2213:North Carolina State Library
2125:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2048:10.1371/journal.pone.0092274
1362:Tomlinson Run State Park, WV
1180:
998:
7:
2541:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2370:Terrapene carolina carolina
2340:Terrapene carolina carolina
2121:TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA
1973:10.1674/0003-0031-165.1.137
1868:Terrapene carolina carolina
1835:Terrapene carolina carolina
1741:Canadian Journal of Zoology
867:Terrapene carolina carolina
777:Terrapene carolina carolina
642:Terrapene carolina nebulosa
629:Terrapene carolina maculata
238:Terrapene carolina carolina
10:
2557:
1864:Walden, Margarete (2017).
1312:
1142:Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary
602:Testudo incarceratastriata
325:Testudo incarceratostriata
2536:Symbols of North Carolina
2338:
2215:. State of North Carolina
1897:Dodd, C. Kenneth (2001).
264:
257:
234:
227:
95:Scientific classification
93:
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
2521:Turtles of North America
2008:10.2744/1526-3096-13.1.2
1008:Distribution and habitat
884:T. c. carolina
813:Terrapene kinosternoides
764:Terrapene cinosternoides
568:– Rafinesque, 1832
527:Emys (Cistuda) carolinae
407:– Schweigger, 1812
2094:Northeastern Naturalist
1660:Northeastern Naturalist
1568:Northeastern Naturalist
1472:van Dijk, P.P. (2011).
1076:
624:– Fitzinger, 1843
1839:Journal of Herpetology
1297:
1162:
969:
836:Terrapene carolinensis
817:– Lindholm, 1929
742:Cistudo cinosternoides
737:– Hoffmann, 1890
512:Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
38:Eastern box turtle in
2483:Paleobiology Database
2090:Terrapene c. carolina
1753:10.1139/cjz-2016-0149
1632:Niedzielski, Steven.
1410:at the Louisville Zoo
1395:Plastron fully closed
1293:
1160:
967:
888:Eastern United States
839:– Schmidt, 1953
646:– LeConte, 1854
436:Monoclida kentukensis
16:Subspecies of reptile
2106:10.1656/045.024.0303
1672:10.1656/045.021.0406
1638:Animal Diversity Web
1580:10.1656/045.021.0406
1544:10.3897/vz.57.e30895
1502:"Appendices | CITES"
1490:: e.T21641A97428179.
1024:and west to eastern
844:Terrapene carolinina
808:– Breder, 1924
746:– Garman, 1892
651:Cistudo carolinensis
507:Emys tritentaculata
302:Testudo brevicaudata
2241:Tennessee Blue Book
2137:10.7589/2019-01-016
2039:2014PLoSO...992274K
895:common box turtle (
751:Terrapene eurypygia
733:Cinosternum clausum
616:– Henle, 1839
613:Cinosternon clausum
573:Emys cinosternoides
538:Emys kinosternoides
495:Terrapene virgulata
355:Testudo caroliniana
314:Testudo incarcerata
220:T. c. carolina
48:Conservation status
24:Eastern box turtle
1531:Vertebrate Zoology
1476:Terrapene carolina
1232:and grubs (beetle
1163:
1063:Terrapene carolina
970:
922:Terrapene carolina
897:Terrapene carolina
874:within a group of
862:eastern box turtle
822:Terrapene caritana
794:Terrapene cardlina
682:Terrapene carinata
560:– Gray, 1831
546:Testudo irregulata
475:Terrapene nebulosa
467:Terrapene maculata
456:Terrapene carolina
2516:Common box turtle
2498:
2497:
2332:Taxon identifiers
1614:. 8 January 2020.
1307:carolina carolina
1196:thermal gradients
1136:, duck weed, and
886:is native to the
858:
857:
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840:
829:
818:
809:
805:Terepene carolina
798:
790:
773:
760:
747:
738:
729:
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701:
694:Cistudo eurypygia
690:
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625:
617:
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595:
584:
569:
561:
550:
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491:
483:Terraphene clausa
479:
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380:
362:
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344:Testudo virgulata
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88:
71:
40:Southern Illinois
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1590:– via UGA.
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1392:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1350:Young box turtle
1347:
1335:
1323:
1301:
1254:dandelion greens
1206:, respectively.
1120:, weeds, fallen
846:
838:
824:
816:
807:
796:
780:
767:
754:
745:
736:
723:
717:Cistudo carolina
707:
705:Cistudo carinata
696:
684:
676:
674:Cistudo virginea
664:
662:Cistudo carolina
653:
645:
632:
623:
621:Pyxidemys clausa
615:
604:
593:
591:Emys schneiderii
575:
567:
559:
557:Cistuda carolina
548:
540:
529:
510:
497:
485:
477:
469:
458:
447:
440:Rafinesque, 1822
439:
426:
424:Terrapene clausa
414:
406:
399:Schweigger, 1812
398:
386:
375:
357:
346:
335:
328:Bonnaterre, 1789
327:
316:
305:
290:
288:Testudo carinata
276:
274:Testudo carolina
240:
206:T. carolina
103:
102:
82:
65:
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33:
21:
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2470:Observation.org
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2117:
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2086:
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2019:
2015:
1992:
1988:
1957:
1953:
1948:
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1801:. 14 April 2019
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1426:, New York City
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1351:
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1339:
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1303:
1299:
1291:
1282:
1246:romaine lettuce
1183:
1155:
1079:
1010:
1001:
990:Chrysemys picta
942:
930:near threatened
854:
815:
779:
766:
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631:
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396:Emys schneideri
304:
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2305:External links
2303:
2300:
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2287:NBC Washington
2274:
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2193:
2171:
2150:
2131:(2): 306–315.
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2100:(3): 249–266.
2080:
2013:
1986:
1951:
1942:
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1907:
1884:
1856:
1845:(1): 102–106.
1825:
1811:
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1697:(4): 353–365.
1677:
1666:(4): 554–564.
1650:
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1574:(4): 554–564.
1558:
1537:(2): 197–198.
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1250:collard greens
1182:
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986:painted turtle
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721:cinosternoides
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577:A.M.C. Duméril
570:
565:Didicla clausa
562:
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492:
480:
472:
464:
453:
445:Cistudo clausa
442:
433:
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412:Didicla clausa
409:
404:Emys virgulata
401:
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370:
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333:Testudo clausa
330:
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1140:. Studies at
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948:and a hinged
947:
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927:
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915:anthropogenic
912:
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904:
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869:
868:
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847:Schmidt, 1953
845:
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837:
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827:
823:
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797:Proctor, 1922
795:
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688:
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677:Agassiz, 1857
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582:
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571:
566:
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552:(nomen nudum)
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373:Emydes clausa
371:
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172:Testudinoidea
170:
168:Superfamily:
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157:
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137:
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80:
75:
69:
64:
53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2339:
2291:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2266:. Retrieved
2256:
2245:. Retrieved
2240:
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2182:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2153:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2002:(13): 2–35.
1999:
1995:
1989:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1898:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1814:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1747:(1): 23–30.
1744:
1740:
1733:
1719:
1694:
1690:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:
1606:
1596:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1424:Central Park
1407:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1280:Conservation
1275:
1271:
1211:
1208:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:pair bonding
1164:
1153:Reproduction
1114:caterpillars
1087:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1011:
1002:
994:
989:
979:
971:
955:tulip poplar
943:
921:
919:
905:, and not a
896:
892:
883:
866:
865:
861:
859:
849:
843:
835:
830:
821:
812:
804:
799:
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776:
763:
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741:
732:
720:
716:
704:
693:
681:
673:
661:
656:
650:
641:
628:
620:
612:
607:
601:
596:
590:
585:
572:
564:
556:
551:
549:Daudin, 1831
545:
537:
532:
526:
516:
506:
494:
482:
474:
466:
455:
444:
435:
423:
411:
403:
395:
383:
372:
363:
354:
343:
332:
324:
313:
301:
287:
273:
237:
235:
219:
218:
214:Subspecies:
204:
192:
18:
2444:NatureServe
2418:iNaturalist
2364:Wikispecies
1967:: 137–142.
1238:cockroaches
1038:Great Lakes
940:Description
880:box turtles
850:(ex errore)
831:(ex errore)
800:(ex errore)
657:(ex errore)
608:(ex errore)
597:(ex errore)
586:(ex errore)
533:(ex errore)
520:nomen nudum
384:Emys clausa
81:Appendix II
2505:Categories
2293:2011-02-25
2268:2011-02-25
2247:2011-01-22
2219:2008-01-26
2165:2011-02-13
1908:0806135018
1805:2022-04-29
1780:2022-04-29
1511:2022-01-14
1456:References
1226:earthworms
1094:earthworms
934:vulnerable
872:subspecies
770:Siebenrock
654:Gray, 1856
541:Gray, 1831
530:Gray, 1831
478:Bell, 1825
470:Bell, 1825
417:Rafinesque
389:Schweigger
377:Brongniart
318:Bonnaterre
162:Cryptodira
158:Suborder:
152:Testudines
63:Vulnerable
2057:1932-6203
1711:0168-1591
1506:cites.org
1262:mushrooms
1181:Captivity
1130:mushrooms
1090:omnivores
1056:or mixed
1054:deciduous
999:Behaviors
911:offspring
783:Stejneger
726:Boulenger
500:Fitzinger
366:ex errore
348:Latreille
200:Species:
193:Terrapene
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
2449:2.103999
2355:Q3768639
2349:Wikidata
2145:31750775
2075:24647580
2027:PLOS ONE
1981:85210016
1939:: 51–56.
1643:25 March
1588:84530318
1553:87809001
1240:, small
1218:crickets
1216:such as
1146:Maryland
1058:forested
1030:Oklahoma
1018:Michigan
950:plastron
946:carapace
907:tortoise
903:Emydidae
781:–
768:–
757:O.P. Hay
755:–
724:–
708:–
685:–
665:–
633:–
498:–
486:–
427:–
415:–
387:–
307:Lacépède
292:Linnaeus
278:Linnaeus
259:Synonyms
246:Linnaeus
182:Emydidae
178:Family:
142:Reptilia
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
2410:7190898
2397:1263662
2066:3960240
2035:Bibcode
1761:1839068
1313:Gallery
1258:chicory
1230:beetles
1138:carrion
1134:flowers
1126:berries
1118:grasses
1110:beetles
1083:animals
1050:Indiana
1042:Midwest
1022:Florida
975:keratin
870:) is a
826:Schmidt
787:Barbour
687:Strauch
667:Agassiz
635:LeConte
188:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
66: (
2488:100190
2475:195511
2462:391345
2436:173777
2191:
2143:
2073:
2063:
2055:
1979:
1905:
1759:
1709:
1586:
1551:
1266:clover
1234:larvae
1098:snails
1032:, and
1026:Kansas
982:scutes
959:irises
828:, 1953
789:, 1917
785:&
772:, 1909
759:, 1902
728:, 1889
712:, 1884
710:Garman
700:, 1869
689:, 1862
669:, 1857
637:, 1854
583:, 1835
581:Bibron
579:&
514:, 1829
502:, 1826
490:, 1825
462:, 1825
451:, 1825
431:, 1820
429:Merrem
419:, 1815
391:, 1812
379:, 1805
361:, 1801
359:Daudin
350:, 1801
339:, 1789
337:Gmelin
320:, 1789
309:, 1788
2423:50001
2384:7J4ZX
2243:: 526
2237:(PDF)
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1200:sperm
1122:fruit
1106:grubs
1102:slugs
1034:Texas
1014:Maine
876:hinge
719:var.
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2457:NCBI
2431:ITIS
2405:GBIF
2189:ISBN
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2053:ISSN
2000:2009
1903:ISBN
1757:OSTI
1707:ISSN
1645:2024
1488:2011
1264:and
1242:mice
1202:and
1077:Diet
1046:Ohio
860:The
698:Cope
488:Gray
460:Bell
296:1758
282:1758
250:1758
2392:EoL
2379:CoL
2133:doi
2102:doi
2061:PMC
2043:doi
2004:doi
1969:doi
1965:165
1873:doi
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