Dog food - Knowledge

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done through the process of retorting, which involves steam sterilization at 121 degrees Celsius. A given wet food will often be higher in protein or fat compared to a similar dry food on a dry matter basis (a measure which ignores moisture); given the canned food's high moisture content. A larger amount of canned food must be fed in order to meet the dog's required needs. Grain gluten and other protein gels may be used in wet dog food to create artificial meaty chunks, which look like real meat. This food is usually used for old dogs or puppies.

4104:"The Complete Farrier, and British Sportsman: Containing a Systematic Enquiry Into the Structure and Animal Economy of the Horse, the Causes, Symptoms, and Most-approved Methods of Prevention and Cure for Every Disease to which He is Liable ... with Numerous ... Recipes for Various Diseases. ... Including a ... Declineation of the ... Dogs Used in the Sports of the Field, with Canine Pathology. With an Appendix, Containing a Minute Anatomical Description of the ... Skeleton of the Horse; the ... Muscles ... and the Different Viscera" 524: 349: 49: 950:. The gut microbiota of the dog will be comparable to that of the owners due to similar environmental impacts. Not only are the microbes influenced by the dog's environment, but they are also affected by the macronutrient content of the dog's diet. The populations present and health status of the microbiota found within the gut can alter the physiological and metabolic functions of the dog, which then subsequently affects susceptibility to disease development. 8957: 4077:"The Sportsman's Dictionary; Or, The Gentleman's Companion: for Town and Country: Containing Full and Particular Instructions for Riding, Hunting, Fowling ... Hawking, &c. With the Various Methods to be Observed in Breeding and Dieting of Horses Both for the Road and Turf; Also, the Management of Dogs, Gamecocks, Dunghill-fowls, Turkies, Geese, Ducks, Pigeons, Singing-birds, &c. And the Manner of Curing Their Various Diseases and Accidents" 8967: 107: 404: 1008:

to more than one. In novel protein recipes, manufacturers use ingredients which are less likely to cause allergic reactions in dogs such as lamb, fish, and rice. Hydrolyzed proteins do not come from a novel source; they could originate from chicken or soy for example. Hydrolyzed proteins become novel when they are broken apart into unrecognizable versions of themselves, making them novel to allergic gastrointestinal tracts.

286:, mixed with their flour; or sheep's feet well baked or boiled, are a very good diet, and when you indulge them with flesh it should always be boiled. In the season of hunting your dogs, it is proper to feed them in the evening before, and give them nothing in the morning you take them out, except a little milk. If you stop for your own refreshment in the day, you should also refresh your dogs with a little milk and bread. 1227: 3389: 882:(DM) basis. Other parts of the world would have a guideline similar to AAFCO. The European Pet Food Federation (FEDIAF) also stated a minimum of 18%. AAFCO only provided a minimum, but majority of the diets found on the market contain a protein level exceeding the minimum. Some diets have a protein level lower than others (such as 18-20%). These low-protein diets would not be seen with growth and 504:. Proponents of a natural diet criticize the use of such ingredients, and point out that regulations allow for packaging that might lead a consumer to believe that they are buying natural food, when, in reality, the food might be composed mostly of ingredients such as those listed above. More expensive dog foods may be made of ingredients suitable for organic products or free range meats. 1027:

measurable levels of various mycotoxins (discussed below), while none of the grain-free dry diets tested had any detectable levels of mycotoxins. Feed grade (lower quality grade) grains that are allowed to spoil and become moldy are the suspected source of the mycotoxins. This is the first published study to show a potential health benefit to feeding grain-free commercial dry pet foods.

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means of ovens, microwaves or steam heating. The sheet containing a layer of feed is passed through the heat source that displays heat to the top and bottom of the tray, allowing the internal temperature to reach 77 degrees Celsius at a minimum. Once cooked, this mixture can be directly placed into cans to form a loaf or it can be cut into "meaty" pieces for chunks and gravy formulas.

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elicit these allergic reactions. Specifically, the reactions are understood to be initiated by the protein ingredients in dog food, with sources such as beef, chicken, soy, and turkey being common causes of these allergic reactions. A number of "novel protein" dog foods are available that claim to alleviate such allergies in dogs.

307:, concocted the first dog treat. Living in London at the time, he witnessed dogs around a shipyard eating scraps of discarded biscuits. Shortly thereafter he introduced his dog food, made up of wheat meals, vegetables and meat. By 1890 production had begun in the United States and became known as "Spratt's Patent Limited". 391:

other heat sources in order to soften or melt the mixture and allow for fluidity through the barrel. During the extrusion process, the high amounts of pressure applied to the mixture forces it to enter through the die before exiting the extruder completely, where it is cut to its desired size by a rotating fly knife.

515:(AAFCO), animal by-products in pet food may include parts obtained from any animals that have died from sickness or disease, provided they are rendered in accordance to law. Cow brains and spinal cords not allowed for human consumption under federal regulation 21CFR589.2000 due to the possibility of transmission of 219:"Provisions of victuals are almost the same for both . If the fields are so large as to sustain herds of animals, barley meal mixed with whey is a convenient food. But if it is an orchard without grain, spelt or wheat bread is fed mixed with the liquid from cooked beans, but warm, for boiling creates rabies." 1051:

indicates that pulse ingredients are used in many "grain-free" diets in greater proportion than in most grain-containing formulas. FDA has asked pet food manufacturers to provide diet formulations so we can further understand the proportions of ingredients in commercially-available diets and possible

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Dogs are prone to have adverse allergic reactions to food similar to human beings. The most common symptoms of food allergies in dogs include rashes, swelling, itchy or tender skin, and gastrointestinal upsets such as uncontrollable bowel movements and soft stools. Certain ingredients in dog food can

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Frozen, or fresh-prepared, meals come in raw or cooked form, some of which is made with ingredients that are inspected, approved, and certified by the USDA for human consumption, but formulated for pets. Part of this growing trend is the commercialization of home-made dog food for pet owners who want

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Wet or canned dog food usually is packaged in a solid or soft-sided container. Wet food contains roughly 60-78% water, which is significantly higher in moisture than dry or semi-moist food. Canned food is commercially sterile (cooked during canning); other wet foods may not be sterile. Sterilizing is

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The European Union does not use a unified nutrient requirement. A manufacturer committee called FEDIAF (European Pet Food Industry Federation) makes recommendations for cats and dogs that members follow. Both AAFCO and FEDIAF publish in two formats: one in the amount-per-kilogram form above, another

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It is recommended that the ratio of IU of vitamin E to grams of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) be >0.6:1. A diet containing 50 IU of vitamin E will have a ratio of >0.6:1 when the PUFA content is 83 grams or less. Diets containing more than 83 grams of PUFA should contain an additional 0.6

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Some nutrients that require special consideration include protein, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, taurine, L-carnitine, and omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA. Although their sources are more limited without animal products, it is possible to formulate a diet adequate in these nutrients

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diets for dogs with food allergies consist of either limited ingredients, novel proteins, or hydrolyzed proteins. Limited ingredients make it possible to identify the suspected allergens causing these allergic reactions, as well as making it easy to avoid multiple ingredients if a canine is allergic

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meals come in raw and cooked forms. Products are usually air-dried or frozen, then dehydrated (freeze-dried) to reduce moisture to the level where bacterial growths are inhibited. The appearance is very similar to dry dog pellets. The typical feeding methods include adding warm water before serving.

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is done. A simple extruder consists of a barrel, helical screws, and a die (tool to cut and shape food). Feed ingredients are solid at room temperature; therefore, the extrusion process of these ingredients requires a temperature above 150 degrees Celsius, achieved by the use of steam, hot water, or

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The first three prize winners at the late coursing meeting at Great Bend were trained on Spratt's Patent Dog Biscuit. This same dog food won no less than three awards, including a gold medal, at the Exposition in Paris which has just closed. It would seem that the decision of the judges is more than

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A dog is of a very hot nature: he should therefore never be without clean water by him, that he may drink when he is thirsty. In regard to their food, carrion is by no means proper for them. It must hurt their sense of smelling, on which the excellence of these dogs greatly depends. Barley meal, the

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Due to the exclusion of animal products and by-products, which are primary ingredients of conventional dog food, many nutrients that would otherwise be provided by animal products need to be provided by replacement, plant-based ingredients. While both animal and plant products offer a wide range of

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Certain manufacturers label their products with terms such as "premium", "ultra premium", "natural", and "holistic". Such terms currently have no legal definitions and are not regulated. There are also varieties of dog food labeled as "human-grade food." Although no official definition of this term

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Unfortunately, the extrusion process actually denatures some of nutritional elements of the food. Taurine deficiency has been found in dogs and cats fed extruded commercial diets. Not usually considered an essential nutrient for dogs, taurine is plentiful in most whole meats, whether raw or cooked,

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no longer needed for the war. The 1930s saw the introduction of canned cat food and dry meat-meal dog food by the Gaines Food Co. By the time World War II ended, pet food sales had reached $ 200 million. In the 1950s Spratt's became part of General Mills. For companies such as Nabisco, Quaker Oats,

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The dog is neither wholly carnivorous nor wholly herbivorous, but of a mixed kind, and can receive nourishment from either flesh or vegetables. A mixture of both is therefore his proper food, but of the former he requires a greater portion, and this portion should be always determined by his bodily

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Cibaria fere eadem sunt utrique generi praebenda. Nam si tam laxa rura sunt, ut sustineant pecorum greges, omnis sine discrimine hordeacea farina cum sero commode pascit. Sin autem surculo consitus ager sine pascuo est, farreo vel triticeo pane satiandi sunt, admixto tamen liquore coctae fabae, sed

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Sepowitz, John J.; McClung, Holly L.; Berryman, Claire E.; Armstrong, Nicholes J.; Ferrando, Arny A.; Lieberman, Harris R.; McClung, James P.; Pasiakos, Stefan M. (May 2016). "Supplementing An Energy Adequate High Protein Diet With Additional Protein Is Not Necessary For Recovery Of Lean Body Mass

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were all found in various brands of USA pet food imported into Hong Kong. Since 1993, the FDA has confirmed concerns of toxins in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients, yet to date no comprehensive federal regulation exists on mycotoxin testing in feed grade (animal grade) ingredients used to make

1133:, strategic formulation of plant ingredients should be considered to meet nutritional requirements, as different nutrients are more abundant in different plant sources. Despite the large differences in ingredient sourcing, studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can be just as edible and 1026:

Some consumers and manufacturers say dogs perform better on grain-free diets, while some veterinarians doubt this for a lack of scientific evidence. In 2019, a study comparing dry dog food that was manufactured in the United States found that 75% of food containing feed grade grains also contained

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When looking for a senior dog food, one of the first things that should be taken into consideration is the energy content of the diet. The maintenance energy requirements decrease as a dog ages due to the loss in lean body mass that occurs. Therefore, senior dogs will require a diet with a lowered

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but is reduced in extruded diets. Taurine deficiency could also be due to the use of rendered, highly processed meat sources that are low in taurine. Regardless of the cause, taurine is now artificially supplemented back into the diet after processing in the production of most commercial pet food.

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Most of the diets associated with the reports of non-hereditary DCM have legume seed ingredients, also called "pulses" (e.g., peas, lentils, etc.), high in their ingredient lists ... these include both "grain-free" and grain-containing formulations. Legumes, including pulse ingredients, have been

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provided in the diet. Diets containing proteins that are high in quality, composition, and digestibility require less of that protein to be present. The same can be said in regards to the energy density. In contrast, high-protein diets will provide excess protein content after meeting maintenance

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After ingredients are combined, they are placed in a tank at the end of a canning machine. From there, the mixture is forced through an opening and onto a metal sheet, forming a thickness of 8 to 12mm. Next, the mixture is heated to thoroughly cook the ingredients. Heating can be done through the

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By Medieval times, dogs were more seen as pets rather than just companions and workers which affected their quality of the diet to include "Besides being fed bran bread, the dogs would also get some of the meat from the hunt. If a dog was sick, he would get better food, such as goat's milk, bean

1039:, NutriSource, Nutro, and Rachael Ray Nutrish. These brands are labeled as "grain-free" and list peas, lentils, or potatoes as the main ingredient. The top three brands associated with reports of cardiomyopathy are Acana with 67 reports, Zignature with 64, and Taste of the Wild with 53 reports. 452:

Specialty small batches sold through specialty or online stores generally consist of some form of cooked meat, ground bone, pureed vegetables, taurine supplements, and other multivitamin supplements. Some pet owners use human vitamin supplements, and others use vitamin supplements specifically

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Critics argue that due to the limitations of the trial and the gaps in knowledge within animal nutrition science, the term "complete and balanced" is inaccurate and even deceptive. An AAFCO panel expert has stated that "although the AAFCO profiles are better than nothing, they provide false

1087:. A 2023 systematic review found no evidence of serious impacts on animal health from vegetarian cat and dog diets; however, the authors noted that the studies suffered from issues such as selection bias, low sample size, and short feeding periods and recommended further research. The 264:

By a misguided economy dogs are given meat scraps and tallow graves; one must avoid this, because these foods make them heavy and sick; give them twice a day a soup of coarse bread made with water, fat and the bottom of the stew pot; put a half-kilogram of bread at least in each

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fatty acids plays an important role in providing optimal health. Vitamin E can be used as an antioxidant in senior dog foods. Pre- and probiotics can also be added to senior dog foods to help improve the beneficial bacteria in the gut, providing support for the immune system.

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A 2005 consumer alert was released for contaminated Diamond Pet Foods for dogs and cats. Over 100 canine deaths and at least one feline fatality have been linked to Diamond Pet Foods contaminated by potentially deadly aflatoxin, according to Cornell University veterinarians.

360:) or wet in cans. Dry food contains 6–10% moisture by volume, as compared to 60–90% in canned food. Semi-moist products typically run 25–35%. Isotopic analysis of dog food in the Brazilian market have found that they are basically made of maize and poultry by-products. 5600: 432:

Most semi-moist food does not require refrigeration. They are lightly cooked and then quickly sealed in a vacuum package. This type of dog food is extremely vulnerable to spoiling if not kept at a cool temperature and has a shelf life of 2–4 months, unopened.

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are allowed to be included in pet food intended for non-ruminant animals. In 2003, the AVMA speculated changes might be made to animal feed regulations to ban materials from "4-D" animals – those who enter the food chain as dead, dying, diseased or disabled.

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On Saturday morning, Google confirmed that it was testing a new concept in mobile phones, writing in a blog post that it was 'dogfooding' the devices, an expression that comes from the idea that companies should "eat their own dog food", or use their own

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The dog food recommendation should be based on nutrient suitability instead of dog's preferences. Pet owners should consider their dog's breed, size, age, and health condition and choose food that is appropriate for their dog's nutritional needs.

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due to higher quality ingredients, in addition to lower protein concentrations within a diet, will help promote beneficial outcomes in assisting the health of a dog's gastrointestinal tract. Higher protein entering the gut will lead to more

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relationships with non-hereditary DCM. The FDA does not know the specific connection between these diets and cases of non-hereditary DCM and is continuing to explore the role of genetics, underlying medical conditions, and/or other factors.

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Axelsson, E.; Ratnakumar, A.; Arendt, M.L.; Maqbool, K.; Webster, M.T.; Perloski, M.; Liberg, O.; Arnemo, J.M.; Hedhammar, Å.; Lindblad-Toh, K. (2013). "The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet".

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through plant and synthetic sources. A review recommends a cautious approach to vegan dog food given "the lack of large population-based studies" as of 2023 and that commercial foods are used if guardians wish to implement a vegan diet.

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Dry food processing is popular in the pet food industry, as it is an efficient way to supply continuous production of feed in many varieties. It is energy efficient, allows for large amounts of feed to be used, and is cost effective.

5483:"Supplemental fructooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides influence immune function, ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities, microbial populations and concentrations of protein catabolites in the large bowel of dogs" 1016:

Some dog food products differentiate themselves as grain- or carbohydrate-free to offer the consumer an alternative, claiming carbohydrates in pet foods to be fillers with little or no nutritional value. A study published in

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the same quality, but do not have the time or expertise to make it themselves. The advantage is forgoing the processing stage that traditional dog food undergoes. This causes less destruction of its nutritional integrity.

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in dogs eating food marketed as grain-free. The 16 brands are: Acana, Zignature, Taste of the Wild, 4Health, Earthborn Holistic, Blue Buffalo, Nature's Domain, Fromm, Merrick, California Natural, Natural Balance, Orijen,

680:. Feeding raw food can be perceived as allowing the pet to stay in touch with their wild, carnivorous ancestry. The raw food movement has occurred in parallel to the change in human food trends for more natural and 180:

diet. After adapting them for protection, work, and companionship, people began to care at least in part for their nutritional needs. The historic record of this changing approach dates back at least 2,000 years.

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bias. They have the sharp, pointed teeth and shorter gastrointestinal tracts of carnivores, better suited for the consumption of meat than of vegetable substances, yet also have ten genes that are responsible for

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of pet foods, which had previously been self-regulated by pet food manufacturers. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods losing roughly $ 30 million alone from the recall.

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Böhm J, Koinig L, Razzazi-Fazeli E, et al. (August 2010). "Survey and risk assessment of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, and aflatoxins in commercial dry dog food".

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bacterial contamination. They also cite other major toxins of concern. The video references the case of a specific commercial pet food plant that was also the subject of a March 2014 study published in the

4055: 645:, edible bones, and organs. The ingredients used to formulate raw diets can vary. Some pet owners choose to make homemade raw diets to feed their animals but commercial raw food diets are also available. 245:

began to appear in the 18th century and referred to a paste originally given to poultry. In 1756, a dictionary indicates it was made of a mixture of bread crumbs and little pieces of meat given to pets.

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Thompson ME, Lewin-Smith MR, Kalasinsky VF, et al. (May 2008). "Characterization of melamine-containing and calcium oxalate crystals in three dogs with suspected pet food-induced nephrotoxicosis".

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The ingredients on the label must be listed in descending order by weight before cooking. This means before all of the moisture is removed from the meat, fruits, vegetables and other ingredients used.

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Scudamore KA, Hetmanski MT, Nawaz S, Naylor J, Rainbird S (1997). "Determination of mycotoxins in pet foods sold for domestic pets and wild birds using linked-column immunoassay clean-up and HPLC".

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tested 26 commercial dog foods and found mycotoxins at concerning sub-lethal levels. It was determined that long-term exposure to low levels of confirmed mycotoxins could pose chronic health risks.

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Potential risks in feeding a plant-based diet include alkaline urine and nutrient inadequacy, especially in homemade diets. Adherence to recommendations by reliable sources is strongly advised.

5588: 591:(AAFCO), either by meeting a nutrient profile or by passing a feeding trial. The Dog Food Nutrient Profiles were last updated in 2016 by the AAFCO's Canine Nutrition Expert Subcommittee. 6400: 249:

In 1781, an encyclopedia mentioned an earlier practice of removing the liver, heart, and blood of a downed stag and mixing it with milk, cheese, and bread, and then giving it to dogs.

3555:. It details how at least 53 known human illnesses were linked to commercial pet foods made at that plant in 2012. A class action lawsuit linked to this outbreak was settled in 2014. 5512: 7967: 319:

backed up by the result in the kennel. Another good dog food is that manufactured by Austin & Graves, of Boston. They, too, seem to be meeting with great success in their line.

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Pajic, Petar; Pavlidis, Pavlos; Dean, Kirsten; Neznanova, Lubov; Romano, Rose-Anne; Garneau, Danielle; Daugherity, Erin; Globig, Anja; Ruhl, Stefan; Gokcumen, Omer (14 May 2019).

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health. There are two highly important ingredients that can be included in senior dog foods to help prevent cognitive decline and improve brain health. These ingredients are

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Neil, Kirsten M.; Caron, John P.; Orth, Michael W. (2005). "The role of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in treatment for and prevention of osteoarthritis in animals".

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of human existence and thrive on a variety of foods, with studies suggesting dogs' ability to digest carbohydrates easily may be a key difference between dogs and wolves.

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Semi-moist dog food is packaged in vacuum-sealed pouches or packets. It contains about 20-45% water by weight, making it more expensive per energy calorie than dry food.

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Overall, several major companies recalled more than 100 brands of pet foods, with most of the recalled product coming from Menu Foods. The contaminant was identified as

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published a study that claimed "mycotoxin contamination in pet food poses a serious health threat to pets", and listed them: aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes,

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confirmed mycotoxins in pet foods around the world and concluded that contamination of mycotoxins in pet foods can lead to chronic effects on the health of pets.

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Galera, Leonardo de Aro; Abdalla Filho, Adibe Luiz; Reis, Luiza Santos; Souza, Janaina Leite de; Hernandez, Yeleine Almoza; Martinelli, Luiz Antonio (2019).

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In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration identified 16 dog food brands linked to canine heart disease. The FDA has investigated more than 500 cases of

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Pion, Paul (1992). "Dilated Cardiomyopathy Associated with Taurine Deficiency in the Domestic Cat: Relationship to Diet and Myocardial Taurine Content".

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energy content compared to non senior diets. Although senior dogs require lower energy content diets, they will also require diets that are higher in

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life stages because of their higher demand for protein, as such, these diets are for dogs meeting maintenance levels. They can be purchased, such as

7822: 5191: 4129: 7335:"Clinicopathologic, histologic, and toxicologic findings in 70 cats inadvertently exposed to pet food contaminated with melamine and cyanuric acid" 6504: 6348: 6207: 5057: 4107: 4080: 4998: 3380:, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. A full list of poison/toxic substances can be found on the ASPCA's website. 461:

Many commercial dog foods are made from materials considered by some authorities and dog owners to be unusable or undesirable. These may include:

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The age of dogs and cats is inversely proportional to protein consumption. As they age, the protein requirement decreases due to lower level of

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exists between the amount of protein fed and the occurrence of coprophagy. Maintenance needs should still be met by low-protein diets, and the

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For all the above reasons, a trend away from feed ingredients and toward USDA-certified ingredients fit for human consumption has developed.

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Campos SG, Cavaglieri LR, Fernández Juri MG, et al. (June 2008). "Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil".

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Leung MC, Díaz-Llano G, Smith TK (December 2006). "Mycotoxins in pet food: a review on worldwide prevalence and preventative strategies".

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in 2001 cited concerns regarding fungi (the source of mycotoxins) in commercial pet foods and warned about the "risk for animal health".

1114: 5239: 7420:"Identification and characterization of toxicity of contaminants in pet food leading to an outbreak of renal toxicity in cats and dogs" 7205: 7109:

Schaeffer, Rogers; Morris (1982). "The choline requirement of the growing kitten in the presence of just adequate dietary methionine".

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exists, the assumption is that other brands use foods that would not pass US Food and Drug Administration inspection according to the

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company, beginning in February 2007. After more than three weeks of complaints from consumers, the recall began voluntarily with the

7914:"Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Infantis infection in humans linked to dry dog food in the United States and Canada, 2012" 6088:

Fahey, George C.; Barry, Kathleen A.; Swanson, Kelly S. (2008). "Age-related changes in nutrient utilization by companion animals".

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in their stomachs. There has also been discussion about higher protein content in diets being inversely related with lifespan (i.e.

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In 1999, another fungal toxin triggered the recall of dry dog food made by Doane Pet Care at one of its plants, including Ol' Roy,

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used in pet foods for many years, with no evidence to indicate they are inherently dangerous, but analysis of data reported to the

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established that low levels of various mycotoxins could cause health concerns in pets, and was found in feed grade ingredients.

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and nutritional imbalances. People who feed their dogs raw food do so for a multitude of reasons, including but not limited to:

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Roudebush, Philip; Zicker, Steven C.; Cotman, Carl W.; Milgram, Norton W.; Muggenburg, Bruce A.; Head, Elizabeth (2005-09-01).

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Most commercially produced dog food is made with animal feed grade ingredients and comes dry in bags (also known in the US as

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Elsey, J.; Riepenhausen, J.; McKay, B.; Barton, G.W.; Willis, M. (1997). "Modeling and Control of a Food Extrusion Process".

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dross of wheatflour, or both mixed together, with broth or skim'd milk, is very proper food. For change, a small quantity of

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In 2022, the FDA released a follow-up report which superseded the 2019 research. The follow-up report stated the following:

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ratio of senior dog foods is also important. Calcium and phosphorus are considered essential nutrients, according to AAFCO.

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Average apparent digestibility for iron associated with recommended minimums is 20% of that consumed. Because of very poor

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Boermans HJ, Leung MC (October 2007). "Mycotoxins and the pet food industry: toxicological evidence and risk assessment".

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Recommended concentrations for maintenance of body weight at an average caloric intake for dogs of a given optimal weight.

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The requirements and functions of nutrients in dogs are largely similar to those in cats, with many requirements relaxed:

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According to The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) nutrient guideline for cats and dogs, the minimum

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Note: A dog chapter should be available. If any editor is able to access the book, please adjust the article accordingly.

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Nery, J.; Goudez, R.; Biourge, V.; Tournier, C.; Leray, V.; Martin, L.; Thorin, C.; Nguyen, P.; Dumon, H. (August 2012).

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suggests that domestic dogs' ability to easily metabolize carbohydrates may be a key difference between wolves and dogs.

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of a dog can potentially be improved depending on the source and the concentration of protein provide in a diet. Greater

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in February 2013 suggested a correlation between liver disease and the amount of copper supplementation in AAFCO diets.

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Dry dog food usually consists of bagged pellets that contain 3-11% water. It makes up the vast majority of pet foods.

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It was not until the mid-1800s that the world saw its first food made specifically for dogs. An American electrician,

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as animal-based diets for dogs. There are now various commercial vegetarian and vegan diets available on the market.

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like cats lack. Dogs evolved the ability living alongside humans in agricultural societies, as they managed on scrap

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Rogers, QR; Phang, JM (1985). "Deficiency of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase in the intestinal mucosa of the cat".

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in the diet, allowance in formulation should be made to ensure the minimum nutrient level is met after processing.

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Kienzle, E.; Engelhard, R. (2001). "A field study on the nutrition of vegetarian dogs and cats in Europe".

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sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level.

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sources that are added to the diet should not be considered as components in meeting the minimum nutrient level.

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This article is about food that is produced to feed dogs. For the human consumption of dog flesh and parts, see

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and General Foods, pet food represented an opportunity to market by-products as a profitable source of income.

770:. A current technology that is being used to improve gastrointestinal health of aging dogs is the addition of 5763:

Kau, Andrew L.; Ahern, Philip P.; Griffin, Nicholas W.; Goodman, Andrew L.; Gordon, Jeffrey I. (2011-06-15).

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as well as with growing concerns about environmental issues such as climate change or awareness of the large

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of the protein provided in the diet, as well as the composition of the amino acids included, and finally the

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The video also cites the dangers of over supplementation of nutrients in pet food. A study published in the

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Swanson KS, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL, Healy HP, Dawson KA, Merchen NR, Fahey GG Jr (May 2002).

3587: 1858:

loss of bone mineral content, which can lead to collapse and curvature of lumbar vertebrae and pelvic bones

1194: 587:

In the United States, dog foods labelled as "complete and balanced" must meet standards established by the

197:

Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema; sed una Veloces Spartae catulos, acremque Molossum, Pasce sero pingui:

5673: 5482: 4708: 8817: 7814: 5183: 4137: 6488: 8688: 8529: 8466: 8182: 6608:

Domínguez-Oliva, Adriana; Mota-Rojas, Daniel; Semendric, Ines; Whittaker, Alexandra L. (January 2023).

5306:

Laflamme, Dorthy (May 2005). "Nutrition for Aging Cats and Dogs and the Importance of Body Condition".

5006: 3448:

In the United States, there has been extensive media coverage of the recall. There have been calls for

843:, which helps with keratinization of hair. Good sources of vitamin A for skin and coat health include 199:"Do not let the care of dogs be last; but the swift Spartan hounds, and fierce Mastiff, Feed the whey" 6132: 5712: 4323:

MacNamara, John P. Principles of Companion Animal Nutrition. 2006. New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

3187:(nitrogen-free extract, NFE), respectively . Rations greater than 4.5 kcal/g should be corrected for 1121:

are produced to either assuage a pet owner's ethical concerns or for animals with extreme allergies.

1118: 887: 823:

and coat health is important in all dogs, but especially becomes important as dogs age. An important

37: 17: 7008: 6423:"Comparison of mycotoxin concentrations in grain versus grain-free dry and wet commercial dog foods" 536:

There are a few key components to consider when evaluating dietary needs. These factors include the

269:

In England, care to give dogs particular food dates at least from the late eighteenth century, when

8911: 8790: 8660: 8136: 5831: 3592: 3570: 1778: 75: 5589:"Plant oils: do you know which plant oils may help your dog, and which ones could cause problems?" 3217:

per se has not been established, the minimum level was based on recognition of fat as a source of

724:

health is an important factor to be considered when purchasing a senior dog food. The addition of

153:

Dogs have managed to adapt over thousands of years to survive on the meat and non-meat scraps and

8932: 8927: 8519: 8451: 3612: 1004: 775: 449:

There is some concern of nutrients, such as vitamins, being lost during the dehydration process.

7862: 7333:

Cianciolo RE, Bischoff K, Ebel JG, Van Winkle TJ, Goldstein RE, Serfilippi LM (September 2008).

7254: 6489:"F.D.A. Names 16 Brands of Dog Food That May Be Linked to Canine Heart Disease (Published 2019)" 6172:

Kennis, Robert, A. (2006). "Food Allergies: Update of Pathogenesis, Diagnoses, and Management".

8996: 8937: 8678: 8251: 8146: 6267:

Verlindin A, Hesta M, Millet S, Janssens GP (2007). "Food Allergy in Dogs and Cats: A review".

3938: 3364:(some dogs are lactose intolerant and suffer diarrhea; goats' milk can be beneficial to dogs), 3345: 1031: 931: 771: 751: 714:. This is due to the fact that dogs have a reduced ability to synthesize proteins as they age. 600: 260:

pot) to dogs, though the English favored them (see below), and suggested a meat-flavored soup:

6880:

Morris, J. G. (August 2002). "Cats discriminate between cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol*".

4622: 4103: 4076: 3968: 3438:

on March 16, 2007, when a company test showed sickness and death in some of the test animals.

922:. There is a greater opportunity for amino acids to balance in diets containing more protein. 809:, which can prevent oxidative damage that occurs during aging. L-carnitine is used to improve 8785: 8723: 8683: 8643: 8605: 8492: 8175: 6342: 6201: 3449: 3401: 3325: 3218: 1748: 1158: 989: 907: 711: 541: 336: 164:

In the United States alone, the dog food market is expected to reach $ 23.3 billion by 2022.

8843: 8512: 8507: 6221: 4987:

https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/complete-and-balanced-pet-food

3756:"Independent amylase gene copy number bursts correlate with dietary preferences in mammals" 3660: 3222: 1752: 1722: 919: 582: 142:, an enzyme that functions to break down carbohydrates into simple sugars – something that 6101: 3913:"Bucolica, Georgica, et Aeneis: accedunt clavis metrica, notulae Anglicae, et quaestiones" 8: 8878: 8868: 8214: 7508:

Cocchi M, Vascellari M, Gallina A, Agnoletti F, Angeletti R, Mutinelli F (January 2010).

6610:"The Impact of Vegan Diets on Indicators of Health in Dogs and Cats: A Systematic Review" 3996:"Nouveau dictionnaire universel des arts et des sciencies: françois, latin et anglois..." 3835: 2691: 2599: 2520: 1269:(AAFCO) Dog Food Nutrient Profiles, 2014 with Role of Vitamins & Minerals 1241: 1036: 729: 604: 143: 7940: 7913: 7848: 6766: 6731: 4487: 3664: 527:

Dog treats are special types of dog food given as a reward, not as a staple food source.

8991: 8873: 8838: 8770: 8446: 8111: 8038: 7795: 7485: 7460: 7400: 7168: 6996: 6959: 6700: 6673: 6644: 6609: 6583: 6526:"Questions & Answers: FDA's Work on Potential Causes of Non-Hereditary DCM in Dogs" 6292: 6062: 6027: 5797: 5764: 5130: 5105: 4959: 4926: 4907: 4895: 4816: 4791: 4457:"Taurine concentrations in animla feed ingredients; cooking influences taurine content" 4269: 4242: 3881: 3863: 3782: 3755: 3731: 3706: 3684: 3393: 3311: 1183: 875: 862: 858: 554: 497: 490: 465: 7712: 7551:"Naturally occurring toxins in feedstuffs: Center for Veterinary Medicine Perspective" 7122: 5028: 4856: 4726: 4346: 8966: 8858: 8740: 8633: 8273: 8154: 8011: 7945: 7787: 7751: 7747: 7716: 7681: 7646: 7605: 7570: 7531: 7490: 7441: 7392: 7356: 7048: 6971: 6897: 6893: 6862: 6823: 6771: 6753: 6705: 6649: 6631: 6575: 6567: 6496: 6444: 6330: 6284: 6229: 6189: 6113: 6105: 6067: 6049: 6008: 6000: 5937: 5891: 5802: 5784: 5734: 5655: 5647: 5569: 5561: 5504: 5427: 5417: 5394: 5323: 5288: 5135: 5117: 5051: 4964: 4946: 4927:"Influence of resistance exercise on lean body mass in aging adults: a meta-analysis" 4899: 4840: 4821: 4803: 4759: 4516: 4479: 4475: 4437: 4427: 4396: 4274: 3867: 3855: 3821:"Did Eating Human Poop Play a Role in the Evolution of Dogs? | Psychology Today" 3787: 3736: 3676: 3247: 2884: 1105:

Popularity of this diet has grown with a corresponding increase in people practicing

978: 766:

should be included within senior dog foods to help improve stool quality and prevent

653: 566: 7799: 7404: 6842: 6587: 6296: 3514:

found high levels of mycotoxins in the raw ingredients used for pet food in Brazil.

523: 8896: 8735: 8655: 8404: 8363: 8219: 8001: 7935: 7925: 7779: 7743: 7708: 7673: 7636: 7597: 7562: 7521: 7480: 7472: 7431: 7384: 7346: 7118: 7043: 7038: 7026: 6963: 6889: 6854: 6815: 6761: 6743: 6695: 6685: 6639: 6621: 6559: 6434: 6322: 6276: 6181: 6097: 6057: 6039: 5990: 5982: 5929: 5852: 5792: 5776: 5724: 5637: 5551: 5494: 5386: 5315: 5280: 5125: 4954: 4938: 4911: 4891: 4852: 4811: 4471: 4419: 4386: 4342: 4295: 4264: 4254: 3847: 3777: 3767: 3726: 3718: 3705:

Arendt, M; Cairns, K M; Ballard, J W O; Savolainen, P; Axelsson, E (13 July 2016).

3688: 3668: 2838: 1805: 1187: 1019: 914:(i.e. synthesis and breakdown) will also remain at an optimal rate, as long as the 911: 814: 638: 570: 8077: 6439: 6422: 3546:

The FDA released a video focusing on another major threat in commercial pet food:

67: 8615: 8148: 7211: 6981: 5027:

DACVN, Cailin R. Heinze, VMD, MS; DACVN, Cailin R. Heinze, VMD, MS (2019-02-15).

4942: 4733: 4715: 3627: 3622: 3239: 3226: 1238:. In particular, need to replace cat functions and symptoms with dog information. 891: 779: 699: 693: 558: 537: 6563: 6550:

Ruby, Matthew B. (February 2012). "Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study".

5390: 4423: 4418:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 315. pp. 63–73. 4391: 4374: 8901: 8487: 8461: 8099: 7641: 7624: 6326: 6185: 5556: 5539: 5319: 5284: 4688: 4601: 4572: 3407: 3357: 3188: 3162: 3147: 1368: 1130: 1084: 947: 943: 939: 737: 702:

address their physiological changes through various ingredients and nutrients.

562: 545: 387: 377: 279: 7887: 7783: 7601: 7476: 7461:"Analysis of a survey database of pet food-induced poisoning in North America" 7224: 7196:

Sources vary on which of these are considered the most significant toxic item.

6748: 6280: 5642: 5625: 3445:, which had been added as an adulterant to simulate a higher protein content. 2582:

Skeletal lesions in kittens, particularly outgrowths of the cervical vertebrae

652:

The practice of feeding raw diets has raised some concerns due to the risk of

252:

In 1844, the French writer, Nicolas Boyard, warned against even giving tallow

8985: 8960: 8942: 8906: 8863: 8813: 8563: 8558: 6757: 6635: 6571: 6500: 6448: 6109: 6053: 6004: 5941: 5788: 5651: 5565: 5431: 5121: 4950: 4903: 4807: 4220: 3859: 3471: 3419: 3377: 3251: 1698: 1573: 1545: 1382: 1245: 1126: 1106: 935: 894:

diets. Furthermore, this protein requirement varies from species to species.

854: 828: 810: 755: 476: 445: 253: 233:

Bring ye unto him milk and fat with meat; this is the right food for the dog.

71: 8006: 7989: 7930: 7436: 7419: 7351: 7334: 6251:

Canine Nutrigenomics: The New Science of Feeding Your Dog for Optimum Health

5729: 754:

health is another important factor to consider in the aging dog. Sources of

565:

loss, but will not lead to an increase in size of muscle unless paired with

348: 8888: 8828: 8730: 8708: 8638: 8625: 8568: 8548: 8428: 8387: 8290: 8236: 8015: 7949: 7791: 7755: 7720: 7685: 7650: 7535: 7510:"Canine nephrotoxicosis induced by melamine-contaminated pet food in Italy" 7494: 7445: 7396: 7360: 6901: 6858: 6819: 6775: 6709: 6653: 6626: 6607: 6579: 6334: 6288: 6193: 6117: 6071: 6012: 5806: 5573: 5508: 5499: 5398: 5327: 5292: 5139: 4968: 4825: 4483: 4400: 4278: 4243:"Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil" 3800: 3791: 3740: 3680: 3467: 3415: 3411: 3268: 3184: 2774:

Neurological impairments including altered reflexes and convulsive seizures

1783: 1134: 1095: 966: 953: 883: 767: 681: 328: 7609: 7574: 7566: 7052: 6827: 5986: 5738: 5659: 5414:

Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal professionals

4755:

Canine and feline nutrition: a resource for companion animal professionals

4441: 3531:'s brand, as well as 53 other brands. This time the toxin killed 25 dogs. 3418:

foods beginning in March 2007. The recalls came in response to reports of

8970: 8823: 8795: 8775: 8745: 8718: 8703: 8693: 8524: 8502: 8322: 8263: 8241: 7526: 7509: 6866: 5933: 5158: 3597: 3504: 3337: 3172: 3155: 3047: 903: 836: 806: 725: 624: 561:

and other health related issues. Higher protein in the diet helps reduce

441: 332: 311: 304: 283: 177: 8147:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Dog Nutrition (1974).

7677: 7388: 6313:

Cave, Nicholas, J (2006). "Hydrolyzed Protein Diets for Dogs and Cats".

5780: 5240:"High-Pressure Processing and Raw Pet Food Diets: What You Need to Know" 3772: 3722: 3672: 1102:, and a vegan diet may be adequate if properly formulated and balanced. 273:(1785) described the best diet for a dog's health in its article "Dog": 8805: 8780: 8593: 8538: 8344: 8229: 7815:"Worried about tainted jerky treats? Here's how to keep your pets safe" 6730:

McEvoy, Claire T.; Temple, Norman; Woodside, Jayne V. (December 2012).

6690: 4882:

After Short-term Starvation: 1609 Board #262 June 2, 800 AM - 930 AM".

4841:"Nutrient Intake in Adults 50 Years Age and Older in the United States" 4259: 4050:

Manuel du bouvier et zoophile: ou l'art d'élever de soigner les animaux

3851: 3435: 3001: 2937: 2933: 2792: 2735: 1887: 1621: 1521: 1493: 1421: 1209: 1205: 1172: 1076: 992:), where lower protein content diets were related to longer lifespans. 974: 915: 879: 745: 324: 7083: 6044: 5995: 3573:

or dogfooding is the practice of using your own products or services.

8765: 8588: 8573: 8553: 8497: 8438: 8373: 8332: 8310: 8295: 8256: 6028:"The Impact of Diet and Lifestyle on Gut Microbiota and Human Health" 5271:

Michel, Kathryn E. (2006). "Unconventional Diets for Dogs and Cats".

4753: 3617: 3321: 2685: 2594: 2515: 2306: 2118: 1965: 1597: 1397: 961: 840: 802: 798: 794: 759: 733: 673: 505: 204: 154: 126: 106: 7912:

Imanishi M, Rotstein DS, Reimschuessel R, et al. (March 2014).

7135: 3101: 3052: 3006: 2942: 2889: 2843: 2797: 2745: 2476: 2415: 2350: 2311: 2253: 2189: 8853: 8833: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8698: 8610: 8583: 8368: 8337: 8206: 6967: 4557:

Baker, G.J., Bansal, A.K., Konieczka, J.L. and Kuntz, D.A. (1990).

3707:"Diet adaptation in dog reflects spread of prehistoric agriculture" 3607: 3602: 3582: 3528: 3442: 3365: 3291: 2739: 2508: 2471: 2073: 2010:

Neurological disorders, including ataxia and severe muscle weakness

1549: 1374: 1343: 1274: 1168: 1110: 1088: 1072: 832: 824: 783: 657: 642: 485: 403: 147: 122: 33: 6790:

Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian

6463:"FDA Identifies 16 Dog Food Brands Linked to Canine Heart Disease" 549:

demands; this can therefore lead to the protein being utilized in

8648: 8578: 8543: 8456: 8416: 8382: 8358: 8349: 8305: 8285: 8278: 8224: 6421:

Tegzes, John H.; Oakley, Brian B.; Brennan, Greg (January 2019).

6226:

Comparative Medicine: Disorders Linking Humans with their Animals

5711:

Wander RC, Hall JA, Gradin JL, Shi-Hua D, Jewell DE (June 1997).

4925:

Peterson, Mark D.; Sen, Ananda; Gordon, Paul M. (February 2011).

3388: 3373: 3369: 3176: 3168: 3151: 3096: 1812: 1497: 1445: 1313: 1198: 1099: 957: 741: 707: 661: 501: 481: 139: 135: 7507: 6393:"FDA names 16 brands of dog food linked to canine heart disease" 6133:"Diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis (including food allergy)" 5444: 4880: 3969:"The Zend-Avesta: The Vendîdâd, translated by James Darmesteter" 3967:

Darmesteter, James; Mills, Lawrence Heyworth (6 December 1895).

3836:"A dog food recommendation system based on nutrient suitability" 698:

Aging dogs require specialized catering. Commercially available

8421: 8327: 8300: 8246: 7332: 5918:"0226 Dietary manipulation of canine and feline gut microbiome" 3649: 3431: 3423: 3353: 3341: 3333: 3317: 3264: 2410: 2247: 2019: 1645: 1469: 1378: 1080: 985: 669: 665: 257: 225: 185: 131: 7733: 7418:

Dobson RL, Motlagh S, Quijano M, et al. (November 2008).

5824:"The Association of American Feed Control Officials > Home" 5480: 813:

l function, which can also help to prevent and lower rates of

496:

Less expensive dog foods generally include less meat and more

8409: 8399: 8394: 8317: 8140: 7911: 7587: 7373: 3704: 3349: 3329: 3316:

A number of common human foods and household ingestibles are

1075:, vegan dog foods are those formulated with the exclusion of 1068: 970: 857:

health has been shown to decline in aging dogs. The ratio of

848: 790: 717: 470: 173: 58:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

6266: 5537: 5343:"Nutrition for senior dogs: New tricks for feeding old dogs" 4332: 4240: 2707:

Defense against oxidative damage via free radical scavenging

531: 294:

gave similar but far more extensive advice on feeding dogs:

27:

Food intended for consumption by dogs usually made from meat

5765:"Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system" 3361: 3243: 2345: 2183: 1386: 844: 820: 763: 721: 117:

is specifically formulated and intended for consumption by

6674:"Vegetarian versus Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals" 6174:

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

5308:

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

5273:

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice

3753: 938:; some members of this very diversified community include 878:

requirement for dogs during adult maintenance is 18% on a

827:

to look for in senior dog foods to support coat health is

629:

Raw feeding is the practice of feeding domestic

8268: 8198: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6597: 5965: 5099: 5097: 4838: 3214: 3180: 1669: 1091: 977:

and increase the chances of many bowel diseases, such as

677: 634: 630: 550: 118: 7768: 7459:

Rumbeiha WK, Agnew D, Maxie G, et al. (June 2010).

5885: 5106:"Raw food diets in companion animals: A critical review" 5029:"Human Grade: Should pets eat the same food that we do?" 4839:

Dehkordi, N.; Rao, R.; Sakhanokho, H.; Zipf, A. (2003).

4375:"Taurine deficiency in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy" 2174:

Urinary tract stone formation in the presence of high pH

8167: 6732:"Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review" 5823: 5710: 2565:

Cataracts, retinal degeneration, and other eye problems

2123: 2078: 2024: 1970: 1892: 1861:

bone pain, which can progress to pathological fractures

1817: 1757: 1727: 1703: 1679: 1650: 1626: 1602: 1578: 1554: 1526: 1502: 1474: 1450: 1426: 1402: 1348: 1324: 473:(wild canines eat offal as a vital part of their diets) 7994: