Dogu'a Tembien - Knowledge

5972: 4015:) is 778 mm. Mean temperature is 13.3 °C, oscillating between average daily minimum of 10.9 °C and maximum of 22 °C. As it is common at tropical latitudes, the contrasts between day and night air temperatures are much larger than seasonal contrasts. The rainfall pattern, however, shows a very high seasonality with 70 to 80% of the annual rain falling in July and August. The annual seasons are “hagay” (dry season in winter), “belgi” (spring rains), “kremti” (main summer rains) and “qew'i” (autumn), when the crops are ripening off. In the summer rainy season the dominant wind direction is from the southwest, whereas in the rest of the year winds blow from the east. 5483: 46: 2446: 237: 5120: 842: 6688: 9331: 90: 5995: 5870: 6669: 4048: 3019: 6653: 70: 55: 6292: 1198: 6638: 4072: 6564: 6586: 6556: 1187: 5762: 6539: 5855: 3537:, both hewn but not open at the upper side. The first courtyard holds graves; between the two, there is a block of stone with a cross in the window opening in its centre. The three-aisled church has a depth of four bays. There are entrances on both sides through hewn corridors. The church ceiling has a consistent height, holding cupolas, arches and capitals in each bay. The hewn 3678:. The church has a continuous hipped ceiling to the centre aisle. There are carved diagonal crosses as well as a cross carved above the arch into the sanctuary. The ceiling holds longitudinal beams that form a continuous lintel, which is similar to traditional Tigrayan workmanship. The church is at risk of collapse and hence access is not permitted. 5829:. An average family owns one or two oxen (six or eight for a rich family), one to three cows with their calf(s) (ten), 5 to 7 goats or sheep (20 or 30), and sometimes a donkey (three or four mules and donkeys for a rich family). Livestock are mainly a source of energy, hence they are part of the permanent farming system: oxen are 5968:

Many cattle of Haddinnet and also Ayninbirkekin tabias are brought to the foot of the escarpment at Ab’aro, with all herds passing through Ksad Azef pass. Cattle stay on there on wide rangelands. Some cattle keepers move far down to open woodland and establish their camp in large caves in sandstone.

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In this area with rains that last only for a couple of months per year, reservoirs of different sizes allow harvesting runoff from the rainy season for further use in the dry season. Overall they suffer from siltation. Yet, they strongly contribute to greening the landscape, either through irrigation

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that surrounds the entrance. The church comprises two circular well-carved cells that are used for baptisms. Above the sanctuary there is a series of small blind arcades. Beside the ancient church, a new cave is under excavation. Down from the church there are irrigated tropical gardens. Under cover

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and thus essential for crop production. Donkeys provide energy: they transport heavy loads such as crop harvests, large stones for building, and traded goods. Additionally, sheep and goats are considered as an insurance for difficult times. Meat and milk production are only of secondary importance.

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The soils of Dogu’a Tembien reflect its longstanding agricultural history, highly seasonal rainfall regime, relatively low temperatures, an extremely great variety in lithology (with dominance of basalts and limestone) and steep slopes. Outstanding features in the soilscape are the fertile highland

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of Ethiopia (CSA), this woreda had a total population of 113,595, an increase of 28% over the 1994 census, of whom 56,955 were men and 56,640 women; 7,270 or 6.4% were urban inhabitants. A total of 25,290 households were counted in this woreda, resulting in an average of 4.5 persons per household,

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were lost and soil depth was reduced. Hence, soil erosion is an important problem, which results in low crop yields and biomass production. As a response to the strong degradation and thanks to the hard labour of many people in the villages, soil conservation has been carried out on a large scale

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are clearly demarcated and are cropped every year. Hence the agricultural system is a permanent upland farming system, and the population are not nomads. In 2001, 72% of the farmers both raised crops and livestock, while 28% only grew crops; very few to none only raised livestock. The term mixed

2315:, 7% of the population were considered literate, which was less than the Zone average of 14%; 8% of children aged 7–12 were in primary school; 0.14% of the children aged 13–14 were in junior secondary school, and 0.21% of the inhabitants aged 15–18 were in senior secondary school. Concerning 8916: 5965:(1930 m) that holds dense vegetation. The cattle keepers establish enclosures for the cattle and places for them to sleep, often in rock shelters. The cattle stay there until harvesting time, when they are needed for threshing, and when the stubble becomes available for grazing. 3098:. The pillars are rounded (which is uncommon) and expand at either end, supporting arches that appear as triangles. Women are not allowed to do the ascent, nor to visit monastery or church. Independently from the difficult access to the monastery, the surrounding sandstone 2781:). At the upper side of the cliff, there is an alignment of cavities: the “windows” of a gallery parallel to cliff and river. The cave floor holds with clay pots that would have served as food containers for villagers who went there hiding during an early 20th C. conflict. 6384:. The brew is allowed to ferment for a few days, after which it is served, sometimes with the pieces of bread floating on it (the customer will gently blow them to one side of the beaker). The alcoholic content is 2% to 5%. Most of the coarser part of the brew, the 8828: 5804:, and 3% was devoted to other uses. For the land under cultivation in this woreda, 78% was planted in cereals, 12% in pulses, and 1.4% in oilseeds; the area planted in vegetables is missing. Ten hectares were planted in fruit trees and eleven in 3339:). Behind it, the remnant of the earlier church established in a natural cave of 20 metres by 20 metres. The roof of the cave is covered with sooth, evidencing the fact that the villagers took cover here, during the Italian bombardments of the 5799:

A sample enumeration performed by the CSA in 2001 interviewed 22,002 farmers in this woreda, who held an average of 0.79 hectares of land. Of the 17,387 hectares of private land surveyed, 91% was in cultivation, 0.6% pasture, 5% fallow, 0.13%

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Meheretu Yonas; Kiros Welegerima; Sluydts, V; Bauer, H; Kindeya Gebrehiwot; Deckers, J; Makundi, R; Leirs, H (2015). "Reproduction and survival of rodents in crop fields: the effects of rainfall, crop stage and stone-bund density".

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Nyssen, Jan; Poesen, Jean; Gebremichael, Desta; Vancampenhout, Karen; d'Aes, Margo; Yihdego, Gebremedhin; Govers, Gerard; Leirs, Herwig; Moeyersons, Jan; Naudts, Jozef; Haregeweyn, Nigussie; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, Jozef (2007).

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Nyssen, Jan; Tielens, Sander; Gebreyohannes, Tesfamichael; Araya, Tigist; Teka, Kassa; Van De Wauw, Johan; Degeyndt, Karen; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Amare, Kassa; Haile, Mitiku; Zenebe, Amanuel; Munro, Neil; Walraevens, Kristine;

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programme. The revenues are then reinvested in the villages, according to the priorities of the communities; it may be for an additional class in the village school, a water pond, conservation in the exclosures, or a store for

6283:, as women are traditionally focussed on weeding and harvesting, as well as activities at home, and men work in the fields at ploughing and threshing times. Ploughing by women has been (and often still is) a cultural taboo. 9053:

Ayimut Kiros-Meles; Abang, M. (2008). "Farmers' knowledge of crop diseases and control strategies in the Regional State of Tigrai, northern Ethiopia: implications for farmer–researcher collaboration in disease management".

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The ox-plough based agriculture, which has characterised Dogu’a Tembien since thousands of years, not only has shaped the agricultural landscape; it also forms the basis of social relationships. There is for instance a

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keeping livestock nearby to the homesteads In some villages most people with not practice transhumance, but even in villages which practice transhumance, some will prefer using the nearby grazing grounds.

6326:. Then, young women dominate the public space with dances and songs which is in strong contrast with the rest of the year. The rural ‘’Ashenda’’ is very different from the "standardised" urban festival. 8323:

Nyssen, J.; Veyret-Picot, M.; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Haile, Mitiku; Deckers, J.; Govers, G. (2004). "The effectiveness of loose rock check dams for gully control in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia".

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Nyssen, Jan; Frankl, Amaury; Zenebe, Amanuel; Deckers, Jozef; Poesen, Jean (2015). "Land management in the northern Ethiopian highlands: local and global perspectives; past, present and future".

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Kiessling, W.; Kumar, D.; Schemm-Gregory, M.; Mewis, H.; Aberhan, M (2011). "Marine benthic invertebrates from the Upper Jurassic of northern Ethiopia and their biogeographic affinities".

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The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 89,037, of whom 44,408 were men and 44,629 were women. The largest ethnic group reported in Dogu'a Tembien was the

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Mastewal Yami, and colleagues (2007). "Impact of Area Enclosures on Density and Diversity of Large Wild Mammals: The Case of May Ba'ati, Douga Tembien Woreda, Central Tigray, Ethiopia".

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Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F.; Faccenna, C.; Abebe, B. (2017). "Erosion-tectonics feedbacks in shaping the landscape: An example from the Mekele Outlier (Tigray, Ethiopia)".

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Geosites, Geoheritage, Human-Environment Interactions, and Sustainable Geotourism in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District

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daily movements with livestock back-and-forth to the grazing grounds, the “home range herders” – they travel back and forth daily to grazing grounds that are a few kilometres away

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Les Hautes Terres de Tembien, Tigré, Ethiopie; Résistance et limites d'une ancienne civilisation agraire; Conséquences sur la dégradation des terres . CNEARC, Montpellier, France

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If the grazing lands are far from the village, deep in the gorge, livestock will stay there overnight (transhumance) with children and a few adults keeping them. Some examples:

3151:(1960s), the rock church has cruciform columns, flat beams and a flat ceiling, a single arch, and a flat rear wall without apse. Windows give light to the church itself. Emperor 6988: 6786: 2319:, about 29% of the urban houses and 15% of all houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census; 6% of the urban and 2.4% of the total had toilet facilities. 6084: 6016:). This is a landscape that has been created by close to a hundred generations of peasants for the production of incense. This was already exported to the sea ports and to 7842:

Hydrological context of water scarcity and storage on the mountain ridges in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District

6600: 9010:; Waters-Bayer, A.; Bjørnstad, Å. (2008). "Farmers' seed management and innovation in varietal selection: implications for barley breeding in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia". 9686: 7974:

Nyssen, J.; Naudts, J.; De Geyndt, K.; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, J.; Moeyersons, J.; Deckers, J. (2008). "Soils and land use in the Tigray highlands (Northern Ethiopia)".

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As of 2013, 100 church institutions were registered in the woreda. Churches and monasteries in the woreda that contain historical manuscripts and artefacts include:

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Benefits of reforestation on Carbon storage and water infiltration in the context of climate mitigation in North Ethiopia. Master thesis, Ghent University, Belgium

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The lowest places are where the main rivers leave the district. They are often located not far from the highest points, what indicates the magnitude of the relief

3433:. It holds grave cells off the main space. As Mika'el Samba is not a village church, priests are only present on the monthly Mika’els day, the twelfth day in the 8888:

Merha Zerabruk; Vangen, O; Mitiku Haile (2007). "The status of cattle genetic resources in North Ethiopia: On-farm characterization of six major cattle breeds".

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Species that are neither endemic nor biome-restricted but that have restricted ranges or that can be more easily seen in Ethiopia than elsewhere in their range:

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Wolde Mekuria, and colleagues (2011). "Restoration of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks Following Exclosure Establishment in Communal Grazing Lands in Tigray, Ethiopia".

2469:, there was a relative tectonic quiescence, during which the Amba Aradam Sandstones were partially eroded what led to the formation of a new planation surface. 9679: 6150: 3757:

cliffs, the TPLF carried out its political activities, including a major land reform; it was from here that the offensives were organised till the conquest of

8826:"Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSE2001). Report on Area and Production - Tigray Region. Version 1.1 - December 2007" 1053:

highlands could relatively easily be accessed when coming from the Gheralta lowlands. During the Italian invasion, it was an important battlefield during the

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The Giba, Tanqwa and Tsaliet rivers in the headwaters of the Tekezze basin. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

4023: 1166:, directly southwest of Dogu’a Tembien. The population of Dogu’a Tembien is composed of the original population with a certain admixture of descendants of 6394:

is consumed during social events, after (manual) work, and as an incentive for farmers and labourers. There are about a hundred traditional beer houses (

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Raptor perch sites for biological control of agricultural pest rodents. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Bosellini, A.; Russo, A.; Fantozzi, P.; Assefa, G.; Tadesse, S. (1997). "The Mesozoic succession of the Mekelle Outlier (Tigrai Province, Ethiopia)".

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Sheet and Rill Erosion and Its Control: Lessons from Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Local myths in relation to the natural environment of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District

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Forest and woodland vegetation in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Exclosures as Primary Option for Reforestation in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Farmland Management, Tillage and Resulting Cultivation Terraces. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District

7389: 7229:"Age and backfill/overfill stratigraphy of two tufa dams, Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia: Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene wet conditions" 6803:

Agazi Negash. (2001). The Holocene Pre-Historic Archaeology of the Temben Region of Northern Ethiopia (PhD dissertation). University of Florida.

5808:. Land tenure in this woreda is distributed amongst 82% owning their land, 17% renting and 0.4% holding their land under other forms of tenure. 9860: 9286: 6488: 6101: 6007: 7748:

Lanckriet, S. and colleagues (2015). "Droughts related to quasi‐global oscillations: a diagnostic teleconnection analysis in North Ethiopia".

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in order to allow forest regeneration. On the other hand, it remains difficult to convince farmers to carry out measures within the farmland (

2727:), the monumental Zeyi Abune Aregawi church holds the entrance to Northern Ethiopia's largest cave. The 364-metres long oval gallery displays 6969: 6425: 5607: 4832:), such as bed and furrows or zero grazing, as there is a fear for loss of income from the land. Such techniques are however very effective. 1178:

language and identify as Tigrayans today. However, when it comes to marriage, in-laws may informally verify the ancestry of bride or groom.

9301: 4905:. The local inhabitants also consider it as “land set aside for future generations”. In Dogu’a Tembien, some exclosures are managed by the 3875: 2736: 7652:"The effect of rainfall on spatio‐temporal variability in cropping systems and duration of crop cover in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands" 4796:

in church forests. The reduced soil protection by vegetation cover, combined with steep slopes and erosive rainfall has led to excessive

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plugs in Dogu’a Tembien. The present geomorphology is marked by deep valleys, eroded as a result of the regional uplift. Throughout the

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Developers and farmers intertwining interventions: the case of rainwater harvesting and food-for-work in Degua Temben, Tigray, Ethiopia

3082:. The intrepid visitor will climb down, then scramble over narrow ledges along precipices, and finally climb an overhanging cliff. The 8593:

Research-based development projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Tewodros Gebreegziabher, and colleagues (2009). "Contour furrows for in situ soil and water conservation, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia".

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Research-Based Development Projects in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Fossil evidence of Dogu'a Tembien's environmental past. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District

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The volcanic rock cover of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-Trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains, the Dogu'a Tembien District

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Gully Erosion and Control in the Tembien Highlands. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains — The Dogu'a Tembien District

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During the cropping season the lands around the villages are not accessible for grazing. Livestock owners have three alternatives:

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Description of trekking routes in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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topography was more elevated in Dogu'a Tembien as compared to more southerly areas. Three major formations may be distinguished:

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Cattle breeds, milk production, and transhumance in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geotrekking in Ethiopia's tropical mountains, Chapter 28

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Descheemaeker, K. and colleagues (2006). "Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray Highlands, Ethiopia".

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Agazi Negash. (1997). Preliminary Results of Archaeological Reconnaissance of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, Nyame Akuma, 47, 27-32.

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who were brought from southwestern Ethiopia, and were in the service of bigger land owners during feudality. There is no formal

9341: 4068:. The general drainage is westward, to the Tekezze River. Main tributaries in Dogu’a Tembien, from upstream to downstream, are 7014:

Regional geology of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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Geo-trekking map of Dogu'a Tembien (1:50,000). In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

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with inscriptions. It is located at the top of the Dabba Selama mountain, and was carved by soldiers that participated in the

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Swanson-Hysell, N.; Maloof, A.; Condon, D.; Jenkin, G.; Alene, M.; Tremblay, M.; Tesema, T.; Rooney, A.; Haileab, B. (2015).

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Van de Wauw, J. and colleagues (2008). "Soil-landscape relationships in the basalt-dominated highlands of Tigay, Ethiopia".

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River, is a spectacular pass in the sandstone landscape, to be crossed before ascending to Dogu’a Tembien from the northwest

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Dogu'a Tembien's Tropical Mountain Climate. In: Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District

3336: 2398:, Dogu’a Tembien was located near the South Pole. The (reactivate) Precambrian extensional faults guided the deposition of 7040:

Geology of Ethiopia: a review and geomorphological perspectives. In: Billi, P. (ed.), Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia

9865: 5438: 3551: 3214: 3597: 3447: 3401: 3357: 3165: 3050: 979: 6668: 6481: 3688: 2524: 1221: 1107: 1066: 942: 5971: 2465:) indicates the presence of less shallow seas, what was probably caused by a regional uplift. In the beginning of the 1964: 5618:

are found in bushland, scrubland and dense secondary forest, often near cliffs, gorges or water. Chestnut-Winged or

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is developing. Touristic attractions, potential for geotourism and trekking are detailed in the articles related to

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can be done particularly in exclosures and forests. Eighteen bird-watching sites have been inventoried and mapped.

4684:), the May Bilbil resurgence is inside the bed of the Giba River; in the dry season spring water surges through the 3541:

is in an apse. The sophisticated plan comprises a central axis and two open courtyards that cut deep into the rock.

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Just outside the district, on the western slopes of the Dogu’a Tembien massif, there are seven other rock churches.

3115: 6687: 4656: 4625: 3258: 2975: 2795: 2252: 2211: 2170: 2129: 2043: 1721: 1680: 1639: 1598: 1557: 1508: 1467: 1426: 1385: 1344: 904: 866: 802: 768: 726: 684: 628: 587: 546: 505: 464: 423: 341: 303: 262: 9671: 3646: 3497: 3487:. To enter the church, one has to go down a few. Remarkably, at the entrance, a pool of water is fed by a spring. 3307: 2753: 2699: 2088: 2008: 1929: 1888: 1847: 1803: 1762: 1303: 1262: 382: 7572:

The cultural context of food grinding equipment in Northern Ethiopia: an ethnoarchaeological approach. PhD thesis

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Cattle, and particularly oxen, traditionally have social, economic and insurance value. This has contributed to

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in front of it. On both sides of the main church, there are elongated chambers, maybe been the beginnings of an

7925:"Understanding spatial patterns of soils for sustainable agriculture in northern Ethiopia's tropical mountains" 6990:

1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region

9023: 8284:"Interdisciplinary on-site evaluation of stone bunds to control soil erosion on cropland in Northern Ethiopia" 4901:, people commonly have economic benefits from these exclosures through grass harvesting, beekeeping and other 2834:

at a height of about 2000 metres, has been explored over 14.4 m but its distance is claimed to be way longer (

1007:), a V-shaped pass in a dolerite ridge, used to be the main entrance gate to Dogu’a Tembien, when coming from 9357: 6595: 6474: 6445: 5905: 4373: 4337: 4321: 1163: 8480:"Land rehabilitation and the conservation of birds in a degraded Afromontane landscape in northern Ethiopia" 6919:

Praetorius, F. (1874). "Über zwei Tigriña-Dialekte. 1. Der Dialekt von Hamâsen. 2. Der Dialekt von Tanbên".

9779: 9500: 9377: 6610: 6570: 6461: 6062: 5911: 5874: 4749: 4382: 4012: 3988: 2492:

followed pre-existing tectonic lineaments. A mere thickness of 400 metres of basalt indicates that the pre-

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Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009).

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Bedru Babulo, and colleagues (2006). "Economic valuation methods of forest rehabilitation in exclosures".

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Also in summer, there is the boys’ festival Hawariat, where they clack whips. This lasts for about a week.

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Central Tigre Development Study – Tigre Province Ethiopia, Working Paper I: Soils and land classification

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At several places, people have excavates caves in the sandstone. The larger ones, and most known are the

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Ethnoarchaeological study of grind stones at Lakia'a in Adwa, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. PhD diss

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occur in the dry evergreen montane forests of the highland plateau but can also occupy other habitats.

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occur on major communication lines dating back to the period before the introduction of the automobile

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Traditional surface water harvesting ponds, particularly in places without permanent springs, called

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plugs, springs and a cluster of trees. The church was established in widened caves of the tufa plug.

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formations, from older (at the foot of the massif) to younger, near the summits. From Palaeozoic to

6366: 5944: 5927: 5627: 5407: 4810: 3340: 970:), at 2710 metres, is the highest pass of the district, where the main road passes before entering 8917:"The Abergelle and Irob cattle breeds of North Ethiopia: description and on-farm characterization" 7701:"Growing Apple (Malus Domestica) Under Tropical Mountain Climate Conditions in Northern Ethiopia" 6652: 5402: 4974: 4934: 3889: 3766: 3335:), in a very scenic position in a small forest behind limestone pinnacles, is some 30 years old ( 1054: 5386:

with widespread distribution in agricultural fields and storage areas in Dogu’a Tembien (and in

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plug. The church boosts a semi-circular wooden arch of approx. 1.5 metre across (in one piece).

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Since ages, major footpaths and roads in Dogu’a Tembien have been using mountain passes, called

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All in all, livestock productivity is low as there are shortages of fodder (crop residues). No

5669: 5638: 5611: 5576: 4739:. This large lake, once established, will strongly impact the livelihood of the inhabitants of 3880: 3634: 62: 6745:"The accumulation of Stone Age lithic artifacts in rock fragment mulches in northern Ethiopia" 5623: 9520: 7906: 6466: 5653: 5634: 5600: 5588: 5520: 5512: 5396: 5283: 5034: 3949: 3754: 3095: 2462: 2312: 161: 36: 7062: 6744: 6342:

In almost every household of Dogu'a Tembien, the woman knows how to prepare the local beer,

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The traditional farmers’ homesteads are maybe not luxurious but evidence a quality of life.

2368:(up to 800 million years ago or Ma), that was largely eroded afterwards. Around 600 Ma, the 9568: 9429: 9349: 6756: 6614: 6604: 6574: 6012: 5801: 5615: 5556: 5545: 5539:

are found in evergreen forest, mountain woodlands and areas with scattered trees including

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Stones collected from farmlands in order to free space for the crop, and heaped in typical

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Mount Gumawta, one of the peaks of the Tsatsen mesa, the highest location of Dogu'a Tembien

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The cattle of Addi Geza’iti (2580 m) are brought every rainy season to the gorge of River

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since the 1980s; this has curbed rates of soil loss. Measures include the construction of

3926:, in direct view of a church, where foot travellers stop, pray and put an additional stone 799:

At the junction of Tanqwa and Tsech’i Rivers, a bit upstream from May Lomin, 1897 metres (

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Additional activities to assure income include trading and daily labour in Hagere Selam,

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farming is inappropriate however; it is rather a grain-plough complex. The first role of

5665: 5564: 5295: 5199: 5064: 5054: 4964: 4954: 4608: 4555: 4264: 2566: 2403: 1167: 1012: 82: 8387:"On the difference between "exclosures" and "enclosures" in ecology and the environment" 6760: 3038:. These have literally been hewn from rock, mainly between the 10th and 14th centuries. 9609: 9394: 9151: 9110: 9071: 9035: 8870: 8750: 8665: 8499: 8340: 8336: 8263: 8222: 8182: 8141: 8100: 7991: 7951: 7924: 7920: 7889: 7806: 7765: 7730: 7681: 7632: 7551: 7085: 6882: 6280: 6039: 5732: 5592: 5074: 4890: 4866: 4189: 3434: 2962: 2912: 2866: 207: 193: 8642:

Moens, T; Lanckriet, S; Jacob, M (2019). "Boswellia Incense in the Giba River Gorge".

1011:

with many converging footpaths and mule tracks. It was also a battle field during the

45: 9702: 9238: 9210: 9155: 9141: 9093:(2012). "Phenotypic and genotypic variation in flowering time in Ethiopian barleys". 9075: 9027: 8874: 8775: 8705: 8669: 8655: 8597: 8570: 8479: 8436: 8386: 8267: 8253: 8226: 8212: 8186: 8172: 8145: 8131: 8104: 7995: 7956: 7893: 7846: 7810: 7796: 7769: 7636: 7622: 7555: 7541: 7413: 7303: 7270: 7192: 7168: 7018: 6950: 6886: 6872: 6723: 6376: 5980: 5673: 5649: 5580: 5568: 5560: 5551: 5524: 5475:'s paradise. Detailed inventories list at least 170 bird species, including numerous 5429:, church buildings and abandoned homesteads. The large colony of bats that roosts in 5307: 5127: 4875: 4814: 4709: 4604: 4087: 3957: 3913: 3753:. Here, in the 1980s, the party established underground rooms and offices cut out in 3717: 3675: 3580: 3530: 3476: 3430: 3198: 3144: 3087: 2668: 2589: 2411: 2407: 2380: 2308: 1175: 854: 256: 145: 9114: 9039: 8754: 8627: 8503: 8344: 7734: 7685: 7089: 5119: 4930:. The following exclosures are managed by the Ethiotrees project in Dogu’a Tembien: 2445: 236: 9794: 9701: 9533: 9472: 9189: 9133: 9102: 9063: 9019: 8974: 8964: 8928: 8897: 8862: 8742: 8647: 8526: 8491: 8402: 8398: 8367: 8332: 8303: 8295: 8245: 8204: 8164: 8123: 8092: 8050: 8027: 8023: 7983: 7946: 7936: 7879: 7788: 7757: 7720: 7712: 7671: 7663: 7614: 7533: 7459: 7299: 7240: 7164: 7116: 7077: 7043: 6864: 6764: 6417: 6108: 5826: 5223: 5004: 4857: 4600: 4562: 4546: 4523: 4423: 3750: 3299: 3035: 3007: 2923: 2684: 2650: 2638: 2584: 2548: 2439: 2435: 1293: 1050: 841: 199: 173: 7121: 7104: 1544:, holding the five villages of Hechi, Addi Qolqwal, May Be'ati, Halah and Tsigaba. 9809: 9505: 9232: 9137: 8866: 8832: 8769: 8699: 8651: 8591: 8564: 8430: 8249: 8208: 8168: 8127: 8054: 7941: 7840: 7792: 7527: 7407: 7393: 7264: 7244: 7186: 7012: 6998: 6976: 6944: 6122: 6017: 5901: 5770: 5681: 5657: 5619: 5536: 5247: 4829: 4257: 4245: 4229: 4205: 4019: 3940: 3843: 3801:

are used to build homesteads and churches, but particularly in the upland areas,

2513: 2497: 2415: 1711: 8371: 8299: 7618: 7047: 6868: 6348:. Ingredients are water, a home-baked and toasted flat bread commonly made from 3633:

layer was ingeniously used. The columns have a slightly cruciform plan and hold

2449:

The Antalo Limestone cliff at Mishlam in the southeastern part of Dogu'a Tembien

9629: 9604: 9467: 9442: 9414: 9409: 7396:, Ethiopian Venture, First phase: Climate Reconstruction (accessed 17 May 2009) 7001:, Tables 2.1, 2.12, 2.19, 3.5, 3.7, 6.3, 6.11, 6.13 (accessed 30 December 2008) 6527: 6523: 6517: 6457: 5881:

Mainly used for draught, there are several cattle landraces in Dogu’a Tembien.

5700: 5656:, which is an intra-tropical breeding migrant of south and east Africa, and of 5596: 5572: 5488: 5443: 5058: 5028: 4805: 4234: 4044:

predict intensified summer rainfall in the future, but decreased spring rains.

3835: 3026:- the visitor will walk over the narrow ledge and then climb the vertical cliff 2622: 2552: 2427: 2423: 2419: 1993: 1209:

or municipalities (status 2019), which have been mapped with their boundaries:

1171: 9194: 9173: 9106: 9067: 8932: 8901: 8495: 7716: 7651: 7537: 5691:

The most regularly observed raptor birds in crop fields in Dogu’a Tembien are

4885:

Wood harvesting and livestock range are not allowed there. Besides effects on

2296:

and 24,591 housing units. The majority of the inhabitants said they practiced

936:

basins; here, the main road is a ridge road and crosses the pass transversally

198:

Dogu’a Tembien holds numerous prehistoric sites, which have been dated to the

9854: 9819: 9784: 9769: 9754: 9709: 9634: 9510: 9447: 9362: 9325: 9272: 9259: 8283: 7700: 6859:

Smidt, W (2019). "A Short History and Ethnography of the Tembien Tigrayans".

6693: 6441: 6357: 6185: 6171: 5919: 5896: 5842:

crops are grown, livestock access all fallow land and harvested cropland for

5716: 5692: 5516: 5468: 5387: 5259: 5211: 5147: 5018: 5008: 4988: 4922: 4910: 4740: 4723: 4671: 4658: 4640: 4627: 4515: 4289: 4271: 4241: 4225: 4209: 4139: 4041: 3976: 3839: 3789: 3703: 3690: 3661: 3648: 3612: 3599: 3566: 3553: 3512: 3499: 3462: 3449: 3416: 3403: 3372: 3359: 3322: 3309: 3273: 3260: 3229: 3216: 3194: 3180: 3167: 3130: 3117: 3099: 3065: 3052: 3031: 2990: 2977: 2948: 2935: 2898: 2885: 2852: 2839: 2810: 2797: 2768: 2755: 2714: 2701: 2611: 2520: 2505: 2461:) planation took place. After that, the deposition of continental sediments ( 2327:

As of 2020, Dogu'a Tembien's territory belongs to the following new woredas:

2267: 2254: 2226: 2213: 2185: 2172: 2160: 2144: 2131: 2103: 2090: 2058: 2045: 2023: 2010: 1979: 1966: 1944: 1931: 1903: 1890: 1862: 1849: 1818: 1805: 1777: 1764: 1736: 1723: 1695: 1682: 1670: 1654: 1641: 1629: 1613: 1600: 1572: 1559: 1523: 1510: 1498: 1482: 1469: 1441: 1428: 1400: 1387: 1359: 1346: 1318: 1305: 1277: 1264: 1236: 1223: 1122: 1109: 1081: 1068: 1036: 1023: 994: 981: 957: 944: 919: 906: 881: 868: 817: 804: 783: 770: 741: 728: 699: 686: 643: 630: 602: 589: 561: 548: 520: 507: 496: 479: 466: 455: 438: 425: 397: 384: 356: 343: 318: 305: 277: 264: 203: 165: 95: 7463: 6815: 5994: 5869: 2750:

horizontal gallery is located in a cliff nearby the river of the same name (

9764: 9759: 9614: 9576: 9382: 9127: 9031: 8530: 7960: 7923:; Poesen, Jean; Frankl, Amaury; Tsegay, Alemtsehay; Deckers, Jozef (2019). 7676: 7368:

Catlin, D; Largen, M; Monod, T; Morton, W (1973). "The caves of Ethiopia".

6802: 6548: 6508: 6449: 6413: 6409: 6312: 6091: 6077: 6032: 6021: 5923: 5915: 5885: 5858: 5750: 5708: 5630:

has some red at the base of the bill or an entirely red bill in this area.

5584: 5508: 5500: 5367: 5343: 5319: 5271: 5044: 4994: 4886: 4797: 4735:, a reservoir under construction on Giba river, mainly to provide water to 4550: 4539: 4533: 4504: 4387: 4369: 4358: 4310: 4184: 4099: 4047: 3983: 3108: 3043: 2823:). The entrance near a small church is behind a waterfall 100 meters high. 2547:

In Dogu’a Tembien, there are two main fossil-bearing geological units. The

2485: 2477: 2242: 1252: 762: 578: 8979: 8731: 8308: 7725: 7477:

Plant, R.; Buxton, D. (1970). "Rock-hewn churches of the Tigre province".

9724: 9404: 9174:"Uniqueness of Ethiopian traditional alcoholic beverage of plant origin, 9090: 9007: 6722:. Supplement to Aethiopica. Vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 6396: 6344: 6277: 6157: 5892: 5472: 5078: 5048: 4978: 4938: 4177: 4172: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4110: 3758: 3250: 3152: 3078:) is assumed to be the first monastery established in Ethiopia, by Saint 3018: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2656: 2618: 2607: 2593: 2481: 2387: 2365: 1832: 1588: 7868:"Reservoirs in Tigray: characteristics and sediment deposition problems" 5904:, on the southwestern slopes of Dogu’a Tembien. They are more common in 5126:

Large mammals of Dogu’a Tembien, with scientific (italics), English and

4051:

Mishlam's gully is no longer active because the catchment was reforested

9734: 9558: 9538: 9419: 9399: 6043: 6028: 6003: 5724: 5661: 5235: 5084: 4944: 4909:

project. They have as an additional benefit that the villagers receive

4906: 4753: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4448: 4326: 4294: 4250: 4218: 4081: 4065: 4061: 3825: 3778: 3534: 3484: 3079: 2672: 2614: 2602: 2574: 2528: 2458: 2377: 1416: 674: 8969: 8952: 8478:

Aerts, R; Lerouge, F; November, E; Lens, L; Hermy, M; Muys, B (2008).

8473: 8471: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7667: 6833:

Təgreñña-speakers, in: Uhlig S (ed.): Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 4

6768: 3629:, high up near the top to of the mountain. As a roof, a thin covering 9789: 9774: 9452: 9387: 8280: 8096: 7761: 7081: 6678: 6381: 6291: 5834: 5830: 5825:(especially oxen) and also goats, sheep, donkeys, mules and a lonely 5788: 5540: 5464: 5355: 5038: 4850: 4822: 4818: 4732: 4719: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4394: 4350: 4278: 3992: 3963: 3953: 3917: 3885: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3821: 3812: 3798: 3794: 3587: 3351: 3197:

that overlooks Addi Nefas village. This church has also been hewn in

2493: 2466: 2373: 2304: 2072: 1752: 1375: 1197: 1191: 1094:) is not a real pass, but a relatively level ledge between two cliffs 678: 619: 537: 414: 9211:"Gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) cultivation in Northern Ethiopia, Tigray" 8746: 7987: 7884: 7867: 3855:, prepared from rock types that frequently have an elongated shape ( 2865:). It contains lithic tools, potsherds, engravings and paintings of 9804: 9639: 8468: 8002: 5783: 5740: 5493: 5331: 4894: 4870: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4696:

gorge, resurgences allow to irrigate gardens with tropical fruits.

4685: 4579: 4567: 4434: 4399: 4151: 4127: 4031: 3908: 3897: 3720:

is a rather primitive rock church, protected from the weather by a

3091: 3003:), a 70-metres long horizontal gallery, holds underground springs. 2927: 2644: 2597: 2563: 2532: 2509: 2454: 2395: 2391: 2383:, that extents to the north and west of the Dogu'a Tembien massif. 2369: 1878: 1151: 215: 169: 75: 9088: 8322: 7570: 7216:. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian Institute of Geological Survey. 5587:

breeding residents of woodland edges, scrubland and forest edges.

4853:, areas that are set aside for regreening. Typical examples are: 4071: 9729: 9660: 9644: 9619: 9586: 9581: 9548: 9437: 7823: 7289: 6743:

Aerts, Raf; Finneran, Niall; Haile, Mitiku; Poesen, Jean (2010).

6643: 6353: 6323: 6295: 5962: 5476: 5383: 5171: 5159: 5102: 5095: 5088: 5068: 4984: 4968: 4958: 4948: 4927: 4879: 4736: 4693: 4619: 4615: 4528: 4106: 4094: 3972: 3851: 3805:

is also used. Traditionally, fermented mud will be used as mortar

3721: 3480: 3148: 3094:. The carvers attempted to establish four bays as well as with a 2789: 2626: 2577: 2556: 1547: 1136: 1008: 933: 895: 758: 9006: 8887: 7060: 5761: 4653:) irrigates an oasis in a dry limestone gorge. At Inda Mihtsun ( 4022:

to this spatio-temporal variability in rainfall. Given the good

1186: 9834: 9749: 9744: 9739: 8950: 7917: 6349: 6199: 5854: 5839: 5822: 5685: 5135: 4998: 4861: 4689: 4455: 4438: 4354: 4333: 4317: 4301: 4213: 4196: 4115: 4060:

About three quarters of Dogu’a Tembien (800 km) drains to

4035: 3802: 3734: 3726: 3630: 2877: 2831: 2692: 2570: 2473: 2201: 1998: 1837: 1457: 716: 373: 294: 211: 6496: 3533:. The entrance to the church is part of the rock, forming two 2961:). It contains lithic tools, potsherds, and faunal remains of 9543: 9528: 9477: 6659: 6361: 5805: 5677: 5504: 5426: 5390:) are three Ethiopian endemic species: the Dembea grass rat ( 4713: 4612: 4462: 4027: 3730: 3538: 2489: 9171: 7405: 7135: 6813: 6027:

Rural youngsters seasonally migrate also to the uninhabited

4813:

trenches, stone bunds, check dams, small reservoirs such as

2930:

at a height of about 2020 metres, is some 13.5 metres long (

9553: 9372: 9367: 9230: 7184: 7154: 6421: 5998:

Slopes of the Giba gorge at Addi Lihtsi, with incense trees

5603:

in gorges and rocky places but also in towns and villages.

5430: 5422: 4748:

Smaller reservoirs (ponds), such as the one in the town of

3901: 3868: 3746: 3475:) is located at the edge of a church forest. It is hewn in 3386: 3291: 3243: 3206: 3083: 3023: 2536: 2399: 1159: 720: 248: 7973: 9024:

10.1579/0044-7447(2008)37[312:FSMAII]2.0.CO;2

8082: 8072:. Hemel Hempstead (U.K.): Hunting Technical Services Ltd. 5511:

can be found feeding in wet grassland and open woodland.

4767:, household ponds, recently constructed through campaigns 9128:

Alemtsehay Tsegay; Berhanu Abrha; Getachew Hruy (2019).

8477: 7370:

Transactions of the Cave Research Group of Great Britain

7102: 6742: 6400:), often in unique settings, all across Dogu'a Tembien. 6057:

There are about 70 schools in the woreda. They include:

3006:

Numerous other unexplored cave entrances are visible in

1162:

in the past; still nowadays, there are Agew speakers in

932:), another pass with several footpaths linking Giba and 9052: 8997:, 3rd edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2002), p. 270 8384: 8357: 7367: 7105:"Geology of the Tekeze River basin (Northern Ethiopia)" 7103:

Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F.; Abebe, B. (2017).

6921:

Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft

3842:, are excavated from the river bed and further shaped. 293:

Ekli Imba, 2799 metres, summit of the Arebay massif in

8067: 7828:. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ministry of Mines and Energy. 6267:, structuring debts and management of the households. 5947:, particularly towards remote and vast grazing grounds 5934: 4281:

River, which becomes Bitchoqo River, at the border of

4208:, which becomes Inda Sillasie River, at the border of 2555:) is the largest. Its marine deposits comprise mainly 2880:

at a height of about 2500 metres, is some 64 m long (

2663:

All snail shells, both fossil and recent, are called

2512:

intruded the Mesozoic sediments following joints and

2311:

was spoken as a first language by 99.89%. Concerning

8914: 8428: 7258: 7256: 7254: 451:) (not to be confused with the homonymous monastery) 176:. Nowadays, the mountainous district is part of the 8767: 8641: 7865: 7010: 5765:Highlands (Guyeha ridge) and road in Ayninbirkekin 3956:, typically laid out along the contour for sake of 3737:monkeys are common and prevent growing of bananas. 2291:Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the 172:. It is named in part after the former province of 9130:Major Crops and Cropping Systems in Dogu'a Tembien 8637: 8635: 2410:). Later alluvial plain sediments were deposited ( 180:Zone. The administrative centre of this woreda is 8953:"Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)" 7450:Sauter, R. (1976). "Eglises rupestres du Tigré". 7251: 7233:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6902:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 6835:. Wiesbaden (D.): Harrassowitz. pp. 908–911. 6069:Addi Selam TVET (technical and vocational school) 6006:gorge, the peasants care seasonally for communal 4064:, and the remaining quarter (240 km) to the 2426:, what caused the lowering of large parts of the 9852: 7037: 6900:Littmann, E (1902). "Tigriña-Texte von Tanbên". 6713: 6711: 5873:Crossbred Arado x Holstein-Friesian milk cow in 3846:is done at home using an elongated small boulder 2300:, with 99.89% reporting that as their religion. 8646:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 293–300. 8632: 6440:Dogu'a Tembien is bordered on the south by the 3834:: for this purpose plucked-bedrock pits, small 845:Maintenance of footpath towards Ksad Addi Amyuk 152:, "Upper Tembien", sometimes transliterated as 7782: 7698: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7429: 6333: 6270: 6042:in the dry season and (until the recent past) 9687: 9302: 9172:Lee, M.; Meron Regu; Semeneh Seleshe (2015). 8921:Animal Genetic Resources Information Bulletin 8821: 8819: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8644:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains 8516: 8455: 8429:Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). 8117: 8013: 7211: 7180: 7178: 6863:. GeoGuide. Springer Nature. pp. 63–78. 6861:Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains 6708: 6482: 6424:headquarters during the Ethiopian civil war; 2364:led to the growth of a mountain chain in the 2322: 8543: 7866:Nigussie Haregeweyn, and colleagues (2006). 7824:Tesfaye Chernet; Gebretsadiq Eshete (1982). 7568: 7316: 7262: 7011:Sembroni, A.; Molin, P.; Dramis, F. (2019). 4030:at elevations above 2400 metres, such as in 3874:In the 1930s, soldiers of the Italian army ( 3781:, there is expectedly a varied use of rock. 2788:caves, a cave system opening into the Upper 761:River, underneath the promontory that holds 226: 8040: 7585: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7503:Kirchen im Fels – Entdeckungen in Äthiopien 7489: 7476: 7426: 7406:Seifu Gebreselassie; Lanckriet, S. (2019). 6798: 6796: 6794: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6388:, remains back and is used as cattle feed. 6315:, Dogu'a Tembien is known for the frenetic 6213: 3772: 2911:). It contains engravings and paintings of 9694: 9680: 9309: 9295: 8816: 8788: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8385:Aerts, R; Nyssen, J; Mitiku Haile (2009). 7838: 7575:(Thesis). Canada: Simon Frazer University. 7354:The Zeyi Cave Geosite in Northern Ethiopia 7226: 7175: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6918: 6489: 6475: 6222:Qorrar Däbrä Mädḫanit Qǝddǝst Maryam gädam 5983:, a preferred destination for transhumance 5816: 4006: 3777:As Dogu'a Tembien holds a wide variety of 3769:party had its own headquarters in a cave. 2386:Subsequently, there was the deposition of 1181: 9208: 9193: 8978: 8968: 8881: 8307: 8118:Vancampenhout, K. and colleagues (2019). 7950: 7940: 7883: 7776: 7747: 7724: 7675: 7363: 7361: 7332:Causer, D. (1962). "A cave in Ethiopia". 7120: 6717: 6237:May Bäʿatti Däbrä Gännät ʾArbaʿtu ʾƎnsǝsa 9132:. GeoGuide. Springer. pp. 403–413. 8946: 8944: 8942: 7509: 7214:Geological Map of Ethiopia (1:2,000,000) 7042:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 33–64. 7038:Abbate, E; Bruni, P.; Sagri, M. (2015). 6899: 6791: 6775: 6290: 6243:Qäqäma Qǝddǝst Maryam Däbrä Gännät gädam 5993: 5970: 5868: 5853: 5760: 5481: 5118: 4070: 4046: 4001: 3017: 2444: 1196: 1185: 840: 235: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8682: 8621: 8589: 8583: 8519:Soil Science Society of America Journal 8409: 8239: 7911: 7783:Amanuel Zenebe, and colleagues (2019). 7699:Dereje Ashebir, and colleagues (2010). 7604: 7602: 7500: 7349: 7347: 6931: 6231:Tägoga Däbrä Nazret Kidanä Mǝḥrät gädam 5394:, sometimes considered a subspecies of 4821:as well as a major biological measure: 4705:or seepage water. Main reservoirs are: 3987:, used for paving secondary streets in 2508:. Almost at the same time, the Mekelle 2434:occurred, leading to the deposition of 9853: 9342:List of districts in the Tigray Region 9167: 9165: 8987: 8807: 8158: 7839:Walraevens, K. and colleagues (2019). 7649: 7449: 7358: 7331: 7227:Moeyersons, J. and colleagues (2006). 6435: 6408:Hotspots for domestic tourism are the 6305: 5777: 5626:are found in bushy and shrubby areas. 4594: 3876:2nd "28th October" Blackshirt Division 3820:, generally three elongated plates in 2519:A new magma intrusion occurred in the 9861:Populated places in the Tigray Region 9675: 9290: 8939: 8697: 8562: 7608: 6942: 6858: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6830: 6497:Places adjacent to Dogu'a Tembien 6470: 3160:Yohannes rock church at Debre Sema’it 3013: 2480:a broad regional uplift deformed the 2331:Dogu'a Tembien (new, smaller, woreda) 1540:includes the previous Hamushte Kebeb 898:basins, also crossed by the main road 9231:Miruts Hagos and colleagues (2019). 8890:Animal Genetic Resources Information 8838: 8676: 8610: 7750:International Journal of Climatology 7599: 7344: 7185:Miruts Hagos and colleagues (2019). 6817:Guida dell'Africa orientale Italiana 6807: 6504: 6322:Yearly there is the girls’ festival 3838:that naturally occur in rivers with 3793:. Preferentially, the easier shaped 3733:), and a few orange or lemon trees. 3579:) is in a central, smaller peak (in 3337:File:Antalo Limestone at Kurkura.jpg 577:Imba Bete Giyergis, 2390 metres, in 9162: 8590:Reubens, B. and colleagues (2019). 8240:Reubens, B. and colleagues (2019). 7387:"Stalagmite sampling results table" 6258: 5935:Transhumance in the cropping season 5439:Ethiopian large-eared roundleaf bat 3740: 3242:) is now disused. It was hewn in a 2071:), birthplace of Ethiopian general 1831:), birthplace of Ethiopian emperor 122:1,034 km (399 sq mi) 16:District in Tigray Region, Ethiopia 13: 8915:Merha Zerabruk; Vangen, O (2005). 8337:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00337.x 8159:Frankl, A. and colleagues (2019). 8085:Land Degradation & Development 7650:Frankl, A. and colleagues (2013). 7532:. GeoGuide. SpringerNature. 2019. 7212:Tefera, M.; Chernet, T.; Haro, W. 6839: 6814:Consociazione turistica Italiana. 6720:Churches and Monasteries of Tǝgray 6253: 5989: 5914:and other small towns: Cross-bred 2340:Tanqwa Mellash woreda (part of it) 1150:Place names show that the Tembien 894:), a narrow pass between Giba and 836: 231: 14: 9882: 8957:Mountain Research and Development 8768:Meheretu Yonas; Leirs, H (2019). 8563:Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). 7609:Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). 7157:Journal of African Earth Sciences 6970:Census 2007 Tables: Tigray Region 6943:Jacob, M. and colleagues (2019). 5821:Livestock are in the first place 5101:Katina Ruba, near the village of 5077:, near the village of Tukhul, in 4011:Average annual precipitation (in 3900:and feeding, generally hewn from 3884:in Dogu'a Tembien, a metres-wide 3034:, Dogu'a Tembien has a number of 2040:includes the village of Mennawe ( 9329: 8995:Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide 8458:East African Journal of Sciences 7976:Land Degradation and Development 7872:Land Degradation and Development 7304:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.10.006 7169:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.02.028 6686: 6667: 6651: 6636: 6584: 6562: 6554: 6537: 6364:in the lower areas, some yeast ( 5377: 5114: 5094:Gojam Sfra, near the village of 3086:also comprises a church hewn in 3030:Like several other districts in 2876:cave in the village of Mahba in 2683:The vast areas with outcropping 2678: 2539:occurred in the valley bottoms. 2372:break-up led to the presence of 2208:centre in Addi Qeshofo village ( 662: 334:Imba Zuw’ala, 2710 metres, near 88: 68: 53: 44: 9224: 9202: 9121: 9089:Yemane Tsehaye; Bjørnstad, Å.; 9082: 9046: 9000: 8908: 8761: 8725: 8691: 8617:EthioTrees on Plan Vivo website 8556: 8537: 8510: 8449: 8378: 8351: 8316: 8274: 8233: 8193: 8152: 8111: 8076: 8061: 8034: 7967: 7900: 7859: 7832: 7826:Hydrogeology of the Mekele area 7817: 7741: 7692: 7643: 7579: 7562: 7470: 7399: 7380: 7325: 7321:. Rome (Italy): R. Accad. Ital. 7317:Merla, G.; Minucci, E. (1938). 7310: 7283: 7263:Lerouge, F.; Aerts, R. (2019). 7220: 7205: 7148: 7129: 7096: 7054: 7031: 7004: 6982: 6979:, Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.5 and 3.4. 6963: 6420:man-made cave that was used as 5849: 5643:Chestnut-crowned Sparrow-Weaver 5597:Speckled or African rock pigeon 5400:), Ethiopian white-footed rat ( 4018:The farmers have adapted their 2573:formations, contain a range of 2502:interbedded lacustrine deposits 2298:Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity 1992:), reputedly birthplace of the 1049:) is a place through which the 8861:. Cham: SpringerNature. 2019. 8403:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.01.006 8028:10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.04.027 6912: 6893: 6824: 6736: 6249:Rubaḵusa Qǝddus Giyorgis gädam 5756: 5595:can be found on steep cliffs; 5492:in the wall of a homestead in 5007:, near the village of Lafa in 4771: 4518:, which becomes Tinsehe R. in 4353:, which becomes Ruba Dirho in 3867:), or that are easily shaped ( 2634:silicified lacustrine deposits 1145: 495:Imba Ra’isot, 2590 metres, in 413:Dabba Selama, 2630 metres, in 1: 8628:EthioTrees on Davines website 8484:Biodiversity and Conservation 7319:Missione geologica nel Tigrai 7122:10.1080/17445647.2017.1351907 6701: 6585: 6538: 6298:footbridge on trekking route 5906:Abergele (Ethiopian District) 5888:, the widely dominant variety 5769:or municipality. At the back 4840: 4835: 4699: 4374:Abergele (Ethiopian District) 4338:Abergele (Ethiopian District) 4322:Abergele (Ethiopian District) 3627:Tertiary silicified limestone 3193:) is located in the top of a 3155:was baptised in this church. 2792:River gorge near Addi Idaga ( 2484:, leading to the eruption of 2414:). The break-up of Gondwana ( 2286: 2085:centre in Inda Maryam Qorar ( 454:Imba Dogu’a, 2610 metres, in 247:Tsatsen, 2815 metres, a wide 9138:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_27 9056:Agriculture and Human Values 8867:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_28 8652:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_19 8391:Journal of Arid Environments 8250:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_30 8209:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_26 8169:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_22 8128:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_21 8068:Hunting Technical Services. 8055:10.1016/j.catena.2008.04.006 7942:10.1371/journal.pone.0224041 7793:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_14 7245:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.013 6563: 6555: 5811: 5652:is an Ethiopian relative of 4893:, protection from flooding, 3811:of homesteads, generally in 3022:Dabba Selama monastery on a 1205:Dogu’a Tembien comprises 24 221: 7: 8372:10.1016/j.still.2008.05.021 8300:10.1016/j.still.2006.07.011 7619:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_3 7569:Nixon-Darcus, L.A. (2014). 7048:10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_2 6869:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_4 6677:(central grazing place) in 6454:Hawzen (Ethiopian District) 6416:monasteries as well as the 6352:in the highlands, and from 6271:Gendered division of labour 6228:Tänsǝḥe Kidanä Mǝḥrät gädam 5794: 5533:Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher 5109: 4607:, there are high discharge 4532:River, downstream from the 3828:, with different tonalities 3429:) is a rock church hewn in 2355: 1554:centre in Addilal village ( 1201:Landscape in Hamushte Kebeb 1101:is located on a wide saddle 536:Itay Sara, 2460 metres, in 108:Debub Misraqawi (Southeast) 10: 9887: 9866:Districts of Tigray Region 8835:(accessed 26 January 2009) 8831:November 14, 2009, at the 8683:De Deyn, Jonathan (2019). 7505:. Zürich: Atlantis Verlag. 6997:November 19, 2008, at the 6975:November 14, 2010, at the 6629: 6403: 6286: 6246:Zala ʾƎnda ʾAmanuʾel gädam 6052: 5635:Sudan-Guinea Savanna Biome 4903:non-timber forest products 4780: 4618:. The large resurgence in 3916:. Some very ancient paved 3641:Itsiwto Maryam rock church 3143:) has also been carved in 2735:, decametre-high columns, 2542: 2523:, what gave rise to a few 2350: 2323:2020 woreda reorganisation 2293:Central Statistical Agency 1464:centre in Arebay village ( 1135:), remotely located along 191: 187: 19:Woreda in Tigray, Ethiopia 9720: 9653: 9595: 9567: 9519: 9486: 9428: 9348: 9339: 9195:10.1016/j.jef.2015.08.002 9107:10.1007/s10681-012-0764-3 9068:10.1007/s10460-007-9109-6 8933:10.1017/S101423390000184X 8902:10.1017/S1014233900002169 8496:10.1007/s10531-007-9230-2 8360:Soil and Tillage Research 8288:Soil and Tillage Research 7717:10.1017/S0014479709990470 7595:. Addis Ababa University. 7538:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3 6718:Nosnitsin, Denis (2013). 6502: 5633:Species belonging to the 5606:Species belonging to the 5499:Species belonging to the 5184:unstriped ground squirrel 4599:At the lower part of the 4055: 4026:, it is possible to grow 3931:rounded metres-high heaps 3683:Kidane Mihret rock church 3546:Medhanie Alem rock church 3442:Maryam Hibeto rock church 3348:Kidane Mihret rock church 1800:centre in Melfa village ( 1636:centre in Mitslal Afras ( 1057:– The Italians called it 227:Topography and landscapes 149: 131: 126: 118: 113: 101: 81: 61: 52: 43: 34: 24: 8203:. SpringerNature. 2019. 7705:Experimental Agriculture 7334:Wessex Cave Club Journal 6367:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6214:Churches and monasteries 6072:Hagere Selam High School 5791:is to support cropping. 5628:Black-billed wood hoopoe 5458: 5408:Awash multimammate mouse 3773:Traditional uses of rock 3041:The almost inaccessible 2422:) led to an extensional 765:monastery, 1763 metres ( 372:Aregen, 2660 metres, in 28: 9182:Journal of Ethnic Foods 8546:Journal of the Drylands 8325:Soil Use and Management 7656:Soil Use and Management 7464:10.3406/ethio.1976.1168 6444:woreda, on the west by 6370:), and dried leaves of 6225:Kunale ʾArbaʿtu ʾƎnsǝsa 5817:Importance of livestock 5688:woodlands in the area. 5467:, forest fragments and 5453:Blasius's horseshoe bat 5417: 5403:Stenocephalemys albipes 5011:municipality (45.25 ha) 4776: 4752:, or in the village of 4692:, on the slopes of the 4603:, where it lies on the 4007:Climate and meteorology 3890:First Battle of Tembien 2949:13.621862°N 39.033077°E 2899:13.620592°N 39.051313°E 2853:13.621862°N 39.033077°E 2457:tectonic phase, a new ( 1182:Administrative division 1174:, and all have adopted 1055:First Battle of Tembien 853:, what means “neck” in 618:Tsili, 2595 metres, in 8531:10.2136/sssaj2010.0176 6820:. Milano. p. 246. 6456:, on the northeast by 6448:, on the northwest by 6302: 6265:wealth differentiation 6240:ʾAlʿasa Qǝddus Mikaʾel 6234:ʾAräbay Qǝddus Mikaʾel 6035:out of the sediments. 5999: 5984: 5878: 5866: 5774: 5670:Yellow-breasted Barbet 5639:Green-backed eremomela 5577:Brown-rumped Seedeater 5496: 5471:, Dogu’a Tembien is a 5435:Hipposideros megalotis 5392:Arvicanthis dembeensis 5132:Cercopithecus aethiops 5123: 5087:, near the village of 5067:, near the village of 5057:, near the village of 5047:, near the village of 5037:, near the village of 5027:, near the village of 5017:, near the village of 4997:, near the village of 4987:, near the village of 4977:, near the village of 4967:, near the village of 4957:, near the village of 4947:, near the village of 4937:, near the village of 4878:, near the village of 4869:, near the village of 4860:, near the village of 4783:Soil in Dogu'a Tembien 4688:of the river. Also in 4076: 4052: 3881:monumental inscription 3090:, in shape of a small 3044:Dabba Selama monastery 3027: 2926:gorge at the west of 2739:following joints, and 2450: 1885:centre in Addi Bayro ( 1844:centre in Addi Gotet ( 1382:centre in Addi Idaga ( 1341:centre in Addi Werho ( 1202: 1194: 846: 241: 6294: 5997: 5974: 5895:oxen, purchased from 5872: 5857: 5764: 5676:are species from the 5654:Lilac-breasted Roller 5601:White-collared Pigeon 5589:White-billed Starling 5521:Abyssinian Woodpecker 5513:Black-winged Lovebird 5485: 5397:Arvicanthis niloticus 5382:The most common pest 5316:Oreotragus oreotragus 5284:white-tailed mongoose 5122: 4729:, constructed in 1998 4716:, constructed in 1993 4378:Addi Selam River, in 4074: 4050: 4002:Climate and hydrology 3895:Troughs for livestock 3613:13.64733°N 39.02583°E 3567:13.71433°N 39.00450°E 3463:13.71117°N 39.10733°E 3417:13.70933°N 39.11350°E 3290:church in freshwater 3286:) is also an ancient 3230:13.59783°N 39.28750°E 3181:13.57700°N 39.03733°E 3066:13.69450°N 39.10050°E 3021: 2687:hold numerous caves. 2569:, interbedded in the 2463:Amba Aradam Formation 2448: 2430:. As a consequence a 1200: 1189: 844: 239: 7586:Gebre Teklu (2012). 7501:Gerster, G. (1972). 6615:Debub Misraqawi Zone 6605:Debub Misraqawi Zone 6575:Debub Misraqawi Zone 6085:Atse Yohannes School 6013:Boswellia papyrifera 5616:White-rumped Babbler 5546:Euphorbia abyssinica 5529:Rüppell's Robin-chat 5519:, Golden-mantled or 5444:Hipposideros tephrus 5081:municipality (36 ha) 4899:carbon sequestration 4237:River, at border of 4221:River, at border of 3912:, generally done as 3725:trees, farmers grow 3704:13.5550°N 39.02400°E 3385:), is surrounded by 3373:13.7417°N 39.20100°E 3294:, and still in use. 3209:Gebri’al rock church 2954:13.621862; 39.033077 2904:13.620592; 39.051313 2858:13.621862; 39.033077 2746:The 145-metres long 2743:on walls and floor. 2560:marine invertebrates 2432:marine transgression 2362:East African Orogeny 2346:Inderta (part of it) 2343:Geralta (part of it) 2126:centre in Da’erere ( 1123:13.70267°N 39.1217°E 1082:13.6267°N 39.15417°E 995:13.64583°N 39.2550°E 9625:Shire Inda Selassie 9269: / 8698:Aerts, Raf (2019). 6761:2010Gearc..25..137A 6460:and on the east by 6436:Surrounding woredas 6432:of Dogu'a Tembien. 6306:Music and festivals 6098:Togogwa High School 5975:The “red caves” or 5778:Agricultural system 5666:Black-billed Barbet 5612:Hemprich's Hornbill 5565:Grey-headed Sparrow 5412:Mastomys awashensis 5296:large grey mongoose 5292:Herpestes ichneumon 5280:Ichneumia albicauda 5256:Civettictis civetta 5200:black-backed jackal 4668: / 4637: / 4595:Karstic resurgences 4556:Kidane Mihret River 4542:, at the border of 4477:, at the border of 4297:, at the border of 4102:, at the border of 4024:chilling conditions 3761:in 1991. In nearby 3700: / 3658: / 3609: / 3592:Geramba rock church 3563: / 3509: / 3459: / 3413: / 3369: / 3319: / 3270: / 3226: / 3177: / 3127: / 3107:Amani’el church in 3062: / 2987: / 2945: / 2895: / 2849: / 2807: / 2765: / 2711: / 2654:; and land snails ( 2567:lacustrine deposits 2442:and Agula Shale). 2404:Edaga Arbi Glacials 2374:tectonic structures 2317:sanitary conditions 2264: / 2249:centre in Togogwa ( 2223: / 2182: / 2167:centre in Migichi ( 2141: / 2100: / 2055: / 2020: / 2005:centre in Dengolo ( 1980:13.5900°N 39.0283°E 1976: / 1941: / 1900: / 1859: / 1815: / 1774: / 1733: / 1718:centre in Megesta ( 1692: / 1651: / 1610: / 1569: / 1520: / 1479: / 1438: / 1423:centre in Kelkele ( 1397: / 1356: / 1315: / 1300:centre in Guderbo ( 1274: / 1237:13.6483°N 39.1783°E 1233: / 1119: / 1078: / 1033: / 1013:Ethiopian Civil War 991: / 958:13.6550°N 39.1717°E 954: / 916: / 878: / 814: / 780: / 738: / 696: / 640: / 599: / 558: / 517: / 476: / 435: / 394: / 353: / 315: / 274: / 178:Southeastern Tigray 9597:North Western Zone 9488:South Eastern Zone 9237:. SpringerNature. 8808:Naudts, J (2002). 8774:. SpringerNature. 8704:. SpringerNature. 8596:. SpringerNature. 8569:. SpringerNature. 8435:. SpringerNature. 8244:. SpringerNature. 8163:. SpringerNature. 8122:. SpringerNature. 7921:Kindeya Gebrehiwot 7845:. SpringerNature. 7787:. SpringerNature. 7613:. SpringerNature. 7452:Annales d'Ethiopie 7412:. SpringerNature. 7392:2016-03-04 at the 7269:. SpringerNature. 7191:. SpringerNature. 7017:. SpringerNature. 6949:. SpringerNature. 6452:, on the north by 6380:) that serve as a 6338:local beer culture 6303: 6281:division of labour 6040:internal migration 6000: 5985: 5879: 5867: 5775: 5733:Yellow-billed kite 5684:but also occur in 5608:Somali-Masai Biome 5593:Little Rock Thrush 5497: 5463:With its numerous 5449:Rhinolophus blasii 5364:Mellivora capensis 5124: 4891:water infiltration 4867:Harehuwa exclosure 4342:Zeleqwa River, in 4201:Rubaksa River, in 4190:Addi Keshofo River 4077: 4053: 3618:13.64733; 39.02583 3572:13.71433; 39.00450 3468:13.71117; 39.10733 3435:Ethiopian calendar 3422:13.70933; 39.11350 3343:in the mid-1930s. 3235:13.59783; 39.28750 3186:13.57700; 39.03733 3131:13.667°N 39.0900°E 3071:13.69450; 39.10050 3036:rock-hewn churches 3028: 3014:Rock-hewn churches 2963:Pastoral Neolithic 2913:Pastoral Neolithic 2867:Pastoral Neolithic 2453:At the end of the 2451: 1926:centre in Kerene ( 1759:centre in Maygua ( 1677:centre in Ma’idi ( 1595:centre in Tukhul ( 1218:, woreda capital ( 1203: 1195: 1037:13.7367°N 39.217°E 847: 242: 208:Pastoral Neolithic 194:History of Tembien 132: • Total 119: • Total 9848: 9847: 9669: 9668: 9273:13.500°N 39.250°E 9244:978-3-030-04954-6 9147:978-3-030-04954-6 8970:10.1659/mrd.00033 8781:978-3-030-04954-6 8735:Wildlife Research 8711:978-3-030-04954-6 8661:978-3-030-04954-6 8603:978-3-030-04954-6 8576:978-3-030-04954-6 8442:978-3-030-04954-6 8259:978-3-030-04954-6 8218:978-3-030-04954-6 8178:978-3-030-04954-6 8137:978-3-030-04954-6 7852:978-3-030-04954-6 7802:978-3-030-04954-6 7668:10.1111/sum.12041 7628:978-3-030-04954-6 7547:978-3-030-04954-6 7479:Ethiopia Observer 7419:978-3-030-04954-6 7276:978-3-030-04954-6 7198:978-3-030-04954-6 7024:978-3-030-04954-6 6956:978-3-030-04954-6 6878:978-3-030-04954-6 6831:Smidt, W (2010). 6769:10.1002/gea.20299 6729:978-3-447-06969-4 6626: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6377:Rhamnus prinoides 6151:May Sa'iri school 5981:Adigrat Sandstone 5928:Holstein-Friesian 5863:aftermath grazing 5713:Aquila nipalensis 5674:Grey-headed Batis 5664:passage migrant. 5650:Abyssinian Roller 5581:Streaky Seedeater 5569:Baglafecht Weaver 5561:Dusky Turtle Dove 5557:Erckel's spurfowl 5552:Juniperus procera 5525:Montane White-eye 5425:occur in natural 5308:crested porcupine 5232:Procavia capensis 5128:Tigrinya language 4876:Khunale exclosure 4710:Chini (reservoir) 4672:13.550°N 39.350°E 4641:13.583°N 39.233°E 4605:Adigrat Sandstone 4166:Ruba Bich'i River 3958:soil conservation 3718:Adigrat Sandstone 3709:13.5550; 39.02400 3676:Adigrat Sandstone 3662:13.667°N 39.017°E 3581:Adigrat Sandstone 3548:in Mt. Werqamba ( 3531:Adigrat Sandstone 3513:13.717°N 39.067°E 3477:Adigrat Sandstone 3431:Adigrat Sandstone 3378:13.7417; 39.20100 3323:13.667°N 39.150°E 3274:13.600°N 39.300°E 3253:'s village church 3199:Adigrat Sandstone 3145:Adigrat Sandstone 3088:Adigrat Sandstone 2991:13.517°N 39.233°E 2811:13.700°N 39.200°E 2769:13.633°N 39.117°E 2715:13.550°N 39.150°E 2669:Tigrinya language 2590:Paracenoceratidae 2412:Adigrat Sandstone 2408:Enticho Sandstone 2400:glacial sediments 2381:planation surface 2268:13.567°N 39.300°E 2227:13.550°N 39.250°E 2186:13.550°N 39.200°E 2145:13.583°N 39.183°E 2104:13.583°N 39.133°E 2059:13.567°N 39.100°E 2024:13.567°N 39.117°E 1945:13.583°N 39.050°E 1904:13.583°N 39.083°E 1863:13.617°N 39.100°E 1819:13.633°N 39.133°E 1778:13.617°N 39.133°E 1737:13.617°N 39.200°E 1696:13.617°N 39.267°E 1655:13.650°N 39.367°E 1614:13.633°N 39.333°E 1573:13.683°N 39.317°E 1524:13.667°N 39.233°E 1505:centre in Halah ( 1483:13.717°N 39.283°E 1442:13.717°N 39.300°E 1401:13.700°N 39.200°E 1360:13.667°N 39.200°E 1319:13.650°N 39.150°E 1278:13.667°N 39.100°E 1190:Tsili village in 1128:13.70267; 39.1217 1087:13.6267; 39.15417 1000:13.64583; 39.2550 939:Ksad Addi Amyuk ( 920:13.667°N 39.217°E 882:13.667°N 39.250°E 855:Tigrinya language 818:13.617°N 39.017°E 784:13.700°N 39.083°E 742:13.800°N 39.233°E 700:13.483°N 39.117°E 644:13.733°N 39.183°E 603:13.500°N 39.317°E 562:13.717°N 39.167°E 521:13.667°N 39.250°E 480:13.617°N 39.267°E 439:13.717°N 39.200°E 398:13.617°N 39.083°E 357:13.650°N 39.183°E 319:13.717°N 39.267°E 278:13.617°N 39.167°E 257:Inda Maryam Qorar 139: 138: 9878: 9795:Mahbere Sillasie 9706:(municipalities) 9696: 9689: 9682: 9673: 9672: 9473:Saesi Tsaedaemba 9334: 9333: 9332: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9249: 9248: 9228: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9169: 9160: 9159: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8972: 8948: 8937: 8936: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8855: 8836: 8823: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8786: 8785: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8639: 8630: 8625: 8619: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8587: 8581: 8580: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8475: 8466: 8465: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8426: 8407: 8406: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8097:10.1002/ldr.2336 8080: 8074: 8073: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8022:(3–4): 291–314. 8011: 8000: 7999: 7971: 7965: 7964: 7954: 7944: 7935:(10): e0224041. 7915: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7887: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7762:10.1002/joc.4074 7756:(7): 1534–1542. 7745: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7524: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7487: 7486: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7447: 7424: 7423: 7403: 7397: 7384: 7378: 7377: 7365: 7356: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7298:(2–3): 195–214. 7287: 7281: 7280: 7260: 7249: 7248: 7239:(1–2): 162–178. 7224: 7218: 7217: 7209: 7203: 7202: 7182: 7173: 7172: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7133: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7082:10.1130/G36347.1 7067: 7058: 7052: 7051: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7008: 7002: 6992:, Vol. 1, part 1 6986: 6980: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6940: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6856: 6837: 6836: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6811: 6805: 6800: 6789: 6784: 6773: 6772: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6715: 6690: 6671: 6655: 6640: 6588: 6587: 6566: 6565: 6558: 6557: 6541: 6540: 6505: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6259:Cattle ownership 6109:Mahbere Sillasie 5737:Milvus aegyptius 5624:Rüppell's Weaver 5563:, Swainson's or 5328:Orycteropus afer 5304:Hystrix cristata 5244:Felis silvestris 5224:hamadryas baboon 5186:, ምጹጽላይ or ጨጨራ ( 4858:Adawro exclosure 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4601:Antalo Limestone 4563:Mahbere Sillasie 4547:Mahbere Sillasie 4524:Mahbere Sillasie 4265:May Be'ati River 4020:cropping systems 3849:Door and window 3741:Other hewn caves 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3635:bracket capitals 3624: 3623: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3406: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3008:Antalo Limestone 3002: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2888: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2685:Antalo Limestone 2651:Pirenella conica 2639:Pila (gastropod) 2632:In the Tertiary 2585:Antalo Limestone 2549:Antalo Limestone 2440:Antalo Limestone 2436:marine sediments 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2197: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2013: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985:13.5900; 39.0283 1981: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1961:includes Arefa ( 1956: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1915: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1330: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1294:Mahbere Sillasie 1289: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1259:centre in Zala ( 1248: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242:13.6483; 39.1783 1238: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1168:slaves and serfs 1134: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 989: 988: 987: 984: 969: 968: 966: 965: 964: 963:13.6550; 39.1717 959: 955: 952: 951: 950: 947: 931: 930: 928: 927: 926: 921: 917: 914: 913: 912: 909: 893: 892: 890: 889: 888: 883: 879: 876: 875: 874: 871: 829: 828: 826: 825: 824: 819: 815: 812: 811: 810: 807: 795: 794: 792: 791: 790: 785: 781: 778: 777: 776: 773: 753: 752: 750: 749: 748: 743: 739: 736: 735: 734: 731: 719:River, north of 711: 710: 708: 707: 706: 701: 697: 694: 693: 692: 689: 655: 654: 652: 651: 650: 645: 641: 638: 637: 636: 633: 614: 613: 611: 610: 609: 604: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 573: 572: 570: 569: 568: 563: 559: 556: 555: 554: 551: 532: 531: 529: 528: 527: 522: 518: 515: 514: 513: 510: 491: 490: 488: 487: 486: 481: 477: 474: 473: 472: 469: 450: 449: 447: 446: 445: 440: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 409: 408: 406: 405: 404: 399: 395: 392: 391: 390: 387: 368: 367: 365: 364: 363: 358: 354: 351: 350: 349: 346: 330: 329: 327: 326: 325: 320: 316: 313: 312: 311: 308: 289: 288: 286: 285: 284: 279: 275: 272: 271: 270: 267: 200:Middle Stone Age 151: 94: 92: 91: 74: 72: 71: 57: 48: 22: 21: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9851: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9716: 9700: 9670: 9665: 9649: 9610:La'ilay Adiyabo 9591: 9563: 9515: 9506:Hintalo Wajirat 9482: 9424: 9395:La'ilay Maychew 9344: 9335: 9330: 9328: 9315: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9229: 9225: 9215: 9213: 9209:Abadi Berhane. 9207: 9203: 9170: 9163: 9148: 9126: 9122: 9087: 9083: 9051: 9047: 9005: 9001: 8993:Philip Briggs, 8992: 8988: 8949: 8940: 8913: 8909: 8886: 8882: 8857: 8856: 8839: 8833:Wayback Machine 8824: 8817: 8806: 8789: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8747:10.1071/WR14121 8730: 8726: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8681: 8677: 8662: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8561: 8557: 8542: 8538: 8515: 8511: 8476: 8469: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8427: 8410: 8383: 8379: 8356: 8352: 8321: 8317: 8279: 8275: 8260: 8238: 8234: 8219: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8179: 8157: 8153: 8138: 8116: 8112: 8081: 8077: 8066: 8062: 8039: 8035: 8012: 8003: 7988:10.1002/ldr.840 7972: 7968: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7901: 7885:10.1002/ldr.698 7864: 7860: 7853: 7837: 7833: 7822: 7818: 7803: 7781: 7777: 7746: 7742: 7697: 7693: 7677:1854/LU-3123393 7648: 7644: 7629: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7567: 7563: 7548: 7526: 7525: 7510: 7499: 7490: 7475: 7471: 7448: 7427: 7420: 7404: 7400: 7394:Wayback Machine 7385: 7381: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7345: 7330: 7326: 7315: 7311: 7292:J Afr Earth Sci 7288: 7284: 7277: 7261: 7252: 7225: 7221: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7183: 7176: 7153: 7149: 7134: 7130: 7109:Journal of Maps 7101: 7097: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7009: 7005: 6999:Wayback Machine 6987: 6983: 6977:Wayback Machine 6968: 6964: 6957: 6941: 6932: 6917: 6913: 6898: 6894: 6879: 6857: 6840: 6829: 6825: 6812: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6785: 6776: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6716: 6709: 6704: 6697: 6691: 6682: 6672: 6663: 6656: 6647: 6641: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6596:Tanqua Abergele 6567: 6498: 6495: 6438: 6406: 6340: 6308: 6289: 6273: 6261: 6256: 6254:Rural sociology 6216: 6211: 6055: 6020:, and later to 6018:pharaonic Egypt 5992: 5990:Off-farm income 5937: 5902:Abergele cattle 5897:Southern Tigray 5852: 5844:stubble grazing 5819: 5814: 5797: 5780: 5759: 5721:Falco biarmicus 5682:Northern Africa 5658:European Roller 5620:Somali Starling 5537:Tacazze Sunbird 5461: 5433:cave comprises 5420: 5380: 5340:Genetta genetta 5248:African wildcat 5220:Papio hamadryas 5196:Canis mesomelas 5168:Panthera pardus 5156:Caracal caracal 5144:Crocuta crocuta 5117: 5112: 4921:, as part of a 4920: 4843: 4838: 4830:soil management 4785: 4779: 4774: 4702: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4611:that drain the 4597: 4075:Rubaksa gardens 4058: 4009: 4004: 3941:Contour bunding 3836:rock-cut basins 3775: 3743: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3685:of Addi Nefas ( 3666: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3544:The newly hewn 3517: 3515: 3511: 3508: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3492:Welegesa church 3467: 3465: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3445: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3341:Tembien battles 3327: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3136:13.667; 39.0900 3135: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3016: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2681: 2671:, which means ‘ 2545: 2535:and freshwater 2416:Late Palaeozoic 2358: 2353: 2325: 2289: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2006: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1886: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1383: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1301: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1184: 1148: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1042:13.7367; 39.217 1041: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1019: 999: 997: 993: 990: 985: 982: 980: 978: 977: 976:Ksad Mederbay ( 962: 960: 956: 953: 948: 945: 943: 941: 940: 924: 922: 918: 915: 910: 907: 905: 903: 902: 886: 884: 880: 877: 872: 869: 867: 865: 864: 839: 837:Mountain passes 822: 820: 816: 813: 808: 805: 803: 801: 800: 788: 786: 782: 779: 774: 771: 769: 767: 766: 746: 744: 740: 737: 732: 729: 727: 725: 724: 723:, 1720 metres ( 704: 702: 698: 695: 690: 687: 685: 683: 682: 681:, 1406 metres ( 665: 648: 646: 642: 639: 634: 631: 629: 627: 626: 607: 605: 601: 598: 593: 590: 588: 586: 585: 566: 564: 560: 557: 552: 549: 547: 545: 544: 525: 523: 519: 516: 511: 508: 506: 504: 503: 484: 482: 478: 475: 470: 467: 465: 463: 462: 443: 441: 437: 434: 429: 426: 424: 422: 421: 402: 400: 396: 393: 388: 385: 383: 381: 380: 361: 359: 355: 352: 347: 344: 342: 340: 339: 323: 321: 317: 314: 309: 306: 304: 302: 301: 282: 280: 276: 273: 268: 265: 263: 261: 260: 234: 232:Major mountains 229: 224: 196: 190: 89: 87: 69: 67: 39: 30: 27: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9884: 9874: 9873: 9871:Dogu'a Tembien 9868: 9863: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9710:Dogu’a Tembien 9699: 9698: 9691: 9684: 9676: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9630:Tahtay Adiyabo 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9605:Asgede Tsimbla 9601: 9599: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9573: 9571: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9496:Dogu'a Tembien 9492: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9468:Kilte Awulaelo 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9443:Atsbi Wenberta 9440: 9434: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9415:Tanqua Millash 9412: 9410:Tahtay Maychew 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9354: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9314: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9291: 9278:13.500; 39.250 9251: 9250: 9243: 9223: 9201: 9188:(3): 110–114. 9161: 9146: 9120: 9101:(3): 309–323. 9081: 9062:(3): 433–452. 9045: 9018:(4): 312–321. 8999: 8986: 8980:1854/LU-854326 8963:(3): 255–264. 8938: 8907: 8880: 8837: 8815: 8787: 8780: 8760: 8741:(2): 158–164. 8724: 8710: 8690: 8675: 8660: 8631: 8620: 8609: 8602: 8582: 8575: 8555: 8536: 8525:(1): 246–256. 8509: 8467: 8448: 8441: 8408: 8397:(8): 762–763. 8377: 8366:(2): 257–264. 8350: 8315: 8309:1854/LU-378900 8294:(1): 151–163. 8273: 8258: 8232: 8217: 8192: 8177: 8151: 8136: 8110: 8091:(7): 759–794. 8075: 8060: 8033: 8001: 7982:(3): 257–274. 7966: 7910: 7899: 7858: 7851: 7831: 7816: 7801: 7775: 7740: 7726:1854/LU-834379 7691: 7662:(3): 374–383. 7642: 7627: 7598: 7578: 7561: 7546: 7508: 7488: 7469: 7425: 7418: 7398: 7379: 7357: 7343: 7324: 7309: 7282: 7275: 7250: 7219: 7204: 7197: 7174: 7147: 7138:Mem. Sci. Geol 7128: 7115:(2): 621–631. 7095: 7076:(3): 323–326. 7053: 7030: 7023: 7003: 6981: 6962: 6955: 6930: 6911: 6892: 6877: 6838: 6823: 6806: 6790: 6774: 6755:(1): 137–148. 6749:Geoarchaeology 6735: 6728: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6696:church forest. 6692: 6685: 6683: 6673: 6666: 6664: 6657: 6650: 6648: 6642: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6608: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6560:Dogu'a Tembien 6553: 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6528:Misraqawi Zone 6524:Kilte Awulaelo 6521: 6518:Misraqawi Zone 6511: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6458:Kilte Awulaelo 6437: 6434: 6430:municipalities 6405: 6402: 6339: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6320: 6307: 6304: 6288: 6285: 6272: 6269: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6182: 6181: 6179:Ra'isot school 6168: 6167: 6165:Afedena school 6154: 6153: 6140: 6139: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6088: 6087: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6059: 6054: 6051: 6031:area, to wash 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5966: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5908: 5899: 5889: 5851: 5848: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5796: 5793: 5779: 5776: 5758: 5755: 5729:Milvus migrans 5701:Common Buzzard 5660:, an uncommon 5573:African Citril 5489:Columba guinea 5469:church forests 5460: 5457: 5419: 5416: 5379: 5376: 5352:Lepus capensis 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5082: 5072: 5062: 5059:Tahtay Sesemat 5052: 5042: 5032: 5022: 5012: 5002: 4992: 4982: 4972: 4962: 4952: 4942: 4918: 4911:carbon credits 4883: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4849:holds several 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4806:organic matter 4781:Main article: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4746: 4730: 4722:reservoir, in 4717: 4701: 4698: 4677:13.550; 39.350 4646:13.583; 39.233 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4511:May Leiba, in 4509: 4508: 4507: 4488: 4472: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4365:River, in the 4340: 4324: 4308: 4292: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4248: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4113: 4097: 4088:Ch'eqofo River 4057: 4054: 4042:Climate models 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3980: 3960: 3937: 3927: 3921: 3914:community work 3904: 3892: 3872: 3847: 3829: 3815: 3806: 3774: 3771: 3742: 3739: 3729:, local hops ( 3667:13.667; 39.017 3518:13.717; 39.067 3328:13.667; 39.150 3297:The church of 3279:13.600; 39.300 3015: 3012: 2996:13.517; 39.233 2816:13.700; 39.200 2774:13.633; 39.117 2720:13.550; 39.150 2680: 2677: 2623:coral colonies 2553:upper Jurassic 2544: 2541: 2531:deposition of 2428:Horn of Africa 2424:tectonic phase 2420:Early Triassic 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2324: 2321: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2273:13.567; 39.300 2240: 2232:13.550; 39.250 2199: 2191:13.550; 39.200 2158: 2150:13.583; 39.183 2117: 2109:13.583; 39.133 2076: 2064:13.567; 39.100 2029:13.567; 39.117 1996: 1994:Queen of Sheba 1950:13.583; 39.050 1917: 1909:13.583; 39.083 1876: 1868:13.617; 39.100 1835: 1824:13.633; 39.133 1791: 1783:13.617; 39.133 1750: 1742:13.617; 39.200 1709: 1701:13.617; 39.267 1668: 1660:13.650; 39.367 1627: 1619:13.633; 39.333 1586: 1578:13.683; 39.317 1545: 1529:13.667; 39.233 1496: 1488:13.717; 39.283 1455: 1447:13.717; 39.300 1414: 1406:13.700; 39.200 1373: 1365:13.667; 39.200 1332: 1324:13.650; 39.150 1291: 1283:13.667; 39.100 1250: 1183: 1180: 1172:discrimination 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1104:Ksad Korowya ( 1102: 1095: 1061: 1016: 974: 937: 925:13.667; 39.217 899: 887:13.667; 39.250 838: 835: 834: 833: 832: 831: 823:13.617; 39.017 797: 789:13.700; 39.083 755: 747:13.800; 39.233 713: 705:13.483; 39.117 664: 661: 660: 659: 658: 657: 649:13.733; 39.183 616: 608:13.500; 39.317 575: 567:13.717; 39.167 534: 526:13.667; 39.250 493: 485:13.617; 39.267 452: 444:13.717; 39.200 411: 403:13.617; 39.083 370: 362:13.650; 39.183 332: 324:13.717; 39.267 291: 283:13.617; 39.167 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 192:Main article: 189: 186: 142:Dogu'a Tembien 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 85: 79: 78: 65: 59: 58: 50: 49: 41: 40: 35: 32: 31: 26:Dogu'a Tembien 25: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9883: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9820:Mizane Birhan 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9785:Inda Sillasie 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9770:Emni Ankelalu 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9755:Ayninbirkekin 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9705: 9697: 9692: 9690: 9685: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9674: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654:Special Zones 9652: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9635:Tahtay Koraro 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9521:Southern Zone 9518: 9512: 9511:Saharti Samre 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9448:Ganta Afeshum 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9338: 9327: 9326:Tigray Region 9323: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9305: 9300: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9227: 9212: 9205: 9196: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9177: 9168: 9166: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9049: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9003: 8996: 8990: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8911: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8822: 8820: 8811: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8728: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8694: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8638: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8618: 8613: 8605: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8586: 8578: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8472: 8463: 8459: 8452: 8444: 8438: 8434: 8433: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8310: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8071: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8010: 8008: 8006: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7914: 7908: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7835: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7605: 7603: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7574: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7504: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7383: 7375: 7371: 7364: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7348: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7215: 7208: 7200: 7194: 7190: 7189: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7064: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6985: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6966: 6958: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6818: 6810: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6707: 6695: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6665: 6661: 6658:View on Ksad 6654: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6634: 6633: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6601:Saharti Samre 6599: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6590: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6561: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6442:Saharti Samre 6433: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6418:Addi Geza'iti 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6358:finger millet 6355: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6337: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6319:dancing style 6318: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6268: 6266: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6208: 6207:Amanit school 6205: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6186:Emni Ankelalu 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6172:Ayninbirkekin 6166: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6138: 6137:Mashih school 6135: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6058: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6008:incense trees 6005: 5996: 5982: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5792: 5790: 5785: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5717:Lanner falcon 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5693:Augur buzzard 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5517:Banded Barbet 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5486:Nest box for 5484: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378:Small rodents 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260:African civet 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5212:golden jackal 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5180:Xerus rutilus 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5164:ch’ok anbessa 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5148:spotted hyena 5145: 5141: 5138:monkey, ወዓግ ( 5137: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5115:Large mammals 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5009:Mizane Birhan 5006: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4923:carbon offset 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741:Emni Ankelalu 4738: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4724:Ayninbirkekin 4721: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4650: 4621: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4586:Ayninbirkekin 4585: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4516:Ayninbirkekin 4514: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4424:Tsech'i River 4422: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4290:Inda Sillasie 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4272:Ayninbirkekin 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242:Ayninbirkekin 4240: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4226:Ayninbirkekin 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4210:Inda Sillasie 4207: 4204: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4140:Afedena River 4138: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4014: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3984:Cobble stones 3981: 3978: 3977:gully erosion 3974: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924:Heaped stones 3922: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832:Milling stone 3830: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3790:stone masonry 3786: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3765:, the Amhara 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751:Addi Geza'iti 3748: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3674:) is hewn in 3671: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625:) is hewn in 3622: 3593: 3589: 3586:Northwest of 3584: 3582: 3576: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3397: 3396:Mika’el Samba 3393: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3239: 3210: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3195:rock pinnacle 3190: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3100:geomorphology 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3020: 3011: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2958: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2862: 2833: 2829: 2828:Dabo Zellelew 2824: 2820: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2749: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2686: 2679:Natural caves 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2612:Rhynchonellid 2609: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:Early Miocene 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506:upper basalts 2503: 2499: 2498:lower basalts 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486:flood basalts 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2277: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2166: 2162: 2161:Inda Sillasie 2159: 2154: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2084: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2039: 2033: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1989: 1960: 1954: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1676: 1672: 1671:Mizane Birhan 1669: 1664: 1635: 1631: 1630:Emni Ankelalu 1628: 1623: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1533: 1504: 1500: 1499:Ayninbirkekin 1497: 1492: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1369: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1328: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1287: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1138: 1132: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1063:Ksad Adawro ( 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1004: 975: 973: 967: 938: 935: 929: 901:Ksad Miheno ( 900: 897: 891: 862: 861: 860: 859: 858: 856: 852: 843: 827: 798: 793: 764: 760: 756: 751: 722: 718: 714: 709: 680: 676: 672: 671: 670: 669: 668: 663:Lowest places 653: 624: 621: 617: 612: 583: 580: 576: 571: 542: 539: 535: 530: 501: 498: 497:Ayninbirkekin 494: 489: 460: 457: 456:Mizane Birhan 453: 448: 419: 416: 412: 407: 378: 375: 371: 366: 337: 333: 328: 300:or district ( 299: 296: 292: 287: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245: 244: 243: 238: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204:Ayninbirkekin 201: 195: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 166:Tigray Region 163: 159: 155: 154:Degua Tembien 147: 143: 134: 130: 125: 121: 117: 112: 109: 106: 104: 100: 97: 86: 84: 80: 77: 66: 64: 60: 56: 51: 47: 42: 38: 33: 23: 9810:Mika'el Abiy 9780:Hagere Selam 9765:Degol Woyane 9760:Debre Nazret 9712: 9703: 9615:Medebay Zana 9577:Kafta Humera 9569:Western Zone 9495: 9430:Eastern Zone 9383:Kola Tembien 9350:Central Zone 9254: 9233: 9226: 9214:. 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Retrieved 8700: 8693: 8684: 8678: 8643: 8623: 8612: 8592: 8585: 8565: 8558: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8522: 8518: 8512: 8487: 8483: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8431: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8291: 8287: 8276: 8241: 8235: 8200: 8195: 8160: 8154: 8119: 8113: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8069: 8063: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8019: 8015: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7932: 7928: 7913: 7902: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7841: 7834: 7825: 7819: 7784: 7778: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7610: 7588: 7581: 7571: 7564: 7528: 7502: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7455: 7451: 7408: 7401: 7382: 7373: 7369: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7318: 7312: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7265: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7213: 7207: 7187: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7073: 7069: 7056: 7039: 7033: 7013: 7006: 6989: 6984: 6965: 6945: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6860: 6832: 6826: 6816: 6809: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6719: 6674: 6559: 6549:Kola Tembien 6509:Kola Tembien 6450:Kola Tembien 6439: 6414:Dabba Hadera 6410:Dabba Selama 6407: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6316: 6313:Kola Tembien 6299: 6274: 6262: 6217: 6198: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6170: 6169: 6156: 6155: 6142: 6141: 6128: 6127: 6123:Mika'el Abiy 6121: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6102:Kolal school 6092:Debre Nazret 6090: 6089: 6078:Degol Woyane 6076: 6075: 6063:Hagere Selam 6061: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6037: 6029:Weri’i River 6026: 6022:ancient Rome 6011: 6001: 5977:Kayeh Be’ati 5976: 5956: 5945:transhumance 5938: 5912:Hagere Selam 5891:Long-horned 5886:Arado cattle 5880: 5875:Hagere Selam 5865:in May Genet 5859:Arado cattle 5850:Cattle races 5820: 5798: 5781: 5771:Imba Ra'isot 5766: 5751:Birdwatching 5749: 5744: 5736: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5709:Steppe Eagle 5704: 5696: 5690: 5647: 5632: 5605: 5585:Afrotropical 5550: 5544: 5509:Wattled Ibis 5501:Afrotropical 5498: 5487: 5462: 5448: 5442: 5434: 5421: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5371: 5368:honey badger 5363: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5344:common genet 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5320:klipspringer 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5272:olive baboon 5268:Papio anubis 5267: 5263: 5255: 5252:hakili dummu 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5208:Canis anthus 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5125: 4995:Kidmi Gestet 4897:deposition, 4887:biodiversity 4884: 4846: 4844: 4826: 4811:infiltration 4798:soil erosion 4786: 4764: 4759: 4750:Hagere Selam 4743: 4726: 4703: 4598: 4583: 4571: 4559: 4551:Degol Woyane 4543: 4540:Ferrey River 4534:Dabba Selama 4527: 4512: 4505:Kola Tembien 4501: 4494: 4478: 4466: 4454: 4449:Weri’i River 4447: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4388:Adawro River 4383:Hagere Selam 4379: 4370:Kola Tembien 4366: 4362: 4359:Degol Woyane 4343: 4330: 4314: 4311:Zikuli River 4298: 4282: 4268: 4258:Mika'el Abiy 4254: 4246:Mika'el Abiy 4238: 4230:Mika'el Abiy 4222: 4206:Mika'el Abiy 4202: 4193: 4185:Debre Nazret 4181: 4169: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4103: 4100:Qarano River 4091: 4080: 4066:Weri’i River 4059: 4040: 4017: 4013:Hagere Selam 4010: 3991:. Generally 3989:Hagere Selam 3982: 3975:for sake of 3968: 3962: 3945: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3906: 3894: 3879: 3850: 3831: 3818:Church bells 3817: 3808: 3787: 3776: 3744: 3682: 3680: 3640: 3639: 3591: 3585: 3545: 3543: 3526: 3491: 3489: 3441: 3439: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3347: 3345: 3298: 3296: 3287: 3249: 3248: 3205: 3203: 3159: 3157: 3106: 3104: 3042: 3040: 3029: 3005: 2969: 2967: 2922:cave in the 2920:Danei Kawlos 2919: 2917: 2874:Mihdar Ab’ur 2873: 2871: 2827: 2825: 2785: 2783: 2747: 2745: 2691: 2689: 2682: 2664: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2601: 2588: 2582: 2562:. Also, the 2546: 2518: 2471: 2452: 2385: 2359: 2335:Hagere Selam 2326: 2302: 2290: 2246: 2243:Debre Nazret 2205: 2164: 2123: 2082: 2037: 2002: 1958: 1923: 1882: 1841: 1797: 1756: 1715: 1712:Mika'el Abiy 1674: 1633: 1592: 1551: 1541: 1537: 1502: 1461: 1420: 1379: 1338: 1297: 1256: 1253:Degol Woyane 1216:Hagere Selam 1206: 1204: 1158:were partly 1155: 1149: 1099:Hagere Selam 1097:The town of 1058: 1015:of the 1980s 972:Hagere Selam 863:Ksad Halah ( 850: 848: 763:Dabba Selama 666: 622: 581: 579:Debre Nazret 540: 499: 458: 417: 376: 336:Hagere Selam 297: 253:Hagere Selam 197: 182:Hagere Selam 158:Dägʿa Tämben 157: 153: 141: 140: 9725:Addi Azmera 9405:Naeder Adet 9276: / 9091:Fetien Abay 9008:Fetien Abay 8049:: 117–127. 7878:: 211–230. 7458:: 157–175. 7163:: 870–886. 6426:geo-tourism 6158:Addi Azmera 5757:Agriculture 5705:Buteo buteo 5697:Buteo augur 5583:are common 5473:birdwatcher 5188:mitsutsilay 5162:, ጭክ ኣንበሳ ( 5079:Addi Azmera 5049:Addi Lihtsi 5029:Mi'am Atali 5025:Mi'am Atali 4961:(144.81 ha) 4939:Addi Lihtsi 4935:Addi Lihtsi 4915:sequestered 4772:Environment 4675: / 4644: / 4609:resurgences 4235:May Sho'ate 4178:Inda Anbesa 4173:Addi Azmera 4159:Addi Azmera 4147:Addi Azmera 4135:Addi Azmera 4123:Addi Azmera 4111:Addi Azmera 3759:Addis Ababa 3707: / 3665: / 3616: / 3570: / 3516: / 3466: / 3420: / 3376: / 3326: / 3277: / 3251:Ruba Bich’i 3233: / 3184: / 3153:Yohannes IV 3147:. Behind a 3134: / 3102:is unique. 3069: / 2994: / 2952: / 2902: / 2856: / 2814: / 2772: / 2741:speleothems 2733:stalagmites 2729:stalactites 2718: / 2657:Achatinidae 2619:crustaceans 2608:sea urchins 2594:cephalopods 2482:lithosphere 2476:, the Afar 2388:sedimentary 2366:Precambrian 2271: / 2230: / 2189: / 2148: / 2107: / 2062: / 2027: / 1983: / 1948: / 1907: / 1866: / 1833:Yohannes IV 1822: / 1781: / 1740: / 1699: / 1658: / 1617: / 1589:Addi Azmera 1576: / 1527: / 1486: / 1445: / 1404: / 1363: / 1322: / 1281: / 1240: / 1146:Ethnography 1126: / 1085: / 1059:Passo Abaro 1040: / 1018:Ksad Azef ( 998: / 961: / 923: / 885: / 821: / 787: / 745: / 703: / 647: / 606: / 565: / 524: / 483: / 442: / 401: / 360: / 322: / 281: / 9855:Categories 9735:Addi Walka 9715:(district) 9559:Raya Azebo 9539:Endamekoni 9420:Werie Lehe 9400:Mereb Lehe 8552:: 165–170. 7376:: 107–168. 6927:: 437–447. 6908:: 211–225. 6702:References 6694:May Be'ati 6311:Just like 6044:salt trade 6004:Giba River 5725:Black kite 5662:Palearctic 5465:exclosures 5348:silihlihot 5346:, ስልሕልሖት ( 5250:, ሓክሊ ድሙ ( 5236:rock hyrax 5085:Ziban Dake 5019:May Be'ati 5015:May Be'ati 4945:Addi Meles 4907:EthioTrees 4851:exclosures 4841:Exclosures 4836:Vegetation 4823:exclosures 4754:Addi Qoylo 4700:Reservoirs 4582:River, in 4570:River, in 4536:monastery 4493:River, in 4482:Addi Walka 4475:Azef River 4470:Addi Walka 4465:River, in 4402:River, in 4327:May Selelo 4295:Zeyi River 4251:May Harena 4219:May Zegzeg 4180:River, in 4154:River, in 4130:River, in 4118:River, in 4082:Giba River 4062:Giba River 3964:Check dams 3826:clinkstone 3813:dry stones 3779:rock types 3601:13°38.84′N 3558:39°00.27′E 3555:13°42.86′N 3535:courtyards 3485:ambulatory 3451:13°42.67′N 3405:13°42.56′N 3364:39°12.06′E 3221:39°17.25′E 3218:13°35.87′N 3169:13°34.62′N 3080:Frumentius 3054:13°41.67′N 2940:39°01′59″E 2937:13°37′19″N 2890:39°03′05″E 2887:13°37′14″N 2844:39°01′59″E 2841:13°37′19″N 2737:bell-holes 2673:helicoidal 2615:brachiopod 2603:Nerineidae 2575:silicified 2529:Quaternary 2459:Cretaceous 2378:Palaeozoic 2307:(99.87%). 2287:Population 1417:Addi Walka 1111:13°42.16′N 983:13°38.75′N 675:Giba River 127:Population 9775:Haddinnet 9453:Gulomahda 9388:Abiy Addi 9368:Adwa Town 9156:199110067 9095:Euphytica 9076:153946918 8896:: 15–32. 8875:199323600 8670:199113310 8490:: 53–69. 8331:: 55–64. 8268:199261393 8227:199097368 8187:199099185 8146:199110301 8105:129501591 7996:128492271 7894:129834993 7811:199099067 7770:129286130 7711:: 53–65. 7637:199105560 7556:199294303 7485:(3): 267. 7144:: 95–116. 6887:199170267 6679:May Genet 6397:Inda Siwa 6382:catalyser 5930:milk cows 5835:threshing 5831:ploughing 5812:Livestock 5789:livestock 5784:farmlands 5745:Tyto alba 5541:fig trees 5503:Highland 5479:species. 5356:cape hare 5130:names. - 5045:May Hib'o 5039:May Genet 5035:May Genet 4819:May Leiba 4802:Nutrients 4794:Phaeozems 4790:Vertisols 4733:Lake Giba 4720:May Leiba 4498:Haddinnet 4486:Haddinnet 4412:May Qoqah 4279:Gra Adiam 3993:limestone 3954:dry stone 3952:walls in 3933:, called 3918:footpaths 3907:Footpath 3886:phonolite 3878:) left a 3865:limestone 3861:phonolite 3857:sandstone 3822:phonolite 3799:sandstone 3795:limestone 3755:sandstone 3749:caves in 3695:39°1.44′E 3692:13°33.3′N 3604:39°1.55′E 3588:Abiy Addi 3479:, with a 3454:39°6.44′E 3408:39°6.81′E 3361:13°44.5′N 3288:rock-hewn 3172:39°2.24′E 3057:39°6.03′E 2970:May Hib’o 2660:indet.). 2580:fossils. 2525:phonolite 2494:trap rock 2467:Caenozoic 2313:education 2075:Abba Nega 2073:Ras Alula 1968:13°35.4′N 1376:Haddinnet 1228:39°10.7′E 1225:13°38.9′N 1192:Haddinnet 1156:Tembienot 1152:Tigrayans 1073:39°9.25′E 1070:13°37.6′N 1025:13°44.2′N 986:39°15.3′E 949:39°10.3′E 946:13°39.3′N 679:Kemishana 620:Haddinnet 538:Haddinnet 415:Haddinnet 222:Geography 9805:Menachek 9640:Tselemti 9358:Abergele 9115:15197109 9040:19271989 9032:18686512 8927:: 7–20. 8829:Archived 8755:83510874 8504:37489450 8345:98547102 8016:Geoderma 7961:31639144 7929:PLOS ONE 7735:53379804 7686:95207289 7390:Archived 7340:: 91–94. 7090:53351630 6995:Archived 6973:Archived 6446:Abergele 6278:gendered 5802:woodland 5795:Cropping 5773:mountain 5741:Barn owl 5494:Zerfenti 5358:, ማንቲለ ( 5332:aardvark 5310:, ቅንፈዝ ( 5216:bukharya 5214:, ቡኳርያ ( 5204:bukharya 5202:, ቡኳርያ ( 5192:chechera 5110:Wildlife 5098:(275 ha) 5091:(300 ha) 5071:(196 ha) 4979:Ch'elaqo 4975:Ch'elaqo 4941:(412 ha) 4913:for the 4895:sediment 4871:Harehuwa 4686:baseflow 4580:Graliwdo 4568:May Meqa 4435:Menachek 4400:Arwadito 4152:Shimbula 4128:May Ayni 4032:Dingilet 3995:is used. 3898:watering 3788:Natural 3122:39°5.4′E 3109:May Baha 3092:basilica 3010:cliffs. 2928:Menachek 2830:cave in 2645:Lanistes 2606:indet.; 2598:nautilus 2587:: large 2564:Tertiary 2533:alluvium 2510:Dolerite 2455:Mesozoic 2396:Triassic 2392:volcanic 2370:Gondwana 2356:Overview 2309:Tigrinya 2305:Tigrayan 2036:). This 1971:39°1.7′E 1957:). This 1879:Menachek 1536:). 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