Political spectrum

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applied to human psychology. The second factor in such an analysis (such as Eysenck's T-factor) is the second best explanation for the spread of the data, which is by definition drawn at right angles to the first factor. While the first factor, which describes the bulk of the variation in a set of data, is more likely to represent something objectively real, subsequent factors become more and more abstract. Thus one would expect to find a factor that roughly corresponds to "left" and "right", as this is the dominant framing for politics in our society, but the basis of Eysenck's "tough/tender-minded" thesis (the second, T-factor) may well represent nothing beyond an abstract mathematical construct. Such a construct would be expected to appear in factor analysis whether or not it corresponded to something real, thus rendering Eysenck's thesis

1201:, student protests, law reform, women's liberation, United Nations, nudist camps, pop-music, modern art, immigration, abolishing private property, and rejection of patriotism. Conservatism was defined as positively viewing white superiority, birching, death penalty, antisemitism, opposition to nationalization of property, and birth control. Tender-mindedness was defined by moral training, inborn conscience, Bible truth, chastity, self-denial, pacifism, anti-discrimination, being against the death penalty and harsh treatment of criminals. Tough-mindedness was defined by compulsory sterilization, euthanasia, easier divorce laws, racism, antisemitism, compulsory military training, wife swapping, casual living, death penalty, and harsh treatment of criminals. 2023: 1812: 2043: 1127: 1688: 2668: 733: 1891:. He places democratic progressivism in the lower left, plutocratic nationalism in the lower right, republican constitutionalism in the upper right, and libertarian individualism in the upper left. The political left is therefore distinguished by its rejection of archy, while the political right is distinguished by its acceptance of archy. For Mitchell, anarchy is not the absence of government but the rejection of rank. Thus there can be both anti-government 1920: 1820: 1679:

preferring one's own in-group, ethnocentrism and nationalism, aggression against dissidents, and control with the help of police and military". Greenberg and Jonas posit that high ideological rigidity can be motivated by "particularly strong needs to reduce fear and uncertainty" and is a primary shared characteristic of "people who subscribe to any extreme government or ideology, whether it is right-wing or left-wing".

881: 2636:(NYU) had participants sort through a deck of cards. The letter M was four times more likely to be in the deck than the letter W. Participants had to press a button every time an M came up in the deck. Liberals were shown to make fewer errors in mistaking the W for the M. This behavioral study supported the notion that liberals are better with dealing with conflicting information. Conservatives have a stronger 2080: 3986:

work horse for theories and empirical models in many fields of political science research, such as the equilibrium analysis in mass elections ... the estimation of legislators' ideal points ... and the study of voting behavior. ... Its generalization to the multidimensional policy space, the Weighted

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Though not directly related to Eysenck's research, evidence suggests there may be as many as 6 dimensions of political opinions in the United States and 10 dimensions in the United Kingdom. This conclusion was based on two large datasets and uses a Bayesian approach rather than the traditional factor

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response to threatening images and are more likely to interpret ambiguous facial expressions as threatening. In general, conservatives are more likely to report larger social networks, more happiness and better self-esteem than liberals. Liberals are more likely to report greater emotional distress,

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From the four main political traditions, Mitchell identifies eight distinct political perspectives diverging from a populist center. Four of these perspectives (Progressive, Individualist, Paleoconservative, and Neoconservative) fit squarely within the four traditions; four others (Paleolibertarian,

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of the French Revolution), typically represent much of the working class, poor peasantry and the unemployed. Their political interests in the French Revolution lay with opposition to the aristocracy and so they found themselves allied with the early capitalists; however, this did not mean that their

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plots voters and candidates in a multi-dimensional space where each dimension represents a single political issue sub-component of an issue, or candidate attribute. Voters are then modeled as having an "ideal point" in this space and voting for the nearest candidates to that point. The dimensions

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position, while at the left is its opposite position, which Inglehart calls survivalist. This chart not only has the power to map the values of individuals, but also to compare the values of people in different countries. Placed on this chart, European Union countries in continental Europe come out

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the law and authority figures. At the bottom of the chart is the traditionalist position on issues like these (with loyalty to country and family and respect for life considered important), while at the top is the secular position. The x-axis deals with self-expression, issues like everyday conduct

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If voter preferences have more than one peak along a dimension, it needs to be decomposed into multiple dimensions that each only have a single peak. "We can satisfy our assumption about the form of the loss function if we increase the dimensionality of the analysis — by decomposing one dimension

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As shown by Russian political scientist Stepan S. Sulakshin, political spectra can be used as a forecasting tool. Sulakshin offered mathematical evidence that stable development (positive dynamics of the vast number of statistic indices) depends on the width of the political spectrum: if it is too

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Eysenck's method of analysis involves the finding of an abstract dimension (a factor) that explains the spread of a given set of data (in this case, scores on a political survey). This abstract dimension may or may not correspond to a real material phenomenon and obvious problems arise when it is

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have noted that a single left–right axis is too simplistic and insufficient for describing the existing variation in political beliefs and include other axes to compensate for this problem. Although the descriptive words at polar opposites may vary, the axes of popular biaxial spectra are usually

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posit a model comprising the standard left–right axis and an axis representing ideological rigidity. For Greenberg and Jonas, ideological rigidity has "much in common with the related concepts of dogmatism and authoritarianism" and is characterized by "believing in strong leaders and submission,

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in relation to his controversial views on relative intelligence between different races. At one point during the interview, Eysenck was asked whether or not he was of Jewish origin before the interviewer proceeded. His political allegiances were called into question by other researchers, notably

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Such analysis produces a factor whether or not it corresponds to a real-world phenomenon and so caution must be exercised in its interpretation. While Eysenck's R-factor is easily identified as the classical "left–right" dimension, the T-factor (representing a factor drawn at right angles to the

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As capitalist economies developed, the aristocracy became less relevant and were mostly replaced by capitalist representatives. The size of the working class increased as capitalism expanded and began to find expression partly through trade unionist, socialist, anarchist, and communist politics

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or "archy" (defined as the recognition of rank). Mitchell grounded the distinction of archy and kratos in the West's historical experience of church and state, crediting the collapse of the Christian consensus on church and state with the appearance of four main divergent traditions in Western

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This system was derived empirically, as rather than devising a political model on purely theoretical grounds and testing it, Ferguson's research was exploratory. As a result of this method, care must be taken in the interpretation of Ferguson's three factors, as factor analysis will output an

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The analysis reveals that the underlying political landscapes ... are inherently multidimensional and cannot be reduced to a single left-right dimension, or even to a two-dimensional space. ... From this representation, lower-dimensional projections can be considered which help with the

2100:, offered another single-axis spectrum that measures views of the future, contrasting stasists, who allegedly fear the future and wish to control it, and dynamists, who want the future to unfold naturally and without attempts to plan and control. The distinction corresponds to the 1246:

the only dimension to be found was the T-axis: "Among mid-Eastern Arabs it has been found that while the tough-minded/tender-minded dimension is still clearly expressed in the relationships observed between different attitudes, there is nothing that corresponds to the

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Rokeach claimed that the defining difference between the left and right was that the left stressed the importance of equality more than the right. Despite his criticisms of Eysenck's tough–tender axis, Rokeach also postulated a basic similarity between

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visualization of the political space as resulting from an aggregation of voters' preferences. ... Even though the method aims to obtain a representation with as few dimensions as possible, we still obtain representations with four dimensions or more.

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and authoritarian, a claim that is open to political criticism. In this context, Eysenck carried out studies on Nazism and communist groups, claiming to find members of both groups to be more "dominant" and more "aggressive" than control groups.

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were expressed by politicians sitting on the left because these represented policies favorable to capitalists rather than to the aristocracy, but outside parliamentary politics these views are often characterized as being on the Right.

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abstract factor whether an objectively real factor exists or not. Although replication of the nationalism factor was inconsistent, the finding of religionism and humanitarianism had a number of replications by Ferguson and others.

984: 1154:, Eysenck compiled a list of political statements found in newspapers and political tracts and asked subjects to rate their agreement or disagreement with each. Submitting this value questionnaire to the same process of 1762:

on the top right, Anglophone countries on the middle right, Latin American countries on the bottom right, African, Middle Eastern and South Asian countries on the bottom left and ex-Communist countries on the top left.

2403:(control vs. no control) Analyzes the fundamental political interaction among people, and between individuals and their environment. Often posits the existence of a moderate system as existing between the two extremes. 1469:(written by various authors). This method has been criticized for its reliance on the experimenter's familiarity with the content under analysis and its dependence on the researcher's particular political outlooks. 864:. This form of politics has been criticized as tending to mischaracterize positions that have a logical location on a two-axis spectrum because they seem randomly brought together on a one-axis left–right spectrum. 2655:

may have been common in the ancestral environment and humans may have developed psychological mechanisms for judging their own chances of succeeding in such conflicts. These mechanisms affect political views.

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of this multi-dimensional space onto a smaller number of dimensions. For example, a study of German voters found that at least four dimensions were required to adequately represent all political parties.

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for a number of values identified by Rokeach—including freedom and equality—and Rokeach analyzed these results by comparing the relative frequency rankings of all the values for each of the four texts:

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narrow or too wide, stagnation or political disasters will result. Sulakshin also showed that in the short run the political spectrum determines the statistic indices dynamic and not vice versa.

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Since our model is multi-dimensional, we can incorporate all criteria which we normally associate with a citizen's voting decision process — issues, style, partisan identification, and the like.

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Euclidean Distance (WED) model ... forms the stable theoretical foundation upon which nearly all present variations, extensions, and applications of multidimensional spatial voting rest.

2208:' political past, but its importance is debatable at present. In the late 18th century and early 19th century in the United States, it would have been described as the conflict between 1006:

economic policies, although this has happened to different degrees in different countries, especially those with a history of issues with more authoritarian-left countries, such as the

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and are better at detecting errors in recurring patterns. The anterior cingulate cortex is used when dealing with conflicting information. A study conducted by researchers from the

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can be linked with political orientation. Many of the studies linking biology to politics remain controversial and unreplicated, although the overall body of evidence is growing.

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in the bottom. Several popular online tests, where individuals can self-identify their political values, utilize the same two axes as the Nolan Chart, including

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France invented the terms Left and Right early in the great Revolution of 1789– 94 which first limited the powers of, and then overthrew, the Bourbon monarchy.

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rather than being confined to the capitalist policies expressed by the original Left. This evolution has often pulled parliamentary politicians away from

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refer to political affiliations originating early in the French Revolutionary era of 1789–1799 and referred originally to the seating arrangements in the

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Eysenck's finding that Nazis and communists were more tough-minded than members of mainstream political movements was criticised on technical grounds by

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Davis, Otto A.; Hinich, Melvin J.; Ordeshook, Peter C. (1 January 1970). "An Expository Development of a Mathematical Model of the Electoral Process".

3344:"Measuring attitudes across cultures: A factor analysis of the replies of Japanese judges to Eysenck's inventory of conservative-progressive ideology" 2034: 3724: 2289:(political views should not be imposed by violent force) vs. militancy (violence is a legitimate or necessary means of political expression). In 1363:

The interpretation of tough-mindedness as a manifestation of "authoritarian" versus tender-minded "democratic" values was incompatible with the

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According to social scientist Bojan Todosijevic, radicalism was defined as positively viewing evolution theory, strikes, welfare state, mixed

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and the United Kingdom, most of the political variance was subsumed by the left/right axis, while in France the T-axis was larger and in the

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Stapleton, Julia (October 1999). "Resisting the Centre at the Extremes: 'English' Liberalism in the Political Thought of Interwar Britain".

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Two-axis political compass chart with a horizontal socio-economic axis and a vertical socio-cultural axis and ideologically representative

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are generally regarded as being on the right. Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, being sometimes on the left (

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relationship dissatisfaction and experiential hardship and are more open to experience and tolerate uncertainty and disorder better.

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enforcement (farthest right being state worship, farthest left being the idea of a state as the "ultimate evil"). The other axis is

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Theoconservative, Communitarian, and Radical) fit between the traditions, being defined by their singular focus on rank or force.

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spectrum used in some theoretical assessments of liberalism, and the book's title is borrowed from the work of the anti-utopian

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of this model can also be assigned to non-political properties of the candidates, such as perceived corruption, health, etc.

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The theory which Eysenck developed to explain individual variation in the observed dimensions, relating tough-mindedness to

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Billig, Michael. (1979) "Psychology, Racism and Fascism", Chapter 6, footnote #70. Published by A.F. & R. Publications.

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oppose radical (revolutionary or reactionary) policies, but they may have progressive, conservative, or liberal tendencies.

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used by Ferguson, Eysenck drew out two factors, which he named "Radicalism" (R-factor) and "Tender-Mindedness" (T-factor).

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Assume that voters care about the "attributes" of candidates. These attributes form a multi-dimensional "attribute space."

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split between economic issues (on a left–right dimension) and socio-cultural issues (on an authority–liberty dimension).

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J. Vigil; et al. (2010). "Political leanings vary with facial expression processing and psychosocial functioning".

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Stoetzer, Lukas F.; Zittlau, Steffen (1 July 2015). "Multidimensional Spatial Voting with Non-separable Preferences".

2139:" (pro-freedom), because one can have a political focus on the community without being totalitarian and undemocratic. 5056: 4697: 3307:

Eysenck, H.J. (1953). "Primary social attitudes: A comparison of attitude patterns in England, Germany, and Sweden".

3153: 3117: 2811: 2596: 2846:: 4–2010: Social Science Literacy I: In Search for Basic Competences and Basic Concepts for Testing and Diagnosing. 2327:

Trade freedom vs. trade equity: free trade (businesses should be able trade across borders without regulations) vs.

4736: 3813:"Psychological Motives and Political Orientation—The Left, the Right, and the Rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003)" 2212: 1023: 718: 1724:), to plot cultural ideology onto two dimensions. On the y-axis it covered issues of tradition and religion, like 364: 4515: 3767: 1940: 1565: 1263:

Eysenck's political views related to his research: Eysenck was an outspoken opponent of what he perceived as the

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For almost a century, social scientists have considered the problem of how to best describe political variation.

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Three axis model of political ideologies with both moderate and radical versions and the goals of their policies

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abuses of the left and right, and accordingly he believed that with this T axis he had found the link between

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Ferguson, L.W. (1941). "The Stability of the Primary Social Attitudes: I. Religionism and Humanitarianism".

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Alford, J. R.; Funk, C. L.; Hibbing, J. R. (2005). "Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?".

3112:. Robbins, Jane., Summers, John. (10th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Higher Education AU. pp. 126 f. 5216: 5081: 4729: 3627:"Values in presidential inaugural addresses: A test of Rokeach's two-factor theory of political ideology" 2520: 1142:. He believed that there was something essentially similar about the fascism of the National Socialists ( 797:

are used to refer to the political spectrum as well, especially to popular two-dimensional models of it.

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Lewenberg, Yoad (June 2016). "Political dimensionality estimation using a probabilistic graphic model".

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Comparative judicial behavior: cross-cultural studies of political decision-making in the East and West

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Wiggins, J.S. (1973) Personality and Prediction: Principles of Personality Assessment. Addison-Wesley

2625: 2479:. Especially important in societies where strong regional or ethnic identities are political issues. 2313: 1332: 1191: 966: 681: 4419: 3834: 3506:

Rokeach, Milton; Hanley, Charles (March 1956). "Eysenck's Tender-Mindedness Dimension: A critique".

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In 1950, Leonard W. Ferguson analyzed political values using ten scales measuring attitudes toward:

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Rous, G.L.; Lee, D.E. (Winter 1978). "Freedom and Equality: Two values of political orientation".

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would and he wrote that "the two value model presented here most resembles Eysenck's hypothesis".

2706: 2648: 2181:(where clericalism versus anti-clericalism is much less correlated with the left–right spectrum). 2002: 1147: 885: 849: 801: 747: 373: 2444:(the state as a creation of the people, with enumerated, delegated powers) vs. various forms of 2312:(the nation or polity should strive for economic independence). During the early history of the 1279:

were tough-minded. Central to Eysenck's thesis was the claim that tender-minded ideologies were

5026: 4643: 4414: 4001:"The Source of Election Results: An Empirical Analysis of Statistical Models of Voter Behavior" 3829: 3820: 3216:

Kirkpatrick, C. (1949). "Religion and humanitarianism: a study of institutional implications".

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Responses to conflict: according to the political philosopher Charles Blattberg, in his essay

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identified four main political traditions in Anglo-American history based on their regard for

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with the R-factor, indicating that a basic left–right or right–left tendency underlies both

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regimes in the world today". While Eysenck was an opponent of Nazism, his relationship with

4773: 4354: 4302: 4249:"Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence" 2889: 2482: 2407: 2144: 2109: 1907:, whom Mitchell renames "akratists" for their opposition to the government's use of force. 1789: 1742: 1616: 1439: 1248: 1209: 1146:) on the one hand and the communists on the other, despite their opposite positions on the 1110:; humanitarianism as being related to attitudes opposing war, capital punishment and harsh 853: 813: 646: 438: 245: 103: 83: 3267:

Political Attitudes and Mentalities. Eastern European Political Cultures: Modeling Studies

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developed his own two-axis model of political values in 1973, basing this on the ideas of

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Eysenck, H.J. (1981). "Left-Wing Authoritarianism: Myth or Reality?, by Hans J. Eysenck"

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While factorially distinct from Eysenck's previous R factor, the S-factor did positively

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Mitchell charts these traditions graphically using a vertical axis as a scale of kratos/

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organizations was more complex. Eysenck himself lent theoretical support to the English

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account for at least some of the variation of political views. From the perspective of

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in 2007 and increasingly dominant in 21st century European and North American politics.

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Eysenck's conception of tough-mindedness has been criticized for a number of reasons.

1022:" in American political parlance may refer to "liberalism" and be identified with the 5171: 5126: 4961: 4810: 4763: 4693: 4580: 4538: 4380: 4320: 4248: 4118: 4096: 4000: 3973: 3887: 3847: 3791:

Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence

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which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the

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on one axis, with those on the left seeking freedom from control or protections for

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philosophy (the state as an original and essential authority) vs. the view held in

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was relatively narrow, the original "Left" represented mainly the interests of the

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Sznajd-Weron, Katarzyna; Sznajd, Józef (June 2005). "Who is left, who is right?".

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Another three dimensional model with the three main axes of political ideologies:

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Eysenck's dimensions of R and T were found by factor analyses of values in

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Virtually no values were found to load only on the tough/tender dimension.

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Eight ways to run the country: a new and revealing look at left and right

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Ray, J.J.; Bozek, R.S. (1981). "Authoritarianism and Eysenck's P-scale".

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that "civilization originates in conquest abroad and repression at home".

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Michael Bang Petersen. The evolutionary psychology of Mass Politics. In

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Lykken, D. T. (1971) Multiple factor analysis and personality research.

2667: 1765: 1659: 732: 4996: 4886: 4203:"A Quantitative Political Spectrum and Forecasting of Social Evolution" 4087: 4046: 3931: 3730:. If this is an intentional citation to a such a paper, please replace 3465: 2732: 2621: 2566: 2553: 2512: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2418: 2365:(total degradation of aristocracy). Ancient Greek philosophers such as 2328: 2317: 2197: 1896: 1892: 1746: 1733: 1725: 1687: 1624: 1604: 1443: 1288: 1276: 1183: 1179: 1067: 1051: 1015: 983:

The reason for this apparent contradiction lies in the fact that those

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World Values Survey, The WVS Cultural Map of the World (archived page)

2346:(the nation should primarily represent, or forge, a majority culture). 2331:(international trade should be regulated on behalf of social justice). 1792:

and those on the right emphasizing state authority or protections for

1307:

prejudices of the Russian government, the luxurious lifestyles of the

1238:

One interesting result Eysenck noted in his 1956 work was that in the

5031: 4986: 4876: 4871: 4861: 4845: 4835: 4721: 3519: 3320: 3229: 2851: 2574: 2549: 2445: 2400: 2370: 2350: 2316:, this was the major political continuum. At that time it was called 2294: 2105: 1919: 1864: 1530: 1515: 1495: 1466: 1427: 1312: 1300: 1272: 1259:

Relationship between Eysenck's political views and political research

1103: 1075: 1059: 1055: 833: 829: 627: 498: 270: 260: 180: 170: 4315: 4290: 3923: 3457: 2916: 2373:

recognized tyranny as a state in which the tyrant is ruled by utter

2259:

relations with Britain were a central theme, although this was not "

1683:

Inglehart: traditionalist–secular and self expressionist–survivalist

5186: 5181: 4956: 4951: 4825: 4778: 2613: 2298: 2286: 2252: 2226:(the nation should exert power abroad to implement its policy) vs. 2174: 1976: 1968: 1952: 1754: 1729: 1644: 1600: 1576: 1554: 1473: 1198: 1175: 1163: 931:

Originally, the defining point on the ideological spectrum was the

917: 857: 783: 779: 310: 235: 210: 200: 93: 3624: 2030:, an example for a frequently used model of the political spectrum 1837: 856:). Those with an intermediate outlook are sometimes classified as 5001: 4906: 4866: 4065:

Horrell, David (2005). "Paul Among Liberals and Communitarians".

4021: 2617: 2602: 2362: 2309: 2101: 2009:

Most of the other spectra in this article can then be considered

1888: 1785: 1596: 1584: 1518:. Doing this, he revealed a split in the left–right axis between 1487:

Goldwater (capitalism) — freedom ranked 1st, equality ranked 16th

1328: 1220: 1187: 880: 789:

that represent independent political dimensions. The expressions

782:

in relation to one another. These positions sit upon one or more

195: 2917:"The Political Compass and Why Libertarianism is not Right-Wing" 2338:(the nation should represent a diversity of cultural ideas) vs. 1780:

in 1963 for his doctoral dissertation in political science. The

1481:

Socialists (socialism) — freedom ranked 1st, equality ranked 2nd

1339:

Nazism, and was interviewed in the first issue of their journal

4976: 4911: 2264: 2178: 2079: 1431: 1336: 1268: 1228: 1224: 1213: 1143: 1071: 905: 398: 3761: 3505: 3444:

Stone, W.F. (1980). "The myth of left-wing authoritarianism".

2177:

tend to be subsumed into the general left–right axis) than in

1472:

Multiple raters made frequency counts of sentences containing

2366: 2201: 1351: 1232: 1011: 4020:

Alós-Ferrer, Carlos; Granić, Đura-Georg (1 September 2015).

3011: 2413:(who believe in rapid change in support of an ideology) vs. 1914: 1549:, while R relates more to the treatment of criminals and to 1490:

Lenin (communism) — freedom ranked 17th, equality ranked 1st

4113:(2009). "Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies". 2964:

The British Journal of Politics and International Relations

1484:

Hitler (Nazism) – freedom ranked 16th, equality ranked 17th

1130:

Diagram of the political spectrum according to Hans Eysenck

965:

class, with notable exceptions such as the proto-communist

916:

sat on the right (traditionally the seat of honor) and the

836:

are usually regarded internationally as being on the left,

4207:

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences

3346:. In Schubert, Glendon A.; Danelski, David Joseph (eds.). 1803: 2388:(having rights which impose an obligation on others) vs. 1079: 1063: 987:, outside official parliamentary structures (such as the 804:

dimension as a measure of social, political and economic

30:"Political compass" redirects here. For the website, see 27:

Graphical system to visually classify political positions

4451:"Brains of Liberals, Conservatives May Work Differently" 3757: 3755: 2417:(who believe in advancing change to the status quo) vs. 2230:(the nation should keep to its own affairs). Similarly, 2131:. These labels are preferred to the loaded language of " 1583:, although Inglehart's research described the values of 1086:, he was able to identify three factors, which he named 4400:"Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals" 3270:. ArsDocendi-Bucharet University Press. pp. 23–52. 2573:) vs. the good of certain individuals (often occurs in 2184:

Urban vs. rural: this axis is significant today in the

4558:"Political conservatism as motivated social cognition" 4137:

In Search Of The Primitive: A Critique Of Civilization

4115:

Patriotic Elaborations: Essays in Practical Philosophy

3803: 2392:(having rights which prohibit interference by others). 2151:

on this axis, but is not totalitarian or undemocratic.

3752: 3014:"1 French political traditions in a changing context" 2882:

Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications

2581: 2562:: Support or opposition to "sticky" private property. 1766:

Pournelle: liberty–control, irrationalism–rationalism

1660:

Greenberg and Jonas: left–right, ideological rigidity

1162:

R-factor) is less intuitive, as high-scorers favored

4247:

Jost, John T.; Amodio, David M. (13 November 2011).

4246: 4022:"Political space representations with approval data" 3909: 3478: 2663: 2234:(coordination of policies with other countries) vs. 1449:

To test this model, Rokeach and his colleagues used

3597: 3564:

The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology

3562:Ray JJ (1973) Factor analysis and attitude scales. 3107: 1178:, while low-scorers had attitudes more friendly to 778:is a system to characterize and classify different 3580: 3289: 3108:Fenna, Alan; Robbins, Jane; Summers, John (2013). 2879: 4633: 4139:, (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1981), p. 1. 4019: 1776:This very distinct two-axis model was created by 998:policies of those representing them politically. 875: 5208: 4680:Roberts, S. C. (2011). Roberts, S. Craig (ed.). 4453:. Psych Central. 20 October 2007. Archived from 3998: 2278:(states should cooperate and compromise) versus 1753:, as well as willingness to engage in political 1643:, as well as willingness to engage in political 1299:to live in Britain and was not shy in attacking 4605: 4291:"Biology and ideology: The anatomy of politics" 3955: 3625:Mahoney, J.; Coogle, C.L.; Banks, P.D. (1984). 3551:Journal of Experimental Research in Personality 3215: 2156:Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies 1541:, although S tapped more into items discussing 3188: 4737: 4200: 3667: 3306: 3287: 3218:Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 2569:) vs. the good of the population as a whole ( 1975:in the right and what Nolan originally named 1150:. As Hans Eysenck described in his 1956 book 1138:began researching political attitudes in the 755: 3999:Tideman, T; Plassmann, Florenz (June 2008). 3076:"A 'Spectral-Syncretic' Approach to Fascism" 3053:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8, 307. 2017: 4242: 4240: 4174: 3443: 3341: 3263: 1654: 1631:towards people with specific controversial 4744: 4730: 4608:"Some Politics May Be Etched in the Genes" 4481:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 3744:|...|intentional=yes}} 3574: 3572: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 1887:and a horizontal axis as a scale of archy/ 1406:Dissatisfied with Hans J. Eysenck's work, 1352:Subsequent criticism of Eysenck's research 912:'s seat at the front of the Assembly, the 762: 748: 4690:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.001.0001 4647: 4418: 4374: 4314: 4109: 4086: 4045: 3833: 3788: 3309:Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 2961: 2624:have larger volume of grey matter in the 1943:. This chart shows what he considers as " 1915:Nolan: economic freedom, personal freedom 1510:In further research, Eysenck refined his 1500:American presidential inaugural addresses 1453:on works exemplifying Nazism (written by 1029: 4478: 4397: 4340: 4237: 3879: 3382:"An Interview with Prof. Hans Eysenck", 2263:" but a debate over the proper place of 2078: 2041: 2033: 2021: 1918: 1818: 1810: 1757:. At the right of the chart is the open 1686: 1494:Later studies using samples of American 1275:. According to Eysenck, members of both 1125: 879: 4679: 4555: 4513: 4064: 3578: 3569: 3274: 3073: 3046: 3012:Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). 2998: 2801: 2590: 2361:(rule by the enlightened, elitism) vs. 2169:. This axis is less significant in the 1983:, iSideWith.com and MapMyPolitics.org. 1899:). Mitchell also distinguishes between 1699:cultural map of the world based on the 800:Most long-standing spectra include the 14: 5209: 4751: 4341:R. Kanai; et al. (5 April 2011). 4288: 3762:Inglehart, Ronald; Welzel, Christian. 3434:14 September 1978, volume 275, page 86 3399:14 September 1978, volume 275, page 86 3178:Multivariate Analysis: Factor Analysis 2914: 2837: 2608:Studies have found that subjects with 1647:. See for Inglehart's national chart. 1382:, returned ambiguous research results. 1319:" of East Germany's naming itself the 1037: 4725: 4474: 4472: 4336: 4334: 4177:"The Closed Party vs. the Open Party" 4015: 4013: 3912:The American Political Science Review 3905: 3903: 3766:. World Values Survey. Archived from 3139: 3137: 3021:The Government and Politics of France 2804:Political Ideologies: An Introduction 2738:Roemer model of political competition 2630:University of California, Los Angeles 1287:, while tough-minded ideologies were 985:to the left of the parliamentary left 3421:24 August 1978, volume 274, page 738 3143: 3103: 3101: 2875: 2873: 2833: 2831: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2680: 2601:A number of studies have found that 1815:Mitchell's Eight Political Americans 4672: 4549: 4507: 4219:10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v05i04/51654 4117:. McGill-Queen's University Press. 3764:"The WVS Cultural Map of the World" 3670:"The structure of social attitudes" 2844:Journal of Social Science Education 2838:Petrik, Andreas (3 December 2010). 2083:An economic group diagram based on 24: 4469: 4391: 4331: 4289:Buchen, Lizzie (25 October 2012). 4175:Pethokoukis, James (1 July 2016). 4010: 3900: 3612:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01561.x 3134: 3023:(5 ed.). Taylor and Francis. 2933:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1996.tb00245.x 2582:Political-spectrum-based forecasts 2421:(who passively accept change) vs. 2204:axis was equally prominent in the 1959:) on the vertical axis. This puts 1835:(defined as the use of force) and 1418:, which he described in his book, 25: 5238: 4710: 4636:American Political Science Review 3098: 3078:. In Kallis, Aristotle A. (ed.). 2870: 2828: 2784: 2597:Biology and political orientation 2565:Priority: the good of the state ( 1505: 1401: 920:sat on the left, hence the terms 4606:Carey, Benedict (21 June 2005). 4516:"The end of the end of ideology" 3880:Mitchell, Brian Patrick (2007). 3417:Stephen Rose, "Racism Refuted", 3292:Sense and nonsense in psychology 3110:Government Politics in Australia 2915:Lester, J. C. (September 1996). 2666: 1986: 1152:Sense and Nonsense in Psychology 994:economic interests lay with the 848:) and other times on the right ( 731: 4682:Applied Evolutionary Psychology 4627: 4599: 4443: 4282: 4194: 4168: 4142: 4129: 4103: 4058: 4038:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.04.003 3992: 3982:The spatial model of voting is 3949: 3873: 3797: 3782: 3661: 3618: 3591: 3556: 3543: 3534: 3499: 3472: 3437: 3424: 3411: 3402: 3389: 3376: 3364: 3335: 3300: 3257: 3236: 3209: 3182: 3170: 3146:Understanding Dogmas and Dreams 2763: 2552:). Popularised as a concept by 1712:discussed a chart, proposed by 1502:attempted to apply this model. 1323:despite being "one of the most 1121: 5072:Open–closed political spectrum 4398:Y. Inbar; et al. (2008). 3067: 3040: 2955: 2908: 2616:and are more prone to feeling 1571:Another replication came from 1102:and negative attitudes toward 884:The 5 May 1789 opening of the 876:Historical origin of the terms 13: 1: 5227:Political science terminology 5057:Left–right political spectrum 4556:J. Jost; et al. (2003). 4514:J. Jost; et al. (2006). 4181:American Enterprise Institute 3703:(This paper currently has an 3493:10.1080/00224545.1981.9924374 3203:10.1080/00223980.1941.9917075 2751: 2119:Other proposed axes include: 1806:Eight Ways to Run the Country 1706:In its 4 January 2003 issue, 1514:to include more questions on 3481:Journal of Social Psychology 2921:Journal of Social Philosophy 2777: 2612:political views have larger 2173:(where views of the role of 2123:Focus of political concern: 1098:. He defined religionism as 1082:. Submitting the results to 7: 5082:Right-wing authoritarianism 4684:. Oxford University Press. 4577:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 3844:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.376 3350:. Oxford University Press. 3264:Todosijevic, Bojan (2013). 2902:10.1016/j.physa.2004.12.038 2659: 2440:Origin of state authority: 1939:was created by libertarian 1745:(including foreigners) and 714:Political parties by region 504:Party convention/conference 10: 5243: 4535:10.1037/0003-066x.61.7.651 4150:"The new political divide" 4079:10.1177/1030570X0501800103 3583:The nature of human values 2702:Index of politics articles 2638:sympathetic nervous system 2594: 2377:, and not reason like the 2097:The Future and Its Enemies 2090:In 1998, political author 1990: 1928: 1769: 1575:'s research into national 1420:The Nature of Human Values 1321:German Democratic Republic 1204:Despite the difference in 902:various legislative bodies 701:Lists of political parties 29: 5089: 5044: 4969: 4919: 4854: 4802: 4759: 4658:10.1017/S0003055405051579 4429:10.1080/02699930802110007 4367:10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.017 4268:10.1007/s11031-011-9260-7 3686:10.2466/pr0.1976.39.2.463 3643:10.2466/pr0.1984.55.3.683 3176:SAS(R) 3.11 Users Guide, 3084:. Routledge. p. 71. 2626:anterior cingulate cortex 2314:Commonwealth of Australia 2147:that would be counted as 2018:Other proposed dimensions 1861:= anti archy, anti kratos 1741:and dress, acceptance of 1568:the factors shown above. 1457:), communism (written by 709:Ruling parties by country 682:National unity government 4493:10.1177/1368430209356930 3886:. Greenwood Publishing. 3713:10.1177/0033294120901991 3600:Journal of Communication 3579:Rokeach, Milton (1973). 3430:Stephen Rose, "Racism", 3296:. London: Penguin Books. 3144:Love, Nancy Sue (2006). 2802:Heywood, Andrew (2017). 2756: 2653:redistribution of wealth 2217:Jeffersonian Republicans 1870:= anti archy, pro kratos 1852:= pro archy, anti kratos 1655:Other double-axis models 1397:through factor analysis. 719:Banned political parties 419:Leader of the Opposition 387:Leaders and organization 350:Parliamentary opposition 3395:Stephen Rose, "Racism" 3074:Eatwell, Roger (2003). 3047:Griffin, Roger (1995). 2976:10.1111/1467-856X.00016 2649:evolutionary psychology 2538:culturally conservative 2459:Levels of sovereignty: 2003:spatial model of voting 1879:= pro archy, pro kratos 886:Estates General of 1789 850:conservative liberalism 5027:Social justice warrior 4565:Psychological Bulletin 4256:Motivation and Emotion 4201:Sulakshin, S. (2010). 3821:Psychological Bulletin 3668:Eysenck, Hans (1976). 3508:Psychological Bulletin 3288:Eysenck, H.J. (1956). 2651:, conflicts regarding 2274:International action: 2135:" (anti-freedom) vs. " 2087: 2076: 2039: 2031: 1997:Models of issue voting 1963:in the left quadrant, 1926: 1829:Brian Patrick Mitchell 1824: 1816: 1736:and the importance of 1722:University of Michigan 1703: 1667:Psychological Bulletin 1607:and the importance of 1595:of individuals within 1131: 1112:treatment of criminals 1030:Academic investigation 889: 5102:Democratic transition 5097:Anti-authoritarianism 4972:Political pejoratives 4523:American Psychologist 4407:Cognition and Emotion 3742:expression of concern 3736:|...}} 3734:expression of concern 3705:expression of concern 3674:Psychological Reports 3631:Psychological Reports 3191:Journal of Psychology 2728:The Political Compass 2353:(rule of majority or 2085:The Political Compass 2082: 2045: 2037: 2025: 1981:The Political Compass 1922: 1905:right-wing anarchists 1823:Mitchell's Eight Ways 1822: 1814: 1720:(associated with the 1716:and supported by the 1690: 1440:democratic socialists 1335:, which also opposed 1129: 883: 652:Confidence and supply 509:Leadership convention 360:Official party status 316:Entrepreneurial party 32:The Political Compass 4857:Political ideologies 3446:Political Psychology 3372:Political Psychology 3342:Dator, J.A. (1969). 2591:Biological variables 2483:European integration 2285:Political violence: 2161:Role of the church: 2145:political philosophy 1901:left-wing anarchists 1691:A recreation of the 1564:since this time has 1174:and restrictions on 967:François-Noël Babeuf 953:at the start of the 869:political scientists 854:classical liberalism 657:Consensus government 647:Coalition government 439:Parliamentary leader 246:Classical radicalism 18:Double-axis politics 4982:Champagne socialist 4892:Christian democracy 4821:Anti-Stalinist left 4805:Political positions 4359:2011CBio...21..677K 4307:2012Natur.490..466B 2894:2005PhyA..351..593S 2707:Left–right politics 2692:Cleavage (politics) 2634:New York University 2499:multinational state 2491:European federalism 2454:anarcho-primitivism 2442:popular sovereignty 2433:Political moderates 2228:non-interventionism 1842:political thought: 1718:World Values Survey 1701:World Values Survey 1581:World Values Survey 1543:economic inequality 1311:leadership and the 1172:religious education 1134:Shortly afterward, 1038:Leonard W. Ferguson 951:political franchise 922:right-wing politics 908:. As seen from the 780:political positions 738:Politics portal 687:Rotation government 677:Minority government 672:Majority government 637:Parliamentary group 494:Leadership election 176:Christian democracy 5217:Political spectrum 5157:Anti-establishment 5022:Social imperialism 4927:Buddhist socialism 4922:Religious politics 4753:Political spectrum 4613:The New York Times 4457:on 13 October 2016 4135:Diamond, Stanley, 4111:Blattberg, Charles 3970:10.1093/pan/mpv013 3958:Political Analysis 3770:on 31 October 2011 3081:The fascism reader 2575:autocratic regimes 2536:Openness: closed ( 2186:politics of Europe 2088: 2077: 2040: 2032: 1927: 1825: 1817: 1759:self-expressionist 1704: 1560:Most research and 1461:), capitalism (by 1132: 1048:capital punishment 1018:. Thus, the word " 926:left-wing politics 890: 862:syncretic politics 812:(1789–1799), with 776:political spectrum 642:Divided government 536:Crossing the floor 482:Internal elections 454:Party spokesperson 365:Single-issue party 60:Political Spectrum 5204: 5203: 5172:The Establishment 5127:Identity politics 4962:Religious Zionism 4301:(7421): 466–468. 4225:on 18 August 2011 4026:Electoral Studies 3893:978-0-275-99358-0 3357:978-0-19-631779-3 3091:978-0-415-24359-9 3060:978-0-19-289249-2 3030:978-0-203-40260-3 2770:into two or more" 2748: 2747: 2687:Political faction 2529:global governance 2141:Council communism 2028:political colours 1949:drug legalization 1850:constitutionalism 1651:analysis method. 1613:authority figures 1369:single-axis model 846:social liberalism 791:political compass 772: 771: 618: 617: 434:Political faction 147: 146: 16:(Redirected from 5234: 5192:Radical politics 5167:Communitarianism 5137:Authoritarianism 5052:Horseshoe theory 4882:Social democracy 4841:Radical centrism 4831:Centrist Marxism 4746: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4722: 4704: 4703: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4651: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4422: 4404: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4318: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4221:. Archived from 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4017: 4008: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3854:. Archived from 3837: 3817: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3726:Retraction Watch 3701: 3696:. Archived from 3665: 3659: 3658: 3653:. Archived from 3622: 3616: 3615: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3576: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3520:10.1037/h0045968 3503: 3497: 3496: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3321:10.1037/h0054347 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3285: 3272: 3271: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3230:10.1037/h0093615 3213: 3207: 3206: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3105: 3096: 3095: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3018: 3009: 2996: 2995: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2888:(2–4): 593–604. 2877: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2854:. Archived from 2852:10.4119/jsse-541 2835: 2826: 2825: 2799: 2771: 2767: 2697:Horseshoe theory 2681: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2546:socially liberal 2521:Internationalism 2390:negative liberty 2386:positive liberty 2336:multiculturalism 2301:", respectively. 2257:Canadian history 2222:Foreign policy: 2167:anti-clericalism 2125:communitarianism 2092:Virginia Postrel 1945:economic freedom 1714:Ronald Inglehart 1573:Ronald Inglehart 1562:political theory 1451:content analysis 1436:social democrats 1365:Frankfurt School 1283:and friendly to 1024:Democratic Party 764: 757: 750: 736: 735: 575: 574: 541:Party discipline 523:Party discipline 489:Primary election 345:Opposition party 256:Social democracy 191:Environmentalism 65: 64: 39: 38: 21: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5142:Totalitarianism 5094: 5085: 5077:Pournelle chart 5049: 5040: 5012:Regressive left 4974: 4965: 4947:Christian right 4924: 4915: 4859: 4850: 4807: 4798: 4755: 4750: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4700: 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3061: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3016: 3010: 2999: 2960: 2956: 2913: 2909: 2878: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2858:on 22 June 2019 2836: 2829: 2814: 2800: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2674:Politics portal 2672: 2665: 2662: 2645:Genetic factors 2599: 2593: 2584: 2560:Propertarianism 2517:Cosmopolitanism 2411:revolutionaries 2397:totalitarianism 2349:Participation: 2340:assimilationism 2304:Foreign trade: 2276:multilateralism 2232:multilateralism 2224:interventionism 2133:totalitarianism 2110:classic-liberal 2070:Totalitarianism 2067: 2057: 2047: 2020: 1999: 1989: 1971:in the middle, 1933: 1917: 1809: 1790:social deviance 1782:Pournelle chart 1778:Jerry Pournelle 1774: 1772:Pournelle chart 1768: 1685: 1662: 1657: 1539:economic values 1524:economic policy 1516:economic issues 1508: 1463:Barry Goldwater 1404: 1354: 1261: 1168:racial equality 1156:factor analysis 1148:left–right axis 1124: 1092:humanitarianism 1084:factor analysis 1074:, treatment of 1040: 1032: 947:civil liberties 878: 768: 730: 725: 724: 723: 703: 693: 692: 691: 667:Hung parliament 662:Grand coalition 631: 630:between parties 620: 619: 614: 605: 586: 572: 562: 561: 560: 556:Party switching 551:Party-line vote 531:Conscience vote 525: 515: 514: 513: 483: 475: 474: 473: 429:Minority leader 424:Majority leader 388: 380: 379: 378: 311:Catch-all party 285: 277: 276: 275: 160: 149: 148: 143: 118: 88: 62: 44:Politics series 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5240: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5122:Green politics 5119: 5114: 5109: 5107:Libertarianism 5104: 5099: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5067:Overton window 5064: 5059: 5054: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017:Social fascism 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932:Christian left 4929: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 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2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2723:Overton window 2720: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2661: 2658: 2595:Main article: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2571:utilitarianism 2563: 2557: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2502: 2487:Euroscepticism 2457: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2404: 2395:Social power: 2393: 2382: 2347: 2332: 2325: 2302: 2283: 2272: 2269:British Empire 2261:foreign policy 2249:party politics 2242: 2220: 2182: 2159: 2152: 2137:libertarianism 2094:, in her book 2074:Libertarianism 2019: 2016: 1988: 1985: 1929:Main article: 1916: 1913: 1881: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1808: 1802: 1770:Main article: 1767: 1764: 1684: 1681: 1672:Jeff Greenberg 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1507: 1506:Later research 1504: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1459:Vladimir Lenin 1408:Milton Rokeach 1403: 1402:Milton Rokeach 1400: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1387:Milton Rokeach 1383: 1372: 1361: 1353: 1350: 1333:National Party 1285:human freedoms 1260: 1257: 1140:United Kingdom 1123: 1120: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1028: 969:. Support for 949:. Because the 877: 874: 770: 769: 767: 766: 759: 752: 744: 741: 740: 727: 726: 722: 721: 716: 711: 705: 704: 699: 698: 695: 694: 690: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 632: 626: 625: 622: 621: 616: 615: 613: 612: 606: 604: 603: 598: 593: 591:Dominant-party 587: 585: 584: 578: 573: 568: 567: 564: 563: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 527: 526: 521: 520: 517: 516: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 485: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 472: 471: 466: 464:Shadow cabinet 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 414:Lead candidate 411: 406: 401: 396: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 377: 376: 367: 362: 357: 355:Party of power 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 221:Libertarianism 218: 213: 208: 206:Green politics 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 162: 161: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 130: 127: 126: 120: 119: 117: 116: 111: 109:Radical Centre 106: 100: 97: 96: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 75: 72: 71: 63: 58: 57: 54: 53: 51:Party politics 47: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5239: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5198: 5197:Triangulation 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5177:Individualism 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5147:Revolutionary 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117:Progressivism 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992:Liberal elite 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4816:Ultra-leftism 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4701: 4699:9780199586073 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4353:(8): 677–80. 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4241: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4155: 4154:The Economist 4151: 4145: 4138: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3876: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805:Greenberg, J. 3800: 3792: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3587:. Free Press. 3585: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3452:(3/4): 3–19. 3451: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3386:February 1977 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3155:9781483371115 3151: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3119:9781486001385 3115: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2813:9781137606044 2809: 2805: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2766: 2762: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2598: 2588: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:protectionist 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:Globalization 2503: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485:(in Europe): 2484: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2450:organic state 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2427:reactionaries 2424: 2423:conservatives 2420: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2322:protectionism 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:globalization 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291:North America 2288: 2284: 2281: 2280:unilateralism 2277: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2251:. During the 2250: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2240:unilateralism 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206:United States 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:United States 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2149:communitarian 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:individualism 2126: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2061: 2060:Progressivism 2055: 2054:Individualism 2051: 2044: 2036: 2029: 2024: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1994: 1987:Spatial model 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973:right-wingers 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868:progressivism 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859:individualism 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1821: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:vegetarianism 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1709:The Economist 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641:vegetarianism 1638: 1637:homosexuality 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1579:based on the 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535:social values 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520:social policy 1517: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1396: 1395:unfalsifiable 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303:, citing the 1302: 1298: 1295:Eysenck left 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1265:authoritarian 1256: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1240:United States 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1108:birth control 1105: 1101: 1100:belief in God 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:birth control 1035: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1004:laissez-faire 999: 997: 996:laissez-faire 992: 991: 990:sans-culottes 986: 981: 978: 975:commerce and 974: 973: 972:laissez-faire 968: 964: 961:, the rising 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:republicanism 936: 935: 934:Ancien Régime 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 888:in Versailles 887: 882: 873: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 795:political map 792: 788: 785: 781: 777: 765: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 745: 743: 742: 739: 734: 729: 728: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 706: 702: 697: 696: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 629: 624: 623: 611: 608: 607: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 583: 580: 579: 577: 576: 571: 570:Party systems 566: 565: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 524: 519: 518: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 479: 478: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 391: 384: 383: 375: 374:International 371: 370:Transnational 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 281: 280: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 251:Republicanism 249: 247: 244: 242: 241:Progressivism 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 159: 153: 152: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 129: 128: 125: 122: 121: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 99: 98: 95: 92: 91: 85: 82: 80: 77: 76: 74: 73: 70: 67: 66: 61: 56: 55: 52: 49: 48: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5162:Collectivism 5091: 5046: 4971: 4921: 4897:Conservatism 4856: 4811:Post-leftism 4804: 4784:Centre-right 4752: 4681: 4674: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4619:25 September 4617:. 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