Dumarsais Estimé - Knowledge

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extend the term of office of the head of state, contrary to the provisions of the 1946 Constitution, which stipulated that the president ‘could not under any circumstances benefit from extension of the mandate’. This constitutional provision ensured political alternations while reducing presidential power. The legislative elections had been set for January 10, 1950. Public opinion began to stir, and tension mounted as the date approached. A decree on November 14, 1949, re-established the state of siege which had been in effect from March to October. This measure was considered contrary to the Constitution, which only authorised it ‘in cases of civil disturbance, or imminent invasion by a foreign force.’ The same day, students of the Faculty of Medicine and Polytechnic began a strike for the restoration of public freedoms which they considered compromised. The government attributed this movement to the subversive activities of the People’s Socialist Party (PSP) and the Popular Workers’ Movement (MOP), allied to the Social Christian Party (PSC), declared the dissolution of these parties, and closed their newspapers.

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professors, to reorganize high schools, and to reform the Haitian baccalaureate and the organization of exams, as well as the introduction of Bachelor of Letters and Bachelor of Sciences university programs. The aim of Dumarsais was a system of education equal to the level of foreign universities which were then offering scholarships for studies abroad to young Haitian men and women. During this time he also ordered the construction of more schools in rural areas and organized the National Library of Port-au-Prince along with its local branches. The Normal School of Female Teachers was created in Port-au-Prince, responding to an important need to promote the socio-economic role of women in Haitian society.

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counterpart, which defined the broad lines of economic cooperation between the two. With the law of September 6, 1949, Haiti established formal diplomatic relations with Guatemala. On August 22, 1947, diplomatic and consular relations were established between Haiti and the Republic of Panama. In September 1947, the Haitian representatives signed in Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil, the Inter-American Treaty of Mutual Assistance. In April 1948 the plenipotentiary envoys of Haiti signed in Washington, D.C. the Charter of the Organization of American States, which promoted new relations between the nations of this continent.

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International Exhibition to be inaugurated in Port-au-Prince in December 1949’. This law specified ‘that from a touristic, agricultural and industrial point of view, the execution of this project (would) be entirely favourable to the country’. This International Exhibition was to promote the rebirth and strengthening of ties between peoples and to stimulate the resumption and development of economic relations between countries, especially since it would be located in "a place in America considered as one of the most important crossroads on the major maritime and air routes on the Atlantic".

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state and his supporters could not agree to see their plan thwarted. On the morning of May 8, 1950, a crowd invaded the Senate chamber, ransacking it. The crowd then took to the streets, uttering death threats against some senators and personalities accused of treason. In his message to the people that same evening, the president did not explicitly disavow the demonstrators: ‘Your eloquent attitude this morning testifies to your political maturity and your direct participation in your affairs. However, he invited them ‘to calm, order and respect the law.’

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with the French in 1875, 1896, and 1910. In December 1946, Estimé dispatched to President Harry Truman in Washington a ‘goodwill mission’ composed by the Minister of Finance, Gaston Margron; the Minister of External Relations, Jean Price-Mars; the Minister of Commerce, Georges Rigaud; and the Haitian Ambassador to Washington, Joseph D. Charles. Their objective was to negotiate the terms of a new loan ‘guaranteed by funds set aside by the Tax Department to repay the holders of the 1922–23 loan’. The US government rejected the Haitian request.

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Republic; the construction and repair of roads, bridges (including the suspension bridge of the Grand ’Anse), markets, and drinking water fountains; public buildings; development of provincial towns; and town planning work undertaken in the capital to prepare for the International Exhibition to commemorate the bicentenary of the founding of Port-au-Prince. The lighting of towns became widespread: the Croix-des-Bouquets power plant was inaugurated in 1948, followed by those of Belladère, Port-de-Paix, Jérémie and other cities.

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government and people…’ He further underlined: ‘Although it (the Exhibition) is one of the first stones of a new Haiti, the representation in clear lines and happy images of what we want to do with this country…’ and also added that: ‘It is the work of patience and the skill of hundreds of intellectual and manual workers, both foreigners and Haitians, to whom it is necessary to pay a fair homage, and of the enthusiastic multitudes who animate and support it with their understanding and their passion…’

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Pressoir and Jean-Chrysostome Dorsainvil. Dumarsais was fifteen when the American Occupation of Haiti began in July 1915 and this period would profoundly influence his teenage years along with his future career. In 1920, he was appointed as a tutor at Lycée Pétion while still attending law school. He taught mathematics there until 1926, also graduating during this time. Dumarsais was dismissed from his position after publicly expressing his opposition to the government of President

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reluctance of the commercial sector) and the promulgation of the first Labour Code in 1947 are among the notable advances in workers’ rights, alongside the support to create trade unions (law of July 17,, 1947) regulating the functioning of trade union associations.

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to use the waters of the Artibonite River for methodical agricultural development based on the modern techniques of this region (in particular, rice fields) and the improvement of living for local populations. This development of land, including land suitable for cultivation, also had a positive impact on the exports of certain agricultural goods and therefore on the country’s trade balance. This project continued beyond Estimé’s presidency, after May 1950.

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nationwide. Thanks to this popular mobilisation and to a 10-year domestic loan at 5%, the American loan of 1922–23 was repaid and on July 10, 1947, the Republic of Haiti put an end to the financial control of the United States. On October 1, 1947, the National Bank of the Republic of Haiti became a Haitian entity with an entirely Haitian board of directors.

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have continued to dominate politics since independence and particularly after the American Occupation (1915–1934). The political and economic powers were dominated by a mulatto bourgeoisie which did not favour social mixing. The so-called “Révolution de 1946” was, above all, an attempt to transform Haitian society, but it had to face a lot of resistance.

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this ban lifted. Mr. Bustamante boarded the Colombia to greet ex-President Estimé, whom he knew, and to assure him that he would be protected in Jamaica. When he got off the boat with his family, he was driven to the hotel and, a few days later, they were invited to stay in Bustamante’s home on Tucker Avenue where they resided for several weeks .

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hotels would be exempt from import duties for five years. The law of October 8, 1949, granted total or partial tax exemptions to new industries for a maximum of five years, and to industrial companies in general for a maximum of two years, exempting them from the license, the patent, the income tax and the customs duties on import and export.

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import duty-free, tools, instruments and fertiliser), the promotion and organisation of agricultural cooperatives, and the improved training of agronomists and technicians (National School of Agriculture), Estimé did not have the time to undertake an in-depth agrarian reform to let Haitian peasants own the land.

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However, WA Bustamante, head of the Jamaica Labour Party (PLP), mayor of Kingston , outraged to see his country let its conduct be dictated in matters of asylum and reception of foreigners by a foreign government, intervened quickly with the British Governor of Jamaica and the Chief of Police to have

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On their arrival at the port of Kingston, the Jamaican Immigration Service forbid them to put foot on land, at the request of the Haitian government chaired since October 1950 by Paul Magloire, on the pretext that the ex-president could cause troubles in Jamaica. In fact, Magloire feared the presence

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On July 1, 1949, the legislature approved a law completely revising the Constitution. One of the articles to be amended, concerned the end of the president’s term fixed on May 15, 1952. This article caused much controversy. The opposition understood that the real purpose of the draft amendment was to

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As a testament to the interest shown in Haitian-Dominican relations, the government of Estimé raised the Haitian diplomatic representation in the Dominican Republic to the rank of an embassy (law of April 25, 1947). On August 22, 1947, Estimé elevated the Haitian representation to the Holy See to the

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The salaries of teachers and professors were adjusted according to the cost of living. The minimum salary of a teacher, 70 gourdes per month in October 1946, was raised to 100 gourdes in January 1947, reaching the sum of 140 gourdes in October 1947 and 200 gourdes in October 1948. The aim was to make

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Estimé showed his desire to provide the country with the basic infrastructure necessary for its economic development as well as launching a policy of major public works, stimulating job creation: the construction of a new town at the border, Belladère, as a symbol of development facing the Dominican

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Starting in the summer of 1946, many studies were undertaken and over the following years many projects were carried out, in particular the ODVA (Organisme de Développement de la Vallée de l'Artibonite) financed mainly by a loan of $ 4 million from the EXIM Bank of the United States. This project was

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It was necessary first to clean up the financial situation and free the Republic of Haiti from financial supervision imposed by the United States following the conventions and protocols forced by the American occupier (1915, 1917 and 1922), and from the 1922 loan, contracted to balance previous loans

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When President Vincent proposed his secretary, Élie Lescot, to the National Assembly as a potential successor in 1941, Estimé voted in his favour and Lescot was elected President. However, on April 19, 1944, Estimé opposed Lescot’s re-election, disapproving of the partial revision of the Constitution

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On the instructions of President Estimé, Emile St.-Lot, at the time permanent representative of the Republic of Haiti to the UN, voted in favour of the creation of the State of Israel on November 29, 1947. Haiti also became an active member of UNESCO and joined the GATT (General Agreement on Customs

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A vast and comprehensive plan was gradually implemented involving the equipping of hospitals and laboratories, the multiplication of health centres, the development of rural medicine and hygiene, the reorganisation of the Faculty of Medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. Thanks to a cooperation agreement

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In the same vein, secondary education was not neglected, as proved by the founding of the Lycee Toussaint Louverture in the Morne-à-Tuff area in the capital and the opening of a high school in Hinche and the Faustin Soulouque high school in Petit-Goâve, in accordance with the laws of September 9 and

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In October 1946 there were only 623 teachers for 362 rural schools. By May 1949, the number of teachers assigned to rural education had reached 823, an increase of 34% which clearly reflected ‘the special attention to proletarian and peasant youth’ according to the outline of the presidential speech

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Under the law of September 29, 1946, the government of the Republic levied 10% of municipal revenue for the construction of public schools. Between February 1947 and May 1949, 23 public schools were built by order of the Head of State, while development and expansion works were carried out on school

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Foreign firms also participated in the International Exhibition of 1949 in Port-au-Prince. During the preparation of the event, a new legislation was passed to attract foreign direct investment. The law of June 24, 1948, stated that all materials needed for the construction and final installation of

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The International Exhibition was to have an area of 30 hectares and cover most of the capital’s waterfront by cleaning up this swampy and slum-occupied part of the coast (les Palmistes, Nan Pisquette, Wharf-aux-Herbes) and gaining land on the sea, thanks to the most modern techniques of the time and

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The increase in exports and the prices of agricultural raw materials during this post-war period, notably coffee, sisal and bananas, helped to improve the country’s financial situation. Between 1946 and 1949, the Haitian state budget increased from 46 million to 73 million gourdes, thanks to new tax

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With the Haitian State freed from its debt, Estimé embarked on a policy of reviving the economy (Law of July 12, 1947) and administrative and fiscal reforms intended to continue financial consolidation and increase revenue for the State (Law of September 15, 1947, specifying the modalities of budget

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Poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, deficient and under-exploited agricultural systems, financial difficulties, endemic diseases, deeply rooted social divisions – these are the difficulties which the government of 1946 had to tackle in the aftermath of the Second World War, which had further worsened

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In his speech addressed to the National Assembly, Estimé had these words: ‘It is the great family of the masses of which I am a representative that you wanted to honour.’ However, he appealed to everyone’s unity and goodwill: ‘This is the hour when each of us must demonstrate that the Nation is the

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On August 16, with the moderates having obtained a majority in the Chamber of Deputies, Estimé was nominated as a candidate. He was then elected President of the Republic for four years after a second vote by deputies, with 31 votes out of 58. His first gesture as the newly elected president was to

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Estimé was born on April 21, 1900, in Verrettes, a Haitian town located in the Artibonite Province, into a landowner’s family. His father, Alciné Estimé, was the son of Sara Dorval (1845–1938) and Estimé Pierre (1851–1904), among a group of siblings consisting of four boys and six girls. His mother,

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The memory of his presidency remains very prominent among many Haitians due to the reforms undertaken and the undeniable economic and social progress that the Republic of Haiti experienced during this era. Among his more notable achievements are things such as the International Exhibition organized

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In his inaugural speech of December 8 President Estimé declared: ‘I greet with the deepest sympathy the representatives of these friendly nations, as well as the delegations that have specially come to take part in this feast of peace, and publicly ask them to trust the recognition from the Haitian

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Among the many projects implemented were irrigation and drainage works in the rich valley of the Estère River and others (Los Pozos, Blue Lagoon, Limbé plain, etc.); repair work on certain networks (Momance-Léogâne-Rivière Grise, Plaine du Cul-de-sac, Matheux, Corail Canal, etc.); soil conservation

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Knowing the importance of the agricultural sector in the national economy, Estimé made sure to provide the Ministry of Agriculture with competent counsellors. The stated objective was to strengthen food crops, but also to develop the cultivation of foodstuffs for export to balance the trade market.

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The army was quick to react. Two days later, on May 10, it made a declaration signed by General Franck Lavaud and Colonels Antoine Levelt and Paul-Eugène Magloire: ‘The President of the Republic has lost control of events . By unanimous agreement of the officers, the members of the 1946 junta were

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Historical ties were strengthened with the United States of America, for bilateral relations. The government of Dumarsais Estimé had signed the decree of May 13, 1949, authorising the presence of an American Naval Mission in Haiti. A contract favourable to the exploitation of bauxite was signed on

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Estimé asked the UN Secretary-General to send a technical mission to assess the general situation of the country and make recommendations in the areas of economics and finance, education, health and culture. The Commission submitted the report (which was published by the UN) so that the government

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As a deputy, Estimé observed the events of 1946 closely – the economic crisis and a serious social crisis induced by the legitimate demands of the underprivileged classes –which led to the resignation of President Lescot. The provisional government, led by Franck Lavaud, set up for new elections.

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Estilus Estimé sent the young Dumarsais to the friars of Saint-Louis de Gonzague in St Marc; he then attended Collège Pinchinat and went to Lycée Alexandre-Pétion in Port-au-Prince until his baccalaureate. At these institutions it is reported he was taught by masters such as Jean Price-Mars, Catts

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The newly elected deputies showed themselves willing to support the plans of the executive, while the Senate still refused any form of constitutional revision. It was a stand-off between the upper house, the Senate, and the executive allied to the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. The head of

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The disastrous state of agriculture in Haiti, linked to unfavourable structural factors (small size of family farms, inadequate cultivation methods, deforestation and soil exhaustion, absenteeism of the large landowners who represented about 3% of the population and owned nearly 70% of cultivable

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His ascension to the presidency in 1946 came in the wake of a long period of great effervescence, the culmination of social, political and cultural movements involving students, women, unions and political parties. At the time Haiti was trying to get out of the social and coloured cleavages which

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The fight against illiteracy, known under the name ‘Program Dumarsais Estimé’, highlighted the presidential desire to educate the urban and rural masses to make them instruments of national development. By virtue of the laws promulgated on August 8, 1947, and November 11, 1949, respectively, the

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In 1947 the National Coffee Board was created with the mission to support the activities of small farmers and promote coffee exports. While particular attention was focused on the general improvement of cultivation methods in rural Haiti (i.e. under the Law of October 8, 1949, the possibility to

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In a radio speech on March 25, 1947 (which has gone down in history under the title ‘happy miscounts’), President Estimé called on the Haitian people to help unblock the situation and contribute to the payment of the debt. Some ‘Bons de Libération Financière’ were issued and subscriptions flowed

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This new constitution protected fundamental freedoms and guaranteed the rights of the Haitian people. It also established a presidential system under which the President of the Republic, elected for six years, was endowed with a field of competence ranging from the definition of major political

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His arrival to power was not well received, but over time public opinion rallied, appreciating the gathering of a government of national unity – a rare occurrence in the history of Haiti – bringing together former opponents who were invited to bury the hatchet, such as Georges Rigaud and Daniel

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Campaigns against yaws, malaria, child and endemic diseases were also launched, along with projects to improve public hygiene and fight against malnutrition and tuberculosis. The laws of September 27 and October 8, 1949, provided for the training of managers and technical staff, as well as the

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Taking only 18 months to organise, which was considered an extraordinary performance, the Exhibition opened on December 8, 1949. It consisted of 56 pavilions and a casino, divided into four sections: National, International, heavy industry and machinery, and attractions. Eighteen countries and

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The law of July 14, 1948, stipulated that it was necessary for the country to greatly commemorate the bicentenary of the founding of Port-au-Prince in 1949, and to this end that "it was necessary to ensure the execution of the project conceived by the Head of the Executive Power to organise an

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While resolutely encouraging private investment to develop the Haitian economy and employment, Estimé attached the utmost importance to a modern and fair labour policy. The Estimé government created the Ministry and the Labour Office in 1946. The increase in the minimum wage level (despite the

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By a law dated November 27, 1946, the government of Estimé reorganised the diplomatic and consular service of Haiti, as well as strengthening the relations with the other countries on the American continent. On July 15, 1948, the Haitian government signed a trade agreement with its Venezuelan

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30, 1946. The high schools of the capital, Cayes and Cap-Haitien, were also renovated. In 1947, the executive passed the law of July 24, authorising the creation of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, a public utility institution dedicated to the intellectual training of secondary school teachers.

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government of the Republic proceeded to reorganise the Department (Ministry) of National Education by creating the positions of Director General and Deputy Director General, following the powers assigned to an Under Secretary of State for National Education under the law of November 23, 1946.

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During his two years as the Minister overseeing education, he showed a desire to extend education and culture to all Haitian people, in particular the underprivileged. Pursuing his goal, Estimé cared to improve the level and quality of teachers’ training, to raise the salaries of teachers and

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which still continues to serve region as river crossing to this day. It is important to also remember the laws passed and the investments made for the development of rural areas, the construction of many schools and the modernisation of the whole education system, as well as the protection of

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A commando of officers and heavily armed soldiers infested the National Palace. ‘The High Staff preceded by Colonel Magloire and his officers from the Dessalines Barracks, armed with machine guns, entered the president’s office and asked him to sign his letter of resignation” which they had

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The 1946 Constitution introduced the habeas corpus principle. This principle guaranteed that a person under arrest had the right to a quick presentation before a judge, so they could rule on the validity of their arrest. This provision is the basis for the rule of law. This constitution also

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After a brief stay in the United States, the family moved to France and stayed there for a few months. To get closer to Haiti, Estimé then opted for Jamaica, which he reached with his family on January 23, 1951, via ‘Colombia’, a liner belonging to the Compagnie Générale Transatlantique.

342:. After travelling in France, Jamaica, and the USA, he died in New York on July 20, 1953. Estimé was the last president to be constitutionally elected to office by the Chamber of Deputies, whereas Magloire was the first to be elected to office by universal adult male suffrage. 358:(1936) and senator of the Republic (1938), ensured his education and exercised a great deal of influence over Dumarsais. Estilus attempted to make Dumarsais aware of the Haitian social reality of the time and convinced him of the need for greater integrity in public affairs. 391:

As a lawyer, he first practised in St. Marc before entering politics and being elected deputy in 1930 in the constituency of Verrettes. On February 21, 1935, he won the confidence of his colleagues who elected him President of the Chamber of Deputies with 27 votes out of 28.

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of August 16, 1946. During this same period, more than forty schools and farm schools had been built in rural areas, allowing several thousand Haitians to benefit from education and therefore shape the goals of the president’s education policy for children in need.

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workers’ rights through the Labor Code and ultimately the creation of proper conditions for economic growth, mostly in tourism and small industry sectors. During this period, there was also significant improvement in the living conditions of the Haitian population.

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Less than two months later, the government of the Republic created the Ecole Polytechnique d’Haiti, a higher education institution dedicated to the training of engineers and architects, deemed essential for the construction and renovation of national structures.

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Aware of the need to fundamentally improve the situation of the agricultural sector and ensure a fresh start for the Haitian economy, and to find solutions to the landless problem, Estimé implemented an integrated approach to agricultural and rural development.

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Dr. Augustin Mathurin, MD, “Bicentenary of the Foundation of Port-au-Prince, 1749–1949: International Exhibition, December 8, 1949 – June 8, 1950 – In memory of the great President Léon Dumarsais Estimé” (Imprimerie des Antilles – Port- au-Prince, Haiti, June

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The economic, cultural and social benefits of the Exhibition were undoubtedly significant. In the tourism sector in particular the number of visitors increased rapidly, from around 2,000 annually before the Exhibition to more than 240,000 in the 1950s.

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of Estimé so close to Haiti and had sent his henchmen (including a certain Lucien Chauvet) to convince the British and Jamaican authorities (Jamaica was not yet independent) to refuse ex-President Estimé and his family refuge in Jamaica.

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Fignolé, and representatives of all social and political tendencies except the communists. The rapid implementation of an ambitious social and economic program which met the needs of the majority, then further finalized public support.

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In 1937 he joined President Sténio Vincent’s government and was nominated Minister (Secretary of State, after the former terminology) for Public instruction, Agriculture and Labour, while he kept his seat at the Parliament.

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The Constitution of 1946, unlike that of 1935, did not grant the executive power a hand on Legislature, the Judiciary, nor the title of Chief of the Armed Forces for the acting President of the Republic of Haiti.

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On November 22, 1946, the National Constituent Assembly, under the chairmanship of Senator Jean Bélizaire, voted on the new Constitution of the Republic of Haiti, following the previous 1935 Constitution.

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Assigned to residence with his family for ten days in a villa made available to him in Port-au-Prince, he was forced to leave. The couple and their three young children took the path of exile.

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with France, a number of French medical professors came to teach at the Faculty of Medicine to make up for the lack of Haitian professors who had resigned following the events of early 1946.

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Previously, he was a member of the Parliament for Verrettes for 16 years, as well as President of the Chamber and Minister (Secretary of State) for Public Education, Agriculture, and Labour.

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Fleurencia Massillon, was described as caring and made a deep impression on her son throughout his life, just as much as the death of his father did when Dumarsais was still a child.

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execution and public accounting; Law of June 23, 1947, establishing a Chamber of Accounts; Law of November 7, 1948, on rental taxes; Law of August 29, 1949, on custom taxation; etc.).

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in 1949 to commemorate the bicentenary of the founding of Port-au-Prince in 1749 by the French colonists from the island of Santo Domingo (Le Livre Bleu), the expansion of the city of

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Bicentenary of the Foundation of Port-au-Prince, February 17, 1950, Speech Delivered at the City Hall of Port-au-Prince by Mr. Jacques de Lacretelle, Delegate of the French Academy

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While communists and nationalists wanted a regime change, Estimé presented himself to voters as a moderate candidate and was re-elected in the legislative elections of 1946.

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The Daily Gleaner, Thursday, January 25, 1951, and The Daily Gleaner, Saturday, February 3, 1951, Kingston, Jamaica, upon arrival of President Estime on January 25, 1951

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After a year spent in Jamaica, Estimé returned to France where he lived until November 1952. He then left France for New York where he died on July 20, 1953, in

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land, climatic hazards, etc.) and administrative neglect, was made worse by rural overpopulation, more than three quarters of whom lived below the poverty line.

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Fighting catastrophic unemployment and raising the standard of living and education for the underprivileged Haitian population was a great priority for Estimé.

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Estimé urged morality within the government: ‘If we, the shepherds of the flock, become wolves then it will be time to be judged and held accountable.’

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revenues and profits generated by cement and sugar. At the same time, the public debt fell from 42 million gourdes in 1946 to 40 million gourdes in 1949.

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and reforestation projects (La Vallée project, Morne de l'Hôpital project, Mapou-Périsse project, etc.); and the preservation of forest estates .

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The firm adherence of the Republic of Haiti to the principles set out by the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS)

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prohibited extradition for political reasons. It made the separation of the army and the police, as well as annual paid leave, compulsory.

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November 12, 1946, between representatives of the Haitian government and those of the Reynolds Refining Corp, an American mining company.

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asked to once again agree to devote themselves to the sake of the Nation.’ It was the end of the government of Dumarsais Estimé.

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Along with education, the government of Estimé wanted to remove the obstacles towards primary health care for the population.

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nations were represented , to which must be added the United Nations (UN) and the Organization of American States (OAS).

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rural education an attractive career for teachers who were trained and capable of handling the problems of rural life.

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along the Dominican Republic border as a symbol of development, and the construction of a suspension bridge over the

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In May 1950, a coup d’état organized by a military junta overthrew the government of Estimé and placed its leader,

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Jean-Robert, Philippe, Marie-Florence, Régine {Other children from first union: Paul, Raymonde, Lionel}

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undertaken by the president, and voted against him. The latter was, however, re-elected by a majority.

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The Haitian foreign policy of President Estimé can be described with five main focus points:

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politician and President of the Haitian Republic from August 16, 1946, to May 10, 1950.

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Dumarsais Estimé was elected President of the Haitian Republic on August 16, 1946. 5,

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greet his opponents: Dantès Louis Bellegarde, Edgard Numa, and Demosthenes Calixte.

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greet his opponents: Dantès Louis Bellegarde, Edgard Numa, and Demosthenes Calixte.

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Red & Black in Haiti: Radicalism, Conflict, and Political Change, 1934–1957

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orientations to the control of government actions, diplomacy and the army.

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Support for decolonisation and the rights of peoples to self-determination

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Respect for the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of

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organisation of public health services throughout the country.

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the collaboration of Haitian, American and Belgian engineers.

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could incorporate the policies into its development plan.

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Minister of Public Instruction, Agriculture and Labour

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Minister of National Education, Agriculture and Labor

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Dumarsais Estimé taking the oath of office in 1946.

850:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 752:Dumarsais Estimé, the man, the work and the ideas 1477: 773: 708:previously prepared. President Estimé complied. 562: 748:Dumarsais Estimé, l'homme, l'œuvre et les idées 745: 482: 1491:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Haiti) 931: 414: 824: 795:Frères de l’Instruction Chrétienne. "VIII". 544: 160:November 29, 1937 – January 5, 1940 945: 605:buildings in the capital and the province. 938: 924: 714: 698: 279: 1940⁠–⁠1953) 93: 809: 373: 69:Learn how and when to remove this message 377: 32:This article includes a list of general 311:(April 21, 1900 - July 20, 1953) was a 120:August 16, 1946 – May 10, 1950 1478: 345: 244:New York City, New York, United States 919: 843: 451:first and most sacred of concerns.’ 461: 354:His uncle, Estilus Estimé, mayor of 18: 1521:People from Artibonite (department) 645:The alliance with the United States 500:Economic development and employment 387:Election to the Chamber of Deputies 13: 774:Carlo A. Désinor (November 1988). 754:] (in French) (2nd ed.). 38:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 1557: 1442:Transitional Presidential Council 681:Extension of presidential mandate 636: 520:Agriculture and rural development 368:United States occupation of Haiti 1541:20th-century Haitian politicians 1018: 746:Georges-Pierre, Anthony (2012). 23: 1059:Council of Secretaries of State 812:Port-au-Prince au cours des ans 780:From coup d'état to coup d'état 553: 276: 864:The Blue Book: Haiti 1946–1949 859:Le Livre Bleu: Haiti 1946–1949 733:Columbia Presbyterian Hospital 689: 673:rank of a diplomatic mission. 16:Haitian politician (1900–1953) 1: 816:Port-au-Prince over the years 776:De coup d'état en coup d'état 738: 563:1949 international exhibition 442: 1261:Executive Government Council 677:Tariff and Trade) in 1947. 591: 488:Haiti’s economic situation. 7: 1129:Commission for Public Order 827:Armée et politique en Haïti 483:Economic and social reforms 10: 1562: 1526:Deaths from kidney disease 844:Smith, Matthew J. (2009). 831:Army and Politics in Haiti 415:Election to the presidency 1451: 1419: 1389: 1294: 1204: 1027: 1016: 953: 904: 895: 887: 882: 648:Inter-American solidarity 620: 545:Labour and social affairs 302: 294: 286: 258: 248: 234: 207: 202: 198: 186: 174: 164: 153: 148: 136: 124: 113: 105: 101: 92: 85: 1546:Leaders ousted by a coup 1506:Haitian anti-communists 1180:Revolutionary Committee 947:Heads of state of Haiti 874:(subscription required) 715:Life in exile and death 699:Military coup and exile 53:more precise citations. 1074:Public Order Committee 383: 374:Early political career 825:Kern Delince (1979). 381: 366:and the then ongoing 212:Léon Dumarsais Estimé 1516:Haitian nationalists 1286:Jean-Claude Duvalier 965:Dessalines/Jacques I 818:]. Vol. IV. 803:]. Vol. II. 1486:Presidents of Haiti 1010:Soulouque/Faustin I 346:Youth and education 970:Christophe/Henry I 898:President of Haiti 883:Political offices 384: 265:Lucienne Heurtelou 108:President of Haiti 1473: 1472: 1281:François Duvalier 914: 913: 905:Succeeded by 661:other countries 462:1946 Constitution 328:Grande-Anse River 306: 305: 79: 78: 71: 1553: 1465: 1457: 1331:Pascal-Trouillot 1022: 940: 933: 926: 917: 916: 888:Preceded by 880: 879: 875: 867: 851: 838: 819: 804: 801:History of Haiti 797:Histoire d’Haïti 783: 763: 309:Dumarsais Estimé 280: 278: 241: 221: 219: 203:Personal details 189: 177: 158: 139: 127: 118: 97: 87:Dumarsais Estimé 83: 82: 74: 67: 63: 60: 54: 49:this article by 40:inline citations 27: 26: 19: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1463: 1455: 1447: 1415: 1385: 1290: 1200: 1023: 1014: 949: 944: 910: 901: 893: 878: 873: 856: 810:G. Corvington. 741: 717: 701: 692: 683: 639: 623: 594: 565: 556: 547: 522: 502: 485: 464: 445: 417: 389: 376: 348: 298:Lawyer, teacher 282: 274: 270: 267: 249:Political party 243: 239: 223: 217: 215: 214: 213: 187: 181:Auguste Turnier 175: 159: 154: 137: 125: 119: 114: 88: 75: 64: 58: 55: 45:Please help to 44: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1559: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536:1950s in Haiti 1533: 1531:1940s in Haiti 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1511:Haitian exiles 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1424:(2021–present) 1417: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1202: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119:Boisrond-Canal 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1094:Boisrond-Canal 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1069:Boisrond-Canal 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 990:Rivière-Hérard 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 961: 959: 951: 950: 943: 942: 935: 928: 920: 912: 911: 906: 903: 894: 889: 885: 884: 877: 876: 869: 868: 853: 852: 840: 839: 821: 820: 806: 805: 791: 790: 785: 784: 770: 769: 765: 764: 742: 740: 737: 716: 713: 700: 697: 691: 688: 682: 679: 659: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 638: 637:Foreign policy 635: 622: 619: 593: 590: 564: 561: 555: 552: 546: 543: 521: 518: 501: 498: 484: 481: 463: 460: 444: 441: 416: 413: 388: 385: 375: 372: 347: 344: 304: 303: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 284: 283: 272: 268: 263: 262: 260: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 242:(aged 53) 236: 232: 231: 222:April 21, 1900 211: 209: 205: 204: 200: 199: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 169:Sténio Vincent 166: 162: 161: 151: 150: 146: 145: 140: 134: 133: 128: 122: 121: 111: 110: 103: 102: 99: 98: 90: 89: 86: 77: 76: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1558: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1481: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1174:Guillaume Sam 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 960: 957: 956:Revolutionary 952: 948: 941: 936: 934: 929: 927: 922: 921: 918: 909: 908:Franck Lavaud 900: 899: 892: 891:Franck Lavaud 886: 881: 871: 870: 865: 861: 860: 855: 854: 849: 848: 842: 841: 836: 832: 828: 823: 822: 817: 813: 808: 807: 802: 798: 793: 792: 787: 786: 781: 777: 772: 771: 767: 766: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 743: 736: 734: 729: 725: 721: 712: 709: 705: 696: 687: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 643: 642: 634: 630: 626: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 560: 551: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 517: 513: 509: 505: 497: 493: 489: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 455: 452: 448: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 412: 408: 404: 400: 397: 393: 380: 371: 369: 365: 359: 357: 352: 343: 341: 340:Franck Lavaud 337: 336:Paul Magloire 332: 329: 325: 319: 316: 314: 310: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 266: 261: 257: 254: 251: 247: 238:July 20, 1953 237: 233: 230: 226: 210: 206: 201: 197: 194: 193:Luc E. Fouché 191: 185: 182: 179: 173: 170: 167: 163: 157: 152: 147: 144: 143:Franck Lavaud 141: 135: 132: 131:Franck Lavaud 129: 123: 117: 112: 109: 104: 100: 96: 91: 84: 81: 73: 70: 62: 52: 48: 42: 41: 35: 30: 21: 20: 1458: 1440: 1260: 1246:Pierre-Louis 1230: 1186:Dartiguenave 1178: 1128: 1073: 1058: 896: 863: 858: 846: 830: 826: 815: 811: 800: 796: 779: 775: 751: 747: 730: 726: 722: 718: 710: 706: 702: 693: 684: 675: 671: 667: 663: 660: 640: 631: 627: 624: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 557: 554:Public works 548: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 514: 510: 506: 503: 494: 490: 486: 477: 473: 469: 465: 456: 453: 449: 446: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 418: 409: 405: 401: 395: 394: 390: 360: 353: 349: 333: 320: 317: 308: 307: 240:(1953-07-20) 188:Succeeded by 155: 138:Succeeded by 115: 80: 65: 56: 37: 1501:1953 deaths 1496:1900 births 1466:Provisional 1394:(2011–2021) 1299:(1986–2011) 1209:(1930–1986) 1032:(1859–1930) 958:(1804–1859) 835:l’Harmattan 690:Senate sack 364:Louis Borno 253:Independent 176:Preceded by 126:Preceded by 59:August 2012 51:introducing 1480:Categories 1392:earthquake 1356:Jonassaint 1207:Occupation 739:References 443:Presidency 295:Profession 218:1900-04-21 34:references 1376:Alexandre 1114:Simon Sam 1109:Hyppolite 1084:Hyppolite 760:775495025 592:Education 356:Verrettes 324:Belladère 225:Verrettes 165:President 156:In office 116:In office 1459:De facto 1401:Martelly 1371:Aristide 1361:Aristide 1336:Aristide 1297:Duvalier 1241:Magloire 1169:Théodore 1164:Polynice 1154:Polynice 1099:Légitime 1064:Domingue 1039:Geffrard 1030:Imperial 995:Guerrier 975:Blanchet 902:1946–50 287:Children 1464:‡ 1406:Privert 1346:Nérette 1326:Abraham 1311:Manigat 1276:Kébreau 1271:Fignolé 1266:Cantave 1256:Cantave 1251:Sylvain 1216:Vincent 1144:Auguste 1139:Leconte 1089:Salomon 1079:Lamothe 1049:Salnave 1000:Pierrot 833:]. 313:Haitian 281: 273: 269: 47:improve 1431:Joseph 1381:Préval 1366:Préval 1341:Cédras 1316:Namphy 1306:Namphy 1236:Lavaud 1231:Estimé 1226:Lavaud 1221:Lescot 1149:Oreste 1124:Alexis 980:Pétion 866:]. 782:]. 758: 621:Health 259:Spouse 36:, but 1436:Henry 1422:Moïse 1420:Post– 1411:Moïse 1390:Post– 1351:Bazin 1321:Avril 1295:Post– 1205:Post– 1191:Borno 1159:Zamor 1134:Simon 1104:Jeune 1054:Saget 1044:Saget 1028:Post– 1005:Riché 985:Boyer 954:Post– 862:[ 829:[ 814:[ 799:[ 789:1975) 778:[ 750:[ 275:( 271: 229:Haiti 106:31st 756:OCLC 235:Died 208:Born 1196:Roy 1482:: 735:. 277:m. 227:, 1456:* 939:e 932:t 925:v 837:. 762:. 220:) 216:( 72:) 66:( 61:) 57:( 43:.

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