4466:
3344:
4291:
4137:
3837:
4439:
3391:
4414:
4498:
4329:
3627:
4000:
3971:
3673:
3525:
4225:
4177:
3887:
3474:
3300:
3724:
4040:
3801:
622:
4209:
4104:
3939:
3769:
3657:
655:
633:
611:
589:
3708:
3595:
3441:
3375:
3328:
644:
600:
578:
567:
3280:
556:
4359:
3817:
811:
734:
4375:
4313:
4158:
4065:
3955:
3871:
3611:
3579:
833:
822:
800:
789:
767:
745:
723:
701:
4275:
4024:
3855:
3509:
3458:
778:
756:
712:
688:
677:
3785:
666:
52:, both for languages that use Latin-based alphabets and, through their Latin equivalents, for languages that use other scripts. However, the unification did not address letters beyond these 26, leaving French and German Braille partially incompatible and as braille spread to new languages with new needs, national conventions again became disparate. A second round of unification was undertaken under the auspices of
65:
3223:
Most Asian and
African languages contain more letters or sounds than Roman had equivalents for, they had to find some way of representing them. Most of the designers of Braille spoke English and some of them turned to the contractions of English Braille to find signs which would provide precedents
525:
In addition, in other alphabets braille characters were assigned to print letters according to frequency, so that the simplest letters would be the most frequent, making the writing of braille significantly more efficient. However, the letter frequencies of German were very different from those of
3224:
for local letter values ... But beyond these again, many non-European alphabets included letters for which no
Braille precedent had been created. Arbitrary signs had to be allotted to them, with the consequence that even throughout these traditional Brailles only limited uniformity was achieved.
457:
applied the characters in numerical order to the French alphabet in alphabetical order. As braille spread to other languages, the numeric order was retained and applied to the local script. Therefore, where the alphabetical order differed from that of French, the new braille alphabet would be
76:
In the first decade, only the top four dots are used; the two supplementary characters have dots only on the right. These patterns are repeated for the second decade, with the addition of a diacritic at dot 3; for the third, at dots 3 and 6; for the fourth, at 6; and for the fifth decade, by
498:. In the United Kingdom, however, French Braille was adopted without such reordering. Therefore, any English book published in braille needed to be typeset separately for the United States and the United Kingdom. Similarly, the letters for
3218:
A regional UNESCO conference on braille uniformity for southern Asia took place in 1950. This led to a conference with global scope the following year. The 1951 congress found many conflicting braille assignments:
72:
Braille arranged his characters in decades (groups of ten), and assigned the 25 letters of the French alphabet to them in order. The characters beyond the first 25 are the principal source of variation today.
537:
the tendencies in
America and Germany to re-arrange the Braille alphabet , the Congress decided ... that it should be adopted ... with the values of its symbols unaltered from those of the original French.
3005:
In 1929 in Paris, the
American Foundation for Overseas Blind sponsored a conference on harmonizing braille among languages which use the Latin script, which had diverged in the previous decades.
3228:
The congress recognized the role of
English contracted braille in establishing a partial international standard, and recommended that alphabets follow existing conventions as much as possible.
4727:
These letters are used in alphabets that were not included in the 1953 Unesco World
Braille charts; however, they have cross-linguistic consistency, often including an associated
2790:
are generally encoded in braille using just the 26 letters of grade-1 braille with their French/English values, and often a subset of those letters. Such languages include:
533:
The 1878 congress, convening representatives from France, Britain, Germany, and Egypt, decided that the original French assignments should be the norm for those countries:
44:
alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. Unification was first achieved by a convention of the
3244:
based letter is needed in an alphabet, use of the same secondary braille letter is common. Additional alternative letters are used in some braille alphabets. English
845:
For non-Latin scripts, correspondences are generally based, where possible, on their historical connections or phonetic/transcription values. For example, Greek γ
3038:, for example, are widely used where a language had need of a second a-, o-, or u-vowel. Likewise, the values of English contracted ("Grade 2")
6032:
4854:
514:, however, the braille characters were assigned to the Arabic alphabet according to the Arabic alphabetical order, so that Algerian
48:
in 1878, where it was decided to replace the mutually incompatible national conventions of the time with the French values of the
5924:
548:
had been appended with the extra letters, so the 26 letters of the Basic Latin alphabet are slightly out of numeric order:
4667:
All of these alphabets use traditional
English Braille punctuation and formatting, except for Greenlandic, which follows
5692:
5678:
5648:
4787:
3108:
New letters may be invented by modifying a similar letter. Modification may be done through moving the letter (thus
5910:
4465:
4290:
3343:
4728:
4136:
4587:
4413:
5917:
4497:
4438:
4328:
3836:
3626:
3105:, for example, adds dot 6 to indicate a diacritic, at the cost of abandoning several international assignments.
17:
3999:
3970:
3672:
3524:
3390:
2742:
The 1878 congress only succeeded in unifying the basic Latin alphabet. The additional letters of the extended
4224:
4176:
3886:
3473:
3299:
4039:
3723:
5903:
5882:
526:
English, so that frequency-based German braille alphabets were utterly alien to readers of frequency-based
4358:
3816:
3800:
810:
733:
621:
5783:
5762:
4374:
4312:
4208:
4157:
4103:
4064:
3954:
3938:
3870:
3768:
3656:
3610:
3578:
868:
832:
821:
799:
788:
766:
744:
722:
700:
654:
632:
610:
588:
522:. Thus an Arabic book published in Algeria was utterly unintelligible to blind Egyptians and vice versa.
4274:
4023:
3854:
3707:
3594:
3508:
3457:
3440:
3374:
3327:
777:
755:
711:
687:
676:
643:
599:
577:
566:
5850:
3784:
3279:
665:
555:
462:. When braille was adopted for English in the United States, the letters were applied directly to the
2830:
5600:
5586:
4891:
3248:
correspondences are given below for recognition; these are often the basis of international usage.
2787:
49:
5205:
458:
incompatible with French
Braille. For example, French was based on a 25-letter alphabet without a
5889:
4917:
4662:
3140:-like vowels), or rotating or reflecting it. The latter is quite common, producing such pairs as
2964:
2763:
541:
Gradually the various reordered and frequency-based alphabets fell out of use elsewhere as well.
502:
were assigned their forms based on their nearest French equivalents, so that for example Arabic
5991:
5896:
5685:
5634:
5094:
5016:
4780:
4707:
4567:
4535:
3236:
The following assignments include common secondary vowels and consonants: Whenever a second
902:
Correspondences among the basic letters of representative modern braille alphabets include:
5755:
5506:
5183:
3013:
When additional letters are needed for a new braille alphabet, several remedies are used.
2806:
8:
4744:
2994:
2903:
2814:
863:, as it is ordered in the alphabet or as it is related historically to the Latin letter
5741:
5718:
5352:
5241:
5231:
5123:
5066:
5052:
5009:
2872:
2826:
4974:
5864:
5857:
5593:
5579:
5491:
5380:
5290:
5269:
5248:
5176:
5108:
4967:
4925:
4877:
4751:
3169:
2822:
6027:
5998:
5936:
5829:
5790:
5776:
5734:
5609:
5555:
5536:
5470:
5462:
5448:
5441:
5366:
5162:
5137:
5073:
5045:
4960:
4946:
4863:
4836:
4773:
4624:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2838:
527:
511:
463:
5836:
5031:
5822:
5514:
5455:
5401:
5394:
5373:
5359:
5343:
5321:
5276:
5169:
5144:
5116:
5101:
5024:
5002:
4995:
4953:
4913:
4884:
3245:
3102:
3063:
2982:
2956:
2917:
2818:
2802:
5959:
5843:
5727:
5707:
5616:
5484:
5415:
5314:
5262:
5255:
5087:
5080:
5059:
5038:
4939:
4932:
4668:
4637:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2968:
2960:
2907:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2798:
2794:
2743:
499:
6021:
5966:
5815:
5748:
5671:
5641:
5499:
5477:
5408:
5304:
5283:
5130:
4988:
4906:
4899:
4870:
4829:
4698:. It may thus be a copy error for the apostrophe used in Swahili and Zambia.
4588:
http://access.uoa.gr/Unit%20Instructions%20Files/Greek%20Braille%20System.pdf
2952:
2858:
2810:
454:
544:
This decision covered the basic letters of the French alphabet at the time;
5422:
5387:
5328:
4815:
3173:
3101:
in the print alphabet, a point may be added to the base letter in braille.
6005:
5769:
5700:
4981:
530:, as well as to numerically based German, English, and French Braille.
56:
in 1951, setting the foundation for international braille usage today.
68:
An early braille chart, displaying the numeric order of the characters
5973:
5952:
5945:
3098:
2846:
886:
and internet chat alphabets, due to the graphic resemblance of Latin
883:
3172:
for an alphabet which has exploited a pattern of mirror images, and
4765:
4796:
41:
31:
4623:
Only the consonants follow international braille. Vowels follow
867:. Occasional assignments are made on other grounds, such as the
64:
5797:
278:
53:
4636:
Greenlandic
Braille also recognizes the additional letters of
4578:
Also
English, German, Yugoslavian, Vietnamese, and many others
3185:
3088:
3074:
3017:
They may be borrowed from an existing alphabet; French–German
2771:
2759:
2751:
2750:, are not included in the international standard. The French
2747:
1026:
991:
348:
293:
283:
273:
263:
208:
4688:
4685:
4343:
4114:
3684:
3679:
3638:
3633:
3535:
3486:
3399:
3352:
3204:
3193:
3177:
3162:
3155:
3081:
3053:
3032:
2945:
2942:
2932:
2929:
2883:
2786:
Languages that in print are restricted to the letters of the
1039:
1031:
1021:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
941:
876:
850:
415:
363:
353:
343:
333:
303:
288:
268:
258:
253:
223:
213:
203:
193:
138:
4680:
UNESCO(2013) claims Ganda Braille has a different point for
3148:
3141:
3046:
3025:
3018:
1011:
1001:
981:
971:
966:
956:
946:
936:
926:
430:
420:
410:
400:
373:
358:
338:
328:
323:
298:
248:
233:
218:
198:
188:
183:
153:
143:
133:
123:
4491:
3129:
3125:
3113:
3109:
3067:
3062:
An otherwise unused letter may be reassigned. For example,
3039:
961:
951:
931:
921:
916:
857:
440:
425:
405:
395:
390:
368:
318:
243:
228:
178:
163:
148:
128:
118:
113:
4691:
4472:
4445:
4347:
4190:
4185:
4118:
3893:
3689:
3490:
3356:
2935:
2880:
911:
435:
385:
313:
173:
158:
108:
4708:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001478/147828eb.pdf
4568:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001480/148088eb.pdf
103:
77:
duplicating the first decade within the lower four dots.
2781:
3059:
are widely used for similar sounds in other languages.
4745:
Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Braille Problems
837:
826:
815:
804:
793:
782:
771:
760:
749:
738:
727:
716:
705:
692:
681:
670:
659:
648:
637:
626:
615:
604:
593:
582:
571:
560:
2875:
are augmented with the use of the accent point with
3231:
4614:, and largely use the equivalent braille letters.
6019:
3066:, which is based on German Braille, reassigns
27:Uniformity of braille writing across languages
4781:
4536:"International Meeting on Braille Uniformity"
3250:
2928:with an apostrophe, as in Swahili Braille:
2158:
2146:
2136:
2125:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2005:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1961:
1952:
46:International Congress on Work for the Blind
2865:In these languages, print digraphs such as
4788:
4774:
4694:, but that would make it a homograph with
3008:
453:Braille is in its origin a numeric code.
2869:are written as digraphs in braille too.
897:
63:
4656:
4528:
506:had the same braille letters as French
82:
14:
6020:
4640:, found in loan words or proper names.
3124:vowel), stretching the letter (again,
448:
5925:American Printing House for the Blind
5701:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5353:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
4769:
2774:in Hungarian and Albanian braille is
4649:Swahili also uses the apostrophe in
2782:Alphabets limited to grade-1 braille
2754:, for example, corresponds to print
4795:
3000:
2159:
2147:
2137:
2126:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2006:
1994:
1974:
1962:
1953:
518:was the same character as Egyptian
466:, so that braille letter of French
24:
59:
25:
6044:
4738:
6033:French-ordered braille alphabets
4496:
4464:
4437:
4412:
4373:
4357:
4327:
4311:
4289:
4273:
4223:
4207:
4175:
4156:
4135:
4102:
4063:
4038:
4022:
3998:
3969:
3953:
3937:
3885:
3869:
3853:
3835:
3815:
3799:
3783:
3767:
3722:
3706:
3671:
3655:
3625:
3609:
3593:
3577:
3523:
3507:
3472:
3456:
3439:
3389:
3373:
3342:
3326:
3298:
3278:
3094:, which are redundant in German.
2766:transcribes the letter sequence
831:
820:
809:
798:
787:
776:
765:
754:
743:
732:
721:
710:
699:
686:
675:
664:
653:
642:
631:
620:
609:
598:
587:
576:
565:
554:
4721:
4712:
4701:
4674:
3232:Common extended correspondences
4643:
4630:
4617:
4592:
4581:
4572:
4561:
4552:
13:
1:
5693:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
5649:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4521:
5904:National Braille Association
5883:Braille Institute of America
5601:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
4754:(2nd ed.). UNESCO. 1990
4606:are pronounced like English
2997:, but provides few details.
2873:Languages of the Philippines
697:
552:
7:
5784:Refreshable braille display
5763:Optical braille recognition
5360:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
4892:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
2977:17 reports braille use for
869:International Greek Braille
10:
6049:
5851:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
4387:
4248:
4077:
3912:
3742:
3552:
3414:
3253:
2971:(Luganda) may be similar.
1045:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
856:, as it is romanized, not
88:
29:
5983:
5934:
5874:
5807:
5717:
5663:
5626:
5587:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
5566:
5547:
5528:
5433:
5339:
5300:
5227:
5154:
4853:
4846:
4807:
2113:
1984:
1938:
1927:
1915:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1744:
907:
94:
91:
85:
5574:Chinese semi-syllabaries
4837:Unicode braille patterns
4823:International uniformity
2170:Sanskrit/ Nepali/ Hindi
5911:Blindness organizations
5890:Braille Without Borders
5679:Canadian currency marks
5301:Egyptian lineage family
3009:Congresses of 1950–1951
2764:Unified English Braille
512:Algerian Arabic Braille
500:Egyptian Arabic Braille
5228:Russian lineage family
4718:UNESCO, 1953, pp 27–28
4456:2nd B braille pattern
4424:2nd Dh braille pattern
4390:Additional consonants
2914:reports a few others.
69:
5992:Accessible publishing
5918:Schools for the blind
5897:Japan Braille Library
5686:Computer Braille Code
5340:Indian lineage family
4752:"World Braille Usage"
4481:2nd K braille pattern
898:Basic correspondences
67:
5756:Mountbatten Brailler
5111:(largely reassigned)
4894:(largely reassigned)
50:basic Latin alphabet
5708:Nemeth braille code
5494:(reassigned vowels)
5019:(extended to 8-dot)
4663:World Braille Usage
4391:
4252:
4081:
4080:Fricatives (cont.)
3916:
3746:
3745:Occlusives (cont.)
3556:
3418:
3257:
2981:(in Burkina Faso),
2918:Languages of Zambia
2768:⟨and⟩
875:, which is written
449:Unification of 1878
5742:Braille translator
5719:Braille technology
5695:(science; GS8/GS6)
5664:Symbols in braille
5594:Taiwanese Mandarin
5109:Taiwanese Mandarin
4558:Unesco, 1953, p 25
4389:
4250:
4079:
4007:Arabic/Icelandic Ð
3914:
3845:used for Arabic ء
3842:English apostrophe
3744:
3554:
3416:
3255:
2788:basic Latin script
2746:alphabet, such as
70:
38:braille uniformity
6015:
6014:
5937:tactile alphabets
5865:William Bell Wait
5858:Sabriye Tenberken
5659:
5658:
5524:
5523:
5509:(Japanese vowels)
5307:-mediated scripts
5234:-mediated scripts
4598:Western Armenian
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4385:
4384:
4244:
4243:
4075:
4074:
3908:
3907:
3740:
3739:
3548:
3547:
3412:
3411:
3170:Hungarian Braille
2776:⟨q⟩
2756:⟨ç⟩
2740:
2739:
843:
842:
446:
445:
16:(Redirected from
6040:
6008:
6001:
5999:Braille literacy
5994:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5800:
5793:
5791:Slate and stylus
5786:
5779:
5777:Perkins Brailler
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5735:Braille embosser
5730:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5652:
5644:
5637:
5619:
5612:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5559:
5556:American Braille
5540:
5537:Algerian Braille
5517:
5510:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5426:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5332:
5324:
5317:
5293:
5286:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4851:
4850:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4801:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4732:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4678:
4672:
4660:
4654:
4647:
4641:
4634:
4628:
4625:Japanese Braille
4621:
4615:
4596:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4532:
4500:
4468:
4441:
4416:
4392:
4388:
4377:
4361:
4331:
4315:
4293:
4277:
4253:
4249:
4227:
4211:
4179:
4160:
4139:
4106:
4082:
4078:
4067:
4042:
4026:
4002:
3973:
3957:
3941:
3917:
3913:
3889:
3873:
3857:
3839:
3819:
3803:
3787:
3771:
3747:
3743:
3726:
3710:
3675:
3659:
3629:
3613:
3597:
3581:
3557:
3553:
3527:
3511:
3476:
3460:
3443:
3419:
3415:
3393:
3377:
3346:
3330:
3302:
3282:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3206:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3131:
3127:
3115:
3111:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3001:Congress of 1929
2993:(in Niger), and
2947:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2885:
2882:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1929:
1917:
1908:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1746:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
905:
904:
878:
859:
852:
835:
824:
813:
802:
791:
780:
769:
758:
747:
736:
725:
714:
703:
690:
679:
668:
657:
646:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
569:
558:
551:
550:
528:American Braille
464:English alphabet
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
80:
79:
40:is to unify the
21:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5823:Charles Barbier
5821:
5814:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5655:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5573:
5562:
5554:
5548:Frequency-based
5543:
5535:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5498:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5429:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:Bharati Braille
5341:
5335:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5302:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4918:Unified English
4912:
4905:
4898:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4847:Braille scripts
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4726:
4722:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4702:
4679:
4675:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4648:
4644:
4635:
4631:
4622:
4618:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4504:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4449:
4425:
4420:
4335:
4297:
4239:
4231:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4164:
4121:
4112:
4110:
4048:
4046:
4008:
4006:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3898:
3896:
3823:
3730:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3641:
3636:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3417:Vowels (cont.)
3402:
3397:
3359:
3350:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3246:grade 2 braille
3234:
3212:
3201:
3176:for the series
3103:Latvian Braille
3097:In the case of
3064:Tibetan Braille
3011:
3003:
2784:
2775:
2767:
2755:
2623:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2163:
2151:
2141:
2130:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2010:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1966:
1957:
1942:
1931:
1919:
1910:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1748:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1048:
900:
836:
825:
814:
803:
792:
781:
770:
759:
748:
737:
726:
715:
704:
691:
680:
669:
658:
647:
636:
625:
614:
603:
592:
581:
570:
559:
478:became English
470:became English
451:
62:
60:Numerical order
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6046:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5985:
5984:Related topics
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5960:New York Point
5956:
5949:
5941:
5939:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5844:Harris Mowbray
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5728:Braille e-book
5723:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5682:
5675:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5308:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5237:
5235:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5156:
5149:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4857:
4855:French-ordered
4848:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4748:
4747:, Unesco, 1949
4740:
4739:External links
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:braille value.
4720:
4711:
4700:
4673:
4669:Danish Braille
4665:, UNESCO, 2013
4655:
4642:
4638:Danish Braille
4629:
4616:
4591:
4580:
4571:
4560:
4551:
4541:. UNESCO. 1953
4526:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4479:
4469:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4442:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4332:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4294:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4180:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4107:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4003:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3974:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3827:also Indic KṢ
3825:
3820:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3727:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3477:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3311:Scandinavian Æ
3303:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3199:
3106:
3095:
3060:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2863:
2862:
2783:
2780:
2758:, whereas the
2744:French Braille
2738:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2133:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2021:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1991:
1980:
1971:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1769:
1761:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
899:
896:
841:
840:
829:
818:
807:
796:
785:
774:
763:
752:
741:
730:
719:
708:
696:
695:
684:
673:
662:
651:
640:
629:
618:
607:
596:
585:
574:
563:
539:
538:
450:
447:
444:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
61:
58:
30:Main article:
26:
18:Dobuan Braille
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6045:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5967:Night writing
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:Organisations
5873:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5837:Valentin Haüy
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5816:Louis Braille
5813:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:Braille watch
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5672:Braille music
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:Luxembourgish
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:Other scripts
5432:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5338:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5226:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5206:Northern Sámi
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:Nordic family
5153:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5095:South African
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5017:Luxembourgish
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4830:ASCII braille
4827:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4791:
4786:
4784:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4730:
4724:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4697:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4659:
4652:
4646:
4639:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4555:
4537:
4531:
4527:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3202:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3135:
3123:
3119:
3116:for a second
3107:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:. These are
2950:
2940:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2890:. These are
2889:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2779:
2765:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1044:
906:
903:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
848:
839:
834:
830:
828:
823:
819:
817:
812:
808:
806:
801:
797:
795:
790:
786:
784:
779:
775:
773:
768:
764:
762:
757:
753:
751:
746:
742:
740:
735:
731:
729:
724:
720:
718:
713:
709:
707:
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
683:
678:
674:
672:
667:
663:
661:
656:
652:
650:
645:
641:
639:
634:
630:
628:
623:
619:
617:
612:
608:
606:
601:
597:
595:
590:
586:
584:
579:
575:
573:
568:
564:
562:
557:
553:
549:
547:
542:
536:
535:
534:
531:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:, and French
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
455:Louis Braille
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
309:
308:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
239:
238:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
169:
168:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
99:
98:
89:main sequence
86:
81:
78:
74:
66:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
5507:Thai and Lao
5184:Scandinavian
4822:
4816:1829 braille
4808:Braille cell
4756:. Retrieved
4723:
4714:
4703:
4695:
4681:
4676:
4671:conventions.
4658:
4650:
4645:
4632:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4583:
4574:
4563:
4554:
4543:. Retrieved
4530:
4509:
4484:
4451:
4427:
4401:Extended use
4337:
4334:Indic Ṛ or Ṟ
4299:
4262:Extended use
4233:
4195:
4146:
4123:
4091:Extended use
4053:
4010:
3986:
3981:
3926:Extended use
3900:
3756:Extended use
3732:
3694:
3643:
3566:Extended use
3540:
3495:
3428:Extended use
3404:
3361:
3314:
3286:
3267:Extended use
3241:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3217:
3208:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3174:Thai Braille
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3012:
3004:
2974:
2973:
2948:
2938:
2925:
2921:
2920:distinguish
2916:
2911:
2887:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2785:
2741:
2734:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2671:
2665:
2660:
2646:
2632:
2613:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2565:
2553:
2526:
2519:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2414:
2402:
2365:
2330:
2308:
2289:
2282:
2255:
2183:
2157:
2135:
2124:
2023:
1982:
1937:
1914:
1888:
1806:
1720:
1713:
1701:
1679:
1672:
1642:
1625:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1579:
1562:
1532:
1485:
1458:
1413:
1358:
1346:
1274:
1187:
901:
891:
887:
879:
872:
864:
860:
853:
846:
844:
545:
543:
540:
532:
524:
519:
515:
507:
503:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
452:
92:
75:
71:
45:
37:
36:The goal of
35:
6006:RoboBraille
5830:Róża Czacka
5770:Perforation
5567:Independent
5465:(Bhutanese)
5200:Greenlandic
4871:Azerbaijani
4478:German "ck"
4240:Chinese SH
4163:/x/ or /ks/
3915:Fricatives
3555:Occlusives
3436:long I (ai)
2807:Greenlandic
849:is written
380:5th decade
310:4th decade
240:3rd decade
170:2nd decade
100:1st decade
6022:Categories
5558:(obsolete)
5539:(obsolete)
5331:(Pakistan)
5242:Belarusian
5124:Vietnamese
5067:Portuguese
5053:Philippine
5010:Lithuanian
4758:2012-04-19
4545:2012-04-24
4522:References
4505:French "à"
4238:German SCH
3985:Icelandic
3832:apostrophe
3824:African KW
3099:diacritics
2995:Luba-Sanga
2975:Ethnologue
2912:Ethnologue
2904:Hiligaynon
2853:(Kuanua),
2815:Indonesian
2801:(Nyanja),
2770:, and the
1136:Hungarian
890:and Greek
83:diacritic
5974:Vibratese
5953:Moon type
5946:Decapoint
5627:Eight-dot
5580:Cantonese
5529:Reordered
5492:Inuktitut
5381:Malayalam
5291:Ukrainian
5270:Mongolian
5249:Bulgarian
5212:Norwegian
5177:Icelandic
4968:Hungarian
4926:Esperanto
4878:Cantonese
4111:Arabic Š,
2847:Tok Pisin
2827:Malaysian
1588:Armenian
1223:Albanian
884:beta code
482:, French
474:, French
5610:Japanese
5471:Georgian
5463:Dzongkha
5449:Armenian
5367:Gujarati
5232:Cyrillic
5163:Estonian
5138:Yugoslav
5074:Romanian
5046:Nigerian
4961:Hawaiian
4947:Ghanaian
4864:Albanian
4608:p t ch k
4604:p t č̣ k
4508:English
4503:Arabic ʿ
4483:English
4476:Indic KH
4471:African
4450:English
4444:African
4426:English
4421:Arabic Ẓ
4419:Indic ḌH
4342:African
4336:English
4298:English
4251:Liquids
4232:English
4230:Arabic Ħ
4194:English
4184:African
4182:Indic GH
4165:Arabic X
4145:English
4142:Indic JH
4122:English
4113:African
4052:English
4049:Arabic Ṣ
4045:French Ç
4009:English
4005:Indic DH
3980:English
3978:Arabic Θ
3976:Indic TH
3899:English
3892:African
3822:Arabic Q
3731:English
3729:Indic CH
3693:English
3688:African
3642:English
3539:English
3534:African
3530:German Ü
3494:English
3485:African
3483:Indic AU
3481:German Ö
3479:French Œ
3446:Indic AI
3403:English
3398:African
3360:English
3351:African
3313:English
3309:Arabic Ā
3305:German Ä
2823:Malagasy
2629:Chinese
2317:Tibetan
1445:Russian
908:Letter:
882:, as in
494:English
486:English
6028:Braille
5515:Tibetan
5456:Burmese
5442:Amharic
5425:(India)
5402:Sinhala
5395:Punjabi
5374:Kannada
5322:Persian
5277:Russian
5217:Swedish
5195:Finnish
5170:Faroese
5145:Zambian
5117:Turkish
5102:Spanish
5025:Maltese
5003:Latvian
4996:Italian
4975:Iñupiaq
4954:Guarani
4914:English
4885:Catalan
4802:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
4797:Braille
4612:b d j g
4600:b d ǰ g
4398:Braille
4296:Indic Ḷ
4259:Braille
4189:Arabic
4109:Indic Ś
4088:Braille
4047:Indic Ṣ
3923:Braille
3897:Indic Ṅ
3753:Braille
3683:Arabic
3637:Arabic
3563:Braille
3532:Indic Ū
3425:Braille
3396:Indic Ī
3349:Indic Ĕ
3307:Indic Ā
3285:Arabic
3264:Braille
3256:Vowels
2922:ñ/ŋ/ng’
2900:Cebuano
2896:Ilocano
2892:Tagalog
2839:Swahili
2831:Ndebele
1949:Arabic
1941:
1930:
1918:
1909:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1766:
1755:
1747:
1741:Hebrew
1051:French
95:suppl.
42:braille
32:Braille
5935:Other
5808:People
5798:Braigo
5617:Korean
5485:Hebrew
5416:Telugu
5315:Arabic
5305:Arabic
5263:Kyrgyz
5256:Kazakh
5190:Danish
5088:Slovak
5081:Samoan
5060:Polish
5039:Navajo
4940:German
4933:French
4800:
4404:Notes
4395:Letter
4265:Notes
4256:Letter
4094:Notes
4085:Letter
3929:Notes
3920:Letter
3759:Notes
3750:Letter
3678:Indic
3632:Indic
3569:Notes
3560:Letter
3431:Notes
3422:Letter
3270:Notes
3261:Letter
3168:. See
3136:- and
3087:, and
3052:, and
3031:, and
2983:Rwanda
2963:, and
2957:Kaonde
2906:, and
2886:, for
2819:Luvale
2803:Dobuan
1310:Greek
1047:Values
510:. For
54:UNESCO
5651:(GS8)
5642:Kanji
5500:Khmer
5478:Greek
5409:Tamil
5342:i.e.
5303:i.e.
5284:Tatar
5230:i.e.
5131:Welsh
5032:Māori
4989:Irish
4907:Dutch
4900:Czech
4539:(PDF)
4324:2nd R
4300:world
4286:2nd L
4220:2nd H
4035:2nd S
3668:2nd D
3622:2nd T
3520:2nd U
3469:2nd O
3386:2nd I
3339:2nd E
3295:2nd A
2991:Zarma
2987:Rundi
2979:Mòoré
2969:Ganda
2965:Tonga
2961:Lunda
2924:from
2908:Bicol
2855:Xhosa
2851:Tolai
2843:Swazi
2835:Shona
2799:Chewa
2795:Bemba
2464:Thai
1036:(...)
873:omega
847:gamma
5423:Urdu
5388:Odia
5329:Urdu
4610:and
4602:and
4492:ayin
4485:ance
4448:, GB
3644:with
3287:alif
3154:and
3132:for
3128:and
3112:and
2953:Lozi
2859:Zulu
2811:Huli
2720:yang
2657:h, x
2654:g, j
2566:เ-ือ
1565:shch
4982:IPA
4729:IPA
4696:nga
4651:ng’
4428:for
4147:was
4054:and
4011:the
3901:ing
3240:or
3120:or
2941:vs
2939:ng’
2762:in
2735:wei
2725:wai
2670:k,
2568:uea
2494:-ัว
2451:tsh
2256:क्ष
6024::
4684:,
4510:of
4452:bb
4409:Dh
4346:/
4338:er
4234:wh
4196:gh
4172:GH
4132:ZH
4124:sh
4117:,
4099:SH
3995:DH
3982:th
3966:TH
3882:NG
3733:ch
3719:CH
3695:ed
3541:ou
3496:ow
3489:,
3405:in
3362:en
3355:,
3315:ar
3242:d-
3238:a-
3209:ph
3207:พ
3203:,
3198:ph
3196:ผ
3192:,
3188:ป
3184:,
3180:บ
3166:ny
3161:–
3152:sh
3147:–
3080:,
3073:,
3057:th
3050:sh
3045:,
3043:ch
3024:,
2989:,
2985:,
2967:.
2959:,
2955:,
2949:ng
2926:ng
2910:;
2902:,
2898:,
2894:,
2879:,
2867:ch
2857:,
2849:,
2845:,
2841:,
2837:,
2833:,
2829:,
2825:,
2821:,
2817:,
2813:,
2809:,
2805:,
2797:,
2778:.
2715:an
2710:wu
2699:er
2694:ch
2686:wo
2661:yi
2647:ye
2624:w
2616:am
2614:-ำ
2590:kh
2584:th
2562:ph
2535:kh
2533:ข
2529:ch
2520:โ-
2501:เ-
2496:ua
2459:w
2444:ch
2437:ts
2426:ཨུ
2392:ཨོ
2360:ཨི
2342:ཨེ
2333:kh
2311:ṭh
2301:ज़
2258:kṣ
2200:फ़
2186:ch
2142:’y
2131:kh
2114:ـُ
1985:ـِ
1920:ch
1899:וּ
1857:פּ
1849:וֹ
1817:כּ
1799:ִי
1753:בּ
1736:w
1698:t’
1645:č̣
1535:ch
1499:zh
1488:kh
1461:ts
1440:–
1425:ks
1416:ou
1414:ου
1349:ch
1338:ph
1305:–
1275:rr
1218:w
1131:w
894:.
871:ω
4920:)
4916:(
4789:e
4782:t
4775:v
4761:.
4692:⠁
4689:⠛
4686:⠝
4682:ŋ
4653:.
4627:.
4548:.
4473:Ƙ
4461:K
4446:Ɓ
4434:B
4370:W
4354:Y
4348:Ɛ
4344:Ẹ
4308:R
4270:L
4204:H
4191:Ɣ
4186:Ɣ
4153:X
4119:Ʃ
4115:Ṣ
4060:Z
4019:S
3987:Þ
3950:V
3934:F
3894:Ŋ
3866:N
3850:M
3812:Q
3796:G
3780:K
3764:J
3703:C
3690:Ɖ
3685:Ḍ
3680:Ḍ
3652:D
3639:Ṭ
3634:Ṭ
3606:T
3590:B
3574:P
3536:Ụ
3504:U
3491:Ɔ
3487:Ọ
3453:O
3400:Ị
3370:I
3357:Ɛ
3353:Ẹ
3323:E
3275:A
3214:.
3211:2
3205:⠹
3200:1
3194:⠏
3190:p
3186:⠯
3182:b
3178:⠧
3163:⠫
3159:n
3156:⠝
3149:⠱
3145:s
3142:⠎
3138:i
3134:e
3130:⠌
3126:⠡
3122:i
3118:e
3114:⠔
3110:⠢
3092:y
3089:⠽
3085:x
3082:⠭
3078:q
3075:⠟
3071:c
3068:⠉
3054:⠹
3047:⠩
3040:⠡
3036:ü
3033:⠳
3029:ö
3026:⠪
3022:ä
3019:⠜
2946:⠛
2943:⠝
2936:⠄
2933:⠛
2930:⠝
2888:ñ
2884:⠝
2881:⠈
2877:n
2861:.
2772:⠯
2760:⠯
2752:⠯
2748:⠯
2729:z
2706:t
2703:s
2690:p
2682:n
2679:m
2676:l
2672:q
2666:r
2651:f
2643:d
2640:c
2637:b
2633:¯
2622:ว
2610:y
2608:ย
2604:f
2602:ฝ
2597:b
2595:บ
2588:ค
2582:ถ
2579:s
2577:ส
2574:r
2572:ร
2560:ผ
2556:∅
2554:อ
2550:n
2548:น
2545:m
2543:ม
2540:l
2538:ล
2527:จ
2522:o
2516:h
2514:ห
2510:k
2508:ก
2503:e
2490:d
2488:ด
2484:u
2482:ุ
2477:i
2475:ิ
2470:a
2468:ะ
2457:ཝ
2449:ཚ
2442:ཆ
2435:ཙ
2431:–
2428:u
2423:t
2421:ཏ
2417:z
2415:ཟ
2411:r
2409:ར
2405:j
2403:ཇ
2399:p
2397:པ
2394:o
2389:n
2387:ན
2384:m
2382:མ
2379:l
2377:ར
2374:k
2372:ཀ
2368:y
2366:ཡ
2362:i
2357:h
2355:ཧ
2352:g
2350:ག
2347:–
2344:e
2339:d
2337:ད
2331:ཁ
2327:b
2325:བ
2322:a
2320:ཨ
2309:ठ
2303:z
2298:y
2296:य
2292:o
2290:ऒ
2285:v
2283:व
2279:u
2277:उ
2274:t
2272:त
2269:s
2267:स
2264:r
2262:र
2252:p
2250:प
2247:ō
2245:ओ
2242:n
2240:न
2237:m
2235:म
2232:l
2230:ल
2227:k
2225:क
2222:j
2220:ज
2217:i
2215:इ
2212:h
2210:ह
2207:g
2205:ग
2202:f
2197:ē
2195:ए
2192:d
2190:द
2184:च
2180:b
2178:ब
2175:a
2173:अ
2164:ū
2160:و
2152:z
2148:ز
2138:ئ
2127:خ
2121:–
2118:u
2109:t
2105:ت
2100:s
2096:س
2091:r
2087:ر
2082:q
2078:ق
2073:–
2070:–
2067:n
2063:ن
2058:m
2054:م
2049:l
2045:ل
2040:k
2036:ك
2030:j
2026:ج
2020:ī
2016:ي
2011:h
2007:ه
2002:–
1999:f
1995:ف
1989:i
1979:d
1975:د
1970:–
1967:b
1963:ب
1958:ā
1954:ا
1943:v
1939:ו
1932:z
1928:ז
1924:–
1916:ח
1911:v
1907:ב
1903:u
1894:ṭ
1890:ט
1885:s
1881:ס
1877:r
1873:ר
1869:q
1865:ק
1861:p
1853:o
1845:n
1841:נ
1837:m
1833:מ
1829:l
1825:ל
1821:k
1812:y
1808:י
1803:i
1795:h
1791:ה
1787:g
1783:ג
1779:f
1775:פ
1771:–
1768:d
1764:ד
1760:–
1757:b
1749:ʼ
1745:א
1734:ւ
1729:z
1727:զ
1723:e
1721:ե
1716:x
1714:խ
1710:v
1708:վ
1704:ë
1702:ը
1696:թ
1693:s
1691:ս
1688:r
1686:ր
1682:g
1680:գ
1675:b
1673:բ
1669:ò
1667:օ
1664:n
1662:ն
1659:m
1657:մ
1654:l
1652:լ
1649:–
1643:ճ
1639:i
1637:ի
1634:h
1632:հ
1628:k
1626:կ
1622:f
1620:ֆ
1617:–
1613:t
1611:տ
1606:ǰ
1604:ջ
1599:p
1597:պ
1593:a
1591:ա
1582:v
1580:в
1574:z
1572:з
1569:–
1563:щ
1559:–
1556:u
1554:у
1551:t
1549:т
1546:s
1544:с
1541:r
1539:р
1533:ч
1529:p
1527:п
1524:o
1522:о
1519:n
1517:н
1514:m
1512:м
1509:l
1507:л
1504:k
1502:к
1497:ж
1494:i
1492:и
1486:х
1482:g
1480:г
1477:f
1475:ф
1472:e
1470:е
1467:d
1465:д
1459:ц
1455:b
1453:б
1450:a
1448:а
1435:z
1433:ζ
1430:y
1428:υ
1423:ξ
1420:–
1410:t
1408:τ
1405:s
1403:σ
1400:r
1398:ρ
1395:–
1392:p
1390:π
1387:o
1385:ο
1382:n
1380:ν
1377:m
1375:μ
1372:l
1370:λ
1367:k
1365:κ
1361:ô
1359:ω
1355:i
1353:ι
1347:χ
1343:g
1341:γ
1336:φ
1333:e
1331:ε
1328:d
1326:δ
1323:–
1320:b
1318:β
1315:a
1313:α
1300:z
1297:y
1294:x
1291:v
1288:u
1285:t
1282:s
1279:r
1271:p
1268:o
1265:n
1262:m
1259:l
1256:k
1253:j
1250:i
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1244:g
1241:f
1238:e
1235:d
1232:c
1229:b
1226:a
1213:–
1210:y
1207:x
1204:v
1201:u
1198:t
1195:s
1192:r
1188:ö
1184:p
1181:o
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1175:m
1172:l
1169:k
1166:j
1163:i
1160:h
1157:g
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1142:b
1139:a
1126:z
1123:y
1120:x
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1111:t
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1105:r
1102:q
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1078:i
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1069:f
1066:e
1063:d
1060:c
1057:b
1054:a
1040:⠺
1032:⠵
1027:⠽
1022:⠭
1017:⠧
1012:⠥
1007:⠞
1002:⠎
997:⠗
992:⠟
987:⠏
982:⠕
977:⠝
972:⠍
967:⠇
962:⠅
957:⠚
952:⠊
947:⠓
942:⠛
937:⠋
932:⠑
927:⠙
922:⠉
917:⠃
912:⠁
892:ω
888:w
880:w
877:⠺
865:c
861:c
858:⠉
854:g
851:⠛
838:w
827:z
816:y
805:x
794:v
783:u
772:t
761:s
750:r
739:q
728:p
717:o
706:n
693:m
682:l
671:k
660:j
649:i
638:h
627:g
616:f
605:e
594:d
583:c
572:b
561:a
546:w
520:h
516:d
508:d
504:d
496:z
492:ç
488:y
484:z
480:x
476:y
472:w
468:x
460:w
441:⠰
436:⠐
431:⠴
426:⠔
421:⠦
416:⠶
411:⠖
406:⠢
401:⠲
396:⠒
391:⠆
386:⠂
374:⠸
369:⠨
364:⠺
359:⠪
354:⠳
349:⠻
344:⠫
339:⠱
334:⠹
329:⠩
324:⠣
319:⠡
314:⠠
304:⠼
299:⠬
294:⠾
289:⠮
284:⠷
279:⠿
274:⠯
269:⠵
264:⠽
259:⠭
254:⠧
249:⠥
244:⠤
234:⠜
229:⠌
224:⠞
219:⠎
214:⠗
209:⠟
204:⠏
199:⠕
194:⠝
189:⠍
184:⠇
179:⠅
174:⠄
164:⠘
159:⠈
154:⠚
149:⠊
144:⠓
139:⠛
134:⠋
129:⠑
124:⠙
119:⠉
114:⠃
109:⠁
104:⠀
20:)
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