688:
1434:, 1860 ("IPC"), which made dowry death a specific offence punishable with a minimum sentence of imprisonment for 7 years and a maximum imprisonment for life. It provided that if the death of a woman is caused by burns or bodily injury or occurs in suspicious circumstances within 7 years of her marriage, and there's evidence to show that before her death, she was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband or his relative regarding the demand for dowry, then the husband or the relative shall be deemed to have caused her death.
648:. The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 defines dowry: "Dowry means any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given either directly or indirectly - (a) by one party in marriage to the other party in marriage; or (b) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person to either party to marriage or to any other persons; at or before or after the marriage as consideration for the marriage of the said parties, but does not include dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal Law applies."
99:
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1496:. The Domestic Violence Act encompasses all forms of physical, verbal, emotional, economic and sexual abuse and forms a subset of the anti-dowry laws to the extent it is one of the reasons for domestic violence. Section 3 of the Domestic Violence Act specifically incorporates all forms of harassment, injury and harms inflicted to coerce a woman to meet an unlawful demand for dowry. Some of the common remedies under the Domestic Violence Act include:
1047:
1665:
enforcement. There is criticism by women's groups that India's dowry harassment laws are ineffective because the statutes are too vague, the police and the courts do not enforce the laws and social mores keep women subservient and docile, giving them a subordinate status in the society. The law ignores the complexities of dowry-related violence and overlooks the element of coercion, and arbitrary compulsive demands.
1110:
24:
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physical violence, emotional abuses, and even murder of brides and young girls prior to marriage. The predominant types of dowry crimes relate to cruelty (which includes torture and harassment), domestic violence (including physical, emotional and sexual assault), abetment to suicide and dowry death (including, issues of bride burning and murder)..
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than ₹15,000 or the value of the dowry received, whichever is higher. Dowry in the Act is defined as any property or valuable security given or agreed to be given in connection with the marriage. The penalty for giving or taking dowry is not applicable in case of presents which are given at the time of marriage without any demand having been made.
655:"Dowry" in the sense of the expression contemplated by Dowry Prohibition Act is a demand for property of valuable security having an inextricable nexus with the marriage, i.e., it is a consideration from the side of the bride's parents or relatives to the groom or his parents and/or guardian for the agreement to wed the bride-to-be.
840:
marriage or to any additional inheritance after her father's death. If her father died before her marriage, her guardian would first pay off her father's debt, then allocate a fourth of the remaining wealth to her upkeep until she is ready to marry, and then give the rest to her to take with her into her married life.
865:. The marriage treaty, signed on June 23, 1661, included the seven islands of Bombay as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles II. The official transfer of Bombay to the British occurred in 1665. The British East India Company took full control in 1668 after leasing it from the Crown for a nominal rent of £10 per year.
986:, and parents' expectations of dowry are important factors to consider. A 1995 study showed that while attitudes of people are changing about dowry, dowry prevails. In a 1980 study conducted by Rao, 75% of students responded that dowry was not important to marriage, but 40% of their parents likely expected dowry.
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in India. It began in 2003 when Nisha Sharma accused her prospective groom, Munish Dalal, of demanding dowry. The case got much coverage from Indian and international media. Nisha was portrayed as a youth icon and a role model for other women. However, it was later found that Nisha had fabricated the
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reviewed the enforcement of section 41(1)(A) of CrPC which instructs state of following certain procedure before arrest, and went on to observe that the 498A had become a powerful weapon in the hands of disgruntled wives where innocent people were arrested without any evidence due to non-bailable and
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and if any dowry is received by anyone other than the woman, it should be transferred to the woman. The burden of proving that an offense was not committed is on the persons charged and not on the victim or her family. Under its powers to frame rules for carrying out its objectives under the Act, the
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in the form of torture or harassment of a woman with the objective of forcing her to meet a demand for property or valuable security is a form of dowry crime. The cruelty could be in the form of verbal attacks or may be accompanied by beating or harassment in order to force the woman or her family to
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and justify the practice in terms of jahez-e-fatimi. Islamists classify jahez into two categories: The first comprises some essential articles for the outfit of the bride as well as for conjugal life. The other is made up of valuable goods, clothes, jewelry, an amount of money for the groom's family,
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Further, many women are afraid to implicate their husbands in a dowry crime simply because the Indian society is viewed as having conditioned women to anticipate or expect abuse and in some sense eventually, endure it. While the laws give great powers, they are not effectively enforced by the police
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Further, section 113B of the
Evidence Act, 1872 ("Evidence Act"), creates an additional presumption of dowry death when it is shown that before her death, the woman had been subjected to cruelty on account of dowry demand. Section 304B IPC along with Section 113B of the Evidence Act have enabled the
1381:
The first all-India legislative enactment relating to dowry to be put on the statute book was The Dowry
Prohibition Act, 1961 and this legislation came into force from 1 July 1961. It marked the beginning of a new legal framework of dowry harassment laws effectively prohibiting the demanding, giving
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Many times, as part of this mutual 'give-and-take', an attempt is made by the groom's family to dictate the quantum of each gift along with specific demands for dowry. In such circumstances, there is an element of exerting coercion on the bride's family and this is what has come to be recognized as
820:
The implements of the wedding rejoicings are brought forward. No gift (dower or dowry) is settled between them. The man gives only a present to the wife, as he thinks fit, and a marriage gift in advance, which he has no right to claim back, but the (proposed) wife may give it back to him of her own
1401:
was passed, which added an additional layer of protection from dowry harassment. Although the changes in Indian criminal law reflect a serious effort by legislators to put an end to dowry-related crimes, and although they have been in effect for many years now, they have been largely criticised as
1410:
The Dowry
Prohibition Act, 1961 consolidated the anti-dowry laws which had been passed on certain states. This legislation provides for a penalty in section 3 if any person gives, takes or abets giving or receiving of dowry. The punishment could be imprisonment for minimum 5 years and a fine more
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Bride burnings are often disguised as accidents or suicide attempts. Bride burnings are the most common forms of dowry deaths for a wide range of reasons like kerosene being inexpensive, there being insufficient evidence after the murder and low chances of survival rate. Apart from bride burning,
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where brides are doused in kerosene and set ablaze by the husband or his family. Sometimes, due to their abetment to commit suicide, the bride may end up setting herself on fireDowry is considered a major contributor towards observed violence against women in India. Some of these offences include
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A newly married woman can be a target for dowry related violence because she is tied economically and socially to her new husband. In some cases, dowry is used as a threat or hostage type situation, in order to extract more property from the bride's family. This can be seen in new brides, who are
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and dowry murder relate to a bride's suicide or killing committed by her husband and his family after the marriage because of their dissatisfaction with the dowry. It is typically the culmination of a series of prior domestic abuses by the husband's family. Most dowry deaths occur when the young
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and others, such as 'the bride be richly adorned to celebrate marriage' were ceremonial dress and jewelry along with gifts that were her property, not property demanded by or meant for the groom; Lochtefeld further notes that bridal adornment is not currently considered as dowry in most people's
839:
Al-Biruni further claims that a daughter, in 11th century India, had legal right to inherit from her father, but only a fourth part of her brother. The daughter took this inheritance amount with her when she married, claimed Al-Biruni, and she had no rights to income from her parents after her
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Although Indian laws against dowry have been drafted decades ago, they have been largely criticised as being ineffective. Despite the Indian government's efforts, the practice of dowry deaths and murders continues unchecked in many parts of India and this has further added to the concerns of
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conviction of many who were not caught by the Dowry
Prohibition Act, 1961. Section 113A of the Evidence Act provides a similar presumption of abetment of suicide (which is an offense under Section 306 IPC), in case of death of a married woman within a period of seven years of her marriage.
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Some suggestions point to economics and weak legal institutions on inheritance place women in disadvantage, with inheritances being left only to sons. This leaves women dependent upon their husbands and in-laws, who keep the dowry when she marries. Prior to 1956, including during the
1204:. Some of these offences include physical violence, emotional abuses, and even murder of brides and young girls prior to marriage. The predominant types of dowry crimes relate to cruelty (which includes torture and harassment), domestic violence (including physical, emotional and
663:
Although Indian laws against dowries have been in effect for decades, they have been largely criticised as being ineffective. The practice of dowry deaths and murders continues to take place unchecked in many parts of India, which has further added to the concerns of enforcement.
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They (Indians) marry without either giving or taking dowries, but the women as soon as they are marriageable are brought forward by their fathers in public, to be selected by the victor in wrestling or boxing or running or someone who excels in any other manly exercise.
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In a recent landmark judgment on dowry death, Hon’ble
Supreme Court of India held that “Mere death of the deceased being unnatural in the matrimonial home within seven years of marriage will not be sufficient to convict the accused under Section 304B and 498A IPC”.
1307:. In such situations, the dowry crime even extends to abetment of suicide, which includes all acts and attempts to intentionally advise, encourage, or assist in committing suicide. The impact of dowry can leave a woman helpless and desperate, which can cumulate in
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derived personal status laws). Despite the new inheritance law, dowry has continued as a process whereby parental property is distributed to a daughter at her marriage by a social process, rather than after parents death by a slow court supervised process under
1054:
Dowry had been a prevalent practice in India's modern era and in this context, it can be in the form of a payment of cash or gifts from the bride's family to the bridegroom's family upon marriage. There are variations on dowry prevalence based on geography and
759:
They (these ancient Indian people) make their marriages in accordance with this principle, for in selecting a bride they care nothing whether she has a dowry and a handsome fortune, but look only to her beauty and other advantages of the outward person.
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usually involve considerable expenditure and accompanying wedding presents from relatives in both sides of the family. This is normal expenditure which is done willingly and varies from one family to another depending on the wealth, status, etc.
711:
claims the ancient Indian literature suggests dowry practices were not significant during the Vedic period. Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had property inheritance rights either by appointment or when they had no brothers.
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The Act provides the penalty for directly or indirectly demanding dowry and provides for a penalty involving a prison term of not less than 6 months and extendable up to two years along with a fine of ₹10,000. Dowry agreements are void
1369:. In 2012, 8,233 dowry death cases were reported across India, while in 2013, 8,083 dowry deaths were reported. This means a dowry-related crime causes the death of a woman every 90 minutes, or 1.4 deaths per year per 100,000 women in
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most vulnerable in the situation. Dowry crimes can occur with the threat or occurrence of violence, so that the bride's family is left with no choice but to give more dowry to protect their daughter. The northern and eastern states of
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Article 3 of the Dowry
Prohibition Act, 1961 specifies that the penalty for giving or taking dowry does not apply to presents that are given at the time of a marriage to the bride or groom when no demand for them has been made.
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and injury to even deaths. The payment of dowry has long been prohibited under specific Indian laws including the Dowry
Prohibition Act 1961 approved by the Parliament of India and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498A of the
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1469:
provides that for the prosecution of offences under
Section 498A IPC, the courts can take cognizance only when it receives a report of the facts from the police or upon a complaint being made by the victim or her family.
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gradually disappeared and dowry became the prevalent form of transfer. In the modern era, the practice of dowry requires the bride's family to transfer goods to the groom's family in consideration for the marriage.
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or by courts. It can take up to 10 years for a case to go to court and even once in court, husbands and in-laws end up getting away with extortion or even murder because the women and their families cannot prove '
1453:
on perpetrators of the offence. Section 406 IPC, pertaining to offences for the criminal breach of trust, applies in cases of recovery of dowry as it is supposed to be for the benefit of the woman and her heirs.
993:, women continue to be in a subordinate status in their family. Women's education, income, and health are some significant factors that play into the dowry system, and for how much control a woman has over her
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1070:
Dowry also varies by economic strata in India. Upper-class families are more likely to engage in the dowry system than the lower class. This could be in part due to women's economic exclusion from the
960:(lives with husband's family) system, where the bride is a non-related member of the family. This system encourages dowry perhaps due to the exclusion of the bride's family after marriage as a form of
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and taking of dowry. Although providing dowry is illegal, it is still common in many parts of India for a husband to seek a dowry from the wife's family and in some cases, this results in a form of
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To further strengthen the anti-dowry law and to stop offences of cruelty by the husband or his relatives against the wife, new provisions were added to the Indian criminal law – section 498A to
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the menace of dowry in today's times. Dowry does not refer to the voluntary presents which are made to the bride and the groom; rather it is what is extracted from the bride or her parents.
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government of India has framed the
Maintenance of Lists of Presents to the Bride and the Bridegroom Rules, 1985. There are also several state level amendments to the Dowry Prohibition Act.
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The Dowry
Prohibition Act, 1961 repealed the earlier local laws e.g. The Andhra Pradesh Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958 and The Bihar Dowry Restraint Act, 1950. See, S. Krishnamurthy (1981).
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1633:
On 19 April 2015, the Indian government sought to introduce a bill to amend Section 498A IPC based on the suggestions of the Law Commission and Justice Malimath committee on reforms of
3620:
1059:. States in the north are more likely to participate in the dowry system among all classes, and dowry is more likely to be in the form of material and movable goods. In the south, the
1622:
nature of the law. The decision received criticism from feminists because it weakened the negotiating power of women. Others welcomed the decision as landmark judgment to uphold the
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In many cases of 498A, huge amounts of dowry are claimed without any valid reasoning. A rickshaw puller's wife can allege that she gave crores of rupees as dowry and since it is a
3638:
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Edward Sachau (Translator), Bīrūnī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Alberuni's India (Vol. 2), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. (London, 1910.) Chapter LXIX: 154 ページ出版; see Al-Hind too.
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in their marriage in the form of movable goods. This helped prevent family wealth break-up and provided security to the bride at the same time. This system can also be used as a
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marriages. Dowry was not infrequent when the girl suffered from some bodily defect. Property rights for women increased in ancient India, suggest MacDonell and Keith, over the
2008:
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Further, Section 498A IPC was specifically included in 1983 to protect women from cruelty and harassment. The constitutionality of Section 498A was challenged before the
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John Watson McCrindle (Translator), The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as described by Arrian, Archibald Constable & Co. (Westminster, UK): 280 ページ出版
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is a party to several international human rights instruments which provide theoretical remedies to the dowry problems. These international conventions include the
2811:"Nasty tales of arranged marriages gone bad; Passionate Eye's Runaway Grooms; Canadian men marry women in India, take the dowry, then divorce and ditch bride".
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One notable historical incident involving dowry is the transfer of Bombay (now Mumbai) to the British Crown. This event was part of the marriage treaty between
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The findings of MacDonell and Keith are similar to Witzel, and differ from Tambiah; they cite ancient Indian literature suggesting bridewealth was paid even in
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refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride's family gives to the groom, his parents and his relatives as a condition of the
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statistics, in 2012, nearly 200,000 people including 47,951 women, were arrested in regard to dowry offences. However, only 15% of the accused were convicted.
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The two sources suggest dowry was absent, or infrequent enough to be noticed by Arrian. About 1200 years after Arrian's visit, another scholar visited India,
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and suicide. The offence of abetment to suicide is significant because in many cases, the accused persons often bring up a defense that the victim committed
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Law Relating to Dowry Prohibition, Cruelty, and Harassment: An up-to-Date, Lucid, and Exhaustive Commentary with Case Law on the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
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Ravikant, Namratha S. (2000). "Dowry Deaths: Proposing a Standard For Implementation of Domestic Legislation in Accordance With Human Rights Obligations".
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Lucy Carroll (1991), Daughter's Right of Inheritance in India: A Perspective on the Problem of Dowry, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4, pages 791-809
1588:, police are bound to register the case. In most cases, the financial capacity of the wife or her parents and the source of the funds are never tracked.
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1398:
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Krishnaswamy, Saroja (1995). "Dynamics of personal and social factors influencing the attitude of married and unmarried working women towards dowry".
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1637:. News reports indicate that the proposed amendment will make the offence compoundable and this would facilitate couples to settle their disputes.
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The dowry system can put great financial burden on the bride's family. In some cases, the dowry system leads to crimes against women, ranging from
483:
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In the modern era, the concept of dowry has evolved and Indian families no longer practise bride price. This is because with the passage of time,
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ostensibly seeking a new bride, but then abandon the woman and return to Canada without her as soon as they had secured possession of her dowry.
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system is more prevalent, and is more often in the form of land, or other inheritance goods. This system is tied to the social structure of
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3695:
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Ghosh, Biswajit (1 July 2013). "How Does the Legal Framework Protect Victims of Dowry and Domestic Violence in India? A Critical Review".
1089:. To counter this, the bride's family provided the groom with dowry which would be registered in the bride's name. This dowry was seen as
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Bhave, Sunil (2007). "Deterring Dowry Deaths in India: Applying Tort Law to Reverse the Economic Incentives That Fuel the Dowry Market".
603:
3634:
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Shah, Meghana (2003). "Rights Under Fire: The Inadequacy of International Human Rights Instruments in Combating Dowry Murder in India".
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Prashant K. Trivnd Smriti Singh (December 2014). "Fallacies of a Supreme Court Judgment: Section 498A and the Dynamics of Acquittals".
3043:
297:
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Reddy, P. Govinda (July–August 1988). "Consanguineous Marriages and Marriage Payment: A Study Among Three South Indian Caste Groups".
897:, daughters had no rights of inheritance to their family's wealth. In 1956, India gave equal legal status to daughters and sons among
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2000:
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woman, unable to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide by hanging herself or consuming poison. Dowry deaths also include
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Meghana Shah, "Rights under fire: The inadequacy of international human rights instruments in combating dowry murder in India."
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The Indian criminal laws were comprehensively amended to include dowry as a punishable offence. Section 304B was added to the
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for the bride. In the south, marriage is more often conducted within the bride's family, for example with close relatives or
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Various reasons have been suggested as cause of dowry practice in India. These include economic factors and social factors.
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4259:
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Remers Pardee, Laurel (1996). "The Dilemma of Dowry Deaths: Domestic Disgrace or International Human Rights Catastrophe?".
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473:
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Laurel Remers Pardee (1996). "The Dilemma of Dowry Deaths: Domestic Disgrace or International Human Rights Catastrophe?".
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which is observed by many in India as being prone to misuse because of mechanical arrests by the police. According to the
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Rao, V.V. Prakasa; V. Nandini Rao (1980). "The Dowry System in Indian Marriages: Attitudes, Expectations And Practices".
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based on the demands from the groom. The demand for dowry from groom's family and relatives has increased over time.
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63:
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1900:
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Srinivasan, Padma; Gary R. Lee (2004). "The Dowry System in Northern India: Women's Attitudes and Social Change".
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Spatz, Melissa (1991). "A "Lesser" Crime: A Comparative Study of Legal Defenses for Men Who Kill Their Wives".
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India, with its large population, reports the highest number of dowry related deaths in the world according to
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includes a broad spectrum of abusive and threatening behavior which includes physical, emotional, economic and
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Dalmia, Sonia; Pareena G. Lawrence (2005). "The Institution of Dowry in India: Why It Continues to Prevail".
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Banerjee, Priya R. (January 2014). "Dowry in 21st-Century India: The Sociocultural Face of Exploitation".
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on grounds of abuse, that it gave arbitrary power to the police and the court. However, it was upheld in
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practised dowry, the lower castes practised bride price to compensate her family for the loss of income.
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Continuing abuse by the husband and his family with threats of harm could lead to a woman committing
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3800:"Dowry & Inheritance" edited by Smt. Basu, Women Unlimited & Kali for Women, New Delhi 2005.
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For many, dowry has become a greater financial burden on the bride's family, and can leave families
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https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2010/34791/34791_2010_16_1501_43603_Judgement_20-Apr-2023.pdf
3564:"Supreme Court judgment restricting automatic arrests in dowry cases well within the Constitution"
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Manchandia, Purna (2005). "Practical Steps towards Eliminating Dowry and Bride-Burning in India".
1541:("CRC"). CEDAW codifies the rights most relevant to the discussion of dowry-related violence: the
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and more detailed investigation was recommended. Following the observations of the Supreme Court
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when it was challenged. In 2010, the Supreme Court spoke about the misuse of anti-dowry laws in
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Nangia, Anshu (1997). "The Tragedy of Bride Burning in India: How Should the Law Address It?".
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Nangia, Anshu (1997). "The Tragedy of Bride Burning in India: How Should the Law Address It?".
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971:, and in a closer physical distance to her family. In addition, brides may have the ability to
754:. 300 BC) as recorded by Arrian and Megasthenes. Arrian's first book mentions a lack of dowry,
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land, which makes her more valuable in the marriage, decreasing the chance of dowry over the
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required the groom and his family to be automatically arrested if a wife complains of dowry
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charges in an effort to avoid marrying her fiancé, and in 2012 all accused were acquitted.
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scholar who lived in India for 16 years from 1017 CE. He translated many Indian texts into
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183:
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yield to dowry demands. In many instances, the cruelty may even force the woman to commit
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are a time for big celebrations in each family, they tend to be very lavish. Accordingly,
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inheritance, as once a woman is presented with movable gifts, she may be cut off from the
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2924:"Dowry Deaths (Bride Burning) in India and Abetment of Suicide: A Socio-Legal Appraisal"
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is not clear. Some scholars believe dowry was practised in antiquity, but some do not.
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815:, as well as wrote a memoir on Indian culture and life he observed. Al-Biruni claimed,
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82:
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James G. Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing,
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and other ancient Indian scribes. Lochtefeld suggests that religious duties listed by
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3684:"Three 'weddings' and no dowry". BBC News. 19 November 2003. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
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2904:
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2459:
2358:
2339:
2211:
2172:
2035:
1921:
1726:
1600:
1574:
1553:
1431:
1390:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1097:: woman's property). Also, an important distinction is the fact that while the upper
990:
926:
668:
645:
418:
339:
229:
132:
3029:
2890:
2748:
2073:
1965:
5087:
4889:
4818:
4813:
4803:
4730:
4326:
4283:
4182:
3079:
3009:
2935:
2894:
2886:
2855:
2813:
2772:
2734:
2726:
2583:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2455:
2327:
2210:
CV Vaidya, Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana,
1951:
1909:
1898:
Waheed, Abdul (February 2009). "Dowry among Indian muslims: ideals and practices".
1864:
Dowry Deaths and Access to Justice in Kali's Yug: Empowerment, Law and Dowry Deaths
1634:
1312:
1308:
571:
561:
400:
4413:
3511:
Jaising, Indira (July 2014). "Concern for the Dead, Condemnation for the Living".
2712:"Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India"
5359:
5310:
5180:
5175:
5072:
5006:
4631:
4306:
4296:
4197:
4111:
4091:
4086:
3978:
3912:
3086:
3067:
2766:"National Crime Statistics 2012 (p. 196), National Crime Statistics 2013 (p. 81)"
1542:
1280:
640:
237:
188:
127:
2158:
Witzel, Michael. "Little Dowry, No Sati: The Lot of Women in the Vedic Period."
5305:
5295:
5077:
5052:
5016:
4833:
4765:
4717:
4654:
4573:
4502:
4365:
4066:
3917:
2940:
2923:
1913:
1805:
1721:
1426:
Criminal statutes – Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Evidence Act
1230:
1205:
1056:
1005:
Dowry in India is not limited to any specific religion. It is widespread among
708:
413:
3591:"Abha Singh calls Supreme Court decision on Section 498A a landmark judgement"
3269:
Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences
3191:"Maintenance of Lists of Presents to the Bride and the Bridegroom Rules, 1985"
2859:
2730:
2694:
Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences
2630:
Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences
2587:
1882:
Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Deaths, Bride Burning, Rape, and Related Offences
5447:
5410:
5320:
5160:
5057:
4626:
4586:
4152:
4147:
4004:
3861:
3013:
1790:
1697:
1450:
1355:
1342:
1235:
1213:
934:
739:
735:
330:
3315:
Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Death, Cruelty to Women & Domestic Violence
3254:
Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Death, Cruelty to Women & Domestic Violence
3239:
Law Relating to Dowry, Dowry Death, Cruelty to Women & Domestic Violence
982:
In addition to marriage customs that may influence dowry, social customs or
4492:
4202:
3937:
3741:
May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons: A Journey Among the Women of India
3021:
2981:
Teays, Wanda (Fall 1991). "The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India".
2908:
2798:
2645:
May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons: A Journey Among the Women of India
1500:
protection orders – prohibiting a person from committing domestic violence;
1359:
1337:
1078:
1071:
885:
factors that contribute towards the system of dowry. Some of these include
382:
251:
246:
215:
98:
2595:
2331:
1535:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
5315:
5300:
5097:
5082:
5067:
4601:
4596:
4581:
4497:
4244:
3897:
3876:
3118:
The Dowry Problem: A Legal and Social Perspective, Ch. The Roots of Dowry
2679:
The Dowry Problem: A Legal and Social Perspective, Ch. The Roots of Dowry
1956:
1939:
1731:
1707:
1623:
1332:
1283:
as well as intimidation, isolation and coercion. There are laws like the
1209:
1164:
1060:
976:
972:
964:
894:
886:
730:
Kane claims ancient literature suggests bridewealth was paid only in the
405:
373:
368:
320:
122:
5405:
5285:
5165:
4132:
4081:
3419:
2771:. National Crime Records Bureau, India. 16 January 2013. Archived from
2739:
1473:
1362:, etc., as a means of which brides are murdered by the groom's family.
957:
696:
672:
358:
210:
3803:
2523:
2400:
Teays, Wanda (1991). "The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India".
5384:
4983:
4187:
4116:
4101:
4096:
4056:
1981:
1680:
1503:
residence orders – dispossessing such person from a shared household;
1442:
1417:
1383:
1351:
1086:
961:
941:
930:
827:
734:-type of marriage that was considered reprehensible and forbidden by
363:
90:
1258:
and it has been specifically criminalized by the anti-dowry laws in
1238:
men taking advantage of the dowry system. These men would travel to
1125:. In particular, This sentence contradicts the rest of the article..
1038:
or dower that Sharia religious law requires be gifted to the bride.
5389:
5351:
5144:
4591:
4192:
4106:
4071:
2499:"Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South Indian Village"
1094:
1064:
994:
882:
808:
804:, also known as Al-Biruni, or Alberonius in Latin. Al-Biruni was a
679:
ruled that arrests cannot be made without a magistrate's approval.
621:
566:
220:
196:
3221:
2954:
Jane Rudd, "Dowry-murder: An example of violence against women."
1323:
at her own volition, even though this may not be true in reality.
1046:
3659:
1320:
1304:
1255:
1250:
1010:
983:
724:
691:
Wedding Procession - Bride Under a Canopy with Gifts. Circa 1800.
5236:
3420:"Sushil Kumar Sharma vs Union Of India And Ors on 19 July, 2005"
3312:
3251:
3236:
2498:
4172:
4137:
4020:
3963:
3542:
3445:
Preeti Gupta & Another v. State of Jharkhand & Another,
2558:
Dharma's Daughters: Contemporary Indian Women and Hindu Culture
1676:
1569:
There is growing criticism that the dowry laws are often being
1531:
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
1446:
1217:
1098:
1085:
to benefit the bride, who was unable to inherit property under
1082:
1024:
1006:
956:
contributes to dowry. In the north, marriage usually follows a
914:
812:
805:
765:
716:
3266:
2691:
2627:
2138:"No arrests under anti-dowry law without magistrate's nod: SC"
1879:
1861:
1597:
Preeti Gupta & Another v. State of Jharkhand & Another
4664:
4177:
4162:
4142:
4076:
2001:"Arrest of police officer in unlawful detention under s 498A"
1518:
1449:
charge under Section 302 IPC as this allows courts to impose
1370:
1259:
1239:
1194:
953:
898:
731:
720:
651:
A court judgement clarifies the legal definition of dowry as
625:
4952:
1067:, which keeps marriage inside or close to family relations.
4030:
3635:"Centre set to prevent misuse of anti-dowry harassment law"
3402:"Women Misusing India's Anti-Dowry Law, says Supreme Court"
1488:("Domestic Violence Act") was passed in order to provide a
1034:
906:
902:
633:
311:
2355:
Encyclopaedia of Gender Equality Through Women Empowerment
3968:
2317:
1200:
Dowry is considered a major contributor towards observed
1509:
compensation orders – directing payment of compensation.
2496:
2282:"Bombay: Catherine Braganza's Dowry To King Charles II"
3656:"All let off in Nisha Sharma dowry case after 9 years"
1578:
1366:
3317:. New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. pp. 362–364.
2445:
3346:
2796:"Runaway husbands: Abandonment a disturbing trend".
2232:
1527:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1486:
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
1480:
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
1474:
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
1285:
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
3367:"Amend dowry law to stop its misuse, SC tells govt"
2709:
1009:and people of other religions. For example, Indian
925:Dowry gave, at least in theory, women economic and
2492:
2490:
2488:
2441:
2439:
1995:
1993:
1548:However, there are issues of non-intervention and
1050:A social awareness campaign in India about dowries
952:The structure and kinship of marriage in parts of
5375:Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy
2466:
2423:
1986:. New Delhi: New Delhi: Human Rights Law Network.
1506:custody orders – granting custody of a child; and
5445:
3256:. New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 211.
3241:. New Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 125.
2676:
2475:International Journal of Sociology of the Family
2426:International Journal of Sociology of the Family
2346:
843:
3468:
3271:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. pp. 77–78.
3224:Commentaries on the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
2485:
2436:
1990:
1933:
1931:
1626:of innocent people. An organization called the
1559:
3073:
3044:"Rising number of dowry deaths in India: NCRB"
2536:
2534:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2240:"Charles II, Catherine of Braganza and Bombay"
1982:Anita Rao and Svetlana Sandra Correya (2011).
1405:
1399:Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act
675:. The law was widely abused, and in 2014, the
4968:
4260:
3819:
3719:
2705:
2703:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2274:
1463:Sushil Kumar Sharma v. Union of India (2005).
1197:show higher rates of dowry-related violence.
746:One of these are the eyewitness records from
597:
3756:"India's New Abuse Laws Still Miss the Mark"
3650:
3648:
3156:Sections 5 and 6, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
2873:Belur, Jyoti; et al. (1 October 2014).
2472:
2253:
1928:
1513:
1131:. There might be a discussion about this on
3775:"State of UP vs Ram chandra 498a Judgement"
3222:B. P. Beri and Gooroodass Banerjee (1988).
2875:"The Social Construction of 'Dowry Deaths'"
2696:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 11.
2632:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 14.
2531:
2497:Srinivasan, Sharada; Arjun S. Bedi (2007).
2419:
2417:
2415:
2296:
2261:"Bombay: From Portugal to Britain as dowry"
1884:. Delhi: Universal Law Pub. Co. p. 10.
1081:, it was essentially followed by the upper
4975:
4961:
4274:
4267:
4253:
3826:
3812:
3617:"Anti-dowry law likely to be amended soon"
3499:Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar & Anr.,
3458:"Par Panel recommends review of Dowry Act"
2928:Journal of East Asia and International Law
2700:
2380:
2095:
1630:was founded to combat abuses of IPC 498a.
1041:
1018:which is settled on after bargaining. The
604:
590:
3645:
3313:Suman. Nalwa and Hari Dev. Kohli (2011).
3252:Suman. Nalwa and Hari Dev. Kohli (2011).
3237:Suman. Nalwa and Hari Dev. Kohli (2011).
3179:. Delhi: India Law House. pp. 36–55.
2939:
2898:
2738:
2522:
2225:
2223:
1955:
1610:Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar & Anr.
1151:Learn how and when to remove this message
989:While India has been making progress for
889:systems and the bride's economic status.
795:in Megasthenes and Arrian, 3rd Century BC
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
4864:Social impact of Indian television drama
3738:
3561:
3174:
3147:Section 3(2), Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
3129:Section 3(1), Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
2999:
2969:Connecticut Journal of International Law
2760:
2758:
2681:. Bangalore: IBH Prakashana. p. 22.
2657:
2642:
2560:. Rutgers University Press. p. 112.
2412:
2352:
2113:
2111:
1937:
1893:
1891:
1591:In 2005, Section 498A was upheld by the
1492:remedy for the protection of women from
1187:
1045:
913:(India grants its Muslim population the
686:
3833:
3772:
3753:
3510:
3267:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997).
2983:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
2710:Bloch, Francis; Vijayendra Rao (2002).
2692:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997).
2628:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997).
2543:The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World
2402:Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion
2091:
2089:
2087:
1940:"The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice"
1880:Paras Diwan and Peeyushi Diwan (1997).
1862:Rani Jethmalani & P.K. Dey (1995).
1640:
1573:, particularly the section 498A of the
5446:
3693:
3597:from the original on 24 September 2015
3281:
3165:Section 8A, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
2826:
2555:
2540:
2220:
2201:, Trubner & Co (London): 222 ページ出版
1897:
1311:and abuse. Dowry related abuse causes
1298:
868:
821:will (if she does not want to marry).
780:Arrian's second book similarly notes,
4956:
4248:
3807:
3588:
3426:from the original on 11 February 2013
3396:
3394:
3308:
3306:
3138:Section 2, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961
3050:from the original on 7 February 2014.
2980:
2921:
2872:
2845:
2755:
2608:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2399:
2117:
2108:
2080:from the original on 27 January 2021.
1888:
1848:from the original on 11 January 2012.
1539:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1523:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1376:
682:
3408:from the original on 9 January 2015.
3327:
2084:
2011:from the original on 8 December 2017
1977:
1975:
1944:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
1875:
1873:
1857:
1855:
1675:' that they are the victims of such
1265:
1103:
1000:
17:
3696:"Rebel bride's dowry charge junked"
3623:from the original on 30 April 2015.
3120:. Bangalore: IBH Prakashana. p. 66.
2956:Women's studies international forum
2160:Journal of South Asia Women Studies
2029:
1651:The Nisha Sharma dowry case was an
1367:Indian National Crime Record Bureau
876:
13:
3694:Ghosal, Aniruddha (1 March 2012).
3391:
3303:
2621:
2564:
1796:Welfare schemes for women in India
1679:, as there are rarely any outside
1659:
1228:A 2005 Canadian documentary film,
1022:often far exceeds the cost of the
848:
14:
5470:
3762:from the original on 18 May 2015.
3641:from the original on 18 May 2015.
3570:from the original on 22 July 2015
3464:from the original on 18 May 2015.
3106:from the original on 15 May 2015.
3100:"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961"
2148:from the original on 7 July 2014.
2074:"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961"
2062:from the original on 15 May 2015.
2056:"The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961"
1972:
1870:
1852:
1032:is separate from cash payment as
947:
628:is called "दहेज" in Hindi and as
5428:
5427:
3898:Arunachal Pradesh (Panchai baja)
3375:. 17 August 2010. Archived from
2460:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00081.x
2357:. Sarup & Sons. p. 74.
1901:Indian Journal of Gender Studies
1467:Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
1108:
531:Category:Men's organizations
97:
22:
4688:Proposed states and territories
3784:
3766:
3747:
3743:. Ballantine Books. p. 59.
3732:
3713:
3687:
3678:
3627:
3609:
3582:
3555:
3545:Economic & Political Weekly
3536:
3531:Economic & Political Weekly
3523:
3513:Economic & Political Weekly
3504:
3492:
3450:
3438:
3412:
3359:
3340:
3321:
3294:
3275:
3260:
3245:
3230:
3215:
3183:
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3110:
3092:
3054:
3036:
2993:
2974:
2961:
2948:
2915:
2891:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.044
2866:
2848:Aggression and Violent Behavior
2839:
2820:
2805:
2790:
2685:
2670:
2651:
2647:. Ballantine Books. p. 48.
2636:
2602:
2549:
2371:
2320:The Journal of Developing Areas
2204:
2191:
2182:
2165:
2152:
2130:
2066:
1607:. In July 2014, in the case of
1386:and violence against the wife.
1326:
1202:violence against women in India
3662:. 1 March 2012. Archived from
3533:, vol. XLIX no. 29 (July 2014)
3477:Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar
2515:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.08.005
2448:Journal of Marriage and Family
2048:
2023:
1834:
1781:Men's rights movement in India
1:
5365:Domestic violence against men
4982:
3562:Dhulia, Virag (6 July 2014).
2879:Social Science & Medicine
2120:Colum. J. L. & Soc. Probs
1827:
1801:Women in agriculture in India
1786:National Commission for Women
1628:Save Indian Family Foundation
1603:set up a committee headed by
1579:National Crime Records Bureau
844:Historical Incidents of Dowry
832:Chapter on Matrimony in India
5063:Paternal rights and abortion
5012:Gender marking in job titles
3739:Bumiller, Elisabeth (1991).
3722:Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L
3349:Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L
3089:, Government of India (2011)
3070:, Government of India (2011)
3061:Provisional 2011 Census Data
3002:Trauma, Violence & Abuse
2719:The American Economic Review
2643:Bumiller, Elisabeth (1990).
1811:Women in Indian Armed Forces
1560:Criticisms of the Dowry Laws
1350:there are some instances of
396:Paternal rights and abortion
350:Violence against LGBT people
7:
4452:Water supply and sanitation
3589:Singh, Abha (3 July 2014).
3226:. Lucknow: Eastern Book Co.
2197:JW McCrindle (Translator),
2098:Tul. J. Int'l & Comp. L
1690:
1613:, a two-judge bench of the
1406:Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
1208:), abetment to suicide and
526:Category:Men's movement
10:
5475:
5223:Mythopoetic men's movement
4339:Public distribution system
2941:10.14330/jeail.2008.1.2.03
2922:Ahmad, Nehaluddin (2008).
2545:. New York: Penguin Group.
2030:Rao, C.N. Shankar (2019).
1914:10.1177/097152150801600103
1766:Gender inequality in India
1756:Domestic violence in India
1703:Domestic violence in India
1644:
1494:domestic violence in India
1477:
1330:
1272:Domestic violence in India
1269:
1245:
1234:, exposed a phenomenon of
1077:When dowry evolved in the
1028:and marriage parties. The
289:Circumcision controversies
271:Discrimination against men
138:Mythopoetic men's movement
5423:
5398:
5350:
5343:
5329:
5278:
5206:Men's liberation movement
5193:
5153:
5127:
5106:
5041:Marriage and reproduction
5040:
4997:
4990:
4877:
4854:Films about social issues
4832:
4779:
4716:
4678:
4645:
4572:
4521:
4465:
4422:
4399:
4282:
4211:
4125:
4049:
4013:
3987:
3951:
3890:
3839:
3175:Agrahari, Gunjan (2011).
3080:Crime statistics in India
3066:17 September 2013 at the
2860:10.1016/j.avb.2013.04.002
2731:10.1257/00028280260344588
2677:S. Krishnamurthy (1981).
2588:10.1080/03014468800009731
2034:. S. Chand. p. 238.
1821:Women's suffrage in India
1761:Female foeticide in India
1737:Female foeticide in India
1564:
1514:International conventions
770:The Invasion of India by
511:Index of masculism topics
179:Sex differences in humans
143:Men's liberation movement
5238:Fathers' rights movement
5119:Sex differences in crime
3014:10.1177/1524838013496334
2556:Mitter, Sara S. (1991).
1938:Anderson, Siwan (2007).
1816:Women's Reservation Bill
1556:to combat dowry deaths.
1552:which impede the use of
1393:and section 198A to the
1291:violence and to protect
1223:
863:King John IV of Portugal
695:The history of dowry in
326:False accusation of rape
118:Fathers' rights movement
36:may need to be rewritten
5336:International Men's Day
5228:Men Going Their Own Way
5048:Marriage of convenience
4322:National Pension System
3918:Kerala (Kettu Kalyanam)
3754:Kishwar, Madhu (2001).
3085:29 January 2013 at the
2660:Mich. J. Gender & L
2576:Annals of Human Biology
2353:Majumdar, Maya (2005).
1776:Kerala snakebite murder
1771:Gender pay gap in India
1673:beyond reasonable doubt
1647:Nisha Sharma dowry case
1395:Criminal Procedure Code
1042:Dowry in the modern era
557:International Men's Day
5459:Social issues in India
5380:Conflict tactics scale
5171:Masculine beauty ideal
5140:Testosterone poisoning
4660:Caste-related violence
4376:Universal basic income
4276:Social issues in India
3483:Supreme Court of India
2199:Megasthenes and Arrian
2032:Indian Social Problems
1984:Leading Cases on Dowry
1742:Social issues in India
1593:Supreme Court of India
1459:Supreme Court of India
1397:in 1983. In 2005, the
1212:(including, issues of
1051:
823:
788:
762:
692:
657:
5211:Men's rights movement
5093:Tender years doctrine
5022:Hegemonic masculinity
4999:Gender discrimination
4859:Freedom of expression
3773:Chandra, Ram (2010).
3529:Why Women need 498A,
2541:Seager, Joni (2009).
2332:10.1353/jda.2005.0018
1605:Bhagat Singh Koshyari
1188:Types of dowry crimes
1049:
859:Catherine of Braganza
855:Charles II of England
818:
783:
757:
690:
653:
618:dowry system in India
202:Hegemonic masculinity
148:Men's rights movement
5135:Human male sexuality
4708:Separatist movements
4082:Gaye holud (Bengali)
4062:Balle Mallarada Puje
3979:Sri Lanka (Buddhist)
3891:By region or culture
3422:. Indiankanoon.org.
1957:10.1257/jep.21.4.151
1641:Nisha Sharma Lawsuit
1287:that help to reduce
1121:confusing or unclear
920:Hindu Succession Act
911:Hindu Succession Act
909:families, under the
802:Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī
667:Section 498A of the
501:Lists and categories
276:Violence against men
184:Human male sexuality
5370:Forced circumcision
5027:Occupational sexism
4746:Illegal immigration
4391:Widening income gap
3834:South Asian wedding
1550:cultural relativism
1537:("CEDAW"), and the
1402:being ineffective.
1299:Abetment to suicide
1129:clarify the article
869:Causes of the dowry
772:Alexander the Great
748:Alexander the Great
521:Category:Masculists
391:Reproductive rights
303:Forced circumcision
4698:Religious violence
4559:Female infanticide
4544:Child prostitution
4361:Standard of living
3700:The Times of India
3593:. India.com. ANI.
3372:The Times of India
2142:The Times of India
1866:. pp. 36, 38.
1842:"Moneycontrol.com"
1653:anti-dowry lawsuit
1441:Additionally, the
1377:Laws against dowry
1173:marriages in India
1074:in upper classes.
1052:
927:financial security
693:
683:Historical context
516:Category:Masculism
298:Genital mutilation
281:Male expendability
5454:Marriage in India
5441:
5440:
5419:
5418:
5274:
5273:
5189:
5188:
5032:Sexual harassment
4950:
4949:
4736:Human trafficking
4549:Child trafficking
4478:Domestic violence
4447:Natural disasters
4442:Manual scavenging
4302:Farmers' suicides
4242:
4241:
3637:. 12 March 2015.
3619:. 19 April 2015.
3284:Brook. J. Int'l L
2829:Brook. J. Int'l L
2611:Suffolk U. L. Rev
2503:World Development
2041:978-93-848-5795-0
1727:Weddings in India
1601:Indian parliament
1575:Indian Penal Code
1554:international law
1432:Indian Penal Code
1391:Indian Penal Code
1277:Domestic violence
1266:Domestic violence
1161:
1160:
1153:
1001:Religious factors
669:Indian Penal Code
646:Indian Penal Code
614:
613:
579:
578:
538:
537:
492:
491:
426:
425:
419:Toxic masculinity
340:Domestic violence
230:Gender neutrality
164:Topics and issues
155:
154:
74:
73:
66:
46:lead layout guide
5466:
5431:
5430:
5348:
5347:
5330:Remembrance days
5234:
5233:
5088:Stay-at-home dad
4995:
4994:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4954:
4953:
4942:Police brutality
4731:Groom kidnapping
4693:Ethnic relations
4554:Female foeticide
4269:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4245:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3502:
3501:AIR 2014 SC 2756
3496:
3490:
3485: 2014),
3480:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3447:AIR 2010 SC 3363
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3330:Conn. J. Int'l L
3325:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3301:
3300:AIR 2005 SC 3100
3298:
3292:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3196:. Archived from
3195:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3096:
3090:
3077:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3046:. 7 April 2013.
3040:
3034:
3033:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2978:
2972:
2971:19 (2003): 209+.
2965:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2818:
2817:, 20 April 2005.
2814:Montreal Gazette
2809:
2803:
2802:, 20 April 2005.
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2725:(4): 1029–1043.
2716:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2454:(5): 1108–1117.
2443:
2434:
2433:
2421:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2315:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2162:2, no. 4 (1996).
2156:
2150:
2149:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2005:Into Legal World
1997:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1844:. 8 March 2007.
1838:
1715:General related:
1635:criminal justice
1533:("ICESCR"), the
1445:also includes a
1313:emotional trauma
1309:emotional trauma
1156:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1112:
1111:
1104:
877:Economic factors
835:
796:
776:
775:, 3rd Century BC
606:
599:
592:
562:Minister for Men
551:
550:
505:
504:
439:
438:
401:No-fault divorce
168:
167:
112:
111:
101:
78:
77:
69:
62:
58:
55:
49:
42:improve the lead
26:
25:
18:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5415:
5394:
5360:Dating violence
5339:
5325:
5311:Michael Messner
5270:
5232:
5185:
5181:Human sex ratio
5149:
5123:
5102:
5073:Paternity fraud
5036:
5007:Gender equality
4986:
4981:
4951:
4946:
4873:
4828:
4775:
4756:Organised crime
4741:Illegal housing
4712:
4674:
4641:
4617:Menstrual taboo
4568:
4564:Street children
4517:
4488:Family planning
4461:
4418:
4395:
4278:
4273:
4243:
4238:
4207:
4198:Wedding mandapa
4121:
4112:Shakunamanojaya
4092:Mangala Ashtaka
4087:Kankana Dharane
4045:
4009:
3983:
3947:
3903:Bengal (Muslim)
3886:
3835:
3832:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3785:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3752:
3748:
3737:
3733:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3666:on 4 March 2015
3654:
3653:
3646:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3404:. 3 July 2014.
3400:
3399:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3345:
3341:
3326:
3322:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3280:
3276:
3265:
3261:
3250:
3246:
3235:
3231:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3087:Wayback Machine
3078:
3074:
3068:Wayback Machine
3059:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3037:
2998:
2994:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2920:
2916:
2871:
2867:
2844:
2840:
2825:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2778:on 20 June 2014
2775:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2690:
2686:
2675:
2671:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2637:
2626:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2572:
2565:
2554:
2550:
2539:
2532:
2495:
2486:
2471:
2467:
2444:
2437:
2422:
2413:
2398:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2351:
2347:
2316:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2284:. 3 August 2022
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2144:. 3 July 2014.
2136:
2135:
2131:
2116:
2109:
2094:
2085:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1980:
1973:
1936:
1929:
1896:
1889:
1878:
1871:
1860:
1853:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1746:
1712:
1693:
1662:
1660:Ineffectiveness
1649:
1643:
1586:cognizable case
1567:
1562:
1543:rights of women
1529:("ICCPR"), the
1516:
1482:
1476:
1428:
1408:
1379:
1335:
1329:
1301:
1281:sexual violence
1274:
1268:
1248:
1226:
1190:
1177:Indian weddings
1157:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1113:
1109:
1044:
1003:
950:
881:There are many
879:
871:
851:
849:Bombay as Dowry
846:
837:
834:, about 1035 AD
825:
798:
790:
778:
764:
685:
641:emotional abuse
610:
581:
580:
548:
540:
539:
502:
494:
493:
488:
459:Fathers' rights
436:
428:
427:
410:
379:
336:
308:
285:
257:
238:Men in feminism
234:
225:
206:
189:Gender equality
165:
157:
156:
128:HimToo movement
109:
70:
59:
53:
50:
39:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5306:Michael Kimmel
5303:
5298:
5296:Warren Farrell
5293:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5261:United Kingdom
5258:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5203:
5201:Men's movement
5197:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5078:Patrilineality
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:Paper abortion
5050:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:Gender pay gap
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4838:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Illegal mining
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4655:Caste politics
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Women's health
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:Child marriage
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4503:Nuclear family
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4457:Water disputes
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Climate change
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4366:Street vendors
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4292:Communications
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Vadhu Pravesha
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4041:Stealing shoes
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3933:Sikkim (Limbu)
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:Bengal (Hindu)
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3783:
3765:
3746:
3731:
3712:
3686:
3677:
3644:
3626:
3608:
3581:
3554:
3535:
3522:
3503:
3491:
3467:
3449:
3437:
3411:
3390:
3379:on 7 July 2012
3358:
3339:
3320:
3302:
3293:
3274:
3259:
3244:
3229:
3214:
3203:on 18 May 2015
3182:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3109:
3091:
3072:
3053:
3035:
2992:
2973:
2960:
2947:
2914:
2865:
2838:
2819:
2804:
2789:
2754:
2699:
2684:
2669:
2650:
2635:
2620:
2601:
2582:(4): 263–268.
2563:
2548:
2530:
2509:(5): 857–880.
2484:
2465:
2435:
2411:
2379:
2370:
2363:
2345:
2295:
2273:
2252:
2231:
2219:
2216:978-8120615649
2203:
2190:
2181:
2164:
2151:
2129:
2107:
2083:
2065:
2047:
2040:
2022:
1989:
1971:
1950:(4): 151–174.
1927:
1887:
1869:
1851:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Women in India
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1749:India related:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Women in India
1718:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1661:
1658:
1645:Main article:
1642:
1639:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1427:
1424:
1407:
1404:
1378:
1375:
1331:Main article:
1328:
1325:
1300:
1297:
1293:women's rights
1270:Main article:
1267:
1264:
1247:
1244:
1231:Runaway Grooms
1225:
1222:
1206:sexual assault
1189:
1186:
1159:
1158:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1043:
1040:
1013:call dowry as
1002:
999:
991:women's rights
949:
948:Social factors
946:
878:
875:
870:
867:
861:, daughter of
850:
847:
845:
842:
817:
782:
756:
709:Michael Witzel
706:
705:
703:
684:
681:
612:
611:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
583:
582:
577:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
490:
489:
487:
486:
481:
479:United Kingdom
476:
471:
465:
462:
461:
455:
454:
453:
452:
444:
443:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:
422:
421:
416:
414:Reverse sexism
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
386:
385:
378:
377:
371:
366:
361:
354:
353:
352:
347:
335:
334:
328:
323:
316:
315:
314:
307:
306:
300:
293:
292:
291:
284:
283:
278:
273:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
256:
255:
249:
242:
241:
240:
233:
232:
226:
224:
223:
218:
213:
207:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
173:
172:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
133:Men's movement
130:
125:
120:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
94:
93:
87:
86:
72:
71:
31:The article's
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5471:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5434:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5412:
5411:Androcentrism
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5321:Bettina Arndt
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5266:United States
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Herbivore men
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5114:Men's shelter
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:Paternal bond
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4932:Superstitions
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4910:Homosexuality
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Bride burning
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:Mangala sutra
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:Dahej (dowry)
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:India (Hindu)
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3787:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3218:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3178:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2957:
2951:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2854:(4): 409–16.
2853:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2374:
2366:
2364:9788176255486
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2177:9780823931798
2174:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Rape in India
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Bride burning
1696:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1615:Supreme Court
1612:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1451:death penalty
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:strangulation
1353:
1347:
1344:
1343:bride burning
1339:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:Indo-Canadian
1233:
1232:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:bride burning
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1152:
1144:
1134:
1133:the talk page
1130:
1124:
1122:
1117:This article
1115:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
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1062:
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1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
969:cross-cousins
966:
963:
959:
955:
945:
943:
938:
936:
935:family estate
932:
928:
923:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
888:
884:
874:
866:
864:
860:
856:
841:
836:
833:
829:
822:
816:
814:
810:
807:
803:
797:
794:
787:
781:
777:
774:
773:
767:
761:
755:
753:
750:'s conquest (
749:
744:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
704:
702:
701:
700:
698:
689:
680:
678:
677:Supreme Court
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
652:
649:
647:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
585:
584:
573:
572:Men's studies
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
552:
544:
543:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
498:
497:
485:
484:United States
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
464:
463:
460:
457:
456:
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:
441:
440:
432:
431:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
356:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
337:
332:
331:Rape of males
329:
327:
324:
322:
318:
317:
313:
310:
309:
304:
301:
299:
295:
294:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
266:
265:
261:
260:
253:
252:Anti-feminism
250:
248:
244:
243:
239:
236:
235:
231:
228:
227:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
203:
200:
198:
195:
194:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:
170:
169:
161:
160:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
105:
104:
100:
96:
95:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
65:
57:
47:
44:and read the
43:
37:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
5291:Jack Donovan
5176:Men's health
4922:Human rights
4878:Other issues
4824:Tuberculosis
4809:Malnutrition
4647:Caste system
4622:Prostitution
4534:Child labour
4493:Joint family
4483:Dowry system
4482:
4473:Cohabitation
4432:Conservation
4386:Unemployment
4381:Urbanisation
4317:Debt bondage
4312:Land reforms
4203:Wedding sari
4031:Mahr (dower)
4025:
3938:Tamil (Iyer)
3786:
3768:
3749:
3740:
3734:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3699:
3689:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3664:the original
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2013:. Retrieved
2004:
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1947:
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1908:(1): 47–75.
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1360:acid attacks
1348:
1338:Dowry deaths
1336:
1327:Dowry murder
1302:
1275:
1249:
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1227:
1199:
1191:
1182:
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1127:Please help
1118:
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1079:Vedic period
1076:
1072:labor market
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442:Men's rights
383:Conscription
247:Pro-feminism
216:Gender roles
75:
60:
51:
40:Please help
35:
33:lead section
15:
5316:Erin Pizzey
5301:Cassie Jaye
5098:Trophy wife
5083:Sperm theft
5068:Paternalism
4927:Prohibition
4766:Vigilantism
4680:Communalism
4670:Reservation
4602:Eve teasing
4597:Dowry death
4582:Acid attack
4498:Infertility
4424:Environment
4344:Remittances
4224:Photography
4000:Inter-caste
3969:Nepal (Ihi)
3882:Zoroastrian
3840:By religion
3728:: 491, 501.
3430:18 February
3355:: 491, 510.
3336:: 209, 217.
3290:: 637, 676.
2989:(2): 29–52.
2835:: 637, 682.
2740:10986/21580
2666:: 449, 454.
2617:: 291, 293.
2481:(1): 31–42.
2408:(2): 29–52.
2179:; 203 ページ出版
2126:: 597, 612.
1732:Bride price
1708:Dowry death
1333:Dowry death
1210:dowry death
1165:bride price
1061:bride price
977:bride price
965:inheritance
895:British Raj
887:inheritance
406:Sperm theft
374:Transphobia
369:Gay bashing
344:against men
321:Prison rape
123:Intactivism
5448:Categories
5406:Androcracy
5286:Robert Bly
5246:By country
5166:Manosphere
4937:Disability
4842:Censorship
4771:Cybercrime
4726:Corruption
4703:Secularism
4014:Traditions
3959:Bangladesh
3952:By country
2934:(2): 275.
2524:1765/19188
2104:: 305–319.
2015:7 December
1828:References
1620:cognizable
1525:("UDHR"),
1317:depression
1123:to readers
958:patrilocal
791:~ Arrian,
697:South Asia
673:harassment
435:By country
359:Homophobia
211:Effeminacy
5385:Male rape
5251:Australia
5194:Movements
4984:Masculism
4900:Sexuality
4890:Feudalism
4885:Colourism
4869:Fake news
4794:Epidemics
4761:Terrorism
4508:Polyandry
4401:Education
4371:Transport
4354:Clearance
4188:Upanayana
4153:Nose ring
4117:Upanayana
4102:Saptapadi
4097:Parikrama
4072:Bou Bhaat
4057:Kanyadana
3857:Christian
3705:14 August
2340:154992591
1922:142943653
1681:witnesses
1490:civil law
1443:judiciary
1418:ab initio
1384:extortion
1352:poisoning
1141:June 2023
1087:Hindu law
962:premortem
942:destitute
931:premortem
828:Al-Biruni
469:Australia
364:Gayphobia
108:Movements
91:Masculism
54:July 2022
5433:Category
5390:Misandry
5352:Violence
5145:Virility
4991:Concepts
4895:Gambling
4847:Internet
4799:HIV/AIDS
4789:Diabetes
4612:Feminism
4592:Devadasi
4529:Abortion
4522:Children
4513:Polygyny
4409:Literacy
4234:Websites
4193:Varamala
4107:Satphere
3995:Arranged
3974:Pakistan
3852:Buddhist
3760:Archived
3670:28 March
3639:Archived
3621:Archived
3595:Archived
3568:Archived
3462:Archived
3424:Archived
3406:Archived
3104:Archived
3083:Archived
3064:Archived
3048:Archived
3030:27092256
3022:23897921
2909:25129569
2782:25 April
2749:67819029
2146:Archived
2078:Archived
2060:Archived
2009:Archived
1966:13722006
1846:Archived
1691:See also
1289:domestic
1095:Sanskrit
1091:stridhan
1065:marriage
995:marriage
979:system.
922:(1956).
883:economic
622:marriage
567:Movember
547:See also
221:Machismo
197:Misandry
83:a series
81:Part of
4819:Suicide
4814:Obesity
4804:Leprosy
4414:Ragging
4327:Poverty
4284:Economy
4138:Bangles
4050:Rituals
3928:Punjabi
3867:Islamic
3660:CNN-IBN
3601:22 July
3574:22 July
2900:4394358
2885:: 1–9.
2596:3408233
2288:18 July
2266:18 July
2245:18 July
1571:misused
1321:suicide
1305:suicide
1256:suicide
1251:Cruelty
1246:Cruelty
1119:may be
1011:Muslims
984:rituals
973:inherit
809:Persian
725:Puranas
5399:Sexism
5344:Issues
5279:People
5128:Sexual
4781:Health
4637:Sexism
4466:Family
4307:Labour
4297:Famine
4173:Sindur
4021:Baraat
3943:Telugu
3913:Hajong
3872:Jewish
3847:Bahá'í
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1565:Misuse
1447:murder
1218:murder
1171:Since
1099:castes
1083:castes
1025:baraat
1007:Hindus
915:Sharia
813:Arabic
806:Muslim
793:Indika
766:Arrian
743:mind.
717:brahma
262:Issues
171:Topics
5256:Italy
5216:India
5154:Other
5107:Crime
4915:Hijra
4834:Media
4718:Crime
4665:Dalit
4574:Women
4349:Slums
4229:Songs
4212:Other
4183:Topor
4178:Tiara
4168:Sehra
4163:Pheta
4158:Palki
4143:Henna
4126:Items
4077:Gauna
4036:Nikah
3988:Types
3862:Hindu
3778:(PDF)
3551:(52).
3519:(30).
3207:7 May
3201:(PDF)
3194:(PDF)
3026:S2CID
2776:(PDF)
2769:(PDF)
2745:S2CID
2715:(PDF)
2336:S2CID
1962:S2CID
1918:S2CID
1519:India
1371:India
1260:India
1240:India
1224:Fraud
1195:India
1057:class
1030:jahez
1020:jahez
1015:jahez
954:India
899:Hindu
732:asura
721:daeva
626:Dowry
474:Italy
450:India
4905:LGBT
4632:Sati
4627:Rape
4219:Card
4133:Alta
4005:Love
3923:Odia
3877:Sikh
3707:2020
3672:2015
3603:2015
3576:2015
3487:Text
3432:2013
3385:2011
3209:2015
3018:PMID
2905:PMID
2784:2015
2592:PMID
2359:ISBN
2290:2024
2268:2024
2247:2024
2212:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2017:2017
1484:The
1465:The
1216:and
1035:Mahr
907:Jain
905:and
903:Sikh
857:and
740:Manu
736:Manu
719:and
634:Urdu
630:جہیز
616:The
312:Rape
4332:BPL
3010:doi
2936:doi
2895:PMC
2887:doi
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2856:doi
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