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provided for a Small
Ethanol Producer Tax Credit which gave tax credits to small ethanol producers. More recently, the Tax Relief Act, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization Act, and Job Creation Act of 2010 extended the tax cuts allowed by VEETC from the end of 2010 to the end of 2012. In the United States, to realize equivalent fuel economy at the pump with an FFV, the price of E85 must be much lower than gasoline. E85 was at least 20% less expensive in most areas as recently as 2011. In one US test, a 2007 Chevy Tahoe FFV averaged 18.3 MPG (U.S. gallons) for gasoline and 13.5 MPG for E85, 26.5% worse than gasoline. However, in Australia, where Holden has sold more than 70,000 FFVs since 2010, the difference in combined consumption on similar V8 variants in a family sedan is between 10% and 20%. In 2010, the cost of fuel in the US averaged US$ 3.42, while the cost for E85 averaged US$ 3.09, or 90% of the cost of gasoline. In another test, however, a fleet of
236:
510:
325:). As E85 is predominantly ethanol, the exhaust emissions are very different from those of regular gasoline. Numerous studies have compared and contrasted the different emissions and the effects these emissions have on the environment, but the tests have been inconclusive. The tests have shown very little consistency if any at all because there are too many variables involved. The make and model of the vehicle, the way in which the ethanol was produced and the vehicle's overall
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90:(FFV) including trucks, tractors, motorbikes and mopeds run on E100. The 85% fraction is commonly sold at pumps worldwide (outside the US), and when specifically supplied or sold as E85 is always 85% ethanol (at pumps or in barrel). Having a guaranteed ethanol fraction obviates the need for a vehicle system to calculate best engine tune accordingly to maximise performance and economy.
37:
334:
is less volatile than gasoline or low-volume ethanol blends, which results in fewer evaporative emissions. Using E85 also reduces carbon-monoxide emissions and provides significant reductions in emissions of many harmful toxics, including benzene, a known human carcinogen. However, E85 in certain engine operating conditions may increase emissions of
333:
EPA's stringent tier-II vehicle emission standards require that FFVs achieve the same low emissions level regardless whether E85 or gasoline is used. However, E85 can further reduce emissions of certain pollutants as compared to conventional gasoline or lower-volume ethanol blends. For example, E85
305:
Some vehicles can be converted to use E85 despite not being specifically built for it. As the lower heating value E85 has a cooler intake charge—which, coupled with its high stability level from its high octane rating—has also been used as a "power adder" in turbocharged performance vehicles. These
585:
The
American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 created the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) to subsidize production costs. The 2008 Farm Bill reduced the VEETC's 51-cent tax credit to 45 cents. Other measures taken by Congress to jump start ethanol production include the 2004 VEETC bill, which
560:
E85 is available from 52 St1 chain locations and 71 ABC chain locations. The E85 sold by St1 is labeled as RE85 and as "Eko E85" in ABC-stations to indicate it is manufactured from
Finnish bio-waste. By way of international price comparison, in the Cook Islands as with many of the Pacific Islands,
93:
In countries like
Australia where E85 is always 85% ethanol (and pump fuel with varying fractions is called "flex fuel"), performance motoring enthusiasts and motor racing clubs/championships use E85 extensively (without the need for any FFV certification). Use of alcohol (ethanol and methanol) in
490:
is much more beneficial, but not yet economically practical at large scale. Others say that the world can easily replace all of its use of petroleum by simply making ethanol from the many crops that yield more ethanol per acre than corn yields, with existing technology, not future technology, and
248:
E85 ethanol is used in engines modified to accept higher concentrations of ethanol. In the US such FFVs are designed to run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol up to 85% ethanol, whereas in countries such as Brazil where the climate is typically warmer, FFVs run on neat alcohol. There are a few
131:
Ethanol advocates also state that it is a mistake to base ethanol engine design on gasoline engine design, and that ethanol engines should be based on diesel engine design parameters instead. Using this approach, the EPA has produced an ethanol-only engine which achieves much higher brake thermal
301:
higher than that of regular gasoline's typical rating of 87, or premium gasoline's 91-93. This allows it to be used in higher-compression engines, which tend to produce more power per unit of displacement than their gasoline counterparts. Examples of octane mis-citation can be found at the Iowa
127:
E85 promoters and the
Society of Automotive Engineers contend that automotive manufacturers currently fail to equal the fuel consumption of gasoline because they fail to take advantages of characteristics which are superior in ethanol-based fuel blends. They claim that some ethanol engines have
329:
all play a large role in the overall outcome of each study. To address the problem of inaccuracy, engineers at the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory combined data from all applicable emissions studies and compiled them into one data set. This compiled set of data showed that on average all
82:
ethanol making it difficult to start engines in relatively cold climates without pre-heating air intake, faster cranking, or mixing varying fractions of gasoline according to climate. Cold starting in cold climates is the primary reason ethanol fuel is blended with any gasoline fraction.
306:
modifications have not only resulted in lower GHG emissions, but typically resulted in 10-12% power and torque increase at the wheels. Where the engine was previously knock limited by gasoline, power improvements are as high as 40%.
297:, which on ethanol is the fifth-most powerful production car, with 20% more horsepower on E85 than on gasoline. According to the manufacturer, this is due to the cooling properties of ethanol. E85 has an
565:. In France, about 30% of gas stations supply E85, or about 2,725 stations, and the number of flex-fuel kits installed doubled in 2021 to 30,000 kits from the previous year. E85 was launched in the
136:, spark timing and compression ratio). In the United States to offset this difference in fuel consumption in vehicles not optimised for ethanol, legislation has been passed to subsidize its cost.
293:
As more effort is put into maximizing an engine to take advantage of E85's higher octane rating, engines achieve greater power advantages. One car that has higher power on ethanol is the
160:
does not factor certain latent or specific heat values, nor combustion pressure, looking at heat alone in the combustion equation does not determine efficiency or work according to the
302:
Renewable Fuels
Association titled "E85 Facts" which cites a range of 100-105, and a document at the Texas State Energy Conservation Office titled "Ethanol", which cites a 113 rating.
698:
US EPA/OAR/Office of
Transportation & Air Quality/Advanced Technology Division and FEV Engine Technology; Inc. "Economical, High-Efficiency Engine Technologies for Alcohol Fuels"
74:, the exact ratio of fuel ethanol to hydrocarbon may vary according to ASTM 5798 that specifies the allowable ethanol content in E85 as ranging from 51% to 83%. This is due to the
309:
Due to its low price and high availability in certain areas people have started to turn to using it in place of high-end racing fuels, which typically cost over US $ 10.00/gal.
1082:
467:
due to the petroleum and natural gas used in raising corn and refining it. E85 advocates reply by pointing to ethanol producers who do not do so, but instead use E85 or
277:) fuel tanks have been used. In some cases, FFVs use specific engine oil that neutralises acidity. For vehicles with in-tank-mounted fuel pumps, precautions to prevent
132:
efficiency levels than gasoline engines achieve. Mileage is dependent upon the composition of the ethanol-gasoline blend, transmission, state of engine tune (primarily
1157:
491:
that certain elements in the cellulosic ethanol field are more interested in patent rights than in producing the greatest amount of ethanol at the lowest price point.
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and is the primary source material for ethanol-fuel production. As of July 1, 2014, there were more than 3,300 fuel stations that offered E85 fuel. E85 as a
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1057:
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Alcohol Fuels
Reference Work #1, July 1991 (Especially Chapter 7 for corrosion and increased engine wear risks associated with water-contaminated E85)
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463:, creating more competition for corn buyers, and therefore driving up its price. E85 critics contend that ethanol producers may not reduce
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was the first forecourt to introduce E85. Take-up however was very low and E85 is now only available at a small number of outlets.
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motor racing history parallels the invention of the automobile, favoured due to inherent combustion characteristics such as high
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436:, causing corn to be unaffordable or even unavailable. E85 advocates counter that concern by pointing out that over 93% of all
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of ethanol in general and E85 in particular have encouraged a growing infrastructure for the retail sale of E85, especially in
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averaged only about 6% fewer miles per gallon in ethanol-based vehicles when compared to traditional, gas-powered
Tauruses.
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manufacturing. The availability ended in 2011, due to a severe excise-duty hike which rendered it economically unviable. In
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emissions that are federally regulated showed a decrease or no statistically relevant difference between E85 and gasoline.
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There are four primary types of pollutants scientists study. These emissions are hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO
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control systems have a wider range of pulse widths to inject up to 34% more fuel (which in turn produces more power).
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521:
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222:
27:
102:, raised torque and with some advanced engines, better specific fuel consumption. In the United States, government
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1982:
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902:
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444:. Corn used to produce ethanol contains a high amount of starch and is not easily digestible by humans, like
1977:
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2168:
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1146:- See how many flex-fuel cars are on the road and how many stations offer E85. Center for American Progress
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of gasoline. However comparing energy expressed as a value of heat does not reflect the total work from an
48:
31:
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448:. American farmers grow more corn than people purchase; there is an annual surplus of corn in the U.S.
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655:
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338:. EPA is conducting additional analysis to expand our understanding of the emissions impacts of E85.
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In contrast, ethanol critics contest the benefits of E85 by focusing on the fact that E85 has 33%
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540:; however, most of it is imported from Italy and Brazil. E85 was formerly available from the
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2012:
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20:
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8:
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ethanol Distillation: Basic Principles, Equipment, Performance Relationships, and Safety
628:– also known as an oxygen sensor, used to measure lean versus rich combustion conditions
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Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts of Fuel Ethanol Argonne National Laboratory
674:"High Efficiency and Low Emissions from a Port-Injected Engine with Neat Alcohol Fuels"
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1987:
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Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends.
352:
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fuel lines, sometimes lined with plastic, and stainless-steel fuel tanks in place of
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1138:
Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends
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High Efficiency and Low Emissions from a Port-Injected Engine with Neat Alcohol Fuel
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1290:- See how many flex-fuel cars are on the road and how many fuel stations offer E85.
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cost of producing 100% ethanol from coconut biomass is a fraction of obtaining
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E85 advocates say that corn prices have increased due to manipulation of the
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major differences between FFVs and non-FFVs. One is the elimination of bare
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already produced 22% more miles per gallon than identical gasoline engines.
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2007:
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University of Nebraska-Lincoln Report on E85 Conversion of Silverado Pickup
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E85 critics contend that production of ethanol from corn (maize) drives up
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found that the economic benefit of E85 is highly dependent on the price of
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52:
801:"U.S. Corn-Surplus Seen Larger Than Expected on Early Harvest - Bloomberg"
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Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 59 (Issue 8)
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and because American corn companies sell more and more US-grown corn to
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produced from waste materials or fast growing non-food crops such as
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1083:"Ethanol: The facts, the questions | desmoinesregister.com"
3146:
2403:
2153:
1581:
1513:
1429:
1375:
993:"French motorists guzzle more ethanol as gasoline prices surge"
634:– wood alcohol, not to be confused with ethanol (grain alcohol)
553:
456:
441:
258:
680:. SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. SAE International.
3020:
2875:
2444:
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
270:
1298:
857:
1523:
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549:
533:
36:
1243:
American Coalition of Ethanol E10 - E30 Fuel Economy Study
2750:
2638:
2475:
1503:
440:
is never fed directly to people, but is instead used as
285:
positioned in the tank's fill pipe, are sometimes used.
903:"RE85 - Tehokkaampi bioetanoli suomalaisesta jätteestä"
479:
of ethanol instead of petro-products like natural gas.
1197:
University of Michigan E85 Control of Emissions Report
1284:- Video of a talk by Vinod Khosla at Google TechTalks
16:
Fuel blend of 85% ethanol and 15% another hydrocarbon
597:
86:
In Brazil, ethanol fuel is neat at the pumps, hence
1263:
USDA Ethanol Production Cost Reduction Announcement
1149:Eric Kvaalen, Philip C. Wankat, Bruce A. McKenzie.
662:
US Department of Energy. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
1294:US biofuel production should be suspended, UN says
1248:U.S. DOE's Alternative Fuels Data Center - Ethanol
1238:French manufacturer of Ethanol E85 conversion kits
799:
1075:
3530:
1104:
243:
239:E85 fuel dispenser at a regular gasoline station
1661:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
767:. www.epa.gov. December 8, 2008. Archived from
1112:"Ohio's First Ethanol-Fueled Light-Duty Fleet"
321:), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO
2460:
1827:
1813:
1314:
856:. E85prices.com. July 1, 2014. Archived from
386:The examples and perspective in this section
185:The examples and perspective in this article
47:is an abbreviation typically referring to an
965:
122:
2247:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
1192:University of Michigan E85 Emissions Report
895:
573:supermarket chain. The Morrisons branch in
40:Logo used in the United States for E85 fuel
2467:
2453:
1820:
1806:
1321:
1307:
1265:- US Government Tax Subsidy to End in 2007
1174:Properties of ethanol Transportation Fuels
1044:"EPA Pushes Ethanol on American Consumers"
754:Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 45, Issue 39
404:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1666:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
940:
494:
420:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
167:
2871:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
1271:Rocky Mountain Institute's fuel strategy
843:pp. 70, 358-60, 415-19,429, 433-435
671:
508:
234:
35:
3217:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1140:September 2013, US Department of Energy
1050:
726:Texas State Energy Conservation Office
3531:
580:
2448:
1801:
1302:
864:
649:
1734:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
1036:
1019:"UK Gets its First Retail E85 Pumps"
739:
720:
372:
171:
748:
701:
13:
1131:
520:E85 is increasingly common in the
14:
3555:
2881:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
2054:Electric motorcycles and scooters
1231:
1058:"E85 vs Gasoline Comparison test"
707:Iowa Renewable Fuels Association
513:Opening of an E85 retail pump in
28:Ethanol fuel in the United States
1782:
1781:
600:
377:
362:
288:
176:
2101:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
1011:
985:
920:
846:
841:Higher Compression with Ethanol
822:
792:
471:fuel to transport E85, and use
438:corn grown in the United States
139:
117:
3518:Template:EC car classification
2474:
1983:Battery electric multiple unit
1153:Purdue University, April 1984.
872:"Maxol Bioethanol E85 leaflet"
837:Advancement of Ignition Timing
775:
757:
692:
665:
341:
1:
2084:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
1328:
1060:. Edmunds.com. Archived from
643:
244:Use in flexible-fuel vehicles
2373:Who Killed the Electric Car?
2169:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
839:: pp. 404, 417-18, 530
346:
312:
32:Biofuel in the United States
7:
2387:Revenge of the Electric Car
1978:Battery-electric locomotive
1764:Issues relating to biofuels
1754:Energy return on investment
1169:Ohio E85 Fleet Test Results
999:. Reuters. January 25, 2022
672:Brusstar, M. (2002-10-21).
593:
400:, discuss the issue on the
199:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3562:
3207:Gasoline / petrol
2971:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
498:
366:
261:parts in the fuel system.
25:
18:
3503:
3427:
3347:(engine / drive)
3341:
3313:
3260:
3112:
3034:
2826:
2764:
2723:
2670:
2637:
2609:
2581:
2543:
2492:
2483:
2396:
2380:What Is the Electric Car?
2364:
2291:
2255:
2227:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
2207:
2131:
1963:
1933:
1876:
1853:
1835:
1829:Alternative fuel vehicles
1777:
1739:Energy content of biofuel
1721:
1653:
1569:
1460:
1336:
1288:Flex-fuel Bait and Switch
1144:Flex-Fuel Bait and Switch
548:, where it was made from
475:as a heat source for the
123:Specific fuel consumption
2986:Sedan delivery/Panel van
2089:Plug-in electric vehicle
2069:Gyro flywheel locomotive
2047:Battery electric vehicle
1713:Thermal depolymerization
1686:Industrial biotechnology
1275:Think Outside The Barrel
950:. St1.fi. Archived from
905:. St1.fi. Archived from
638:Timeline of alcohol fuel
569:on March 14 2006 by the
501:E85 in the United States
3247:Liquified petroleum gas
3059:Driverless (autonomous)
2309:Hybrid electric vehicle
2273:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
2268:Hybrid electric vehicle
2074:Hybrid electric vehicle
2037:Electric platform truck
1681:Fischer–Tropsch process
1671:Biomass heating systems
1269:Winning The Oil Endgame
1158:Liquor Does It Quicker.
1087:The Des Moines Register
3152:Compressed natural gas
3079:Personal rapid transit
2434:Zero-emissions vehicle
1950:Compressed-air vehicle
1891:Solar-powered aircraft
783:"Economics of Ethanol"
528:where corn is a major
517:
495:Availability and price
240:
168:Octane and performance
162:laws of thermodynamics
88:flexible-fuel vehicles
41:
3418:Dual motor-four-wheel
3016:Town (Coupé de Ville)
2304:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2232:Hydrogen-powered ship
2184:Flexible-fuel vehicle
2059:Electric kick scooter
512:
238:
39:
26:Further information:
3429:Engine configuration
2429:Wind-powered vehicle
2013:Battery electric bus
1124:on October 30, 2004.
835:; pp. 406–410,
829:Alcohol Can Be a Gas
788:. Purdue University.
686:10.4271/2002-01-2743
398:improve this section
205:create a new article
197:improve this article
187:may not represent a
150:higher heating value
21:E85 (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
3435:internal combustion
3237:Internal combustion
3044:All-terrain vehicle
2966:Retractable hardtop
2278:Natural gas vehicle
1769:Sustainable biofuel
765:"SmartwayLogistics"
581:US price regulation
453:commodities markets
146:lower heating value
108:corn growing states
76:lower heating value
3544:Petroleum products
1945:Compressed-air car
1911:List of prototypes
1280:2011-05-20 at the
1224:2012-02-04 at the
1212:2017-09-14 at the
1207:LiveGreen GoYellow
1185:2008-07-04 at the
1023:Green Car Congress
831:Blume, David 2007
733:2011-04-29 at the
714:2011-05-30 at the
621:Earth's atmosphere
536:is widely used in
518:
484:cellulosic ethanol
241:
96:thermal efficiency
49:ethanol fuel blend
42:
3526:
3525:
2822:
2821:
2591:Compact executive
2442:
2441:
2351:Electric aircraft
2217:Fuel cell vehicle
2064:Fuel cell vehicle
1988:Electric aircraft
1920:Electric aircraft
1845:Fuel cell vehicle
1795:
1794:
1708:Sabatier reaction
1259:it is based upon.
1046:. March 28, 2011.
552:, a byproduct of
434:world food prices
430:
429:
422:
353:Purdue University
233:
232:
225:
207:, as appropriate.
3551:
3438:
3397:Front-four-wheel
3348:
3211:direct injection
3122:Alternative fuel
2936:Multi-stop truck
2490:
2489:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2242:Hydrogen vehicle
2222:Hydrogen economy
2189:Methanol economy
2042:Electric vehicle
1993:Electric bicycle
1965:Electric battery
1863:Electric bicycle
1822:
1815:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1785:
1784:
1629:Pongamia pinnata
1323:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1253:EPA Presentation
1156:Matthew Phenix.
1126:
1125:
1123:
1117:. Archived from
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1089:. Archived from
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
969:
963:
962:
960:
959:
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
883:
877:. Archived from
876:
868:
862:
861:
850:
844:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
803:
796:
790:
789:
787:
779:
773:
772:
761:
755:
752:
746:
743:
737:
724:
718:
705:
699:
696:
690:
689:
669:
663:
653:
610:
605:
604:
524:, mainly in the
465:carbon emissions
425:
418:
414:
411:
405:
381:
380:
373:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
180:
179:
172:
148:compared to the
134:fuel-air mixture
3561:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3499:
3470:Single-cylinder
3432:
3431:
3423:
3411:Rear-four-wheel
3362:Front mid-front
3346:
3345:
3337:
3315:Engine position
3309:
3256:
3242:Liquid nitrogen
3108:
3036:
3030:
2818:
2760:
2719:
2666:
2652:Crossover (CUV)
2633:
2605:
2577:
2539:
2479:
2473:
2443:
2438:
2419:Wave power ship
2409:Ram air turbine
2392:
2360:
2299:Bi-fuel vehicle
2287:
2251:
2203:
2127:
1967:
1959:
1936:
1935:Compressed-air
1929:
1872:
1849:
1831:
1826:
1796:
1791:
1773:
1749:Energy forestry
1717:
1649:
1611:Jatropha curcas
1572:
1565:
1473:Camelina sativa
1463:
1456:
1332:
1327:
1282:Wayback Machine
1257:Technical paper
1234:
1226:Wayback Machine
1214:Wayback Machine
1187:Wayback Machine
1176:- USDOE Report,
1162:Popular Science
1134:
1132:Further reading
1129:
1121:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
997:www.reuters.com
991:
990:
986:
977:
975:
971:
970:
966:
957:
955:
946:
945:
941:
932:
930:
926:
925:
921:
912:
910:
901:
900:
896:
887:
885:
881:
874:
870:
869:
865:
852:
851:
847:
827:
823:
813:
811:
798:
797:
793:
785:
781:
780:
776:
763:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:Wayback Machine
725:
721:
716:Wayback Machine
706:
702:
697:
693:
670:
666:
656:afdc.energy.gov
654:
650:
646:
606:
599:
596:
583:
507:
497:
426:
415:
409:
406:
395:
382:
378:
371:
365:
349:
344:
327:fuel efficiency
324:
320:
315:
295:Koenigsegg CCXR
291:
283:flame arrestors
267:Stainless steel
246:
229:
218:
212:
209:
194:
181:
177:
170:
142:
125:
120:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3404:Mid-four-wheel
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:Shooting brake
2988:
2983:
2981:Saloon / Sedan
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2485:Classification
2481:
2480:
2472:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2331:
2329:Plug-in hybrid
2326:
2321:
2319:Hybrid vehicle
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Hydrogen train
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2032:Electric truck
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1600:Chinese tallow
1597:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1447:Water hyacinth
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1232:External links
1230:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1103:
1074:
1049:
1035:
1010:
984:
973:"Eko E85 Fuel"
964:
948:"Suomi - RE85"
939:
919:
894:
863:
860:on 2014-07-01.
845:
821:
807:Bloomberg L.P.
791:
774:
771:on 2008-12-08.
756:
747:
738:
719:
700:
691:
664:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
635:
629:
623:
618:
612:
611:
595:
592:
582:
579:
567:United Kingdom
496:
493:
482:Some say that
442:livestock feed
428:
427:
392:of the subject
390:worldwide view
385:
383:
376:
367:Main article:
364:
361:
348:
345:
343:
340:
322:
318:
314:
311:
290:
287:
263:Fuel injection
245:
242:
231:
230:
191:of the subject
189:worldwide view
184:
182:
175:
169:
166:
158:energy content
141:
138:
124:
121:
119:
116:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Reciprocating
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:Rear mid-rear
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Station wagon
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Coupé utility
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Sport compact
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2611:Minivan / MPV
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Windmill ship
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:Documentaries
2363:
2357:
2356:Electric boat
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:Solar vehicle
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:Multiple-fuel
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Methanol fuel
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:Solar vehicle
2104:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2003:Electric boat
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1955:Tesla turbine
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1925:Electric boat
1923:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:Solar vehicle
1884:
1883:
1881:
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1800:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Food vs. fuel
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:vegetable oil
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
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1364:
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1359:
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1354:
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1324:
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1295:
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1279:
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1190:
1188:
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1175:
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1164:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1093:on 2013-01-10
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1064:on 2010-11-09
1063:
1059:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1024:
1020:
1014:
998:
994:
988:
974:
968:
954:on 2012-12-22
953:
949:
943:
929:
923:
909:on 2016-10-02
908:
904:
898:
884:on 2007-11-18
880:
873:
867:
859:
855:
849:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
810:10 April 2012
809:
808:
802:
795:
784:
778:
770:
766:
760:
751:
742:
736:
732:
729:
723:
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713:
710:
704:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
668:
661:
657:
652:
648:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
626:Lambda sensor
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
608:energy portal
603:
598:
591:
589:
588:Ford Tauruses
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:United States
516:
511:
506:
502:
492:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
424:
421:
413:
403:
399:
393:
391:
384:
375:
374:
370:
369:Food vs. fuel
363:Food vs. fuel
360:
358:
354:
339:
337:
331:
328:
310:
307:
303:
300:
299:octane rating
296:
289:Octane rating
286:
284:
281:, as well as
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
237:
227:
224:
216:
213:December 2011
206:
202:
198:
192:
190:
183:
174:
173:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
137:
135:
129:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:octane rating
97:
91:
89:
84:
81:
77:
73:
72:United States
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
33:
29:
22:
3539:Ethanol fuel
3305:Twelve-wheel
3262:Drive wheels
3180:
3035:Specialized
2956:Pickup truck
2861:Cabrio coach
2705:Sports sedan
2680:Grand tourer
2385:
2378:
2371:
2314:Hybrid train
2179:Ethanol fuel
2173:
2159:Butanol fuel
2144:Alcohol fuel
2079:Hybrid train
2020:Electric car
2008:Electric bus
1627:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1592:
1588:Big bluestem
1580:
1573:energy crops
1528:
1471:
1165:, June 2005.
1160:
1119:the original
1106:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:the original
1086:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1052:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
996:
987:
976:. Retrieved
967:
956:. Retrieved
952:the original
942:
931:. Retrieved
928:"ABC-asemat"
922:
911:. Retrieved
907:the original
897:
886:. Retrieved
879:the original
866:
858:the original
854:"E85 Prices"
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
812:. Retrieved
805:
794:
777:
769:the original
759:
750:
741:
722:
703:
694:
677:
667:
659:
651:
616:Alcohol fuel
584:
563:fossil fuels
519:
505:Corn ethanol
481:
477:distillation
450:
431:
416:
407:
387:
350:
336:acetaldehyde
332:
316:
308:
304:
292:
247:
219:
210:
186:
143:
140:Energy value
130:
126:
118:Fuel economy
92:
85:
69:
53:ethanol fuel
44:
43:
3455:Four-stroke
3355:Front-front
3295:Eight-wheel
3270:Front-wheel
3202:Natural gas
3187:Fossil fuel
3142:Biogasoline
2828:Body styles
2756:Vintage car
2164:Biogasoline
1878:Solar power
1855:Human power
1744:Energy crop
1691:Pellet fuel
1676:Biorefinery
1640:Switchgrass
1484:Coconut oil
1462:Energy from
1396:Cooking oil
1381:Biogasoline
1356:Babassu oil
1028:29 December
1003:January 25,
814:5 September
709:"E85 Facts"
488:switchgrass
351:A study by
342:Controversy
61:hydrocarbon
3533:Categories
3480:Two-stroke
3376:Front-rear
3369:Rear-front
3285:Four-wheel
3275:Rear-wheel
3114:Propulsion
3104:Voiturette
3089:Flying car
3084:Police car
3049:Amphibious
2961:Quad coupé
2851:Berlinetta
2568:Street rod
2510:Subcompact
1654:Technology
1635:Salicornia
1618:Miscanthus
1541:Sugar beet
1413:cellulosic
1386:Bioliquids
1366:Biobutanol
1097:2010-04-04
1068:2010-12-05
978:2016-10-03
958:2012-12-26
933:2016-10-03
913:2016-10-03
888:2010-12-05
833:Preheating
644:References
499:See also:
446:sweet corn
410:March 2019
154:Otto Cycle
3390:Rear-rear
3300:Ten-wheel
3290:Six-wheel
3280:Two-wheel
3192:Fuel cell
3132:Biodiesel
3099:Tow truck
3074:Pedal car
3054:Connected
3026:Vis-Ă -vis
3001:Targa top
2946:Panel van
2941:Notchback
2921:Limousine
2911:Landaulet
2901:Hatchback
2846:Barchetta
2814:S-segment
2809:M-segment
2804:J-segment
2799:F-segment
2794:E-segment
2789:D-segment
2784:C-segment
2779:B-segment
2774:A-segment
2685:Hot hatch
2662:Coupe SUV
2596:Executive
2558:Lead sled
2535:Full-size
2515:Supermini
2344:Solar bus
2339:Solar car
2324:Multifuel
2149:Biodiesel
2121:Solar bus
2116:Solar car
1906:Solar car
1901:Solar bus
1837:Fuel cell
1729:Agflation
1622:giganteus
1551:Sunflower
1546:Sugarcane
1464:foodstock
1371:Biodiesel
1330:Bioenergy
728:"Ethanol"
571:Morrisons
544:chain in
469:biodiesel
402:talk page
357:crude oil
347:Economics
313:Emissions
251:magnesium
201:talk page
104:subsidies
59:or other
3513:Category
3490:W engine
3475:Straight
3232:Hydrogen
3197:Fuel gas
3162:Electric
3037:vehicles
2976:Runabout
2926:Microvan
2916:Liftback
2906:Kammback
2891:Fastback
2866:Cab over
2856:Brougham
2601:Personal
2573:T-bucket
2563:Lowrider
2530:Mid-size
2414:Vactrain
2397:See also
2209:Hydrogen
2199:Wood gas
2111:aircraft
1787:Category
1722:Concepts
1605:Duckweed
1594:Camelina
1571:Non-food
1519:Rapeseed
1509:Palm oil
1452:Wood gas
1425:Methanol
1418:mixtures
1338:Biofuels
1278:Archived
1222:Archived
1210:Archived
1183:Archived
731:Archived
712:Archived
632:Methanol
594:See also
515:Maryland
396:You may
275:tinplate
255:aluminum
195:You may
57:gasoline
55:and 15%
3485:V (Vee)
3460:H-block
3226:plug-in
3224: (
3209: (
3179: (
3177:Ethanol
3166:battery
3164: (
3137:Biofuel
3127:Autogas
3094:Taxicab
3069:Gyrocar
3064:Go-kart
3011:Touring
3006:Torpedo
2951:Phaeton
2931:Minibus
2896:Hardtop
2741:Economy
2736:Classic
2731:Antique
2715:Go-kart
2647:Compact
2624:Leisure
2619:Compact
2553:Hot rod
2525:Compact
2493:By size
2283:Propane
2263:Autogas
2133:Biofuel
1998:Pedelec
1868:Pedelec
1536:Soybean
1530:Sorghum
1479:Cassava
1408:Ethanol
1391:Biomass
1361:Bagasse
1346:Alcohol
575:Norwich
558:Finland
546:Ireland
526:Midwest
473:biomass
112:Midwest
110:in the
98:, high
70:In the
51:of 85%
3508:Portal
3495:Wankel
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3343:Layout
3222:Hybrid
3157:Diesel
3147:Biogas
2841:Baquet
2690:Muscle
2672:Sports
2583:Luxury
2545:Custom
2520:Family
2478:design
2404:Maglev
2256:Others
2154:Biogas
1937:engine
1582:Arundo
1514:Potato
1430:Stover
1376:Biogas
554:cheese
538:Sweden
457:Mexico
279:arcing
259:rubber
257:, and
65:volume
3445:Boxer
3323:Front
3252:Steam
3021:T-top
2876:Coupe
2724:Other
2710:Super
2500:Micro
1970:motor
1896:boats
1701:stove
1556:Wheat
1499:Maize
1489:Grape
1442:Straw
1351:Algae
1122:(PDF)
1115:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
542:Maxol
461:China
271:terne
203:, or
156:. As
3450:Flat
3333:Rear
2695:Pony
2657:Mini
2629:Mini
2094:List
2025:List
1968:and
1696:mill
1645:Wood
1524:Rice
1494:Hemp
1435:corn
1255:and
1030:2022
1005:2022
816:2013
550:whey
534:fuel
530:crop
503:and
459:and
80:neat
30:and
3328:Mid
3181:E85
3171:NEV
2836:2+2
2751:Van
2746:Ute
2639:SUV
2505:Kei
2476:Car
2174:E85
2136:ICE
1561:Yam
1504:Oat
682:doi
78:of
63:by
45:E85
3535::
2766:EU
1620:Ă—
1085:.
1021:.
995:.
804:.
676:.
658:,
359:.
253:,
164:.
114:.
67:.
3437:)
3433:(
3228:)
3213:)
3183:)
3173:)
2468:e
2461:t
2454:v
1821:e
1814:t
1807:v
1322:e
1315:t
1308:v
1100:.
1071:.
1032:.
1007:.
981:.
961:.
936:.
916:.
891:.
818:.
688:.
684::
423:)
417:(
412:)
408:(
394:.
323:2
319:x
273:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
193:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
