Electronic cigarette

886: 691: 526: 1772:. E-cigarette advertisements are also in magazines, newspapers, online, and in retail stores. Between 2010 and 2014, e-cigarettes were second only to cigarettes as the top advertised product in magazines. As cigarette companies have acquired the largest e-cigarette brands, they currently benefit from a dual market of smokers and e-cigarette users while simultaneously presenting themselves as agents of harm reduction. This raises concerns about the appropriateness of endorsing a product that directly profits the tobacco industry. There is no evidence that the cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some stating to want to cooperate in "harm reduction". E-cigarette advertising for using e-cigarettes as a quitting tool have been seen in the US, UK, and China, which have not been supported by regulatory bodies. 51: 1630:, but this is generally unenforced and they are commonly available for sale Canada-wide. In 2016, Health Canada announced plans to regulate vaping products. In the US and the UK, the use and sale to adults of e-cigarettes are legal. The revised EU Tobacco Products Directive came into effect in May 2016, providing stricter regulations for e-cigarettes. It limits e-cigarette advertising in print, on television and radio, along with reducing the level of nicotine in liquids and reducing the flavors used. It does not ban vaping in public places. It requires the purchaser for e-cigarettes to be at least 18 and does not permit buying them for anyone less than 18 years of age. The updated Tobacco Products Directive has been disputed by 563:

further increase the risk of addiction. The promotion of vaping as a harm reduction aid is premature, while a 2011 review found they appear to have the potential to lower tobacco-related death and disease. Evidence to substantiate the potential of vaping to lower tobacco-related death and disease is unknown. The health benefits of reducing cigarette use while vaping is unclear. E-cigarettes could have an influential role in tobacco harm reduction. The authors warned against the potential harm of excessive regulation and advised health professionals to consider advising smokers who are reluctant to quit by other methods to switch to e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking.

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when adjusted to a maximum power setting. E-cigarettes cannot be considered safe because there is no safe level for carcinogens. Due to their similarity to traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes could play a valuable role in tobacco harm reduction. The public health community remains divided concerning the appropriateness of endorsing a device whose safety and efficacy for smoking cessation remain unclear. Overall, the available evidence supports the cautionary implementation of harm reduction interventions aimed at promoting e-cigarettes as attractive and competitive alternatives to cigarette smoking, while taking measures to protect vulnerable groups and individuals.

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that could be selected by the user. In 2009, Joyetech developed the eGo series which offered the power of the screwdriver model and a user-activated switch to a wide market. The clearomizer was invented in 2009. Originating from the cartomizer design, it contained the wicking material, an e-liquid chamber, and an atomizer coil within a single clear component. The clearomizer allows the user to monitor the liquid level in the device. Soon after the clearomizer reached the market, replaceable atomizer coils and variable voltage batteries were introduced. Clearomizers and eGo batteries became the best-selling customizable e-cigarette components in early 2012.

270: 2251:"Companies should not be able to claim that e-cigarettes are a cessation aid unless they are approved by the FDA for that purpose...There is not yet enough evidence for clinicians to counsel their patients who are using combustible tobacco products to use e-cigarettes as a primary cessation aid. The association will continue to monitor the evidence concerning e-cigarettes as cessation devices to determine whether they might be integrated into comprehensive cessation strategies. For patients with existing cardiovascular disease and stroke, or at risk of a cardiovascular disease event, intensive cessation counseling should be offered as soon as possible." 287: 615:. There are also social concerns - use of e-cigarettes may normalize tobacco use and prolong cigarette use for people who could have quit instead, or it could put extra pressure on smokers to stop cigarette smoking because e-cigarettes are a more socially acceptable alternative. The evidence indicates smokers are more frequently able to completely quit smoking using tank devices compared to cigalikes, which may be due to their more efficient nicotine delivery. One study supports the claim that smokers are more likely to use e-cigarettes as a nicotine replacement product to aid in smoking cessation than other pharmaceutical products. 1292:

chamber. They launched this new device in the UK in 2008 under their Gamucci brand and the design is now widely adopted by most "cigalike" brands. Other users tinkered with various parts to produce more satisfactory homemade devices, and the hobby of "modding" was born. The first mod to replace the e-cigarette's case to accommodate a longer-lasting battery, dubbed the "screwdriver", was developed by Ted and Matt Rogers in 2008. Other enthusiasts built their own mods to improve functionality or aesthetics. When pictures of mods appeared at online vaping forums many people wanted them, so some mod makers produced more for sale.

1030:, but the nicotine content in e-cigarettes is adequate to sustain nicotine dependence. Chronic nicotine use causes a broad range of neuroplastic adaptations, making quitting hard to accomplish. A 2015 study found that users vaping non-nicotine e-liquid exhibited signs of dependence. Experienced users tend to take longer puffs which may result in higher nicotine intake. It is difficult to assess the impact of nicotine dependence from e-cigarette use because of the wide range of e-cigarette products. The addiction potential of e-cigarettes may have risen because as they have progressed, they have delivered nicotine better. 1546: 1268: 1023:. These symptoms can include cravings for nicotine, anger, irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger, weight gain, and difficulty concentrating. When trying to quit smoking with vaping a base containing nicotine, symptoms of withdrawal can include irritability, restlessness, poor concentration, anxiety, depression, and hunger. The changes in the brain cause a nicotine user to feel abnormal when not using nicotine. In order to feel normal, the user has to keep his or her body supplied with nicotine. E-cigarettes may reduce cigarette craving and withdrawal symptoms. 178: 882:. The neurophysiological activities that are the basis of nicotine dependence are intricate. It includes genetic components, age, gender, and the environment. Nicotine addiction is a disorder which alters different neural systems such as dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotoninergic, that take part in reacting to nicotine. Long-term nicotine use affects a broad range of genes associated with neurotransmission, signal transduction, and synaptic architecture. The ability to quitting smoking is affected by genetic factors, including genetically based differences in the way nicotine is metabolized. 498:

trimester, and at birth respectively. According to National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 2014 to 2017, 38.9% of pregnant smokers used e-cigarettes compared to only 13.5% of non-pregnant, reproductive age women smokers. A health economic study found that passing an e-cigarette minimum legal sale age law in the United States increased teenage prenatal smoking by 0.6 percentage points and had no effect on birth outcomes. Nevertheless, additional research needs to be done on the health effects of electronic cigarette use during pregnancy.

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traditional smoking." Additionally, San Francisco's chief economist, Ted Egan, when discussing the San Francisco vaping ban stated the city's ban on e-cigarette sales will increase smoking as vapers switch to combustible cigarettes. Critics of smoking bans stress the absurdity of criminalizing the sale of a safer alternative to tobacco while tobacco continues to be legal. Prominent proponents of smoking bans are not in favor of criminalizing tobacco either, but rather allowing consumers to have the choice to choose whatever products they desire.

1953: 1800: 1264:-emitting element to vaporize a pressurized jet of liquid containing nicotine. This design creates a smoke-like vapor. Hon said that using resistance heating obtained better results and the difficulty was to scale down the device to a small enough size. Hon's invention was intended to be an alternative to smoking. Hon Lik sees the e-cigarette as comparable to the "digital camera taking over from the analogue camera." Ultimately, Hon Lik did not quit smoking. He is now a dual user, both smoking and vaping. 18016: 17833: 17286: 10583: 8627: 8298: 7660: 6855: 5596: 5282: 4968: 3975: 2242:"The ACS does not recommend the use of e-cigarettes as a cessation method. No e-cigarette has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a safe and effective cessation product. The long-term risks of exclusive use of e-cigarettes are not fully known but evidence is accumulating that e-cigarette use has negative effects on the cardiovascular system and lungs. Without immediate measures to stop epidemic use of these products, the long-term adverse health effects will increase." 1441: 910:? Until about age 25, the brain is still growing. Each time a new memory is created or a new skill is learned, stronger connections – or synapses – are built between brain cells. Young people's brains build synapses faster than adult brains. Because addiction is a form of learning, adolescents can get addicted more easily than adults. The nicotine in e-cigarettes and other tobacco products can also prime the adolescent brain for addiction to other drugs such as cocaine. 2026: 1761:

customer satisfaction, are parallel to themes and techniques that are appealing to young people and young adults in traditional cigarette advertising and promotion. A 2017 review found "The tobacco industry sees a future where ENDS accompany and perpetuate, rather than supplant, tobacco use, especially targeting the youth." E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and even healthy in the media and on brand websites, which is an area of concern.

18845: 1867:, convenience store e-cigarette sales in the US went down for the first time during the four-week period ending on 10 May 2014. Wells Fargo analyst Bonnie Herzog attributes this decline to a shift in consumers' behavior, buying more specialized devices or what she calls "vapors-tanks-mods (VTMs)" that are not tracked by Nielsen. Wells Fargo estimated that VTMs accounted for 57% of the 3.5 billion dollar market in the US for vapor products in 2015. 1824:. They are promoted on YouTube by movies with sexual material and music icons, who encourage minors to "take their freedom back." They have partnered with a number of sports and music icons to promote their products. Tobacco companies intensely market e-cigarettes to young people, with industry strategies including cartoon characters and candy flavors. Fruit flavored e-liquid is the most commonly marketed e-liquid flavor on social media. 1638:

bans access to minors. A photo ID is now required to buy e-cigarettes, and their sale in all-ages vending machines is not permitted in the US. As of August 2017, regulatory compliance deadlines relating to premarket review requirements for most e-cigarette and e-liquid products have been extended from November 2017 to 8 August 2022, which attracted a lawsuit filed by the American Heart Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, the

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United Kingdom who only had access to lower-strength nicotine products. This happens as the Biden administration seeks to mandate low-nicotine cigarettes which, critics note, is not what makes cigarettes dangerous. They also note that vaping does not contain many of the components that make smoking dangerous such as the combustion process and certain chemicals that are present in cigarettes that are not present in vape products.

18580: 2048:, a type of e-cigarette which delivers 10 times as much nicotine as other e-cigarettes, equivalent to an actual cigarette puff. Juul was spun off from Pax Labs in June 2017 and is now available by the independent company Juul Labs. The eTron 3T from Vapor Tobacco Manufacturing, launched in December 2014, employs a patented, aqueous system whereby the tobacco is extracted into water. The e-liquid contains 16254: 12122: 11778: 6717: 5152: 2482: 2393: 1578:". By using a coil with very low resistance, the batteries are stressed to a potentially unsafe extent. This could present a risk of dangerous battery failures. As vaping comes under increased scrutiny, some members of the vaping community have voiced their concerns about cloud-chasing, stating the practice gives vapers a bad reputation when doing it in public. The Oxford Dictionaries' 1792:

tobacco advertising on television, seems to have resorted to advertising tactics that got former generations of people in the US addicted to traditional cigarettes. Cynthia Hallett of Americans for Non-Smokers' Rights described the US advertising campaign as attempting to "re-establish a norm that smoking is okay, that smoking is glamorous and acceptable".

1832:, in addition to particulate matter. Massive advertising included the assertion that they would present little risk to non-users. However, "disadvantages and side effects have been reported in many articles, and the unfavorable effects of its secondhand vapor have been demonstrated in many studies", and evidence indicates that use of e-cigarettes degrades 1666:, and some state and regional governments have broadened their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes. As of April 2017, 12 US states and 615 localities had prohibited the use of e-cigarettes in venues in which traditional cigarette smoking was prohibited. In 2015, at least 48 states and 2 territories had banned e-cigarette sales to minors. 1280:

Internet by small marketing firms. E-cigarettes entered the European market and the US market in 2006 and 2007. The company that Hon worked for, Golden Dragon Holdings, registered an international patent in November 2007. The company changed its name to Ruyan (如烟, literally "like smoke") later the same month, and started exporting its products.

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quit. A 2016 review found low quality evidence of a trend towards benefit of e-cigarettes with nicotine for smoking cessation. In terms of whether flavored e-cigarettes assisted quitting smoking, the evidence is inconclusive. Tentative evidence indicates that health warnings on vaping products may influence users to give up vaping.

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2014 were around US$ 7 billion. Worldwide e-cigarette sales in 2019 were about $ 19.3 billion. E-cigarette sales could exceed traditional cigarette sales by 2023. Approximately 30–50% of total e-cigarettes sales are handled on the internet. Established tobacco companies have a significant share of the e-cigarette market.

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particularly appealing to smokers with mental illness. E-cigarette marketing advocate weight control and emphasize use of nicotine with many flavors. These marketing angles could particularly entice overweight people, young people, and vulnerable groups. Some e-cigarette companies state that their products are

2184:"Most ENDS consist of a rechargeable, battery-operated heating element and a replaceable or refillable cartridge for the e-liquid. An atomizer heats the liquid in the cartridge to convert it into an aerosol, which is then inhaled by the user. Most of these products are rechargeable, but some are disposable." 3456:

Balfour, David J. K.; Benowitz, Neal L.; Colby, Suzanne M.; Hatsukami, Dorothy K.; Lando, Harry A.; Leischow, Scott J.; Lerman, Caryn; Mermelstein, Robin J.; Niaura, Raymond; Perkins, Kenneth A.; Pomerleau, Ovide F.; Rigotti, Nancy A.; Swan, Gary E.; Warner, Kenneth E.; West, Robert (September 2021).

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By 2015 the e-cigarette market had only reached a twentieth of the size of the tobacco market in the UK. In the UK in 2015 the "most prominent brands of cigalikes" were owned by tobacco companies, however, with the exception of one model, all the tank types came from "non-tobacco industry companies".

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Many e-cigarette companies market their products as a smoking cessation aid without evidence of effectiveness. E-cigarette marketing has been found to make unsubstantiated health statements (e.g., that they help one quit smoking) including statements about improving psychiatric symptoms, which may be

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banned the use of e-cigarettes on commercial flights. This regulation applies to all flights to and from the US. In 2018, the Royal College of Physicians asked that a balance is found in regulations over e-cigarettes that ensure product safety while encouraging smokers to use them instead of tobacco,

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for cigarette alternatives. Others have introduced strict restrictions and some have licensed devices as medicines such as in the UK. However, as of February 2018, there is no e-cigarette device that has been given a medical license that is commercially sold or available by prescription in the UK. As

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Large gatherings of vapers, called vape meets, take place around the US. They focus on e-cigarette devices, accessories, and the lifestyle that accompanies them. Vapefest, which started in 2010, is an annual show hosted by different cities. People attending these meetings are usually enthusiasts that

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and inventors of the microprocessor. Development started in 1979 by Phil Ray and Norman Jacobson. Favor was a "plastic, smoke-free product shaped and colored like a conventional cigarette that contained a filter paper soaked with liquid nicotine so users could draw a small dose by inhaling. There was

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stated that "The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term" and that "he tobacco harm reduction strategy is based on well-meaning but incorrect or undocumented claims or assumptions." Following hundreds of possible

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The later-generation and "tank-style" e-cigarettes with a higher voltage (5.0 V) may generate equal or higher levels of formaldehyde compared to smoking. A 2015 report by Public Health England found that high levels of formaldehyde only occurred in overheated "dry-puffing". Users detect the "dry

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According to the CDC, E-cigarettes are not safe during pregnancy. "Although the aerosol of e-cigarettes generally has fewer harmful substances than cigarette smoke, e-cigarettes and other products containing nicotine are not safe to use during pregnancy. Nicotine is a health danger for pregnant women

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More recent studies show a trend of an increasing proportion of young people who use e-cigarettes. In 2018, 20% of high school students were using e-cigarettes. In 2020 however, this number increased to 50% of high school students reported to have used e-cigarettes. Similarly in Canada there has been

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Because e-cigarettes have only been marketed for ~10 years... scientific data are limited and will continue to emerge. Because e-cigarette solutions and emissions have been shown to contain nicotine and many of the same harmful toxicants and carcinogens as cigarettes, it is reasonable to assume that

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derivatives instead of nicotine and tobacco derivatives. Some cannabis pens, known as "dab pens", contain cannabis extracted from butane ("butane hash oil"). Other vaporizers contain e-liquid made with pure THC, and they generally resemble conventional e-cigarettes. A 2020 study shows that one third

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stated April 2018. "Over the course of three short days, the tobacco stocks were bent, they were spindled and they were mutilated by the realization that electronic cigarettes have become a serious threat to the old-school cigarette makers," he added. In 2019, a vaping industry organization released

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E-cigarette companies commonly promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring but this assertion is misleading as researchers have found differing amounts of heavy metals in the vapor, including chromium, nickel, tin, silver, cadmium, mercury, and

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University of Pennsylvania communications professor Joseph Cappella stated that the setting of the advertisement near an ocean was meant to suggest an association of clean air with the nicotine product. In 2012 and 2013, e-cigarette companies advertised to a large television audience in the US which

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exhaling a "thick flume" of what the advertisement describes as "vapor, not tobacco smoke", exhorting smokers with the message "We are all adults here, it's time to take our freedom back." Opponents of the tobacco industry state that the Blu advertisement, in a context of longstanding prohibition of

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is part of vaping culture. A 2014 review stated that tobacco and e-cigarette companies interact with consumers for their policy agenda. The companies use websites, social media, and marketing to get consumers involved in opposing bills that include e-cigarettes in smoke-free laws. This is similar to

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In 2008, a consumer created an e-cigarette called the screwdriver. The device generated a lot of interest back then, as it let the user to vape for hours at one time. The invention led to demand for customizable e-cigarettes, prompting manufacturers to produce devices with interchangeable components

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is unclear. Many in the public health community acknowledge the potential for their quitting smoking and decreasing harm benefits, but there remains a concern over their long-term safety and potential for a new era of users to get addicted to nicotine and then tobacco. There is concern among tobacco

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Concern exists that some of the mainstream vapor exhaled by e-cigarette users may be inhaled by bystanders, particularly indoors, although e-cigarette pollutant levels are much lower than for cigarettes and likely to pose a much lower risk, if any, compared to cigarettes. E-cigarette use by a parent

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A 2014 review recommended that regulations for e-cigarettes could be similar to those for dietary supplements or cosmetic products to not limit their potential for harm reduction. A 2012 review found e-cigarettes could considerably reduce traditional cigarettes use and they likely could be used as a

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Tobacco smoke contains 100 known carcinogens and 900 potentially cancer-causing chemicals, but e-cigarette vapor contains less of the potential carcinogens than found in tobacco smoke. A study in 2015 using a third-generation device found levels of formaldehyde were greater than with cigarette smoke

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Since entering the market around 2003, e-cigarette use has risen rapidly. In 2011 there were about 7 million adult e-cigarette users globally, increasing to 68 million in 2020 compared with 1.1 billion cigarette smokers. There was a further rise to 82 million e-cigarette users in 2021. This increase

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A 2014 review found "In addition to the uniqueness of the liquid compositions in each brand, inconsistency of both the device performance properties and the data collection methodologies used by researchers contribute to the observed variation in constituent levels and to the range of particle size

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application to keep its tobacco and menthol flavored vaping products on the market. Critics of this denial note that research published in Nicotine and Tobacco Research found that smokers who transitioned to Juuls in North America were significantly more likely to switch to vaping than those in the

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E-cigarettes containing nicotine have been listed as drug delivery devices in a number of countries, and the marketing of such products has been restricted or put on hold until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive. Since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising in the US is

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In November 2020, the New Zealand government passed a vaping regulation that requires vape stores to register as specialist vape retailers before they can sell e-cigarettes, the wider range of flavoured e-liquids, and other related vaping products. Vaping products are required to be notified by the

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to deem e-cigarette devices and e-liquids to be tobacco products, which meant it intended to regulate the marketing, labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered manufacturing sites that needed to register with US FDA and

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As of 8 August 2016, the US FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes, e-liquid and all related products. Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users. The FDA rule also

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International tobacco companies dismissed e-cigarettes as a fad at first. However, recognizing the development of a potential new market sector that could render traditional tobacco products obsolete, they began to produce and market their own brands of e-cigarettes and acquire existing e-cigarette

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A 2015 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement stressed "the potential for these products to addict a new generation of youth to nicotine and reverse more than 50 years of public health gains in tobacco control." The World Health Organization (WHO) is concerned about starting nicotine

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As of 2020, the efficacy and safety of vaping for quitting smoking during pregnancy was unknown. No research is available to provide details on the efficacy of vaping for quitting smoking during pregnancy. There is robust evidence that vaping is not effective for quitting smoking among adolescents.

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for long-term use instead of smoking. A 2014 WHO report concluded that some smokers will switch completely to e-cigarettes from traditional tobacco but a "sizeable" number will use both. This report found that such "dual-use" of e-cigarettes and tobacco "will have much smaller beneficial effects on

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cannot be trusted to sell products that will lower the risks associated with tobacco use. A large number of smokers want to reduce harm from smoking by using e-cigarettes. The argument for harm reduction does not take into account the adverse effects of nicotine. There cannot be a defensible reason

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Data from two states in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment System (PRAMS) show that in 2015—roughly the mid-point of the study period—10.8% of the sample used e-cigarettes in the three months prior to the pregnancy while 7.0%, 5.8%, and 1.4% used these products at the time of the pregnancy, in the first

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In one of the few studies identified, a 2015 survey of 316 pregnant women in a Maryland clinic found that the majority had heard of e-cigarettes, 13% had used them, and 0.6% were current daily users. These findings are of concern because the dose of nicotine delivered by e-cigarettes can be as high

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is the idea that using less harmful drugs can lead to more harmful ones. Evidence shows that many users who begin by vaping will go on to also smoke traditional cigarettes. People with mental illnesses, who as a group are more susceptible to nicotine addiction, are at particularly high risk of dual

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In Canada, e-cigarettes had an estimated value of 140 million CAD in 2015. There are numerous e-cigarette retail shops in Canada. A 2014 audit of retailers in four Canadian cities found that 94% of grocery stores, convenience stores, and tobacconist shops which sold e-cigarettes sold nicotine-free

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companies have greatly increased their marketing efforts. This marketing trend may expand the use of e-cigarettes and contribute to re-glamorizing smoking. Some companies may use e-cigarette advertising to advocate smoking, deliberately, or inadvertently, is an area of concern. A 2014 review said,

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The earliest e-cigarette can be traced to American Herbert A. Gilbert, who in 1963 applied for a patent for "a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette" that involved "replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air". This device produced flavored steam without nicotine. The patent was

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Another common chemical found in e-cigarettes is ketene. When it enters the lungs after inhaled, this chemical causes damage to the cellular structure of lung tissue causing the cells to not function at maximum capacity and not absorb gasses as readily. This can cause shortness of breath which can

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The core concern is that smokers who could have quit entirely will develop an alternative nicotine addiction. Dual use may be an increased risk to a smoker who continues to use even a minimal amount of traditional cigarettes, rather than quitting. Because of the convenience of e-cigarettes, it may

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states: "While vaping devices such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) do contain some toxins, they are at far lower levels than found in tobacco smoke. If a pregnant woman who has been smoking chooses to use an e-cig and it helps her to quit smoking and stay smokefree, she should be supported to do

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is a heated tobacco product marketed by Philip Morris International. It heats tobacco at a lower temperature than traditional cigarettes. The tobacco sticks reach a temperature up to 350 °C. It sold first in Japan since November 2014. In December 2016, the United Tobacco Vapor Group's (UTVG)

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The number of e-cigarettes sold increased every year from 2003 to 2014. In 2015 a slowdown in the growth in usage occurred in the US. As of January 2018, the growth in usage in the UK has slowed down since 2013. As of 2014 there were at least 466 e-cigarette brands. Worldwide e-cigarette sales in

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found that e-cigarettes containing nicotine are more effective than nicotine-free ones for quitting smoking. They compared their finding that nicotine-containing e-cigarettes helped 20% of people quit with the results from other studies that found nicotine replacement products helps 10% of people

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Most young e-cigarette users have never smoked, but there is a substantial minority who both vape and smoke. Many young people who would not smoke are vaping. Young people who smoke tobacco or marijuana, or who drink alcohol, are much more likely to vape. Among young people who have tried vaping,

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E-cigarettes have evolved over time, and the different designs are classified in generations. First-generation e-cigarettes tend to look like traditional cigarettes and are called "cigalikes". Second-generation devices are larger and look less like traditional cigarettes. Third-generation devices

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Jimenez Ruiz, CA; Solano Reina, S; de Granda Orive, JI; Signes-Costa Minaya, J; de Higes Martinez, E; Riesco Miranda, JA; Altet Gómez, N; Lorza Blasco, JJ; Barrueco Ferrero, M; de Lucas Ramos, P (August 2014). "The electronic cigarette. Official statement of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and

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and nicotine, which produces an inhalable nicotine pyruvate vapor. Philip Morris Products S.A. created a different kind e-cigarette named P3L. The device is supplied with a cartridge that contains nicotine and lactic acid in different cavities. When turned on and heated, the nicotine salt called

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Critics of vaping bans state that vaping is a much safer alternative to smoking tobacco products and that vaping bans incentivize people to return to smoking cigarettes. For example, critics cite the British Journal of Family Medicine in August 2015 which stated, "E-cigarettes are 95% safer than

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Initially, their performance did not meet the expectations of users. The e-cigarette continued to evolve from the first-generation three-part device. In 2007, British entrepreneurs Umer and Tariq Sheikh invented the cartomizer. This is a mechanism that integrates the heating coil into the liquid

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Hon Lik registered a patent for the modern e-cigarette design in 2003. Hon is credited with developing the first commercially successful electronic cigarette. The e-cigarette was first introduced to the Chinese domestic market in 2004. Many versions made their way to the US, sold mostly over the

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E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful chemicals not found in tobacco smoke. The majority of toxic chemicals found in cigarette smoke are absent in e-cigarette vapor. E-cigarette vapor contains lower concentrations of potentially toxic chemicals than with cigarette smoke. Those which are

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There is low quality evidence that vaping assists smokers to quit smoking in the long-term compared with nicotine-free vaping. Nicotine-containing e-cigarettes were associated with greater effectiveness for quitting smoking than e-cigarettes without nicotine. A 2013 study in smokers who were not

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One of the challenges in studying e-cigarettes is that there are hundreds of brands and models of e-cigarettes sold that vary in the design and operation of the devices and composition of the liquid, and the technology continues to change. E-cigarettes have not been subjected to the same type of

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refers to any reduction in harm from a prior level. Harm minimization strives to reduce harms to the lowest achievable level. When a person does not want to quit nicotine, harm minimization means striving to eliminate tobacco exposure by replacing it with vaping. E-cigarettes can reduce smokers'

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In 2014, dollar sales of customizable e-cigarettes and e-liquid surpassed sales of cigalikes in the US, even though, overall, customizables are a less expensive vaping option. In 2014, the Smoke-Free Alternatives Trade Association estimated that there were 35,000 vape shops in the US, more than

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E-cigarette companies are using methods that were once used by the tobacco industry to persuade young people to start using cigarettes. E-cigarettes are promoted to a certain extent to forge a vaping culture that entices non-smokers. Themes in e-cigarette marketing, including sexual content and

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even though they have not approved them as a smoking cessation aid. A 2014 review stated the emerging phenomenon of e-cigarettes has raised concerns in the health community, governments, and the general public and recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated to protect consumers. It added,

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The adolescent brain seems to be particularly sensitive to neuroplasticity as a result of nicotine. Minimal exposure could be enough to produce neuroplastic alterations in the very sensitive adolescent brain. A 2014 review found that in studies up to a third of young people who have not tried a

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Lindson, Nicola; Butler, Ailsa R.; McRobbie, Hayden; Bullen, Chris; Hajek, Peter; Begh, Rachna; Theodoulou, Annika; Notley, Caitlin; Rigotti, Nancy A.; Turner, Tari; Livingstone-Banks, Jonathan; Morris, Tom; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie (8 January 2024). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation".

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There is concern that children may progress from vaping to smoking. Adolescents are likely to underestimate nicotine's addictiveness. Vulnerability to the brain-modifying effects of nicotine, along with youthful experimentation with e-cigarettes, could lead to a lifelong addiction. A long-term

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A small number of studies have looked at whether using e-cigarettes reduces the number of cigarettes smokers consume. E-cigarette use may decrease the number of cigarettes smoked, but smoking just one to four cigarettes daily greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease compared to not

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said e-cigarettes could maintain nicotine addiction in those who are attempting to quit. The limited available data suggests that the likelihood of excessive use of e-cigarettes is smaller than traditional cigarettes. No long-term studies have been done on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes in

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A 2014 PHE report concluded that hazards associated with products currently on the market are probably low, and apparently much lower than smoking. However, harms could be reduced further through reasonable product standards. The British Medical Association encourages health professionals to

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launched Ploom in Japan. In January 2016 they launched Ploom TECH that produces a vapor from a heated liquid that moves through a capsule of granulated tobacco leaves. In 2016 British American Tobacco (BAT) released its own version of the heat but not burn technology called glo in Japan and

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Vaping correlates with smoking among young people, even in those who would otherwise be unlikely to smoke. Experimenting with vaping encourages young people to continue smoking. A 2015 study found minors had little resistance to buying e-cigarettes online. Teenagers may not admit to using

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Patil, Shankargouda; Arakeri, Gururaj; Patil, Shekar; Ali Baeshen, Hosam; Raj, Thirumal; Sarode, Sachin C.; Sarode, Gargi S.; Awan, Kamran H.; Gomez, Ricardo; Brennan, Peter A (2019). "Are electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs) helping cigarette smokers quit? – A current evidence".

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passed regulations requiring standardization and quality control for liquids and vaporizers, disclosure of ingredients in liquids, and child-proofing and tamper-proofing for liquid packaging. In April 2014 the US FDA published proposed regulations for e-cigarettes. In the US some states

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130 million in 2015. Additionally, France's e-liquid market was estimated at €265 million. In December 2015, there were 2,400 vape shops in France, 400 fewer than in March of the same year. Industry organization Fivape said the reduction was due to consolidation, not to reduced demand.

1480:, and other medical bodies now embrace the use of e-cigarettes as a viable way to quit smoking. This has contributed to record numbers of people vaping, with estimated 3.6 million in 2019, 3.2 million in 2020, rising to 3.6 million in 2021. Current vapers being 2.2 million as of 2024. 1983:, nicotine, and other chemicals from batteries and unused e-liquid. A July 2018–April 2019 garbology study found e-cigarette products composed 19% of the waste from all traditional and electronic tobacco and cannabis products collected at 12 public high schools in Northern California. 1775:

In the US, six large e-cigarette businesses spent $ 59.3 million on promoting e-cigarettes in 2013. In the US and Canada, over $ 2 million is spent yearly on promoting e-cigarettes online. E-cigarette websites often made unscientific health statements in 2012. The ease to get past the

1712:

conclude that electronic cigarettes have been combusting and injuring people and surrounding areas. The composition of a cigarette is the cause of this, as the cartridges that are meant to contain the liquid mixture are in such close proximity to the battery. A research report by the

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so." Based on the available evidence on e-cigarette safety, there was also "no reason to believe that use of an e-cig has any adverse effect on breastfeeding." The statement went on to say, "vaping should continue, if it is helpful to quitting smoking and staying smokefree". The UK

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granted in 1965. Gilbert's invention was ahead of its time and received little attention and was never commercialized because smoking was still fashionable at that time. Gilbert said in 2013 that today's electric cigarettes follow the basic design set forth in his original patent.

1807:

Since at least 2007, e-cigarettes have been heavily promoted across media outlets globally. They are vigorously advertised, mostly through the Internet, as a safe substitute to traditional cigarettes, among other things. E-cigarette companies promote their e-cigarette products on

5499:

Dautzenberg, B.; Adler, M.; Garelik, D.; Loubrieu, J.F.; Mathern, G.; Peiffer, G.; Perriot, J.; Rouquet, R.M.; Schmitt, A.; Underner, M.; Urban, T. (2017). "Practical guidelines on e-cigarettes for practitioners and others health professionals. A French 2016 expert's statement".

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Cetinkaya, Pelin Duru; Pazarli Bostan, Pinar; Salepci, Banu; Gorekdilektasli, Asli; Elbek, Osman; Uyanusta Kucuk, Filiz Cagla; Karadogan, Dilek; Arpaz, Seren; Dülger, Seyhan; Atilla Uysal, Mehmet; Uzaslan, Esra; Özge, Cengiz; Kılınç, Oğuz; Dağlı, Elif; Itil, Oya (18 July 2022).

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Vanderkam, Paul; Boussageon, Rémy; Underner, Michel; Langbourg, Nicolas; Brabant, Yann; Binder, Philippe; Freche, Bernard; Jaafari, Nematollah (2016). "Efficacité et sécurité de la cigarette électronique pour la réduction du tabagisme : revue systématique et méta-analyse".

2233:(US FDA) regulated e-cigarettes under the classification of tobacco products and labeled them as electronic nicotine delivery systems. A 2018 report commissioned by the US FDA decided to use the term e-cigarettes, indicating that for some use e-liquids containing no nicotine. 356:

Smoking rates have continually declined as e-cigarettes have grown in popularity, especially among young people, suggesting that there is little evidence for a gateway effect at the population level. This observation has been criticized, however, for ignoring the effect of

1128:. Some healthcare groups and policy makers have hesitated to recommend e-cigarettes for quitting smoking, because of limited evidence of effectiveness and safety. Some have advocated bans on e-cigarette sales and others have suggested that e-cigarettes may be regulated as 13062:"Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Restrictions on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products" 15409:"Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Regulations on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products" 1986:

Councils in England and Wales are pushing for a 2024 ban on single-use vapes due to environmental and health risks, as 1.3 million are thrown away weekly. Recycling challenges, waste issues, and fire hazards are cited. Concerns about youth vaping are also raised. The

17533: 1147:"does not support the tobacco industry's claim that these products are less harmful relative to conventional tobacco products" and that there is insufficient evidence to support vaping as a smoking cessation tool. Healthcare organizations in the UK (including the 606:

It is unclear whether e-cigarettes are only helpful for particular types of smokers. Vaping with nicotine may reduce tobacco use among daily smokers. Whether vaping is effective for quitting smoking may depend on whether it was used as part of an effort to quit.

1937:

is making efforts to control the e-cigarette market, but there are still many challenges to be addressed, such as consumer's lack of understanding of the harm of e-cigarettes, unclear legal regulations, and fierce competition from imported e-cigarette products.

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After several months of nicotine abstinence, the number of receptors go back to normal. The extent to which alterations in the brain caused by nicotine use are reversible is not fully understood. Nicotine also stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the

1283:

Many US and Chinese e-cigarette makers copied his designs illegally, so Hon has not received much financial reward for his invention (although some US manufacturers have compensated him through out-of-court settlements). Ruyan later changed its company name to

451:. While it is still widely debated which particular component of vape liquid is the cause of illness, vitamin E acetate, specifically, has been identified as a potential culprit in vape-related illnesses. There was likely more than one cause of the outbreak. 1047:

traditional cigarette have used e-cigarettes. The degree to which teens are using e-cigarettes in ways the manufacturers did not intend, such as increasing the nicotine delivery, is unknown, as is the extent to which e-cigarette use may lead to addiction or

1860:. Chinese companies' market share of e-liquid is low. In 2014, online and offline sales started to increase. Since combustible cigarettes are relatively inexpensive in China a lower price may not be a large factor in marketing vaping products over there. 1728:

or other tobacco companies, but by independent factories that have little quality control. Because of this low quality control when made, electronic cigarettes have led to incidents in which people are hurt, or in which the surrounding area is damaged.

1541:

lobbying also influenced the Tobacco Products Directive decision. Tobacco companies have worked with organizations conceived to promote e-cigarette use, and these organizations have worked to hamper legislation intended at restricting e-cigarette use.

753:. There is inadequate research to show that nicotine is associated with cancer in humans. The risk is probably low from the inhalation of propylene glycol and glycerin. No information is available on the long-term effects of the inhalation of flavors. 631:

In view of the shortage of evidence, vaping is not recommend for cancer patients, although for all patients vaping is likely less dangerous than smoking cigarettes. The effectiveness of vaping for quitting smoking among vulnerable groups is uncertain.

1219:

The Favor cigarette, introduced in 1986 by public company Advanced Tobacco Products, was another early noncombustible product promoted as an alternative nicotine-containing tobacco product. Favor was conceptualized by Phil Ray, one of the founders of

973:. Corticotropin-releasing factor, Neuropeptide Y, orexins, and norepinephrine are involved in nicotine addiction. Continuous exposure to nicotine can cause an increase in the number of nicotinic receptors, which is believed to be a result of receptor 1679:"heavy regulation by restricting access to e-cigarettes would just encourage continuing use of much unhealthier tobacco smoking." A 2014 review said regulation of the e-cigarette should be considered on the basis of reported adverse health effects. 1612:

Because of the potential relationship with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is being debated in many countries. The companies that make e-cigarettes have been pushing for laws that support their interests. In 2016 the

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has been attributed to targeted marketing, lower cost compared to conventional cigarettes, and the better safety profile of e-cigarettes compared to tobacco. E-cigarette use is highest in China, the US, and Europe, with China having the most users.

484:

says: "If using an e-cigarette helps you to stop smoking, it is much safer for you and your baby than continuing to smoke." Many women who vape continue to do so during pregnancy because of the perceived safety of e-cigarettes compared to tobacco.

1625:

is currently pending in many countries. Many countries such as Brazil, Singapore, Uruguay, and India have banned e-cigarettes. Canada-wide in 2014, they were technically illegal to sell, as no nicotine-containing e-cigarettes are not regulated by

1517:

Vapers embrace activities associated with e-cigarettes and sometimes evangelise for them. E-cigarette companies have a substantial online presence, and there are many individual vapers who blog and tweet about e-cigarette related products. A 2014

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puff" (also known as a "dry hit") and avoid it, and they concluded that "There is no indication that EC users are exposed to dangerous levels of aldehydes." However, e-cigarette users may "learn" to overcome the unpleasant taste due to elevated

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Blount, Benjamin C.; Karwowski, Mateusz P.; Shields, Peter G.; Morel-Espinosa, Maria; Valentin-Blasini, Liza; Gardner, Michael; Braselton, Martha; Brosius, Christina R.; Caron, Kevin T.; Chambers, David; Corstvet, Joseph (20 December 2019).

458:

to tobacco cigarettes. There is "only limited evidence showing adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects in humans", with the authors of a 2020 review calling for more long-term studies on the subject. E-cigarettes increase the risk of

988:. Long-term nicotine exposure upregulates cortical nicotinic receptors, but it also lowers the activity of the nicotinic receptors in the cortical vasodilation region. These effects are not easily understood. With constant use of nicotine, 868:. Nicotine-containing e-cigarette vapor induces addiction-related neurochemical, physiological and behavioral changes. Nicotine affects neurological, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, immunological and gastrointestinal systems. 567:

lower risk replacement for traditional cigarettes, but there is not enough data on their safety and efficacy to draw definite conclusions. There is no research available on vaping for reducing harm in high-risk groups such as people with

9840:

Khoudigian, S.; Devji, T.; Lytvyn, L.; Campbell, K.; Hopkins, R.; O'Reilly, D. (29 January 2016). "The efficacy and short-term effects of electronic cigarettes as a method for smoking cessation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis".

798:, and other substances. Many carcinogenic compounds have been detected in e-cigarettes, such as N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT), etc., all of which have been proven to be harmful to human health. Exactly what the 1893:

The leading seller in the e-cigarette market in the US is the Juul e-cigarette, which was introduced in June 2015. As of August 2018, Juul accounts for over 72% of the US e-cigarette market monitored by Nielsen, and its closest

1043:

nicotine addiction from using a vape may result in using other tobacco products. The majority of addiction to nicotine starts during youth and young adulthood. Adolescents are more likely to become nicotine dependent than adults.

3497:

Among potentially toxic substances common to both products, cigarette smoke generally contains substantially larger quantities than e-cigarette aerosol. However, e-cigarette aerosol contains some substances not found in cigarette

3348:

Bals, Robert; Boyd, Jeanette; Esposito, Susanna; Foronjy, Robert; Hiemstra, Pieter; Jiménez-Ruiz, Carlos A.; Katsaounou, Paraskevi; Lindberg, Anne; Metz, Carlos; Schober, Wolfgang; Spira, Avrum; Blasi, Francesco (February 2019).

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Shahab, Lion; Brose, Leonie S.; West, Robert (2013). "Novel Delivery Systems for Nicotine Replacement Therapy as an Aid to Smoking Cessation and for Harm Reduction: Rationale, and Evidence for Advantages over Existing Systems".

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system at e-cigarette company websites allows underage individuals to access and be exposed to marketing. Around half of e-cigarette company websites have a minimum age notice that prohibited underage individuals from entering.

6713:(Report). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. pp. 1–298. 8651:"A Proposed Policy Agenda For Electronic Cigarettes In The US: Product, Price, Place, And Promotion: Policy Insight offers a proposed agenda for electronic cigarettes in the United States: product, price, place, and promotion" 7478:

Albert D. Osei; Mohammadhassan Mirbolouk; Olusola A. Orimoloye; Omar Dzaye; S.M. Iftekhar Uddin; Emelia J. Benjamin; Michael E. Hall; Andrew P. DeFilippis; Aruni Bhatnagar; Shyam S. Biswal; Michael J. Blaha (1 January 2020).

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e-cigarette brand. Japan Tobacco also bought the UK E-Lites brand in June 2014. On 15 July 2014, Lorillard sold blu to Imperial Tobacco as part of a deal for $ 7.1 billion. As of 2018, 95% of e-cigarettes were made in China.

1455:

acquired popular e-cigarette brand Green Smoke for $ 110 million. The deal was finalized in April 2014 for $ 110 million with $ 20 million in incentive payments. Altria also markets its own e-cigarette, the MarkTen, while

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included 24 million young people. The channels to which e-cigarette advertising reached the largest numbers of young people (ages 12–17) were AMC, Country Music Television, Comedy Central, WGN America, TV Land, and VH1.

709:

of e-liquids varies, and contamination with various chemicals have been detected in the liquid. Metal parts of e-cigarettes in contact with the e-liquid can contaminate it with metal particles. Many chemicals including

12944:

Farber, Harold J.; Conrado Pacheco Gallego, Manuel; Galiatsatos, Panagis; Folan, Patricia; Lamphere, Thomas; Pakhale, Smita (1 April 2021). "Harms of Electronic Cigarettes: What the Healthcare Provider Needs to Know".

8449:

Scherer, Gerhard (2018). "Suitability of biomarkers of biological effects (BOBEs) for assessing the likelihood of reducing the tobacco related disease risk by new and innovative tobacco products: A literature review".

1828:

aluminum. The widespread assertion that e-cigarettes emit "only water vapor" is not true because the evidence demonstrates e-cigarette vapor contains possibly harmful chemicals such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and

9153:

Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie; McRobbie, Hayden; Butler, Ailsa R.; Lindson, Nicola; Bullen, Chris; Begh, Rachna; Theodoulou, Annika; Notley, Caitlin; Rigotti, Nancy A.; Turner, Tari; Fanshawe, Thomas R. (14 September 2021).

1167:

have cautioned that accumulating evidence indicates e-cigarettes may have negative effects on the heart and lungs and should not be used to quit smoking without sufficient evidence that they are safe and effective.

1117:

control academics and advocates that prevalent universal vaping "will bring its own distinct but as yet unknown health risks in the same way tobacco smoking did, as a result of chronic exposure", among other things.

860:. The reinforcing effects of nicotine play a significant role in the beginning and continuing use of the drug. First-time nicotine users develop a dependence about 32% of the time. Chronic nicotine use involves both 1929:, the e-cigarette market is growing rapidly, with the use rate increasing 18 times from 2015 to 2020. The use rate of e-cigarettes in adolescents aged 13-15 is 3.5%, up 1.6% from 2019. According to estimates by the 8399:

Ferkol, Thomas W.; Farber, Harold J.; La Grutta, Stefania; Leone, Frank T.; Marshall, Henry M.; Neptune, Enid; Pisinger, Charlotta; Vanker, Aneesa; Wisotzky, Myra; Zabert, Gustavo E.; Schraufnagel, Dean E. (2018).

3412:, p. : "Laboratory tests of e-cigarette ingredients, in vitro toxicological tests, and short-term human studies suggest that e-cigarettes are likely to be far less harmful than combustible tobacco cigarettes." 619:

trying to quit, found that vaping, with or without nicotine decreased the number of cigarettes consumed. E-cigarettes without nicotine may reduce tobacco cravings because of the smoking-related physical stimuli.

575:

recommend conventional nicotine replacement therapies, but for patients unwilling to use or continue using such methods, health professionals may present e-cigarettes as a lower-risk option than tobacco smoking.

5431:

Yoong, Sze Lin; Hall, Alix; Turon, Heidi; Stockings, Emily; Leonard, Alecia; Grady, Alice; Tzelepis, Flora; Wiggers, John; Gouda, Hebe; Fayokun, Ranti; Commar, Alison; Prasad, Vinayak M; Wolfenden, Luke (2021).

3118:

the safety of e-cigarette consumption and its potential as a smoking cessation method remain controversial due to limited evidence...the potential long-term effects of e-cigarette consumption have been scarcely

1570:

have a vape bar where patrons can test out different e-liquids and socialize. The Electronic Cigarette Convention in North America which started in 2013, is an annual show where companies and consumers meet up.

13083:

Pisinger, Charlotta; Dagli, Elif; Filippidis, Filippos T.; Hedman, Linnea; Janson, Christer; Loukides, Stelios; Ravara, Sofia; Saraiva, Isabel; Vestbo, Jørgen (December 2019). "ERS and tobacco harm reduction".

2038:

stated that they have been given a patent for their vaporizing component system. qmos from UTVG does not contain a wick or sponge and the number of components is 5 compared to 20 for traditional e-cigarettes.

1524:

editorial said vapers "also engage in grossly offensive online attacks on anyone who has the temerity to suggest that ENDS are anything other than an innovation that can save thousands of lives with no risks".

655:

delivered to the user. Reviews of the safety of e-cigarettes have reached quite different conclusions. A 2014 WHO report cautioned about potential risks of using e-cigarettes. Regulated US FDA products such as

722:(heating element) that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacted with the liquid. Normal usage of e-cigarettes, and reduced voltage (3.0 V) devices generate very low levels of formaldehyde. 5434:"Association between electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems with initiation of tobacco use in individuals aged < 20 years. A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2202:

A 2019 review concluded that, "no long term vaping toxicological/safety studies have been done in humans; without these data, saying with certainty that e-cigarettes are safer than combustible cigarettes is

1743:

They are marketed to men, women, and children as being safer than traditional cigarettes. They are also marketed to non-smokers. E-cigarette marketing is common. There are growing concerns that e-cigarette

1232:

exercised jurisdiction over products analogous to E-Cigarettes. Advanced Tobacco Products never challenged the Warning Letter and ceased all distribution of Favor. Rays's wife Brenda Coffee coined the term

582:(AAPHP) suggests those who are unwilling to quit tobacco smoking or unable to quit with medical advice and pharmaceutical methods should consider other nicotine-containing products such as e-cigarettes and 438:

include abdominal pain, headache, blurry vision, throat and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing. Nicotine is addictive and harmful to fetuses, children, and young people. In 2019 and 2020, an

423:, "Laboratory tests of e-cigarette ingredients, in vitro toxicological tests, and short-term human studies suggest that e-cigarettes are likely to be far less harmful than combustible tobacco cigarettes." 5107:

Hefner, Kathryn; Valentine, Gerald; Sofuoglu, Mehmet (2017). "Electronic cigarettes and mental illness: Reviewing the evidence for help and harm among those with psychiatric and substance use disorders".

3276:

We reiterate that, to date, no long term vaping toxicological/safety studies have been done in humans; without these data, saying with certainty that e-cigarettes are safer than combustible cigarettes is

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The long-term effects of ECIG use are unknown, and there is therefore no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term. Based on current knowledge, negative health effects cannot be ruled

1228:

Favor cigarettes were sold in California and several Southwestern states, marketed as "an alternative to smokers, and only to smokers, to use where smoking is unacceptable or prohibited." In 1987 the

10726:

Layden, Jennifer E.; Ghinai, Isaac; Pray, Ian; Kimball, Anne; Layer, Mark; Tenforde, Mark W.; Navon, Livia; Hoots, Brooke; Salvatore, Phillip P.; Elderbrook, Megan; Haupt, Thomas (6 September 2019).

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Switzerland. It uses tobacco sticks rather than nicotine liquid, and does not directly heat or burn tobacco. Heated tobacco products were first introduced in 1988, but were not a commercial success.

1566:. These products are mostly available online or in dedicated "vape" storefronts where mainstream e-cigarettes brands from the tobacco industry and larger e-cig manufacturers are not as popular. Some 1495:

Consumers have shown passionate support for e-cigarettes that other nicotine replacement products did not receive. They have a mass appeal that could challenge combustible tobacco's market position.

18065:

Tabuchi, Takahiro; Kiyohara, Kosuke; Hoshino, Takahiro; Bekki, Kanae; Inaba, Yohei; Kunugita, Naoki (2016). "Awareness and use of electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products in Japan".

13525: 8120: 5172:

Gibson, Laura A.; Creamer, MeLisa R.; Breland, Alison B.; Giachello, Aida Luz; Kaufman, Annette; Kong, Grace; Pechacek, Terry F.; Pepper, Jessica K.; Soule, Eric K.; Halpern-Felsher, Bonnie (2018).

1212:

reported a patent stating, "for holding medicinal compounds which are electrically or otherwise heated to produce vapors for inhalation." In 1934 and 1936, further similar patents were applied for.

12758: 6266:

Yoong, Sze Lin; Stockings, Emily; Chai, Li Kheng; Tzelepis, Flora; Wiggers, John; Oldmeadow, Christopher; Paul, Christine; Peruga, Armando; Kingsland, Melanie; Attia, John; Wolfenden, Luke (2018).

2358: 599:

when used in clinical settings. However, more smokers become dual users than succeed in complete abstinence. Outside clinical settings, vaping does not greatly change the odds of quitting smoking.

15408: 14151: 13061: 3806:

Bhatnagar, Aruni; Whitsel, Laurie P.; Ribisl, Kurt M.; Bullen, Chris; Chaloupka, Frank; Piano, Mariann R.; Robertson, Rose Marie; McAuley, Timothy; Goff, David; Benowitz, Neal (14 October 2014) .

12501: 1654:

regulation. E-cigarette and tobacco companies have recruited lobbyists in an effort to prevent the US FDA from evaluating e-cigarette products or banning existing products already on the market.

245:. Over 80 harmful chemicals such as formaldehyde and metallic nanoparticles have been found in e-liquids at trace quantities. There are many e-liquid manufacturers, and more than 15,000 flavors. 15376: 252:(FDA) compulsory manufacturing standards and American E-liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA) recommended manufacturing standards. European Union standards are published in the EU 15595:

Maloney, Erin K.; Cappella, Joseph N. (2015). "Does Vaping in E-Cigarette Advertisements Affect Tobacco Smoking Urge, Intentions, and Perceptions in Daily, Intermittent, and Former Smokers?".

13663: 1506:. The online forum E-Cig-Reviews.com was one of the first major communities. It and other online forums, such as UKVaper.org, were where the hobby of modding started. There are also groups on 513:

study aged 15–24 reported using Juul also used the device in the last 30 days. In the 2010s, US teenagers used the verb "Juuling" to describe vaping, and Juuling was the subject of widespread

17678: 3614:

Carpenter, Matthew J.; Wahlquist, Amy E.; Dahne, Jennifer; Gray, Kevin M.; Cummings, K. Michael; Warren, Graham; Wagener, Theodore L.; Goniewicz, Maciej L.; Smith, Tracy T. (September 2023).

1874:

Large tobacco retailers are leading the cigalike market. "We saw the market's sudden recognition that the cigarette industry seems to be in serious trouble, disrupted by the rise of vaping,"

1208:

In 1927, Joseph Robinson applied for a patent for an electronic vaporizer to be used with medicinal compounds. The patent was approved in 1930 but the device was never marketed. In 1930, the

155:

than cigarette smoke, and at much lower concentrations. The vapor contains traces of harmful substances not found in cigarette smoke. E-cigarettes containing nicotine are more effective than

6416:

Hallingberg, Britt; Maynard, Olivia M.; Bauld, Linda; Brown, Rachel; Gray, Linsay; Lowthian, Emily; MacKintosh, Anne-Marie; Moore, Laurence; Munafo, Marcus R.; Moore, Graham (1 March 2020).

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Malas, Muhannad; van der Tempel, Jan; Schwartz, Robert; Minichiello, Alexa; Lightfoot, Clayton; Noormohamed, Aliya; Andrews, Jaklyn; Zawertailo, Laurie; Ferrence, Roberta (25 April 2016).

163:. However, e-cigarettes have not been subject to the same rigorous testing that most nicotine replacement therapy products have, and health warnings may encourage a smoker to quit vaping. 1253:

products, is frequently credited with the invention of the modern e-cigarette. Hon quit smoking after his father, also a heavy smoker, died of lung cancer. In 2001, he thought of using a

18155: 6315:

Levy, David T.; Warner, Kenneth E.; Cummings, K. Michael; Hammond, David; Kuo, Charlene; Fong, Geoffrey T.; Thrasher, James F.; Goniewicz, Maciej Lukasz; Borland, Ron (1 November 2019).

3561:

Lindson, N; Butler, AR; McRobbie, H; Bullen, C; Hajek, P; Begh, R; Theodoulou, A; Notley, C; Rigotti, NA; Turner, T; Livingstone-Banks, J; Morris, T; Hartmann-Boyce, J (8 January 2024).

9317:

El Dib, Regina; Suzumura, Erica A; Akl, Elie A; Gomaa, Huda; Agarwal, Arnav; Chang, Yaping; Prasad, Manya; Ashoorion, Vahid; Heels-Ansdell, Diane; Maziak, Wasim; Guyatt, Gordon (2017).

2275: 651:

There is no consensus on the risks of e-cigarette use. There is little data about their safety, and a considerable variety of liquids are used as carriers, and thus are present in the

17349: 11717:

Di Matteo, Vincenzo; Pierucci, Massimo; Di Giovanni, Giuseppe; Benigno, Arcangelo; Esposito, Ennio (2007). "The Neurobiological Bases for the Pharmacotherapy of Nicotine Addiction".

734:

lead to other health conditions such as tachycardia and respiratory failure. E-cigarette users who use devices that contain nicotine are exposed to its potentially harmful effects.

62:

Various types of e-cigarettes from 2015, including a disposable e-cigarette, a rechargeable e-cigarette, a medium-size tank device, large-size tank devices, an e-cigar, and an e-pipe

1433:'s Fontem Ventures acquired the intellectual property owned by Hon Lik through Dragonite International Limited for $ US 75 million in 2013 and launched Puritane in partnership with 15711:"Differences in Switching Away From Smoking Among Adult Smokers Using JUUL Products in Regions With Different Maximum Nicotine Concentrations: North America and the United Kingdom" 15663: 14075: 10116:"Behavioral Counseling and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: A Review of Reviews for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force" 2475: 2293:; et al. (Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems) (January 2018). Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (eds.). 13306: 2193:"Once again, there is a strong potential for confounding, such that comparisons of dual users with smokers who do not use e-cigarettes will not yield meaningful causal estimates" 756:

In October 2021, researchers at Johns Hopkins University reported over 2,000 unknown chemicals in the vape clouds that they tested from Vuse, Juul, Blu and Mi-Salt vape devices.

15069: 8180: 16873: 5940:

Chan, Gary C. K.; Stjepanović, Daniel; Lim, Carmen; Sun, Tianze; Shanmuga Anandan, Aathavan; Connor, Jason P.; Gartner, Coral; Hall, Wayne D.; Leung, Janni (4 September 2020).

18425: 17111: 5306:"E-cigarette use and combustible tobacco cigarette smoking uptake among non-smokers, including relapse in former smokers: umbrella review, systematic review and meta-analysis" 4365:

Henry, Travis S.; Kligerman, Seth J.; Raptis, Constantine A.; Mann, Howard; Sechrist, Jacob W.; Kanne, Jeffrey P. (2020). "Imaging Findings of Vaping-Associated Lung Injury".

329:

that predispose them to both activities. There is a genetic association between smoking, vaping, gambling, promiscuity and other risk-taking behaviors. Young people with poor

14622: 6418:"Have e-cigarettes renormalised or displaced youth smoking? Results of a segmented regression analysis of repeated cross sectional survey data in England, Scotland and Wales" 4871:"Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 16832: 12631: 14204: 4572:

Bourke, Liam; Bauld, Linda; Bullen, Christopher; Cumberbatch, Marcus; Giovannucci, Edward; Islami, Farhad; McRobbie, Hayden; Silverman, Debra T.; Catto, James W.F. (2017).

3616:""Effect of unguided e-cigarette provision on uptake, use, and smoking cessation among adults who smoke in the USA: a naturalistic, randomised, controlled clinical trial."" 1175:(US FDA) stated that "Although ENDS may potentially provide cessation benefits to individual smokers, no ENDS have been approved as effective cessation aids." In 2019 the 1112:, and serve as a gateway for smoking among young people. The public health community is divided over whether to support e-cigarettes, because their safety and efficacy for 2979:

Schraufnagel, Dean E.; Blasi, Francesco; Drummond, M. Bradley; Lam, David C. L.; Latif, Ehsan; Rosen, Mark J.; Sansores, Raul; Van Zyl-Smit, Richard (15 September 2014).

144:

Nicotine is highly addictive. Users become physically and psychologically dependent. Scientists do not know how harmful e-cigarettes are over the long-term because it is

18779: 12663: 8818:

V.Courtney Broaddus; Robert C Mason; Joel D Ernst; Talmadge E King Jr.; Stephen C Lazarus; John F. Murray; Jay A. Nadel; Arthur Slutsky; Michael Gotway (17 March 2015).

2373: 1902:—makes up less than 10% of the market. Juul rose to popularity quickly, growing by 700% in 2016 alone. On 17 July 2018 Reynolds announced it will debut in August 2018 a 1060: 839: 9319:"Electronic nicotine delivery systems and/or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems for tobacco smoking cessation or reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 4850: 13768: 13610: 9211:

Traboulsi, Hussein; Cherian, Mathew; Abou Rjeili, Mira; Preteroti, Matthew; Bourbeau, Jean; Smith, Benjamin M.; Eidelman, David H.; Baglole, Carolyn J. (15 May 2020).

802:

across and within manufacturers, and depends on the contents of the liquid, the physical and electrical design of the device, and user behavior, among other factors.

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Liang, Yunji; Zheng, Xiaolong; Dajun Zheng, Daniel; Zhou, Xingshe (22 January 2016). Zheng, Xiaolong; Dajun Zeng, Daniel; Chen, Hsinchun; Leischow, Scott J. (eds.).

10819: 5986:

Only two studies comprehensively adjusted for confounding. The median E‐value was 2.90, indicating that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding.

2290: 420: 17704:"Notes from the Field: Environmental Contamination from E-cigarette, Cigarette, Cigar, and Cannabis Products at 12 High Schools — San Francisco Bay Area, 2018–2019" 10010:"Are Electronic Cigarettes an Effective Aid to Smoking Cessation or Reduction Among Vulnerable Groups? A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence" 1039:

treating tobacco addiction, but some evidence suggests that dual use of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes may be associated with greater nicotine dependence.

306:. Many people vape because they believe vaping is safer than smoking. The wide choice of flavors and lower price compared to cigarettes are also important factors. 7181:"Prevalence of E-Cigarette Use and Its Associated Factors Among Youths Aged 12 to 16 Years in 68 Countries and Territories: Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 2012‒2019" 5231:"Appropriate and inappropriate methods for investigating the "gateway" hypothesis, with a review of the evidence linking prior snus use to later cigarette smoking" 1717:

supports this, stating that, "Unlike mobile phones, some e-cigarette lithium-ion batteries within e-cigarettes offer no protection to stop the coil overheating".

13779: 3172:

there is the potential for similar health effects for e-cigarette use, particularly with emerging data of tobacco toxicant exposure found among e-cigarette users.

1670:

government before they can be sold to ensure that the products are following safety requirements and ingredients in liquids do not contain prohibited substances.

502:

and developing babies and can damage a developing baby's brain and lungs. Also, some of the flavorings used in e-cigarettes may be harmful to a developing baby."

302:

There are varied reasons for e-cigarette use. Most users are trying to quit smoking, but a large proportion of use is recreational or as an attempt to get around

15017: 10876:

Kim, Ki-Hyun; Kabir, Ehsanul; Jahan, Shamin Ara (2016). "Review of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: their potential human health impact".

8229: 8119:

Willett, Jeffrey G; Bennett, Morgane; Hair, Elizabeth C; Xiao, Haijuan; Greenberg, Marisa S; Harvey, Emily; Cantrell, Jennifer; Vallone, Donna (18 April 2018).

5545:"Electronic Cigarettes for Curbing the Tobacco-Induced Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases: Evidence Revisited with Emphasis on Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa" 4990:

Tomashefski, A (21 March 2016). "The perceived effects of electronic cigarettes on health by adult users: A state of the science systematic literature review".

1933:(WHO), the global economic losses caused by tobacco each year are $ 1.4 trillion. Economic losses caused by tobacco are estimated to account for 1% of GDP. The 16347: 16365: 2071:, based in Toronto, Canada, invented a 3D printed adapter to turn a traditional hookah into an e-hookah. It is used instead of the ceramic bowl that contains 1155:) have encouraged smokers to switch to e-cigarettes or other nicotine replacements if they cannot quit, as this would potentially save millions of lives. The 782:, with the majority of particles in the ultrafine range. The vapor have been found to contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavors, small amounts of 18652: 18039: 4635:

Schraufnagel, Dean E.; Blasi, Francesco; Drummond, M. Bradley; Lam, David C. L.; Latif, Ehsan; Rosen, Mark J.; Sansores, Raul; Van Zyl-Smit, Richard (2014).

3329:

It is difficult to distinguish the independent roles of nicotine vs tobacco combustion products in cigarette smokers because all smokers are exposed to both.

1738: 1094: 9575:

McRobbie, Hayden; Bullen, Chris; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie; Hajek, Peter; McRobbie, Hayden (2014). "Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction".

9071: 2863:

Drope, Jeffrey; Cahn, Zachary; Kennedy, Rosemary; Liber, Alex C.; Stoklosa, Michal; Henson, Rosemarie; Douglas, Clifford E.; Drope, Jacqui (November 2017).

148:

of vaping from the effects of smoking when so many people both vape and smoke. E-cigarettes have not been used widely enough or for long enough to be sure.

54:

A first-generation e-cigarette that resembles a tobacco cigarette, with a battery portion that can be disconnected and recharged using the USB power charger

17331: 15203:

Zainol Abidin, Najihah; Zainal Abidin, Emilia; Zulkifli, Aziemah; Karuppiah, Karmegam; Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah; Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq (2017).

13984: 8159: 7481:"Association Between E-Cigarette Use and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Smoking Status: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2016 and 2017" 16854: 12762: 8495:"Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke" 7120:

Virgili, Fabrizio; Nenna, Raffaella; Ben David, Shira; Mancino, Enrica; Di Mattia, Greta; Matera, Luigi; Petrarca, Laura; Midulla, Fabio (December 2022).

6219:"Vaping as a Catalyst for Smoking? An Initial Model on the Initiation of Electronic Cigarette Use and the Transition to Tobacco Smoking Among Adolescents" 14810:"Heat-not-burn tobacco product use in Japan: its prevalence, predictors and perceived symptoms from exposure to secondhand heat-not-burn tobacco aerosol" 13282: 11119: 8959:

Caponnetto, Pasquale; Campagna, Davide; Papale, Gabriella; Russo, Cristina; Polosa, Riccardo (2012). "The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes".

333:

use e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and alcohol at higher rates than their peers. E-cigarette users are also more likely to use both cannabis and unprescribed

13394: 12505: 4513:

Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?".

3891: 2010:. In September 2014 a product based on this named Voke obtained approval from the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. 1120:

Medical organizations differ in their views about the health implications of vaping. There is general agreement that e-cigarettes expose users to fewer

13698: 10246:

Brady, Benjamin R.; De La Rosa, Jennifer S.; Nair, Uma S.; Leischow, Scott J. (2019). "Electronic Cigarette Policy Recommendations: A Scoping Review".

2420: 2017:

bought the rights to a nicotine pyruvate technology developed by Jed Rose at Duke University. The technology is based on the chemical reaction between

13673: 17652: 17608: 13720: 1646: 1086: 17688: 6884:

Chatterjee, Kshitij; Alzghoul, Bashar; Innabi, Ayoub; Meena, Nikhil (2018). "Is vaping a gateway to smoking: a review of the longitudinal studies".

8305: by David B. Abrams, Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura available under the 6374:"Epidemic of youth nicotine addiction? What does the National Youth Tobacco Survey reveal about high school e-cigarette use in the USA? (Preprint)" 579: 15274: 12107: 8073: 2949: 1768:

products is banned in most countries, television and radio e-cigarette advertising in several countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional

555:

for harm reduction in children who are vaping with a base of nicotine. Quitting smoking is the most effective strategy to tobacco harm reduction.

18612: 14312: 14249: 14094: 12371:

Jenssen, Brian P.; Wilson, Karen M. (2017). "Tobacco Control and Treatment for the Pediatric Clinician: Practice, Policy, and Research Updates".

6268:"Prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use among youth globally: a systematic review and meta-analysis of country level data" 1574:

A subclass of vapers configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low-resistance heating coils. This practice is called "

687:. However, e-cigarette use with or without nicotine cannot be considered risk-free because the long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown. 18278: 14584: 13036: 9788:

Lindson-Hawley, Nicola; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie; Fanshawe, Thomas R; Begh, Rachna; Farley, Amanda; Lancaster, Tim; Lindson-Hawley, Nicola (2016).

1622: 111: 18825: 18163: 17840: by Christian Giroud, Mariangela de Cesare, Aurélie Berthet, Vincent Varlet, Nicolas Concha-Lozano, and Bernard Favrat available under the 15185: 10114:

Patnode, Carrie D.; Henderson, Jillian T.; Thompson, Jamie H.; Senger, Caitlyn A.; Fortmann, Stephen P.; Whitlock, Evelyn P. (September 2015).

7664: 87: 14643: 14527: 13825: 12302:

Bold, Krysten W.; Sussman, Steve; O'Malley, Stephanie S.; Grana, Rachel; Foulds, Jonathan; Fishbein, Howard; Krishnan-Sarin, Suchitra (2018).

10613: 7236:

Paley, Grace L.; Echalier, Elizabeth; Eck, Thomas W.; Hong, Augustine R.; Farooq, Asim V.; Gregory, Darren G.; Lubniewski, Anthony J. (2016).

1999:

Other devices to deliver inhaled nicotine have been developed. They aim to mimic the ritual and behavioral aspects of traditional cigarettes.

1972:. Although some brands have begun recycling services for their e-cigarette cartridges and batteries, the prevalence of recycling is unknown. 826:

around production, use, and disposal of e-cigarettes that use cartridges. E-cigarettes that are not reusable may contribute to the problem of

181:

An exploded view of an e-cigarette with transparent clearomizer and changeable dual-coil head. This model allows for a wide range of settings.

18647: 13901: 1947: 185:

An electronic cigarette consists of an atomizer, a power source such as a battery, and a container for e-liquid such as a cartridge or tank.

17033: 15978:"E-Cigarette Marketing and Communication: How E-Cigarette Companies Market E-Cigarettes and the Public Engages with E-cigarette Information" 13643: 13435: 369:

Worldwide, increasing numbers of young people are vaping. With access to e-cigarettes, young people's tobacco use has dropped by about 75%.

15109:"A review of the current geographic distribution of and debate surrounding electronic cigarette clean air regulations in the United States" 5942:"Gateway or common liability? A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of adolescent e-cigarette use and future smoking initiation" 1960:

Compared to traditional cigarettes, reusable e-cigarettes do not create waste and potential litter from every use in the form of discarded

1502:

had emerged calling itself "the vaping community". Members often see e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to smoking, and some view it as a

1437:. On 1 October 2013 Lorillard Inc. acquired another e-cigarette company, this time the UK based company SKYCIG. SKY was rebranded as blu. 325:

However, an association between vaping and subsequent smoking does not necessarily imply a causal gateway effect. Instead, people may have

14870:"New Pharmacological Agents to Aid Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction: What Has Been Investigated, and What Is in the Pipeline?" 13526:"Spotlight on Tobacco | Future Developments in the Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Potential Over-the-Counter Pathway" 10701: 8382: 18672: 17889: 10480:

Cooke, Andrew; Fergeson, Jennifer; Bulkhi, Adeeb; Casale, Thomas B. (2015). "The Electronic Cigarette: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly".

8054: 799: 646: 131: 18542: 16526:

Verhaegen, A.; Van Gaal, L. (2017). "Do E-cigarettes induce weight changes and increase cardiometabolic risk? A signal for the future".

15204: 14178: 13688: 13375: 9892:

Claire, Ravinder; Chamberlain, Catherine; Davey, Mary-Ann; Cooper, Sue E.; Berlin, Ivan; Leonardi-Bee, Jo; Coleman, Tim (4 March 2020).

7359:"Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks" 4416: 18794: 15021: 14427: 13966: 8099: 1614: 1185: 760: 509:

was widely used by American young people until 2022, when the FDA banned its products from sale. Close to 80% of respondents in a 2017

448: 309:

Other motivations include reduced odor and fewer stains. E-cigarettes also appeal to technophiles who enjoy customizing their devices.

16935: 8188: 7878:"Use of Electronic Vapor Products Before, During, and After Pregnancy Among Women with a Recent Live Birth — Oklahoma and Texas, 2015" 4279: 3858: 3424:"Recommendations on treating tobacco dependence Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Guidance NICE" 1903: 1537:

activity going back to the 1980s. These approaches were used in Europe to minimize the EU Tobacco Products Directive in October 2013.

202: 15724: 15502: 3186:"The Relationship Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Conventional Cigarette Smoking Is Largely Attributable to Shared Risk Factors" 1209: 18435: 17482: 16628:

Born, H.; Persky, M.; Kraus, D. H.; Peng, R.; Amin, M. R.; Branski, R. C. (2015). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Primer for Clinicians".

9675:

Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie; McRobbie, Hayden; Bullen, Chris; Begh, Rachna; Stead, Lindsay F; Hajek, Peter; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie (2016).

7421:"E-cigarette Use and Respiratory Disorder: An Integrative Review of Converging Evidence from Epidemiological and Laboratory Studies" 7004:

Hildick-Smith, Gordon J.; Pesko, Michael F.; Shearer, Lee; Hughes, Jenna M.; Chang, Jane; Loughlin, Gerald M.; Ipp, Lisa S. (2015).

431:

for discontinuing tobacco smoking, and moderate‐certainty evidence that they are more effective than e-cigarettes free of nicotine.

18784: 18348: 18134: 15677: 15311: 14351:"Perceived efficacy of e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy among successful e-cigarette users: a qualitative approach" 12706:

Gualano, Maria Rosaria; Passi, Stefano; Bert, Fabrizio; La Torre, Giuseppe; Scaioli, Giacomo; Siliquini, Roberta (September 2015).

12026:"Cerebral Cortical Vasodilatation Mediated by Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors: Effects of Old Age and of Chronic Nicotine Exposure" 10363: 1595: 440: 15852:"Getting real with the upcoming challenge of electronic nicotine delivery systems: The way forward for the South-East Asia region" 15831: 13628: 12519:

Singh, Tushar; Arrazola, René A.; Corey, Catherine G.; Husten, Corinne G.; Neff, Linda J.; Homa, David M.; King, Brian A. (2016).

6000:"Gateway Effects: Why the Cited Evidence Does Not Support Their Existence for Low-Risk Tobacco Products (and What Evidence Would)" 18774: 18662: 17375: 16974:"Innovative approaches to support smoking cessation for individuals with mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders" 16602: 15050: 14720: 14133: 13326: 12852: 12641: 11553:

Hadjiconstantinou, Maria; Neff, Norton H. (2011). "Nicotine and endogenous opioids: Neurochemical and pharmacological evidence".

8247:

Abrams, David B.; Glasser, Allison M.; Pearson, Jennifer L.; Villanti, Andrea C.; Collins, Lauren K.; Niaura, Raymond S. (2018).

640: 390: 17290: 17184: 15339: 7927:"National Estimates of e-Cigarette Use Among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women of Reproductive Age in the United States, 2014-2017" 6501:"Electronic Cigarettes Use and Intention to Cigarette Smoking among Never-Smoking Adolescents and Young Adults: A Meta-Analysis" 5286: 3423: 18904: 18584: 15649: 15431: 6105:

None of the studies included negative controls which would provide stronger evidence for whether the association may be causal.

2386: 2345: 595:

Whether e-cigarettes help people quit smoking is debated. Limited evidence suggests that e-cigarettes likely do help people to

18475: 18314: 17855: 17402: 17293: by Rosemary Hiscock, J Robert Branston, Ann McNeill, Sara C Hitchman, Timea R Partos, Anna B Gilmore available under the 12667: 5828:

Pentz, Mary Ann; Shin, HeeSung; Riggs, Nathaniel; Unger, Jennifer B.; Collison, Katherine L.; Chou, Chih-Ping (1 March 2015).

2002:

British American Tobacco, through their subsidiary Nicoventures, licensed a nicotine delivery system based on existing asthma

1237:. Philip Morris' division NuMark, launched in 2013 the MarkTen e-cigarette that Philip Morris had been working on since 1990. 1089:. In August 2016, the US FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes, cigars, and "all other tobacco products". 326: 18635: 18111: 17909: 17780:

Giroud, Christian; de Cesare, Mariangela; Berthet, Aurélie; Varlet, Vincent; Concha-Lozano, Nicolas; Favrat, Bernard (2015).

17752: 17508: 16394: 16331: 13265: 11891: 11806: 10454: 8829: 2316: 1288:. As of 2014, most e-cigarettes used a battery-powered heating element rather than the earlier ultrasonic technology design. 1008:. Its physiological effects stem from the stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are located throughout the 464: 404: 172: 18202: 16813: 15451:"Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Executive Summary of a Policy Position Paper From the American College of Physicians" 4705: 4351: 1906:

type device similar Juul. The popularity of the Juul pod system has led to a flood of other pod devices hitting the market.

1863:

In 2015, 80% of all e-cigarette sales in convenience stores in the US were products made by tobacco companies. According to

18899: 17350:"Thuốc lá điện tử, nung nóng độc hại, vì sao có sức hút lớn với giới trẻ Việt Nam? - Tin tổng hợp - Cổng thông tin Bộ Y tế" 17144: 10590: by Kanae Bekki, Shigehisa Uchiyama, Kazushi Ohta, Yohei Inaba, Hideki Nakagome and Naoki Kunugita available under the 4691: 3666:

Al-Hamdani, Mohammed; Hopkins, D. Brett; Park, Tristan (2020). "Vaping among youth and young adults: a "red alert" state".

2442: 1164: 16779: 14939: 11611:

Korpi, E. R.; den Hollander, B.; Farooq, U.; Vashchinkina, E.; Rajkumar, R.; Nutt, D. J.; Hyytia, P.; Dawe, G. S. (2015).

18657: 18605: 17927: 17925: 17923: 16897: 15692: 11115: 9110:

Orellana-Barrios MA; Payne D; Medrano-Juarez RM; Yang S; Nugent K (2016). "Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation".

1591: 1066: 818:

might lead to inadvertent health risks to offspring. A 2014 review recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated for

672: 18557: 14679: 13742: 13416: 12708:"Electronic cigarettes: assessing the efficacy and the adverse effects through a systematic review of published studies" 11452:"Neuronal mechanisms underlying development of nicotine dependence: implications for novel smoking-cessation treatments" 10940:"Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study" 2865:"Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine" 2044:

has developed vaporizers that heats the leaves of tobacco to deliver nicotine in a vapor. In June 2015, they introduced

18789: 18240: 16954: 16680: 15546:

Cervellin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaloro, Emmanuel; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013).

13584: 8634: by Caroline Franck, Kristian B. Filion, Jonathan Kimmelman, Roland Grad and Mark J. Eisenberg available under the 7925:

Liu, Buyun; Xu, Guifeng; Rong, Shuang; Santillan, Donna A.; Santillan, Mark K.; Snetselaar, Linda G.; Bao, Wei (2019).

2805:"Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review" 1188:

stated on 6 September 2019 that people should consider not using vaping products while their investigation is ongoing.

1181: 17965:"Heat or Burn? Impacts of Intrauterine Tobacco Smoke and E-Cigarette Vapor Exposure on the Offspring's Health Outcome" 17920: 16415:"Electronic cigarette, effective or harmful for quitting smoking and respiratory health: A quantitative review papers" 15498: 15357: 15325: 14603: 14115: 13138: 13022: 12779: 12692: 10393:

Glover, Marewa; Breier, Bernhard H.; Bauld, Linda (2016). "Could Vaping be a New Weapon in the Battle of the Bulge?".

10302:"Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review" 10115: 8333:"Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: a step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?" 7741: 1429:

was the first tobacco business to sell e-cigarettes in the UK. They launched the e-cigarette Vype in July 2013, while

18410: 17456: 17088: 12918: 12893: 12414: 6707: 6059:"Is e-cigarette use in non-smoking young adults associated with later smoking? A systematic review and meta-analysis" 1754: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1464:

product. Philip Morris, the world's largest tobacco company, purchased UK's Nicocigs in June 2014. On 30 April 2015,

17556: 16351: 14331: 8767:

Franks, Andrea S; Sando, Karen; McBane, Sarah (2018). "Do Electronic Cigarettes Have a Role in Tobacco Cessation?".

8631: 5885:

Bentivegna, Kathryn; Atuegwu, Nkiruka C.; Oncken, Cheryl; DiFranza, Joseph R.; Mortensen, Eric M. (1 January 2021).

1964:. Traditional cigarettes tend to end up in the ocean where they cause pollution, though once discarded they undergo 1753:"the e-cigarette companies have been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to 18914: 17429: 16369: 4573: 3924:"Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels)" 2067:, in 2014. The handle of each hose for the e-hookah contains a heating element and a liquid, which produces vapor. 1787:

are used to encourage e-cigarette use. A 2012 national US television advertising campaign for e-cigarettes starred

1035: 922: 403:. However, this does not mean that e-cigarettes are harmless. E-cigarette use is associated with increased risk of 18043: 17631: 15765: 15340:"Guidance: Extension of Certain Tobacco Product Compliance Deadlines Related to the Final Deeming Rule (Revised*)" 5830:"Parent, peer, and executive function relationships to early adolescent e-cigarette use: A substance use pathway?" 15741: 15516: 15361: 14808:

Tabuchi, Takahiro; Gallus, Silvano; Shinozaki, Tomohiro; Nakaya, Tomoki; Kunugita, Naoki; Colwell, Brian (2018).

8302: 1285: 1272: 992:

occurs at least partially as a result of the development of new nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.

50: 18178: 17945: 17235:

Hiscock, Rosemary; Branston, J Robert; McNeill, Ann; Hitchman, Sara C; Partos, Timea R; Gilmore, Anna B (2017).

17163: 14222: 14006: 13922: 10938:

Fernández, Esteve; Ballbè, Montse; Sureda, Xisca; Fu, Marcela; Saltó, Esteve; Martínez-Sánchez, Jose M. (2015).

6642:

Modesto-Lowe, Vania; Alvarado, Camille (2017). "E-cigs ... Are They Cool? Talking to Teens About E-Cigarettes".

4972: 3717: 1803:

From 2011 to 2014, e-cigarette use among young people in the US was rising as e-cigarette advertising increased.

18879: 18848: 18598: 17683: 16035:"E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 14546: 14025: 12193:"Electronic cigarettes and vaping: a new challenge in clinical medicine and public health. A literature review" 5769:

Khouja, Jasmine N.; Wootton, Robyn E.; Taylor, Amy E.; Smith, George Davey; Munafò, Marcus R. (18 March 2021).

3562: 2687:"Tracing the composition of single e-cigarette aerosol droplets in situ by laser-trapping and Raman scattering" 2381: 1988: 1639: 1350: 1108:. There is concern among public health experts that e-cigarettes could renormalize smoking, weaken measures to 807: 13482: 8856:"Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit" 8402:"Electronic cigarette use in youths: a position statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies" 5174:"Measuring perceptions related to e-cigarettes: Important principles and next steps to enhance study validity" 3898: 1604:

them entirely. For instance, e-cigarettes containing nicotine are illegal in Japan, forcing the market to use

885: 225:

such as e-cigarettes is called e-liquid. E-liquid formulations vary widely. A typical e-liquid is composed of

193:

devices. The fourth-generation includes sub-ohm tanks (meaning they have electrical resistance of less than 1

18334:"British American Tobacco will expand sales of its "glo" tobacco-heating device to Tokyo and Osaka from July" 18333: 17066: 15906:"The messages presented in online electronic cigarette promotions and discussions: a scoping review protocol" 15035: 13402: 13356: 13330: 6317:"Examining the relationship of vaping to smoking initiation among US youth and young adults: a reality check" 6057:

Khouja, Jasmine N.; Suddell, Steph F.; Peters, Sarah E.; Taylor, Amy E.; Munafò, Marcus R. (1 January 2021).

5771:"Association of genetic liability to smoking initiation with e-cigarette use in young adults: A cohort study" 222: 95: 79: 42: 13947: 10174:"Regulation in the face of uncertainty: the evidence on electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes)" 6796:"A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Flavor, nicotine strength, and type" 4451:"The Chemical Components of Electronic Cigarette Cartridges and Refill Fluids: Review of Analytical Methods" 1886:

a report stating that a possible US ban on e-cigarettes flavors can potentially effect greater than 150,000

810:. But workplace safety standards do not recognize exposure to certain vulnerable groups such as people with 107: 18743: 18713: 16916: 16413:

Heydari, Gholamreza; Ahmady, ArezooEbn; Chamyani, Fahimeh; Masjedi, Mohammadreza; Fadaizadeh, Lida (2017).

15089: 14648: 7589: 6859: 6473: 4574:"E-cigarettes and Urologic Health: A Collaborative Review of Toxicology, Epidemiology, and Potential Risks" 4430: 2230: 2217: 1692: 1520: 1469: 1402: 1355: 1229: 1176: 1172: 612: 428: 424: 419:. Those who use e-cigarettes daily have higher risk than those who use them occasionally. According to the 249: 156: 15018:"U.S. Department of Transportation Explicitly Bans the Use of Electronic Cigarettes on Commercial Flights" 10530:

Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014).

381:

trend showing 29% of young people reporting to have used e-cigarettes in 2017, increasing to 37% in 2018.

18909: 18889: 18259: 16794: 16581: 16472:

Schivo, Michael; Avdalovic, Mark V.; Murin, Susan (February 2014). "Non-Cigarette Tobacco and the Lung".

16206:

Duke, J. C.; Lee, Y. O.; Kim, A. E.; Watson, K. A.; Arnold, K. Y.; Nonnemaker, J. M.; Porter, L. (2014).

14741: 13219: 2014: 1651: 1391: 1360: 1148: 970: 269: 17: 17609:"Ưu tiên hỗ trợ Việt Nam thực hiện các mục tiêu của Chiến lược Quốc gia về phòng chống tác hại thuốc lá" 15976:

Collins, Lauren; Glasser, Allison M; Abudayyeh, Haneen; Pearson, Jennifer L; Villanti, Andrea C (2018).

13810: 10067:"Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ("E-cigarettes"): Review of Safety and Smoking Cessation Efficacy" 6942:

Knorst, Marli Maria; Benedetto, Igor Gorski; Hoffmeister, Mariana Costa; Gazzana, Marcelo Basso (2014).

4794:"Graphical review: The redox dark side of e-cigarettes; exposure to oxidants and public health concerns" 3998: 3736:"Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: Comparison between first and new-generation devices" 2751:"Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues" 1979:, which can create a hazard for people and other organisms. If improperly disposed of, they can release 1200:, but tobacco companies had been developing nicotine aerosol generation devices since as early as 1963. 377:

e-cigarettes, but use, for instance, a hookah pen. As a result, self-reporting may be lower in surveys.

151:

Vaping is likely far less harmful than smoking, but still harmful. E-cigarette vapor contains far fewer

18894: 17870: 15326:"Extension of Certain Tobacco Product Compliance Deadlines Related to the Final Deeming Rule (Revised)" 14664: 14565: 8249:"Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives" 7419:

Wills, Thomas A.; Soneji, Samir S.; Choi, Kelvin; Jaspers, Ilona; Tam, Elizabeth K. (10 October 2020).

1160: 1070: 974: 346: 253: 18366:

Caputi, TL (24 August 2016). "Heat-not-burn tobacco products are about to reach their boiling point".

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Franck, Caroline; Filion, Kristian B.; Kimmelman, Jonathan; Grad, Roland; Eisenberg, Mark J. (2016).

8211: 4438:. US: American E-Liquid Manufacturing Standards Association (AEMSA). 4 September 2015. pp. 1–13. 2920: 1930: 1871:

triple the number a year earlier. However the 2015 slowdown in market growth affected VTMs as well.

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Sanford Z; Goebel L (2014). "E-cigarettes: an up to date review and discussion of the controversy".

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7477: 1073:

came into effect in May 2016, providing stricter regulations for e-cigarettes. In February 2010 the

603:

smoking. The extent to which decreasing cigarette smoking with vaping leads to quitting is unknown.

18884: 18352: 13829: 10705: 6736:"Association Between Electronic Cigarette Use and Marijuana Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults" 5886: 4293:

Thirión-Romero, Ireri; Pérez-Padilla, Rogelio; Zabert, Gustavo; Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Inti (2019).

4185:

England, Lucinda J.; Bunnell, Rebecca E.; Pechacek, Terry F.; Tong, Van T.; McAfee, Tim A. (2015).

2300: 1841: 1426: 1337: 861: 286: 58: 10820:"Turkish Thoracic Society's Statement Report on Electronic Cigarettes and Heated Tobacco Products" 2980: 2957: 747:

studies of nicotine have associated it with cancer, but carcinogenicity has not been demonstrated

114:, which quickly cools into an aerosol of tiny droplets, vapor and air. The vapor mainly comprises 18698: 17047: 16586: 15297: 13010:

Use of nicotine alone, in the doses used by smokers, represents little if any hazard to the user.

7819:

Qasim, Hanan; Karim, Zubair A.; Rivera, Jose O.; Khasawneh, Fadi T.; Alshbool, Fatima Z. (2017).

4637:"Electronic Cigarettes. A Position Statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies" 3224:

past research remains inconclusive due to heavy confounding between cigarette and e-cigarette use

2981:"Electronic Cigarettes. A Position Statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies" 1477: 1249:, a Chinese pharmacist and inventor, who worked as a research pharmacist for a company producing 1156: 946: 525: 481: 12997: 11395:"A systematic review of possible serious adverse health effects of nicotine replacement therapy" 8817: 671:. Since vapor does not contain tobacco and does not involve combustion, users may avoid several 657: 427:

provide "high-certainty" evidence that e-cigarettes containing nicotine are more effective than

18139: 14119: 13257:

Analytical Assessment of e-Cigarettes: From Contents to Chemical and Particle Exposure Profiles

12911:

Report on the Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: Fifth Report of a WHO Study Group

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In the UK, where most vaping uses refillable sets and e-liquid, there is now support from the

1085:

confirmed them to be tobacco products which were by then subject to regulation under the 2009

234: 16878: 8819: 8264: 7778: 5662:"The "gateway" effect of e-cigarettes may be explained by a genetic liability to risk-taking" 4933: 4075:

Jankowski, Mateusz; Brożek, Grzegorz; Lawson, Joshua; Skoczyński, Szymon; Zejda, Jan (2017).

2294: 2049: 1991:

defends disposables as quitting aids but warns of potential black market products if banned.

1934: 1600:

Regulation of e-cigarettes varies across countries and states, ranging from no regulation to

1221: 1196:

It is commonly stated that the modern e-cigarette was invented in 2003 by Chinese pharmacist

1152: 902: 680: 396: 242: 17237:"Tobacco industry strategies undermine government tax policy: evidence from commercial data" 14701: 12910: 4449:

Famele, M.; Ferranti, C.; Abenavoli, C.; Palleschi, L.; Mancinelli, R.; Draisci, R. (2014).

1914:

Yet some tobacco industry products, while using prefilled cartridges, resemble tank models.

660:

may be safer than e-cigarettes, but e-cigarettes are generally seen as safer than combusted

90:, a power source such as a battery, and a container such as a cartridge or tank. Instead of 18858: 17048:"Ban on flavored vapes could lead to loss of 150,000 jobs, $ 8.4 billion sales hit: report" 13458: 13283:"America's vaping revolution: How suspicious should we really be of the e-cigarette craze?" 11060: 10885: 9742: 8104: 6807: 5445: 4522: 4243:

Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR) on the efficacy, safety and regulation of electronic cigarettes".

3747: 2698: 2404: 2102: 1745: 1420: 1101: 1048: 18024: 18015: 17841: 17832: 17294: 17285: 15394: 15205:"Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers" 10591: 10582: 8635: 8626: 8306: 8297: 8042: 7668: 7659: 6863: 6854: 5604: 5595: 5290: 5281: 4976: 4967: 4241: 3983: 3974: 3865: 3131:

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varieties only, while all vape shops stocked at least one nicotine-containing product.

1833: 1784: 1765: 1027: 898: 811: 775: 711: 444: 412: 342: 16606: 16050: 15124: 12859: 12858:. Framework Convention Alliance on Tobacco Control. 13–18 October 2014. Archived from 9949:

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of 2015, around two thirds of major nations have regulated e-cigarettes in some way.

18520: 18383: 18090: 18082: 18004: 17986: 17821: 17803: 17733: 17274: 17256: 17217: 17011: 16993: 16760: 16742: 16653: 16645: 16551: 16543: 16497: 16489: 16454: 16436: 16390: 16327: 16302: 16229: 16173: 16125: 16113: 16072: 16054: 16015: 15997: 15943: 15925: 15881: 15873: 15813: 15620: 15612: 15577: 15569: 15480: 15472: 15235: 15227: 15146: 15128: 14996: 14978: 14900: 14892: 14847: 14829: 14790: 14508: 14500: 14495: 14456: 14390: 14372: 14279: 13261: 13200: 13182: 13123: 13111: 12982: 12970: 12962: 12958: 12914: 12889: 12834: 12816: 12737: 12729: 12610: 12592: 12550: 12542: 12471: 12453: 12396: 12388: 12341: 12323: 12284: 12266: 12224: 12177: 12165: 12157: 12055: 12047: 12003: 11985: 11946: 11928: 11887: 11854: 11846: 11802: 11742: 11734: 11699: 11681: 11642: 11634: 11578: 11570: 11566: 11535: 11517: 11513: 11473: 11432: 11414: 11375: 11357: 11313: 11305: 11264: 11223: 11205: 11164: 11150: 11094: 11076: 11029: 11011: 10969: 10961: 10909: 10901: 10849: 10799: 10749: 10671: 10653: 10571: 10553: 10505: 10497: 10428: 10420: 10375: 10339: 10321: 10271: 10263: 10213: 10195: 10158: 10146: 10138: 10096: 10047: 10029: 9990: 9972: 9931: 9913: 9866: 9858: 9819: 9770: 9706: 9648: 9602: 9554: 9546: 9510: 9502: 9453: 9445: 9391: 9356: 9338: 9300: 9288: 9280: 9244: 9193: 9175: 9127: 9046: 8996: 8984: 8976: 8941: 8885: 8825: 8792: 8784: 8746: 8690: 8678: 8670: 8615: 8597: 8516: 8475: 8467: 8431: 8423: 8354: 8286: 8268: 8143: 8021: 8003: 7964: 7946: 7942: 7907: 7858: 7840: 7801: 7783: 7742:"Outbreak of Lung Injury Associated with the Use of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Products" 7723: 7705: 7648: 7630: 7570: 7552: 7510: 7460: 7442: 7398: 7380: 7334: 7316: 7275: 7257: 7238:"Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions" 7218: 7200: 7161: 7143: 7099: 7081: 7035: 7027: 7022: 7005: 6981: 6963: 6909: 6901: 6843: 6825: 6773: 6755: 6751: 6667: 6659: 6624: 6540: 6522: 6455: 6437: 6391: 6354: 6336: 6297: 6289: 6248: 6240: 6199: 6180: 6156: 6138: 6096: 6078: 6039: 6021: 5981: 5969: 5961: 5926: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5867: 5849: 5810: 5792: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5701: 5683: 5639: 5584: 5566: 5525: 5517: 5481: 5413: 5405: 5343: 5325: 5270: 5252: 5211: 5193: 5133: 5125: 5074: 5056: 5007: 4956: 4938: 4892: 4831: 4813: 4769: 4751: 4664: 4656: 4614: 4606: 4546: 4538: 4488: 4470: 4402: 4390: 4382: 4324: 4316: 4292: 4260: 4224: 4206: 4162: 4154: 4106: 4098: 4057: 4039: 3963: 3945: 3839: 3773: 3703: 3691: 3683: 3645: 3586: 3543: 3531: 3488: 3380: 3372: 3320: 3267: 3215: 3166: 3154: 3113: 3101: 3050: 3008: 3000: 2894: 2886: 2842: 2824: 2782: 2724: 2667: 2649: 2605: 2597: 2545: 2527: 2446: 2357:

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When nicotine intake stops, the upregulated nicotinic acetylcholine receptors induce

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as well as keep an eye on any effects contrary to the control agencies for tobacco.

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Nicotine, a key ingredient in most e-liquids, is well-recognized as one of the most

18815: 18510: 18502: 18459:"Canadian Doctor Promotes a 3D Printed Adapter for Converting Hookahs to E-Hookahs" 18375: 18222:"US8479747B2 - Method for preparing tobacco extract for electronic smoking devices" 18074: 17994: 17976: 17894: 17811: 17793: 17723: 17715: 17264: 17248: 17207: 17199: 17001: 16985: 16750: 16734: 16637: 16535: 16481: 16444: 16426: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16219: 16163: 16155: 16103: 16062: 16046: 16005: 15989: 15933: 15917: 15863: 15803: 15795: 15604: 15559: 15462: 15247: 15219: 15136: 15120: 14986: 14970: 14884: 14837: 14821: 14780: 14772: 14759:

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3351:"Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society" 18023: by Gerard Li, Sonia Saad, Brian G. Oliver, and Hui Chen available under the 17093: 17034:"Cramer: Vaping is decimating the cigarette industry—and it could get even worse" 16271:

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E-cigarettes are activated by taking a puff or pressing a button. Some look like

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of teenagers engaged in conventional, tobacco vaping also engage in THC vaping.

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E-cigarette user blowing a cloud of aerosol (vapor). The activity is known as

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E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General

6663: 6655: 6526: 6441: 6395: 6340: 6293: 6244: 6142: 6082: 6025: 5965: 5910: 5853: 5796: 5747: 5687: 5620:"Gateway effects and electronic cigarettes: Gateway effects and e-cigarettes" 5570: 5521: 5467: 5409: 5329: 5256: 5197: 5156: 5129: 5060: 4942: 4817: 4755: 4660: 4610: 4542: 4474: 4386: 4320: 4210: 4158: 4102: 4043: 3949: 3687: 3535: 3474: 3376: 3004: 2890: 2828: 2653: 2601: 2531: 2486: 2397: 2084: 2056: 2007: 1788: 1627: 1575: 1550: 1545: 1465: 1258: 1105: 938: 875: 719: 514: 295: 206: 91: 18020: 17798: 15223: 15051:"India bans e-cigarette sales and says there's an 'epidemic' of kids vaping" 12724: 12707: 11184:"Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction" 10548: 7836: 7375: 6897: 6705: 6284: 6267: 6016: 5603: by Jobert Richie N. Nansseu and Jean Joel R. Bigna available under the 5003: 3979: 3940: 2767: 2628:

Weaver, Michael; Breland, Alison; Spindle, Tory; Eissenberg, Thomas (2014).

1440: 395:

The health risks of e-cigarettes are not known for certain, but the risk of

18524: 18387: 18094: 18008: 17825: 17737: 17719: 17376:"5 năm, tỷ lệ hút thuốc lá điện tử ở cả nam và nữ tại Việt Nam tăng 18 lần" 17278: 17221: 17203: 17015: 16764: 16657: 16555: 16501: 16458: 16306: 16233: 16224: 16207: 16177: 16117: 16076: 16019: 15947: 15885: 15817: 15624: 15581: 15564: 15547: 15484: 15239: 15202: 15150: 15000: 14904: 14851: 14794: 14776: 14512: 14460: 14394: 14313:"Inside the world of vapers, the subculture that might save smokers' lives" 13902:"Juul Labs gets $ 12.8 billion investment from Marlboro Maker Altria Group" 13611:"I was sure that the electronic cigarette would be welcomed with open arms" 13510: 13204: 13163:"Philip Morris research on precursors to the modern e-cigarette since 1990" 13115: 13106: 13072:(90). United States Food and Drug Administration: 28974–29106. 10 May 2016. 12974: 12838: 12741: 12614: 12554: 12537: 12520: 12475: 12434:"Electronic cigarettes: abuse liability, topography and subjective effects" 12400: 12345: 12288: 12228: 12169: 12059: 12007: 11950: 11858: 11746: 11703: 11646: 11582: 11539: 11477: 11436: 11379: 11317: 11268: 11227: 11168: 11098: 11047:

Kaisar, Mohammad Abul; Prasad, Shikha; Liles, Tylor; Cucullo, Luca (2016).

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Gotts, Jeffrey E; Jordt, Sven-Eric; McConnell, Rob; Tarran, Robert (2019).

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Sun, Jiahong; Xi, Bo; Ma, Chuanwei; Zhao, Min; Bovet, Pascal (April 2022).

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Cormet-Boyaka, Estelle; Zare, Samane; Nemati, Mehdi; Zheng, Yuqing (2018).

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use of e‑cigarettes is likely to be substantially less harmful than smoking

3422:

Health and Care Excellence, The National Institute for (30 November 2021).

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of e-cigarettes and smoking have been criticized for failing to adequately

177: 18506: 17981: 16270: 16092:"E-Cigarette use among children and young people: the need for regulation" 15742:"Electronic Cigarette Fires and Explosions in the United States 2009-2016" 14367: 11629: 11612: 10785: 10744: 10727: 7077: 4311: 4294: 2374:"State Health Officer's Report on E-Cigarettes: A Community Health Threat" 1514:. Online forums based around modding have grown in the vaping community. 1026:

It is not clear whether e-cigarette use will decrease or increase overall

241:, and other additives (5%). The flavorings may be natural, artificial, or 18748: 18119: 15993: 15834:. Cancer Council Australia; National Heart Foundation of Australia. 2014. 15164: 13668: 13420: 11300: 11283: 10770:"Vitamin E Acetate in Bronchoalveolar-Lavage Fluid Associated with EVALI" 10406: 10025: 9497: 9480: 9229: 8349: 8332: 7700: 6373: 6235: 6218: 6134: 4466: 4378: 4034: 3201: 2098: 2072: 1895: 1844:

without supporting evidence which may be purely to increase their sales.

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Various e-cigarettes from 2018. From left to right: Phix, Juno, Von Erl,

1305:

Large tobacco companies have acquired some of the e-cigarette companies.

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Many countries regulate what e-liquids can contain. In the US, there are

213:

nicotine found in earlier generations, providing higher nicotine yields.

145: 18590: 15784:"Electronic cigarettes: the new face of nicotine delivery and addiction" 15275:"Anger over tobacco lobbyists as Europe nears new rules on e-cigarettes" 10259: 10190: 9787: 8383:"Electronic cigarettes – A report commissioned by Public Health England" 7625: 7609:"Vitamin E Acetate as a Plausible Cause of Acute Vaping-related Illness" 6862: by Samane Zare, Mehdi Nemati, and Yuqing Zheng available under the 2029:

Philip Morris International's IQOS device with charger and tobacco stick

1952: 806:

present, are mostly below 1% of the corresponding levels permissible by

18183: 17168: 13906: 13236:. The Consumer Advocates for Smoke-free Alternatives Association. 2016. 12811: 12042: 12025: 11613:"Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse" 8511: 8494: 8121:"Recognition, use and perceptions of JUUL among youth and young adults" 8100:"JUUL, maker of popular e-cigarettes, invests $ 30M in youth awareness" 7684:"The EVALI and Youth Vaping Epidemics — Implications for Public Health" 5121: 4917:"E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications" 4534: 4081:

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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McNeill, A; Brose, LS; Calder, R; Bauld, L; Robson, D (February 2018).

1882: 1538: 1499: 1261: 1104:

in US and Europe are primarily concerned with their possible effect on

1081:'s seizure of E-Cigarettes as a "drug-device" and in December 2010 the 1001: 787: 399:

is thought to be low, and e-cigarettes are likely safer than combusted

18078: 17483:"Tổn thất kinh tế toàn cầu do thuốc lá gây ra mỗi năm là 1.400 tỷ USD" 17185:"Retail availability and marketing of electronic cigarettes in Canada" 16727:

American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

16539: 15524: 14152:"RPT-Fitch: Altria Green Smoke Buy Highlights Industry e-Cig Interest" 13136: 12084: 10638:

American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology

10415: 9597: 9478: 9276: 8972: 8871: 8780: 8576:"Ethical considerations of e-cigarette use for tobacco harm reduction" 7311: 6386: 5957: 5635: 4601: 4149: 4132: 3759: 3253: 3068:

Marques, Patrice; Piqueras, Laura; Sanz, Maria-Jesus (December 2021).

2105:. Several companies including Canada's Eagle Energy Vapor are selling 1203: 18718: 18693: 18677: 17679:"Cigarettes vs. e-Cigarettes: Which Is Less Environmentally Harmful?" 15782:

Crotty LE, Alexander; Vyas, A; Schraufnagel, DE; Malhotra, A (2015).

15725:"Mandating Low-Nicotine Cigarettes Could Make Smoking More Dangerous" 15467: 15450: 14721:"Veteran E-Cigarette Users Fret 'Cloud Chasers' Give Them a Bad Name" 14432: 14179:"Altria Bolsters E-Cigarette Business With $ 110M Buy of Green Smoke" 13648: 10134: 4887: 4870: 4280:"America's First Certified Organic E-Cigarette Vaping Liquid Is Here" 2089:

Some vape pens, generally not referred to as "e-cigarettes", contain

1956:

A discarded e-cigarette next to a traditional cigarette in a car park

1876: 1856:

As of 2018, 95% of e-cigarette devices were made in China, mainly in

1813: 1601: 1567: 1416: 1412: 1330: 954: 950: 942: 918: 845: 416: 210: 138: 127: 30:"Vape" redirects here. For the Argentine reconnaissance vehicle, see 18297:"BAT finds strong Japan demand for its Glo smokeless tobacco device" 17871:"British American Tobacco nicotine inhaler wins regulatory approval" 16936:"Big Tobacco Has Officially Lost Its Hold on the E-Cigarette Market" 15678:"San Francisco's Top Economist Confirms Vape Ban Means More Smoking" 15548:"E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism" 13879: 11610: 10766: 10702:"Johns Hopkins Finds Thousands of Unknown Chemicals in E-Cigarettes" 10362:

Smith, L; Brar, K; Srinivasan, K; Enja, M; Lippmann, S (June 2016).

9527: 9210: 6119:"The Gateway Effect of E-cigarettes: Reflections on Main Criticisms" 4851:"Lung cancer deaths on the rise in two thirds of European countries" 4352:"Avail Vapor offers glimpse into the 'art and science' of e-liquids" 1724:

noted in their report that electronic cigarettes are not created by

1225:

no electricity, combustion, or smoke; it delivered only nicotine."

984:

Long-term exposure to nicotine can also result in downregulation of

540:

exposure to carcinogens and other toxic chemicals found in tobacco.

18738: 18733: 18728: 18430: 18349:"Now, 'safer' e-cigarette with tobacco flavour, less harmful smoke" 15278: 15169: 15093: 14725: 11716: 9152: 8769:

Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy

7762:"Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Indoor Air Quality and Health" 4975: by Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham available under the 3459:"Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes" 2308: 2106: 2090: 2041: 1857: 1809: 1799: 1507: 1434: 1121: 926: 894: 783: 743: 727: 699: 334: 238: 230: 123: 119: 16386:

Impact of Flavor on Electronic Cigarette Marketing in Social Media

13250:

Farsalinos, Konstantinos E.; Gillman, I. Gene; Hecht, Stephen S.;

12573:"The impact of electronic cigarettes on the paediatric population" 9481:"Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review" 6944:"The electronic cigarette: the new cigarette of the 21st century?" 5035:"Cigarette Smoking and Electronic Cigarettes Use: A Meta-Analysis" 4295:"Respiratory Impact of Electronic Cigarettes and Low-Risk Tobacco" 2954:

American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS)

2276:"Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018" 966: 814:, children, and infants who may be exposed to second-hand vapor. 18703: 18640: 18489:

Chadi, Nicholas; Minato, Claudia; Stanwick, Richard (June 2020).

17786:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

17653:"Cần sớm quản lý đồng thời thuốc lá điện tử và thuốc lá làm nóng" 16780:"E-cigarettes: Helping smokers quit, or fueling a new addiction?" 16257: