726:
concentrations are, the thylakoids can form stacks with up to ten units. Within the thylakoid membranes, β-carotenoids can accumulate, especially in high salinity and light intensity conditions, in oil globules. The pigments are made of neutral lipids and give the green alga its orange to red to brown colouration. The accumulation of β-carotenoids serves to protect the cells in high light intensity environments by absorbing and dissipating excess light better than chlorophyll can. In milder conditions, chlorophyll pigments make the cells look yellow to green. The chloroplast of
843:, serves great value due to its high accumulation of β-carotenoids. The pigment is exploited for a variety of uses such as cosmetics, natural food-colouring agents, nutritional supplements, and animal feed. It is also used for treating harmful wastewater plants through adsorbing, sequestering, and metabolizing heavy metal ions. Its biotechnological potential has long been exploited ever since it was found that certain species can have up 16% of their dry-weight being composed of β-carotenoids and that lakes and lagoons that turn pink or red, contain very high populations of
50:
63:
554:
the saturation levels of NaCl (~5.5M). Its ability to flourish in such a wide range of salt concentrations allows it outcompete most other organisms in its habitat, since their tolerances are often not as high. Though the genus and its species have been studied for over a hundred years, very little is known about their exact ecological dynamic with specific environmental conditions and with other organisms. They are mostly marine, however there are few freshwater species of
33:
388:
868: are also widely studied and currently used in biopharmaceuticals. An example includes nuclear transformations that led to the production HBsAg protein. This protein has significant epidemiologic importance to the hepatitis B virus as well as the potential of being carrier of epitopes for many other pathogens.
746:, plasma membrane sensors and various soluble metabolites activate glycerol synthesis. Either produced via photosynthesis or starch degradation, intracellular glycerol allows the cells to adapt to the high osmotic stress by counterbalancing the external and pressures and thus, preventing cell swelling.
883:
in particular can accumulate very high amounts of starches and lipids under stressful conditions; both of which are very critical in creating successful biofuels. Since other genera of green algae have complications in growth effectiveness under stressful conditions such as hypersaline environments,
643:
is a biflagellate green algal and mostly marine protist that, in its vegetative motile form and depending on the species, exhibits ellipsoid, ovoid, and cylindrical shapes that sometimes taper at the posterior end. It can also exhibit more circular shapes in its vegetative non-motile cyst state. The
562:
is a critical primary producer that allows other organisms, such as filter feeders and a variety of planktonic organisms, to sustain themselves. The organisms can depend almost completely or wholly on the carbon that the photosynthetic alga fixes. Notably, it is important food for the brine plankton
553:
environments such as salterns, salt lakes, and crystallizer ponds, with one unique subaerial species found growing on top of spider webs covering the walls of a cave in the
Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert. Some of these are at lower salt concentration (~0.05M,) and some are at, or very close to,
488:
from saltern brines into a lower salinity environment and observed that the organisms adapted to the new conditions of the fresh water and lost their brown-red pigment and became greener – meaning that the red colour must have originated through very euryhaline chlorophyll-filled cells changing to a
806:
In the past, species descriptions and definitions have arisen through physiological characteristics like halotolerance and morphological characteristics like β-carotene content. However, this has led to numerous misidentifications, especially in marine species, since different conditions changing
439:
The genus was also described by another biologist in 1905 named Clara
Hamburger in Heidelberg, Germany, but unfortunately Teodoresco's paper was published first while she was in the final stages of her own article's production. Hamburger's description was more thorough since she studied material
609:
must have been critical for its survival in the Dead Sea, where salt concentrations have risen to intolerable amounts, such that the organism cannot be found in the water column today. In remote sensing, however, they found that when they diluted the upper waters, Dunaliella showed up; perhaps
591:
dominated the north arm planktonic community, since the waters were too salty for other algae to thrive. The organisms were horizontally and rather randomly distributed on the surface, especially in places with minimal sunlight such as underneath rocks and logs. They were found in densities of
793:
in 1992 were in fact, zygotes. The wall of the zygote will serve to protect the cell during a resting period in the harsh conditions until finally, the zygote will undergo meiosis and release up to 32 haploid daughter cells via a tear in the cellular envelope. Asexual resting cysts may be a
725:
species. It is covered by a starch shell with numerous starch grains and pairs of thylakoids entering but not going completely through the pyrenoid exterior into its matrix. Starch grains are also scattered all throughout the chloroplast. Depending on how high the light intensities and salt
596:
was responsible for various short-lived blooms with up to 25000 cells/ml. Unfortunately, populations in both arms went into decline after periods of increased precipitations that decreased the Great Salt Lake's salinity. Dunaliella started to become outcompeted by other phototrophs like the
737:
is able to be so halotolerant is due to its very effective osmoregulatory process. Firstly, the lack of cell wall allows the cell to easily expand and contract to maintain liveable internal salt concentrations. Secondly, when triggered by the changes in cell volumes and in levels of
480:
was described as smaller as well as green in colour. These descriptions were extensively challenged by other biologists such as
Hamburger and Blanchard, who insisted that they were not different species, but simply different life stages with the green cells being the juvenile form .
853:
also serves as a very important model organism in understanding how algae adapts to and regulates itself in different salt concentrations. In fact, the idea for developing solutes to maintain osmotic balance in other organic matter originated from the osmoregulatory abilities of
592:
200–1000 cells/ml and sometimes in peak densities of 3000–10000 cells/ml. At times they were even found to be more abundant at deeper depths, though little is known on whether this was due to intolerable light intensities at the surface. Even in the less saline south arm,
392:
390:
395:
394:
389:
659:
are about 1.5X – 2X the length of the cell and beat rapidly, pulling the cell forward to cause abrupt turning motions and rotations along the longitudinal axis. The basal bodies of the flagella are interconnected by a distal fibre that is bilaterally cross-striated.
396:
532:
since 1999 to characterize its exact phylogeny. It has become apparent, though hardly confirmed, that there have been many misnamed cultures and synonymous species labelling in the genus that has yet to be worked out through molecular taxonomic research.
493:
species that can accumulate β-carotenoids and those that do, do so only under high light intensity, high salinity, and limited nutrient growth conditions. Cells then can revert to a yellow to green colour when environmental conditions become less harsh .
797:
In its vegetative motile state, cells divide through mitosis as haploids through longitudinal fission. In the chloroplast, the pyrenoid actually starts dividing first during preprophase and then the entire chloroplast finally divides during cytokinesis.
393:
604:
It has been reported that in the winter months, when temperatures reach 0 °C, there is a large accumulation of round cyst-like cells that deposit themselves on the bottom of the Great Salt Lake. This encysting property of
584:, Dunaliella is a very relevant organism, particularly in the north arm where it is the main or possibly sole primary producer, and in the south arm where it is a significant component of the phototrophic community.
352:
in very harsh growth conditions consisting of high light intensities, high salt concentrations, and limited oxygen and nitrogen levels, yet is still very abundant in lakes and lagoons all around the world.
753:
are much more rare and thus, less studied. Their descriptions have hardly changed since their original publications and various ones are still being debated for whether they warrant the classification as
706:
replace the organelle's usual spot in most other
Chlorophyceae cells, with two to three dictyosomes that lie in a characteristic parabasal position with their forming faces toward the plasmalemma and ER.
380:
for studying algal salt adaptation processes. It has remained relevant due to its numerous biotechnological applications, including β-carotenoid cosmetic and food products, medicine, and
436:
in honour of the original discoverer. To describe the genus, Teodoresco studied live samples from
Romanian salt lakes and noted details like colours, movement, and general morphologies.
391:
765:
lies more or less centrally in the anterior part of the cell and has a defined nucleolus. Lipid droplets and vacuoles lie around it, obscuring it and making it difficult to observe.
440:
imported from
Cagliari Sardinia and was able to study live as well as dead material and could create sections to view inner cell contents and also described different life stages.
652:, for instance is larger in size, typically ranging from 16–24 μm. Sizes of the cells vary with environmental conditions such as light, salinity, and nutrient availability .
777:
cells undergo sexual reproduction. Two haploid vegetative motile cells will touch flagella and then fuse their equal-sized gametes with one another in a very similar way to
823:(RuBisCO) gene are being used. Renaming has already been done for several species, though it is an on-going process to create a reliable and accurate taxonomic system.
807:
cell volumes, shapes, and colours make it very difficult to decide what organism is different to another. Since 1999, molecular analysis is used as the primary tool in
785:
fertilization, the diploid zygote, which is red and/or green in colour, develops a thick and smooth wall and takes on a circular shape very similar to the cyst form of
275:
1455:
Function of
Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Thylakoid Membranes: Chlorophylls Between Pigment-Protein Complexes Might Function by Stabilizing the Membrane Structure
618:
blooms can therefore only occur in the Dead Sea when the waters become sufficiently diluted by winter rains and when the limiting nutrient phosphate is available.
311:
281:
245:
179:
610:
emerging from the shallow sediments where they had encysted. Back when the alga was found in the water column, however, population rate monitoring revealed that
287:
269:
263:
173:
447:
have been performed. Notable ones include Cavara's article in 1906 expanding on the
Cagliari, Sardinia saltern study by Hamburger, Peirce's article in 1914 on
299:
221:
209:
197:
191:
293:
227:
203:
317:
257:
215:
239:
489:
red colour in extremely saline conditions after permanently damaging their chlorophyll pigments. It is now known that there are actually very few
251:
233:
185:
1814:
1853:
1788:
1827:
1388:
1523:
1470:
1449:
Grimme LH, Brown JS (1984). "Function of
Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Thylakoid Membranes: Chlorophylls Betweeen [
1283:
455:, California, Labbé's various ecological studies of the algae in salterns of Le Croisic, France, Becking et al.’s studies on
340:
environments. It is mostly a marine organism, though there are a few freshwater species that tend to be more rare. It is a
1832:
43:
Teodor. A: Vegetative cell, B: Zoospores in cell division, C: Mating gametes, D: Ripe zygospore, E: Zygospore germination
1086:
Petrovska B, Winkelhausen E, Kuzmanova S (1999-08-15). "Glycerol production by yeasts under osmotic and sulfite stress".
1506:
Priya M, Gurung N, Mukherjee K, Bose S (2014), "Microalgae in
Removal of Heavy Metal and Organic Pollutants from Soil",
1341:
986:
Melkonian M, Preisig HR (1984). "An ultrastructural comparison between Spermatozopsis and Dunaliella (Chlorophyceae)".
811:
identification due to its ability to analyze data independent of environmental factors . To characterize species, the
820:
1899:
558:
that have even less information on them in terms of ecology. It is known, however, that in hypersaline ecosystems,
525:
is now recognized as its own species and will soon become a very important one for biotechnological applications.
1858:
888:
serves as very helpful organism for researching optimal stress levels for optimal biomass production conditions.
1317:
789:. In fact, after observing zygotes, there was discussion on whether the cysts seen after and algal bloom at the
632:
in Australia. The hypersaline environments are dominated by β-carotenoid pigments and show up quite distinctly.
1270:, Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol. 9, Springer-Verlag, pp. 185–199,
1840:
1602:"Phenotypic and genetic characterization of Dunaliella (Chlorophyta) from Indian salinas and their diversity"
629:
1453:] Pigment-Protein Complexes Might Function by Stabilizing the Membrane Structure". In Sybesma C (ed.).
758:
due to certain species having differently placed pyrenoids, missing eye spots, unusual cell division, etc.
730:
also has an eyespot that sits at an anterior peripheral position and is made of one to two rows of lipids.
1927:
1647:"Bioenergy application of Dunaliella salina SA 134 grown at various salinity levels for lipid production"
1540:"Bioenergy application of Dunaliella salina SA 134 grown at various salinity levels for lipid production"
816:
686:
has a notable thick, mucilaginous coating. Olivera et al. noticed that the cell coating was affected by
1932:
62:
1904:
1868:
847:
that make up as much as 13.8% of the dry organic matter – such as in Pink Lake, Victoria, Australia.
1492:
628:
is responsible and quite famous for turning lakes and lagoons into pink and red colours such as the
476:
being notably bigger in size and being red in colour due to large amounts of carotenoid pigments.
1754:
528:
Things do become more complicated, however, as various molecular studies have been performed on
1702:
305:
1819:
773:
When conditions are unfavourable due to prolonged dryness or exposure to low salinity waters,
1891:
1266:
Bolhuis H (2005), Gunde-Cimerman N, Oren A, Plemenitaš A (eds.), "Walsby's Square Archaeon",
429:
134:
1881:
717:
that takes up the majority of the cell. Its large pyrenoid, which sits in the centre of the
417:
157:
1775:
1740:
1658:
1551:
357:
356:
It becomes very complicated to distinguish and interpret species of this genus on simply a
8:
739:
425:
369:
1662:
1555:
872:
is also used in the context of medicine for asthma, eczema, cataracts, and even cancer.
1679:
1646:
1628:
1601:
1572:
1539:
1515:
1480:
1434:
1413:
1357:
1238:
1211:
1060:
1029:
1003:
948:
917:
687:
459:
organisms from all over the world, and in-depth taxonomic studies by Hamel and Lerche.
365:
57:
1353:
1876:
1762:
1684:
1633:
1577:
1519:
1466:
1361:
1279:
1243:
1159:
1154:
1133:
1111:
1103:
1065:
953:
464:
336:, that is characteristic for its ability to outcompete other organisms and thrive in
150:
107:
49:
1007:
1674:
1666:
1623:
1613:
1567:
1559:
1511:
1458:
1429:
1349:
1271:
1233:
1223:
1149:
1095:
1055:
1045:
995:
943:
933:
550:
337:
1767:
1462:
699:
581:
501:
is actually a heterogenous group and can be split into different species such as
1845:
1268:
Adaptation to Life at High Salt Concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
1725:
1670:
1563:
377:
117:
938:
674:
however it can be distinguished through its lack of cell wall and contractile
1921:
1275:
1107:
743:
691:
669:
97:
77:
368:
that allows it to change colours depending on the environmental conditions.
1688:
1637:
1618:
1581:
1247:
1163:
1115:
1069:
1050:
957:
695:
614:
growth was inhibited by high concentrations of magnesium and calcium ions.
376:. The genus has been studied for over a hundred years, becoming a critical
142:
1645:
Ahmed RA, He M, Aftab RA, Zheng S, Nagi M, Bakri R, Wang C (August 2017).
1538:
Ahmed RA, He M, Aftab RA, Zheng S, Nagi M, Bakri R, Wang C (August 2017).
1228:
1801:
1734:
718:
679:
424:
evaporation ponds in Montpellier, France. However, when the organism was
333:
87:
875:
On top of its involvement in the consumer, food, and health industries,
1793:
999:
645:
452:
428:
and labelled as a new and distinct genus in 1905 Bucharest, Romania by
372:
analysis has become a critical protocol in discovering the taxonomy of
364:
that allows it to have malleability and change shape and its different
345:
1806:
1322:: Taxonomy, Morphology, Isolation, Culture, and its Role in Salt Pans"
497:
Through even more in-depth studies by Lerche et al., we now know that
344:
in which certain species can accumulate relatively large amounts of β-
1749:
648:
in length, though there are few species larger or smaller than this.
484:
Then, in 1921, Labbé performed a study in which he placed samples of
361:
1696:
1099:
1719:
1418:
tertiolecta from staining with cationic dyes and enzyme treatments"
812:
790:
656:
349:
782:
714:
675:
565:
421:
381:
1780:
1085:
1389:"Dunaliella Salina - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
702:
residues. Instead of contractile vacuoles, marine species of
341:
32:
794:
possibility, though has not been studied enough to confirm.
517:, though these groups are often grouped into one and called
781:
by the formation of a cytoplasmic bridge. After this
1600:
Preetha K, John L, Subin CS, Vijayan KK (November 2012).
1131:
1028:
Preetha K, John L, Subin CS, Vijayan KK (November 2012).
1505:
1599:
1411:
1027:
1342:"Dunaliella - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1034:(Chlorophyta) from Indian salinas and their diversity"
721:, is another defining feature that is the same in all
360:
and physiological level due to the organism's lack of
1414:"Ultrastructural observation of the surface coat of
635:
400:
Dunaliella tertiolecta, swimming under a microscope.
1212:"A hundred years of Dunaliella research: 1905-2005"
879:is also becoming very useful in biofuel research.
1644:
1537:
1919:
1412:Oliveira L, Bisalputra T, Antia NJ (July 1980).
985:
462:In 1906, Teodoresco described two species named
549:are notable for living all around the world in
573:populations often correlate with decreases in
1132:Hosseini Tafreshi A, Shariati M (July 2009).
694:and concluded that its makeup must be mostly
1030:"Phenotypic and genetic characterization of
420:, who first sighted the organism in 1838 in
1508:Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation
1448:
1457:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 141–144.
48:
31:
1678:
1627:
1617:
1571:
1433:
1237:
1227:
1153:
1059:
1049:
947:
937:
472:. The distinct classifications came from
1138:biotechnology: methods and applications"
386:
1265:
826:
404:
1920:
536:
1701:
1700:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
713:cells consist of a large, cup-shaped
443:Since then, various other studies on
1869:30c67fb6-0f8d-4d9f-91a6-31c026a94568
1336:
1334:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1261:
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1257:
1209:
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1189:
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1179:
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1175:
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1127:
1125:
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1079:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
915:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
678:. Instead of a rigid cell wall, the
801:
332:is a single-celled, photosynthetic
13:
1516:10.1016/b978-0-12-800021-2.00023-6
1435:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1980.tb03177.x
1374:
416: by a French botanist named
14:
1944:
1592:
1354:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735562
1331:
1291:
1254:
1170:
1122:
1076:
1014:
964:
898:
821:ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase
636:Morphology and cellular processes
1155:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04153.x
1088:Canadian Journal of Microbiology
61:
1531:
1499:
1442:
1405:
1142:Journal of Applied Microbiology
988:Plant Systematics and Evolution
569:, so much so that increases in
1510:, Elsevier, pp. 519–537,
926:Journal of Biological Research
655:Their two equal-length apical
644:cells are typically 7–12
1:
891:
768:
1463:10.1007/978-94-017-6368-4_33
7:
817:Internal transcribed spacer
667:is very similar to that of
10:
1949:
1671:10.1038/s41598-017-07540-x
1564:10.1038/s41598-017-07540-x
922:in high-salt environments"
432:, the name was changed to
1709:
939:10.1186/s40709-014-0023-y
170:
165:
148:
141:
58:Scientific classification
56:
47:
39:
30:
23:
1276:10.1007/1-4020-3633-7_12
916:Oren A (December 2014).
276:Dunaliella pseudosalina
1619:10.1186/2046-9063-8-27
1051:10.1186/2046-9063-8-27
749:Freshwater species of
412:was originally called
401:
312:Dunaliella turcomanica
306:Dunaliella tertiolecta
282:Dunaliella quartolecta
246:Dunaliella minutissima
180:Dunaliella asymmetrica
1393:www.sciencedirect.com
1346:www.sciencedirect.com
1229:10.1186/1746-1448-1-2
430:Emanoil C. Teodorescu
414:Haematococcus salinus
399:
288:Dunaliella ruineniana
270:Dunaliella primolecta
264:Dunaliella polymorpha
174:Dunaliella acidophila
1210:Oren A (July 2005).
827:Practical importance
624:species, especially
426:officially described
405:History of knowledge
300:Dunaliella terricola
222:Dunaliella lateralis
210:Dunaliella granulata
198:Dunaliella carpatica
192:Dunaliella bioculata
1663:2017NatSR...7.8118A
1556:2017NatSR...7.8118A
740:inorganic phosphate
688:proteolytic enzymes
537:Habitat and ecology
370:Molecular phylogeny
294:Dunaliella bardawil
228:Dunaliella maritima
204:Dunaliella gracilis
1928:Chlorophyta genera
1651:Scientific Reports
1606:Aquatic Biosystems
1544:Scientific Reports
1038:Aquatic Biosystems
1000:10.1007/BF00984052
819:region (ITS), and
663:The morphology of
470:Dunaliella viridis
418:Michel Félix Dunal
402:
318:Dunaliella viridis
258:Dunaliella peircei
216:Dunaliella jacobae
1933:Chlamydomonadales
1915:
1914:
1877:Open Tree of Life
1703:Taxon identifiers
1525:978-0-12-800021-2
1472:978-90-247-2943-2
1285:978-1-4020-3632-3
742:and pH following
465:Dunaliella salina
397:
325:
324:
240:Dunaliella minuta
151:Dunaliella salina
137:
108:Chlamydomonadales
41:Dunaliella salina
1940:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1885:
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1846:NHMSYS0000602205
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1025:
1012:
1011:
983:
962:
961:
951:
941:
918:"The ecology of
913:
802:Genetic approach
545:species such as
398:
252:Dunaliella parva
234:Dunaliella media
133:
66:
65:
52:
35:
21:
20:
1948:
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1943:
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1532:
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1447:
1443:
1422:New Phytologist
1410:
1406:
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1340:
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1332:
1324:
1316:
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1100:10.1139/w99-054
1084:
1077:
1026:
1015:
984:
965:
914:
899:
894:
835:, particularly
829:
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1396:. Retrieved
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1318:"Chapter 5.
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143:Type species
128:
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18:
1802:iNaturalist
1735:Wikispecies
1657:(1): 8118.
1550:(1): 8118.
1489:|work=
866:D. bardawil
841:D. bardawil
733:The reason
719:chloroplast
680:plasmalemma
551:hypersaline
541:Halophilic
515:D. euchlora
346:carotenoids
338:hypersaline
88:Chlorophyta
1922:Categories
1741:Dunaliella
1711:Dunaliella
1416:Dunaliella
1398:2019-04-14
1367:2019-04-14
1320:Dunaliella
1136:Dunaliella
1032:Dunaliella
920:Dunaliella
892:References
877:Dunaliella
870:Dunaliella
856:Dunaliella
851:Dunaliella
833:Dunaliella
809:Dunalliela
787:Dunaliella
775:Dunaliella
769:Life cycle
763:Dunaliella
756:Dunaliella
751:Dunaliella
735:Dunaliella
728:Dunaliella
723:Dunaliella
711:Dunaliella
704:Dunaliella
698:with some
684:Dunaliella
665:Dunaliella
641:Dunaliella
626:D. salina,
622:Dunaliella
616:Dunaliella
612:Dunaliella
607:Dunaliella
594:Dunaliella
589:Dunaliella
575:Dunaliella
560:Dunaliella
556:Dunaliella
543:Dunaliella
530:Dunaliella
519:D. viridis
499:D. viridis
491:Dunaliella
486:Dunaliella
478:D. viridis
457:Dunaliella
453:Salton Sea
449:Dunaliella
445:Dunaliella
434:Dunaliella
410:Dunaliella
384:research.
374:Dunaliella
334:green alga
329:Dunaliella
135:Teodoresco
129:Dunaliella
84:Division:
25:Dunaliella
1750:AlgaeBase
1612:(1): 27.
1491:ignored (
1481:cite book
1362:219915079
1108:0008-4166
1044:(1): 27.
932:(1): 23.
886:D. salina
881:D. salina
862:D. salina
845:D. salina
837:D. salina
783:isogamous
630:Pink Lake
599:Nodularia
547:D. salina
523:D. salina
503:D. minuta
474:D. salina
362:cell wall
1726:Q2915566
1720:Wikidata
1689:28808229
1638:23114277
1582:28808229
1248:16176593
1164:19245408
1116:10528402
1070:23114277
1008:24877183
958:25984505
813:18S rRNA
791:Dead Sea
676:vacuoles
657:flagella
511:D. media
507:D. parva
366:pigments
350:glycerol
166:Species
114:Family:
1892:6953028
1820:1313668
1794:2687976
1680:5556107
1659:Bibcode
1629:3598838
1573:5556107
1552:Bibcode
1239:1224875
1061:3598838
949:4389652
715:plastid
580:In the
571:Artemia
566:Artemia
451:in the
422:saltern
382:biofuel
124:Genus:
104:Order:
94:Class:
1905:178589
1889:uBio:
1882:347106
1866:NZOR:
1807:174640
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815:gene,
513:, and
1900:WoRMS
1815:IRMNG
1781:90462
1755:43461
1358:S2CID
1325:(PDF)
1222:: 2.
1004:S2CID
342:genus
158:Dunal
72:Clade
1859:3044
1854:NCBI
1833:5420
1828:ITIS
1789:GBIF
1768:48QH
1685:PMID
1634:PMID
1578:PMID
1520:ISBN
1493:help
1467:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1244:PMID
1160:PMID
1112:PMID
1104:ISSN
1066:PMID
954:PMID
864:and
839:and
690:and
468:and
348:and
1841:NBN
1776:EoL
1763:CoL
1675:PMC
1667:doi
1624:PMC
1614:doi
1568:PMC
1560:doi
1512:doi
1459:doi
1451:sic
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1234:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
