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by earthquakes and are recording the wave velocities. The high quality data that was collected by the permanent seismic stations of USArray and the
Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) allowed the creation of high resolution seismic imaging of the Earth's interior below the United States. Seismic tomography helps constrain mantle velocity structure and aids in the understanding of chemical and geodynamic processes that are at work. With the use of the data collected by USArray and global travel-time data, a global tomography model of P-wave velocity heterogeneity in the mantle could be created. The range and resolution of this technique allowed investigation into the suite of problems that are of concern in the North American mantle lithosphere, including the nature of the major tectonic features. This method gives evidence for differences in thickness and the velocity anomaly of the
483:, Mw derived from the moment tensor magnitude, is the most reliable quantity for comparing and measuring the size of an earthquake with other earthquake magnitudes. Moment tensors are used in a wide range of seismological research fields, such as earthquake statistics, earthquake scaling relationships, and stress inversion. The creation of regional moment tensor solutions, with the appropriate software, for moderate-to-large earthquakes in the U.S. came from USArray transportable array and Advance National Seismic System broadband seismic stations. Results were obtained in the time and the frequency domain. Waveform fit and amplitude-phase match figures were provided to allow users to evaluate moment tensor quality.
526:
digital model of the global velocity gradient tensor field associated with the accommodation of present-day crustal motions. The overall mission also includes: (1) contributions of global, regional, and local models by individual researchers; (2) archive existing data sets of geologic, geodetic, and seismic information that can contribute toward a greater understanding of strain phenomena; and (3) archive existing methods for modeling strain rates and strain transients. A completed global strain rate map provided a large amount of information which will contribute to the understanding of continental dynamics and for the quantification of seismic hazards.
796:, IRIS, USGS, NASA, etc.), and the general public. To accomplish this, the EOP offered a wide array of educational workshops and seminars, directed at various audiences, to offer support on data interpretation and implementation of data products into the classroom. Their job was to make sure that everyone understood what EarthScope was, what it was doing in the community, and how to use the data it was producing. By generating new research opportunities for students in the scientific community, the program also hoped to expand recruitment for future generations of earth scientists.
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recordings, these signals could also be used to visualize the actual continuous seismic waves, providing new insights and interpretation techniques into complex wave propagation effects. Using signals recorded by the array of seismometers, the EarthScope project animated seismic waves as they sweep across the USArray transportable array for selected larger earthquakes. This illustrated the regional and teleseismic wave propagation phenomena. The seismic data collected from both permanent and transportable seismic stations was used to provide these computer generated animations.
367:
866:
461:, season, and time of day. The new statistical approach provided the ability to compute probability density functions (PDFs) to evaluate the full range of noise at a given seismic station, allowing the estimation of noise levels over a broad range of frequencies from 0.01–16 Hz (100-0.0625s period). With the use of this new method it became much easier to compare seismic noise characteristics between different networks in different regions.
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of faults and earthquakes that increased our knowledge of the complete earthquake process, allowing for the continued development of building predictive models. Detailed information on internal fault zone architecture, crust and upper mantle structure, strain rates, and transitions between fault systems and deformation types; as well as heat flow, electromagnetic/magnetotelluric, and seismic waveform data, were all made available.
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mantle processes below the United States and their effects on the continental lithosphere. There are many issues of interest, such as determining the source of forces originating in the upper mantle and their effects on the continental lithosphere. Seismic data gave scientists more understanding and insight into the lower mantle and the Earth's core, as well as activity at the
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child should be learning at those grade levels. The EarthScope
Voyager, Jr. allowed students to explore and visualize the various types of data that were collected. In this interactive map, the user could add various types of base maps, features, and plate velocities. Educators could access to real time GPS data of plate movement and influences through the UNAVCO website.
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can be studied. Data from EarthScope was used to find the mean seismic structure of the continental crust, associated mantle, and crust-mantle transition. Variability in that structure was also studied. EarthScope attempted to define continental lithosphere formation and continent structure and to identify the relationship between continental structure and deformation.
444:
broadband seismograms will always contain a certain level of noise. The dominant sources of noise are either from the instrumentation itself or from ambient Earth vibrations. Normally, seismometer self noise will be well below the seismic noise level, and every station will have a characteristic noise pattern that can be calculated or observed. Sources of
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monitored and maintained by not only the professors, but their students as well. Scouting for future seismic station locations created field work opportunities for students. The influx of data helped creaate projects for undergraduate research, master's thesis, and doctoral dissertations. A list of funded proposals can be found on the NSF website.
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This leads to a significantly heightened awareness within the general public, including the next cohort of prospective Earth scientists. With further evolution of the EarthScope project, there were opportunities to create new observatories with greater capabilities, including extending the USArray over the
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The multidisciplinary character of EarthScope helped create stronger network connections between geologists of all types and from around the country. Building an Earth model of this scale required a complex community effort, and this model is largely the first EarthScope legacy. Researchers analyzing
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EarthScope acquired 3D and 4D data that gave scientists a more detailed insight into faulting and earthquakes than ever before. This project provided a much needed data upgrade from work done in previous years thanks to many technological advances. New data enabled an improved study and understanding
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Global
Positioning System (GPS) equipment and techniques provide a unique opportunity for earth scientists to study regional and local tectonic plate motions and conduct natural hazards monitoring. Cleaned network solutions from several GPS arrays merged into regional clusters in conjunction with the
928:
The science produced by EarthScope and the researchers using its data products help guide lawmakers in environmental policy, hazard identification, and ultimately, federal funding of more large-scale projects like this one. Besides the three physical dimensions of North
America's structure, a fourth
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Through the use of seismology, scientists were be able to collect and evaluate data from the deepest parts of our planet, from the continental lithosphere down to the core. The relationship between lithospheric and the upper mantle processes is something that is not completely known, including upper
663:
Earth's continents are compositionally distinct from the oceanic crust. The continents record four billion years of geologic history, while the oceanic crust gets recycled about every 180 million years. Because of the age of continental crusts, the ancient structural evolution of the continents
525:
The Global Strain Rate Map (GSRM) is a project of the
International Lithosphere Program whose mission is to determine a globally self-consistent strain rate and velocity field model, consistent with geodetic and geologic field observations collected by GPS, seismometers, and strainometers. GSRM is a
456:
from the naturally occurring earthquakes. Earthquake signals are not generally included in the processing of noise data, because they are generally low probability occurrences, even at low power levels. The two objectives behind the collection of the seismic noise data were to provide and document a
412:
is a method of producing a three-dimensional image of the internal structures of a solid object (such as the human body or the earth) by the observation and recording of differences in the effects on the passage of energy waves impinging on those structures. The waves of energy are P-waves generated
248:
The
Transportable Array was composed of 400 seismometers that were deployed in a rolling grid across the United States over a period of 10 years. The stations were placed 70 km apart, and could map the upper 70 km of the Earth. After approximately two years, stations were moved east to the
224:
are indicators of energy disbursement within the earth. By analyzing the records of earthquakes obtained from this dense grid of seismometers, scientists could learn about Earth structure and dynamics and the physical processes controlling earthquakes and volcanoes. The goal of USArray was primarily
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may secure a lasting legacy within the social consciousness of the world. Earth science has already been promoted as a vital modern discipline, especially in today's “green” culture, to which EarthScope is contributing. The size of the EarthScope project augments the growing public awareness of the
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on the North
American west coast. Another geologic legacy desired by the initiative, was to invigorate the Earth sciences community. Invigoration is self-perpetuating as evidenced by participation from thousands of organizations from around the world and from all levels of students and researchers.
517:(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar), a remote-sensing technique, and PBO (Plate Boundary Observatory), a fixed array of GPS receivers and strainmeters, the EarthScope project provided spatially continuous strain measurements over wide geographic areas with decimeter to centimeter resolution.
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technique development, and earthquake risk assessment. Due to the open and free-to-the-public data portals that EarthScope and its partners maintain, the applications are limited only by the creativity of those who wish to sort through the gigabytes of data. Also, because of its scale, the program
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The EarthScope
Education and Outreach Bulletin was a bulletin targeted for grades 5-8 that summarized a volcanic or tectonic event documented by EarthScope and put it into an easily interpretable format, complete with diagrams and 3D models. They followed specific content standards based on what a
426:
EarthScope
Automated Receiver Survey (EARS), created a prototype of a system that was used to address several key elements of the production of EarthScope products. One of the prototype systems was the receiver reference model. It provided crustal thickness and average crustal Vp/Vs ratios beneath
448:
within the Earth are caused by any of the following: the actions of human beings at or near the surface of the Earth, objects moved by wind with the movement being transferred to the ground, running water (river flow), surf, volcanic activity, or long period tilt due to thermal instabilities from
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EarthScope promised to produce a large amount of geological and geophysical data to the door for numerous research opportunities in the scientific community. As the USArray Big Foot project moved across the country, universities adopted seismic stations near their areas. These stations were then
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The
Education and Outreach Program was designed to integrate EarthScope into both the classroom and the community. The program reached out to scientific educators and students as well as industry professionals (engineers, land/resource managers, technical application/data users), partners of the
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Continental deformation is driven by plate interactions through active tectonic processes such as continental transform systems with extensional, strike-slip, and contractional regimes. EarthScope provided velocity field data, portable and continuous GPS data, fault-zone drilling and sampling,
469:
Seismometers of USArray transportable array recorded the passage of numerous seismic waves through a given point near the Earth's surface, and classically these seismograms are analyzed to deduce properties of the Earth's structure and the seismic source. Given a spatially dense set of seismic
261:
The Flexible Array was composed of 291 broadband stations, 120 short period stations, and 1700 active source stations. The Flexible Array allowed sites to be targeted in a more focused manner than the broad Transportable Array. Natural or artificially created seismic waves could be used to map
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issues have been the focus of dispute. Representatives in Washington D.C. and the state capitals require guidance from authoritative science in drafting the soundest environmental laws for our country. The EarthScope research community was in a position to provide the most reliable course for
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The main function of the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) and USArray, was to provide high quality data for earthquake monitoring, source studies and Earth structure research. The utility of seismic data is greatly increased when noise levels, unwanted vibrations, are reduced; however
838:
Education and outreach developed tools for educators and students across the United States to interpret and apply this information for solving a wide range of scientific issues within the earth sciences. The project tailored its products to the specified needs and requests of educators.
492:
EarthScope project. The arrays included the Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array, EarthScope's Plate Boundary Observatory, the Western Canadian Deformation Array, and networks run by the US Geological Survey. The daily GPS measurements from ~1500 stations along the Pacific/North American
417:
between the stable center of the continent and the more active western North America. These data are vital for the understanding of local lithosphere evolution, and when combined with additional global data, allow the mantle to be imaged beyond the current extent of USArray.
287:. It is the electromagnetic equivalent of the seismic arrays. The portable sensors were moved in a rolling grid similar to the Transportable Array grid, but were only in place about a month before they were moved to the next location. A magnetotelluric station consists of a
270:
The Reference Network was composed of permanent seismic stations spaced about 300 km apart. The Reference Network provided a baseline for the Transportable Array and Flexible Array. EarthScope added and upgraded 39 stations to the already existing
219:
USArray, managed by IRIS, was a 15-year program to place a dense network of permanent and portable seismographs across the continental United States. These seismographs recorded the seismic waves released by earthquakes that occur around the world.
872:
Many applications for EarthScope data currently exist, as mentioned above. The EarthScope program was dedicated to determining the three dimensional structure of the North American continent. Future uses of the data that it produced might include
1002:
operated the seismology and geodesy components of the instrumentation that the project relied on, when these two organizations merged in 2023 they adopted the name EarthScope Consortium to represent the shared vision of the new organization.
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is the change in shape and volume of continental and oceanic crust caused by stress applied to rock through tectonic forces. An array of variables including composition, temperature, pressure, etc., determines how the crust will deform.
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or volcanoes. EarthScope focused on the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate in the western United States. EarthScope provided GPS geodetic data, seismic images, detailed seismicity, magnetotelluric data,
354:
receivers that could be deployed for temporary networks to researchers, to measure the crustal motion at a specific target or in response to a geologic event. The Plate Boundary Observatory portion of EarthScope was operated by
496:
provided millimeter-scale accuracy and could be used monitor the displacements of the earths crust. With the use of data modeling software and the recorded GPS data, the opportunity to quantify crustal deformation caused by
349:
acquired as part of the GeoEarthScope initiative. PBO also included comprehensive data products, data management and education and outreach efforts. These permanent networks were supplemented by a pool of portable
478:
The seismic moment tensor is one of the fundamental parameters of earthquakes that can be determined from seismic observations. It is directly related to earthquake fault orientation and rupture direction. The
816:
Establish a sense of ownership among scientific, professional, and educational communities and the public so that a diverse group of individuals and organizations can and will make contributions to EarthScope.
752:
EarthScope hoped to provide a better understanding of the physics of fluids and magmas in active volcanic systems in relation to the deep Earth and how the evolution of continental lithosphere is related to
886:
will undoubtedly be the topic of casual conversation for many people outside of the geologic community. EarthScope chatter will be made by people in political, educational, social, and scientific arenas.
249:
next site on the grid – unless adopted by an organization and made a permanent installation. Once the sweep across the United States was completed, over 2000 locations will have been occupied. The
295:, and a data recording unit that are buried in shallow holes. The electrodes are oriented north-south and east-west and are saturated in a salt solution to improve conductivity with the ground.
393:
sensors, data acquisition systems, and GPS clocks, as well as samples collected during drilling, helped to better understand the processes that control the behavior of the San Andreas Fault.
457:
standard method to calculate ambient seismic background noise, and to characterize the variation of ambient background seismic noise levels across the United States as a function of
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1300:
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using EarthScope data. Improving understanding of the continent's geologic history allow future generations to more efficiently manage and use geologic resources and live with
48:
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Create a high-profile public identity for EarthScope that emphasizes the integrated nature of the scientific discoveries and the importance of EarthScope research initiatives.
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513:
The goal was to provide models of time-dependent strain associated with a number of recent earthquakes and other geologic events as constrained by GPS data. With the use of
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Advance formal Earth science education by promoting inquiry-based classroom investigations that focus on understanding Earth and the interdisciplinary nature of EarthScope.
452:
A new approach to seismic noise studies was introduced with the EarthScope project, in that there were no attempts to screen the continuous waveforms to eliminate body and
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at a depth of approximately 3 km and a pilot hole about 2 km southwest of San Andreas Fault. Data from the instruments installed in the holes, which consisted of
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and its partner universities funding to adopt and maintain eight Transportable Array stations. The stations will be used to update Arizona's earthquake risk assessment.
804:"To use EarthScope data, products, and results to create a measurable and lasting change on the way that Earth science is taught and perceived in the United States."
762:
24:
920:. These tools include the physical equipment, software invented to analyze the data, and other data and educational products initiated or inspired by EarthScope.
401:
Data collected from the various observatories were used to create different types of data products. Each data product addressed a different scientific problem.
969:, the connections between the research and the education and outreach communities must continue to be cultivated. Enhanced public outreach to museums, the
896:
414:
28:
1044:
973:, and public schools will ensure that these forward-thinking connections are fostered. National media collaboration with high-profile outlets such as
92:
32:
337:, 74 borehole strainmeters, 26 shallow borehole tiltmeters, and six long baseline laser strainmeters. These instruments were complemented by InSAR (
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instruments, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and borehole strainmeters, that were installed to help understand the boundary between the
1119:
1256:
104:
240:
The USArray was composed of four facilities: a Transportable Array, a Flexible Array, a Reference Network, and a Magnetotelluric Facility.
1012:
829:
Encourage use of EarthScope data, discoveries, and new technology in resolving challenging problems and improving our quality of life.
916:. There is much promise for EarthScope tools and observatories, even after retirement, to be used by universities and professional
338:
1309:
1216:
Zhu, L. (2005), "Implement Routine and Rapid earthquake Moment-Tensor Determination at the NEIC Using Regional ANSS Waveforms",
1023:
380:
120:
84:
107:(NASA). Several international organizations also contributed to the initiative. EarthScope data are publicly accessible.
950:
31:(GAGE) which operates the Network of the Americas (NOTA). The EarthScope Consortium represents the merger of the former
1402:
1265:
941:
laws have been the subject of some controversy since the European settlement of North America. Specifically, water and
329:. The PBO network included several major observatory components: a network of 1100 permanent, continuously operating
272:
100:
641:
seismicity, and magnetotelluric and potential field data for a better understanding of continental deformation.
312:
127:
765:. EarthScope provided seismic data and tomographic images of the mantle to better understand these processes.
1397:
359:, Inc. UNAVCO was a non-profit, university-governed consortium that facilitated research and education using
1190:
Ammon, C.J.; Lay, T. (2008), "Animating the Seismic Wavefield with USArray", Physics Today, to be submitted
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385:
The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) consisted of a main borehole that cut across the active
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processes. The basic idea of how the various melts are formed is known, but not the volumes and rates of
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60:
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602:
80:
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954:
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The Magnetotelluric Facility was composed of seven permanent and 20 portable sensors that recorded
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stations. The various EarthScope components will provide integrated and highly accessible data on
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program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure and evolution of the
1018:
874:
572:
1120:"Upper Mantle P-wave Tomography beneath the Western United States from USArray and Global Data"
702:
How does strain accumulate and release at plate boundaries and within the North American plate?
480:
250:
772:
Over what temporal and spatial scales do earthquake deformation and volcanic eruptions couple?
1138:
284:
534:
There were seven topics the EarthScope program addressed with the use of the observatories.
970:
938:
727:
322:
1069:
8:
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820:
551:
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39:
efforts and continues a portion of the EarthScope project which concluded in March 2022.
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823:
and understanding of EarthScope among all audiences through informal education venues.
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What are the predictive signs of imminent volcanic eruption? What are the structural,
592:
How do convergent margin processes contribute to growth of the continent through time?
333:(GPS) stations, many of which provide data at high-rate and in real-time, 78 borehole
1195:
974:
949:
Hazard identification with EarthScope is an application already in use. In fact, the
386:
226:
1382:
1172:
934:
234:
174:
743:
What is the nature and heterogeneity of the lower mantle and core-mantle boundary?
366:
995:
978:
576:
563:
559:
555:
498:
166:
1337:
302:
An EarthScope GPS Geosensor, a component of the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO)
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942:
909:
904:
882:
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27:(SAGE) which manages some of the Global Seismographic Network stations and the
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930:
453:
445:
346:
326:
221:
190:
170:
68:
64:
16:
Earth science program exploring the structure of the North American continent
1227:
Research: The Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array & CWU Geodesy Laboratory
754:
737:
How is evolution of the continents linked to processes in the upper mantle?
334:
288:
253:
was responsible for data collection from the Transportable Array stations.
202:
198:
182:
162:
146:
900:
779:
230:
158:
708:
What is the absolute strength of faults and the surrounding lithosphere?
917:
671:
How does magmatism modify, enlarge, and deform continental lithosphere?
502:
409:
298:
292:
194:
1176:
865:
624:
How does lithospheric rheology change in the vicinity of a fault zone?
71:
continent and to understand the processes controlling earthquakes and
458:
225:
to gain a better understanding of the structure and evolution of the
186:
178:
154:
142:
72:
1160:
208:
678:
638:
618:
486:
390:
648:
What are the fundamental controls on deformation of the continent?
370:
Schematic representation of the SAFOD main borehole and pilot hole
47:
1095:"UNAVCO and IRIS Consortium Join Forces as EarthScope Consortium"
878:
682:
374:
360:
318:
214:
134:
76:
1241:
542:
999:
793:
712:
558:
colliding with one another. Convergent margins create areas of
356:
88:
36:
1332:
733:
A few questions hoping to be answered by EarthScope included:
758:
568:
514:
430:
59:
project which operated from 2003 until September 2021 was an
895:
the data left us with a greater scientific understanding of
317:
The Plate Boundary Observatory PBO consisted of a series of
1342:
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for a better understanding of convergent margin processes.
1347:
1225:
351:
1357:
554:, are active regions of deformation between two or more
25:
Seismological Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience
1373:
Seismological observatories, organisations and projects
1352:
1161:"Ambient Noise Levels in the Continental United States"
1243:
Research: Global Strain Rate Map Project: Introduction
929:
dimension of the continent is being described through
627:
What is the distribution of stress in the lithosphere?
464:
1258:
EarthScope Education and Outreach Implementation Plan
740:
What is the level of heterogeneity in the mid-mantle?
87:. Organizations associated with the project included
1284:
EarthScope Workshop Summaries of Technical Sessions
946:
government to take concerning environmental policy.
658:
115:There were three EarthScope project observatories:
782:, and chemical controls on fluid flow in the crust?
654:
What defines tectonic regimes within the continent?
651:
What is the strength profile(s) of the lithosphere?
306:
29:
Geodetic Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience
965:For EarthScope to live up to its potential in the
689:
674:How are the crust and lithospheric mantle related?
596:
209:Seismic and Magnetotelluric Observatory (USArray)
93:Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
42:
33:Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
1364:
1165:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
986:broad structure of the planet on which we live.
487:Geodetic Monitoring of the Western US and Hawaii
161:, borehole strainmeters, permanent and portable
1158:
833:
768:A few questions EarthScope addressed include:
698:A few questions EarthScope addressed include:
667:A few questions EarthScope addressed include:
644:A few questions EarthScope addressed include:
637:reflection seismology, modern seismicity, pre-
613:A few questions EarthScope addressed include:
582:A few questions EarthScope addressed include:
537:
375:San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD)
105:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1045:"Fifteen Years of Earth Science Exploration"
705:How do earthquakes start, rupture, and stop?
586:What controls the lithospheric architecture?
421:
1338:Historic EarthScope program website archive
1117:
278:
275:, which was part of the Reference Network.
1092:
1013:German Continental Deep Drilling Programme
631:
473:
1302:UNAVCO Geochronology Working Group Report
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520:
1189:
989:
711:
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508:
438:
429:
365:
339:interferometric synthetic aperture radar
297:
46:
720:
135:Seismic and Magnetotelluric Observatory
1365:
1358:United States Geological Survey (USGS)
1024:San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
434:P-waves and S-waves from a seismograph
427:USArray transportable array stations.
381:San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
243:
121:San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
85:San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
1159:McNamara, D.E.; Buland, R.P. (2003).
1093:Consortium, EarthScope (2023-10-03).
589:What controls the locus of volcanism?
546:Oceanic-Continental convergent margin
505:and volcanic eruptions was possible.
1074:www.earthscope-program-2003-2018.org
747:
404:
265:
75:. The project had three components:
1215:
951:Federal Emergency Management Agency
923:
851:
621:vary with rock type and with depth?
465:Earthquake Ground Motion Animations
13:
889:
864:
550:Convergent margins, also known as
14:
1414:
1353:National Science Foundation (NSF)
1326:
1286:Introduction and Plenary Sessions
1118:Burdick, S.; et al. (2008).
842:
659:Continent Structure and Evolution
256:
1308:, September 2006, archived from
1239:
960:
396:
307:Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO)
273:Advanced National Seismic System
110:
690:Faults and Earthquake Processes
685:in constructing the continents?
677:What is the role of extension,
141:These observatories consist of
101:United States Geological Survey
1086:
1062:
1037:
597:Crustal Strain and Deformation
313:Plate Boundary Observatory PBO
43:EarthScope project (2003–2021)
1:
1030:
775:What controls eruption style?
903:and of the evolution of the
7:
1006:
834:EarthScope In the Classroom
538:Convergent Margin Processes
343:light detection and ranging
61:National Science Foundation
10:
1419:
799:
716:The structure of the Earth
529:
378:
310:
237:underneath North America.
212:
189:, surficial processes and
128:Plate Boundary Observatory
81:Plate Boundary Observatory
1403:Global Positioning System
955:Arizona Geological Survey
860:
422:Receiver Reference Models
331:Global Positioning System
262:structures in the Earth.
151:global positioning system
881:boundary establishment,
807:
617:How do crust and mantle
575:, baseline geology, and
573:digital elevation models
279:Magnetotelluric Facility
1099:GlobeNewswire News Room
1019:Kola Superdeep Borehole
953:(FEMA) has awarded the
875:hydrocarbon exploration
763:Mid-ocean ridge basalts
632:Continental Deformation
474:Regional Moment Tensors
51:EarthScope project logo
1218:Annual Project Summary
1146:Cite journal requires
869:
787:Education and Outreach
761:production outside of
717:
547:
521:Global Strain Rate Map
435:
371:
303:
285:electromagnetic fields
251:Array Network Facility
157:, long-baseline laser
52:
1333:EarthScope Consortium
990:EarthScope Consortium
868:
715:
571:, stress field maps,
552:convergent boundaries
545:
509:Time-dependent Strain
449:poor station design.
439:Ambient Seismic Noise
433:
369:
301:
50:
21:EarthScope Consortium
1398:Satellite navigation
1070:"About | Earthscope"
971:National Park System
939:Environmental policy
728:core-mantle boundary
721:Deep Earth Structure
323:North American Plate
983:National Geographic
244:Transportable Array
97:Stanford University
914:Gulf of California
897:geologic resources
870:
718:
548:
436:
415:mantle lithosphere
372:
304:
53:
1203:Missing or empty
1177:10.1785/012003001
975:Discovery Channel
748:Fluids and Magmas
405:P-Wave Tomography
387:San Andreas Fault
266:Reference Network
227:continental crust
153:(GPS) receivers,
1410:
1393:Regional geology
1322:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1307:
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1270:
1264:, archived from
1263:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1171:(4): 1517–1527.
1155:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1122:. Archived from
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1047:. Archived from
1041:
935:geologic hazards
924:Political Legacy
852:University Level
821:science literacy
481:moment magnitude
185:, structure and
175:thermochronology
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1363:
1362:
1329:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1179:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1101:(Press release)
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1026:(SAFOD project)
1009:
992:
979:Science Channel
963:
926:
892:
890:Geologic Legacy
863:
854:
845:
836:
810:
802:
789:
750:
723:
692:
661:
634:
599:
577:paleoseismology
564:mountain ranges
560:tectonic uplift
556:tectonic plates
540:
532:
523:
511:
501:, earthquakes,
499:plate tectonics
489:
476:
467:
441:
424:
407:
399:
383:
377:
315:
309:
281:
268:
259:
246:
217:
211:
167:magnetotelluric
113:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1327:External links
1325:
1324:
1323:
1297:
1279:
1253:
1237:
1222:
1213:
1187:
1156:
1148:|journal=
1112:
1111:
1085:
1061:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1005:
991:
988:
967:Earth sciences
962:
959:
943:mineral rights
925:
922:
910:Gulf of Mexico
905:plate boundary
891:
888:
883:remote sensing
862:
859:
853:
850:
844:
843:K-12 Education
841:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
824:
817:
814:
809:
806:
801:
798:
788:
785:
784:
783:
776:
773:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
738:
722:
719:
710:
709:
706:
703:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:collapse, and
675:
672:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
649:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
622:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
587:
539:
536:
531:
528:
522:
519:
510:
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494:plate boundary
488:
485:
475:
472:
466:
463:
440:
437:
423:
420:
406:
403:
398:
395:
379:Main article:
376:
373:
345:) imagery and
311:Main article:
308:
305:
280:
277:
267:
264:
258:
257:Flexible Array
255:
245:
242:
213:Main article:
210:
207:
139:
138:
131:
124:
112:
109:
69:North American
44:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1315:on 2008-12-19
1311:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1271:on 2008-12-19
1267:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1188:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1126:on 2011-06-08
1125:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1051:on 2022-01-21
1050:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1001:
997:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:Social Legacy
958:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
931:geochronology
921:
919:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
887:
884:
880:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
828:
825:
822:
818:
815:
812:
811:
805:
797:
795:
781:
777:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
764:
760:
756:
742:
739:
736:
735:
734:
731:
729:
714:
707:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
653:
650:
647:
646:
645:
642:
640:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
614:
611:
608:
604:
591:
588:
585:
584:
583:
580:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
535:
527:
518:
516:
506:
504:
500:
495:
484:
482:
471:
462:
460:
455:
454:surface waves
450:
447:
446:seismic noise
432:
428:
419:
416:
411:
402:
397:Data Products
394:
392:
388:
382:
368:
364:
362:
358:
353:
348:
347:geochronology
344:
341:) and LiDAR (
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Pacific Plate
324:
320:
314:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
263:
254:
252:
241:
238:
236:
232:
228:
223:
222:Seismic waves
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:geomorphology
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:geochronology
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
117:
116:
111:Observatories
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:earth science
63:(NSF) funded
62:
58:
49:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
23:operates the
22:
1317:, retrieved
1310:the original
1301:
1291:, retrieved
1287:
1283:
1273:, retrieved
1266:the original
1257:
1247:, retrieved
1242:
1240:Holt, W.E.,
1231:, retrieved
1226:
1217:
1205:|title=
1180:. Retrieved
1168:
1164:
1139:cite journal
1128:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1103:. Retrieved
1098:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:the original
1039:
993:
964:
948:
927:
893:
871:
855:
846:
837:
803:
790:
767:
755:upper mantle
751:
732:
724:
697:
693:
666:
662:
643:
635:
612:
600:
581:
549:
533:
524:
512:
490:
477:
468:
451:
442:
425:
408:
400:
384:
335:seismometers
316:
289:magnetometer
282:
269:
260:
247:
239:
218:
203:hydrogeology
199:rock physics
183:geochemistry
163:seismographs
159:strainmeters
147:active fault
140:
114:
56:
54:
20:
18:
1220:, USGS-NHRP
994:Given that
901:Great Basin
780:rheological
607:deformation
231:lithosphere
103:(USGS) and
35:(IRIS) and
1388:Seismology
1378:Geophysics
1367:Categories
1319:2008-12-06
1293:2008-12-06
1275:2008-12-06
1249:2008-12-06
1233:2008-12-06
1182:2020-12-07
1130:2008-12-06
1105:2024-01-30
1079:2024-07-13
1055:2021-03-17
1031:References
918:geologists
562:, such as
503:landslides
410:Tomography
293:electrodes
197:modeling,
195:geodynamic
155:tiltmeters
83:, and the
57:EarthScope
792:project (
459:geography
187:tectonics
179:petrology
143:boreholes
137:(USArray)
73:volcanoes
1196:citation
1007:See also
912:and the
819:Promote
679:orogenic
639:Holocene
619:rheology
601:Crustal
391:geophone
319:geodetic
145:into an
95:(IRIS),
1383:Geodesy
899:in the
879:aquifer
800:Mission
683:rifting
530:Science
361:geodesy
291:, four
215:USArray
123:(SAFOD)
77:USArray
1000:UNAVCO
981:, and
861:Legacy
794:UNAVCO
603:strain
357:UNAVCO
235:mantle
233:, and
201:, and
165:, and
149:zone,
99:, the
91:, the
89:UNAVCO
79:, the
37:UNAVCO
1313:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1269:(PDF)
1262:(PDF)
1015:(KTB)
808:Goals
759:magma
569:InSAR
515:InSAR
130:(PBO)
1348:GAGE
1343:SAGE
1209:help
1152:help
998:and
996:IRIS
605:and
325:and
181:and
173:and
133:The
126:The
119:The
55:The
19:The
1173:doi
352:GPS
1369::
1200::
1198:}}
1194:{{
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1167:.
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1175::
1154:)
1150:(
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1108:.
1082:.
1058:.
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