409:, Emperor Zhuangzong, instead of taking up Duan's challenge, took his main forces and swiftly went to Yun Prefecture to rendezvous with Li Siyuan, and then confronted the smaller army that Wang and Zhang commanded. He defeated them and took them captive, and, with their army being the only thing that stood between him and Daliang, quickly advanced toward Daliang. With Duan's army trapped north of the Yellow River and unable to return to Daliang to defend it, Zhu Zhen, believing capture to be imminent, committed suicide, ending Later Liang. Duan subsequently surrendered to Emperor Zhuangzong, whose Later Tang state then took over all of Later Liang territory.
483:. Li Shaohong again recommended Li Shaoqin to serve as the commander of the forces against the Yedu mutineers, and this time, Emperor Zhuangzong agreed. However, when Li Shaoqin became to put together his staff, his staff consisted entirely of former Later Liang officers whom Li Shaoqin favored. Emperor Zhuangzong became suspicious of this and cancelled Li Shaoqin's commission, putting Li Siyuan in charge of the army against the Yedu mutineers instead.
230:). As Liu and Zhu Youqian were related by marriage, Liu sent letters trying to persuade Zhu Youqian to return to the Later Liang cause, but after failing to do so, attacked Zhu Youqian but was then defeated by the Jin relief forces. After the defeat, Yin and Duan sent a joint report to Zhu Zhen, accusing Liu of slowing the progress of the army to allow Jin forces to save Zhu Youqian. Zhu Zhen believed them and poisoned Liu to death.
448:). While serving at Taining, he took much money from the Taining circuit treasury for his own use, and the treasury officials demanded that he repay the circuit treasury. However, Emperor Zhuangzong excused him from having to pay back the treasury despite Guo Chongtao's requesting the repayment as well. In 924, Li Shaoqin served under Emperor Zhuangzong's trusted eunuch
90:. The failure in his ambitious plan to counterattack against Later Liang's northern rival Later Tang enabled Later Tang to defeat and conquer Later Liang, but despite such failure, he became a trusted general under Later Tang's founder Emperor Zhuangzong as well. After Emperor Zhuangzong's own fall and death, and succession by his adoptive brother
340:
victory arrived, they credited Duan, rather than Wang, with the victory. After Wang subsequently failed to capture
Yangliu and was forced to withdraw, they further spoke against Wang, so Zhu Zhen removed Wang from his post and recalled him to Daliang, replacing him with Duan, despite fervent opposition by Li Zhen, the
478:
The army commanded by Li Jiji and Guo quickly destroyed Former Shu, but in light of Former Shu's destruction, Emperor
Zhuangzong and Lady Liu (by this point empress) came to suspect Guo of planning to take over Former Shu lands himself. Empress Liu thereafter issued an edict herself, without Emperor
339:
were fearful that Wang was resentful of their influence on the governance — as Wang often spoke of wanting to kill the evildoers after he achieves victories on the battlefield, which they believed to be targeting them. On the other hand, Duan ingratiated them. Therefore, when news of the
Desheng
498:
As one of Li Siyuan's main supporters was Li
Shaozhen (i.e., Huo Yanwei, whose name had been changed by Emperor Zhuangzong to Li Shaozhen but who would soon thereafter change back to the original name), Li Shaozhen assumed much of the authority in Luoyang. He resented Li Shaoqin and Li Shaochong
422:
Emperor
Zhuangzong accepted the surrenders of not only Duan Ning, but virtually the entire Later Liang government, but it was said that when the other former Later Liang officials saw Duan, they resented him bitterly for bringing disaster on the state and for what they considered shamelessness.
423:
Meanwhile, Du Yanqiu and Duan submitted a joint accusation against a number of Zhu Zhen's close associates; in response, Emperor
Zhuangzong put those of Zhu Zhen's close associates to death. Meanwhile, Duan ingratiated himself with Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite performer Jing Jin (
168:), had failed to do so earlier in 911, and in anger, had Li exiled and later forced Li to commit suicide, while he issued an edict praising Duan for his diligence. After this incident, Duan was made the prefect of the more prosperous Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern
471:. Li Shaohong recommended Li Shaoqin as the commander of the army against Former Shu, arguing that Li Shaoqin was talented, but Guo opposed Li Shaoqin as treacherous and unreliable. Subsequently, at Guo's suggestion, Emperor Zhuangzong commissioned his oldest son,
308:) and captured it. This left the Later Liang capital Daliang (i.e., Kaifeng) relatively defenseless, and Zhu Zhen, in fear and anger, removed Dai (as he believed Dai to be responsible for leaving Yun Prefecture open to attack) and replaced him with
135:(as its Emperor Taizu), he began to value Duan's advice more. In 909, when he was serving as one of Zhu's attendants, he was made a general of the imperial guards and one of the monitors of the army against Later Liang's archenemy to the north,
479:
Zhuangzong's approval, ordering Guo's death. Guo's death, coupled with
Emperor Zhuangzong's and Empress Liu's refusal to issue material rewards to the soldiers, led to mutinies throughout the land, with one of the major mutinies at
118:, then a powerful warlord and military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng) — notwithstanding the fact that his father had previously served Zhu but had been exiled after being accused of faults.
503:, however, warned Li Shaozhen that he lacked such authority and should not be taking vengeance on Li Shaoqin and Li Shaochong for their crimes during Later Liang. Li Siyuan (who was at this point claiming the title of
237:
to Jin, causing the morale of the Later Liang army to be low. In 922, however, Duan was involved in a counterattack that, to a degree, restored the Later Liang morale. At that time, the main Jin army was attacking
250:
the Prince of Zhao and taken over Zhao lands, before dying and leaving the lands in Zhang Chujin's hands. With the main Jin army in the north, the defense of the key border city Wei
Prefecture (衛州, in modern
180:, however, did not consider Duan an appropriate person for that role and sought to have him removed. Emperor Taizu, however, resisted the suggestion. At some point, he changed his name from Mingyuan to Ning.
507:
and not yet emperor) soon issued an order stripping Li
Shaoqin and Li Shaochong of their imperial names (i.e., restoring them to their original names) and their posts, sending them back to their homes.
275:), launched a surprise attack on Wei Prefecture, capturing it and taking Li Cunru captive. Duan subsequently rendezvoused with the supreme commander of the Later Liang forces against Jin,
293:), and Xinxiang (新鄉, both in modern Xinxiang). Jin suffered losses of a third of its food storage on the Jin/Later Liang border, and this greatly encouraged the Later Liang army.
158:), within Huai Prefecture. Duan supplied him with many delicacies, pleasing him. In spring 912, when Emperor Taizu was departing for another campaign against Jin and its ally
106:. It was said that he was intelligent and capable of strategies when he was young. At some point, he became a chief secretary at the county government of Mianchi (澠池, in modern
486:
Once Li Siyuan reached Yedu, however, his own soldiers forced him to join the Yedu mutineers. He subsequently attacked south, but even before he could reach the capital
433:; as a result, Emperor Zhuangzong made him the acting military governor of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang) and gave him the imperial surname of
499:(i.e., Wen Tao, whose name had been changed by Emperor Zhuangzong as well), and therefore had them arrested and planned to kill them. Li Siyuan's main strategist,
456:
attacks, and took the opportunity to ingratiate himself with Li
Shaohong. In 925, he became the military governor of Weisheng Circuit (威勝, headquartered in modern
162:, he made a stop at Huojia again, and Duan made even more elaborate offerings. After Duan's display, Emperor Taizu remembered how another general, Li Si'an (
269:. Li Cunru, however, was incompetent, allowing soldiers to bribe themselves out of active duty. In fall 922, Duan, along with another officer, Zhang Lang (
86:(Zhu Quanzhong) based on his sister's being a concubine to Emperor Taizu, and later became a major general during the reign of Later Liang's last emperor
354:
After he was commissioned to be the supreme commander against Later Tang, Duan crossed the Yellow River and headed for Chan Prefecture (澶州, in modern
511:
In 927, Li Siyuan (who had declared himself emperor by this point, as Emperor Mingzong) further exiled Duan Ning to Liao Prefecture (遼州, in modern
858:
131:
Because Duan Mingyuan was intelligent and because his younger sister was a concubine of Zhu Quanzhong's, after Zhu Quanzhong established
331:) under siege, to try to cut off the communications between Later Tang proper and Yun Prefecture. However, Zhu Zhen's close associates
888:
296:
In 923, shortly after Li Cunxu declared himself emperor of a new Later Tang (as its Emperor Zhuangzong), he sent his adoptive brother
583:
490:, Emperor Zhuangzong was killed in another mutiny at Luoyang, allowing him to subsequently enter Luoyang without major opposition.
440:
Li Shaoqin was subsequently made full military governor of Yicheng, and then moved to Taining Circuit (泰寧, headquartered in modern
883:
72:
527:). In 928, he issued another edict condemning Duan and Wen for their treacherousness and ordered that they commit suicide.
898:
893:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
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744:
725:
706:
679:
660:
551:
188:
Duan Ning was not again mentioned in traditional histories until 920, by which time Emperor Taizu had died and his son
853:
791:
786:
779:
774:
641:
636:
612:
607:
323:) (i.e., the southern part of the city south of the Yellow River), and Wang subsequently put Yangliu (楊劉, in modern
430:
266:
65:
908:
300:
to launch a surprise attack on a major Later Liang city south of the Yellow River, Yun Prefecture (鄆州, in modern
150:
In late 911, as Emperor Taizu was returning from a campaign against Jin, he made a stop at Huojia (獲嘉, in modern
579:
297:
91:
467:
In 925, Emperor Zhuangzong was preparing for a major campaign to conquer Later Tang's southwestern neighbor
903:
868:
132:
75:
843:
878:
341:
136:
873:
863:
336:
344:
390:
Wang Yanzhang and Zhang Hanjie (張漢傑, Consort Zhang's brother) would head toward Yun Prefecture.
332:
211:
177:
159:
8:
848:
247:
102:
It is not known when Duan Mingyuan was born, but it is known that his family was from
176:) and made the chief monitor of the army against Jin. Emperor Taizu's chief advisor
475:
the Prince of Wei, as the supreme commander, with Guo serving as Li Jiji's deputy.
315:
A quick counterattack by Wang captured the southern half of Desheng (德勝, in modern
69:
37:
94:(Li Siyuan), Emperor Mingzong exiled Duan and later forced him to commit suicide.
563:
21:
226:), and Duan, who was then serving as the director of the imperial gardens (莊宅使,
798:
546:
457:
26:
586:
to commit suicide; it is not clear whether the order was carried out that day.
837:
405:, who defected to Later Tang around this time. Under the advice of Kang and
309:
279:, and captured a number of other nearby Jin garrisons — Qimen (淇門, in modern
233:
Over the years, Later Liang had lost its territory, bit by bit, north of the
453:
406:
402:
348:
335:(Zhu Zhen's brother-in-law) and four brothers/cousins of his deceased wife
239:
234:
17:
500:
449:
394:
243:
199:
189:
87:
468:
434:
376:
366:
276:
79:
480:
324:
301:
169:
107:
401:
Duan's masterplan, however, was revealed by the Later Liang officer
139:. In 910, he was made the prefect of Huai Prefecture (懷州, in modern
524:
512:
445:
328:
305:
252:
203:
194:
151:
362:) and prepared an ambitious four-prong attack against Later Tang:
192:
was emperor. That year, after the Later Liang military governor (
487:
472:
380:
370:
140:
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103:
83:
566:
520:
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504:
441:
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316:
207:
461:
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284:
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173:
155:
144:
111:
429:) and, through Jing, Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite consort
280:
202:
surrendered his Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern
82:
states. He became an official under Later Liang's founder
397:, would confront Later Tang's Emperor Zhuangzong.
379:would head toward Zhen Prefecture (鎮州, in modern
259:) was left in the hands of its prefect Li Cunru (
835:
519:) and Wen Tao to De Prefecture (德州, in modern
424:
288:
270:
260:
221:
215:
163:
121:
59:
49:
412:
369:would head toward the major Later Tang city
214:to attack Zhu Youqian, assisted by Yin Hao (
417:
755:
753:
736:
734:
210:) to Jin, Zhu Zhen sent the major general
717:
715:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
671:
669:
652:
650:
541:
539:
493:
631:
629:
627:
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623:
621:
750:
731:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
582:issued an edict ordering Duan Ning and
530:
265:), an adoptive brother of Jin's prince
836:
712:
685:
666:
647:
536:
312:, with Duan serving as Wang's deputy.
126:
73:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
859:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) generals
618:
589:
437:, along with a new name of Shaoqin.
347:, and the senior military governor
114:), but abandoned his post to serve
13:
578:November 8, 928 was the date when
567:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
14:
920:
889:Forced suicides of Chinese people
787:New History of the Five Dynasties
637:New History of the Five Dynasties
557:
183:
68:(Li Cunxu), was a general of the
66:Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang
580:Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
572:
271:
92:Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
44:) (died November 8, 928?), né
1:
884:People executed by Later Tang
775:History of the Five Dynasties
608:History of the Five Dynasties
97:
7:
387:, formerly Zhao's capital).
10:
925:
899:Executed people from Henan
894:Executed Later Tang people
122:Service during Later Liang
15:
425:
413:Service during Later Tang
393:Duan himself, along with
373:(formerly Jin's capital).
289:
261:
222:
216:
164:
60:
50:
41:
854:Politicians from Kaifeng
418:Under Emperor Zhuangzong
909:Suicides in Later Tang
494:Under Emperor Mingzong
64:) during the reign of
452:in defending against
531:Notes and references
904:Generals from Henan
869:Later Tang jiedushi
127:Under Emperor Taizu
844:9th-century births
879:Weisheng jiedushi
246:had assassinated
916:
874:Taining jiedushi
864:Yicheng jiedushi
767:
757:
748:
738:
729:
719:
710:
700:
683:
673:
664:
654:
645:
633:
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167:
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63:
62:
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52:
43:
924:
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919:
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577:
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564:Academia Sinica
562:
558:
544:
537:
533:
496:
420:
415:
242:, whose father
220:), Wen Zhaotu (
186:
129:
124:
100:
31:
12:
11:
5:
922:
912:
911:
906:
901:
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832:
831:
799:Zizhi Tongjian
795:
783:
769:
768:
760:Zizhi Tongjian
749:
741:Zizhi Tongjian
730:
722:Zizhi Tongjian
711:
703:Zizhi Tongjian
684:
676:Zizhi Tongjian
665:
657:Zizhi Tongjian
646:
617:
588:
571:
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547:Zizhi Tongjian
534:
532:
529:
495:
492:
419:
416:
414:
411:
399:
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391:
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374:
287:), Gongcheng (
185:
184:Under Zhu Zhen
182:
128:
125:
123:
120:
99:
96:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
921:
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365:
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350:
349:Zhang Zongshi
346:
343:
338:
337:Consort Zhang
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
310:Wang Yanzhang
307:
303:
299:
294:
286:
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268:
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254:
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245:
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228:Zhuangzhaishi
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116:Zhu Quanzhong
113:
109:
105:
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67:
57:
47:
46:Duan Mingyuan
39:
35:
29:
28:
23:
19:
797:
785:
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721:
702:
675:
656:
635:
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477:
466:
439:
421:
407:Guo Chongtao
403:Kang Yanxiao
400:
353:
314:
295:
240:Zhang Chujin
235:Yellow River
232:
227:
193:
187:
149:
130:
101:
55:
54:), known as
45:
33:
32:
25:
18:Chinese name
501:An Chonghui
450:Li Shaohong
244:Zhang Wenli
200:Zhu Youqian
133:Later Liang
76:Later Liang
22:family name
849:928 deaths
838:Categories
469:Former Shu
377:Huo Yanwei
367:Dong Zhang
345:Jing Xiang
342:chancellor
277:Dai Siyuan
98:Background
80:Later Tang
56:Li Shaoqin
395:Du Yanqiu
325:Liaocheng
298:Li Siyuan
248:Wang Rong
170:Zhengzhou
108:Sanmenxia
34:Duan Ning
802:, vols.
764:vol. 275
745:vol. 274
726:vol. 273
707:vol. 272
680:vol. 271
661:vol. 268
552:vol. 276
525:Shandong
513:Jinzhong
446:Shandong
431:Lady Liu
333:Zhao Yan
329:Shandong
306:Shandong
267:Li Cunxu
253:Xinxiang
204:Yuncheng
195:Jiedushi
190:Zhu Zhen
152:Xinxiang
88:Zhu Zhen
16:In this
792:vol. 45
780:vol. 73
642:vol. 45
613:vol. 73
584:Wen Tao
488:Luoyang
473:Li Jiji
458:Nanyang
381:Baoding
371:Taiyuan
212:Liu Xun
178:Li Zhen
141:Jiaozuo
104:Kaifeng
84:Zhu Wen
70:Chinese
38:Chinese
521:Dezhou
517:Shanxi
505:regent
454:Khitan
442:Jining
356:Anyang
317:Puyang
302:Tai'an
208:Shanxi
40::
20:, the
462:Henan
385:Hebei
360:Henan
321:Henan
285:Henan
257:Henan
174:Henan
156:Henan
145:Henan
112:Henan
481:Yedu
281:Hebi
160:Zhao
78:and
27:Duan
828:276
824:275
820:274
816:273
812:272
808:271
804:268
464:).
262:李存儒
223:溫昭圖
165:李思安
147:).
137:Jin
61:李紹欽
51:段明遠
24:is
840::
826:,
822:,
818:,
814:,
810:,
806:,
790:,
778:,
762:,
752:^
743:,
733:^
724:,
714:^
705:,
687:^
678:,
668:^
659:,
649:^
640:,
620:^
611:,
591:^
550:,
538:^
523:,
515:,
460:,
444:,
435:Li
426:景進
383:,
358:,
351:.
327:,
319:,
304:,
290:共城
283:,
272:張朗
255:,
217:尹浩
206:,
198:)
172:,
154:,
143:,
110:,
42:段凝
830:.
794:.
782:.
766:.
747:.
728:.
709:.
682:.
663:.
644:.
615:.
569:.
554:.
58:(
48:(
36:(
30:.
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