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972:, during a visit to the state, called Ray's administration "gubernatorial lunacy." Ray's own campaign manager, Blair Butterworth, vaguely quipped, "we thought she would be the best governor Washington ever had, or the worst, and we were right." Support from her fellow scientists, however, was often positive;
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by families of the deceased, alleging negligence against the state, would be summarily dismissed in court for lack of evidence.) After the eruption, Ray would falsely claim that all killed were near the mountain illegally while it was found all but one individual was allowed to be there. On the day
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For the first time in the four years that I've lived in
Seattle, the political climate is volatile, exciting, terrifying. Each day's newspapers bring fresh atrocities from Olympia, the state capital. The opposition is mounting with volcanic pressure, and the press is almost universally merciless with
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Back in
Washington, Ray sometimes engaged in elaborate ceremony; on her inauguration she hosted not just one but nine inaugural balls. To promulgate House Bill 491, a relatively minor $ 13 million appropriations measure, she had nearly 1,000 people assembled in the rotunda of the Legislative Building
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Her driving was infamous and my one ride with her, in a three-quarter-ton flatbed truck, was wholly memorable. Admittedly, it was an early Sunday morning, but sliding through stop signs, a few crosswise, was disconcerting at best. The ride went over the top when we reached the
Science Center. The lot
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However, less than a year after taking over, Ray had forced Shaw out, ordering that research and development be separated from safety programs as some environmental groups had demanded. In addition to its research responsibilities, the AEC was charged with the manufacture of nuclear weapons for the
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As a scientist, Ray was fascinated by the possibility of an eruption. In the weeks leading up to the fateful event, Ray flew to the mountain in the governor's plane, circling the peak and remarking, "I've always said I wanted to live long enough to see one of our volcanoes erupt." The cataclysmic
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to invite Ray to take over the nearly-bankrupt science museum for an annual salary of $ 20,000. Ray jumped at the opportunity and immediately began a top-to-bottom overhaul of the center, declaring "I'll be damned if I'm going to become a landlady to a hoary old museum." Under Ray's guidance, the
1062:, which occurred on May 18, 1980, killed 57 people. The level of devastation caused by the ensuing ash cloud, earthquakes, electrical storms, and flooding was unprecedented and, the following day, Ray invoked her emergency powers to postpone local elections, which had been scheduled for May 20.
1217:(ASME) established an award in Dixy Lee Ray's honor for engineering contributions to the field of environmental protection. The award, which consists of a bronze medal with the governor's likeness and a cash grant, was first given to Clyde W. Frank in 1999 and has been made annually since.
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After assuming office, Ray tightened
Washington state spending and began an audit of state salaries and programs. She balanced the state budget and during her tenure as Governor oversaw the state's first full funding for basic public education. As the first resident of the
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during the
International Indian Ocean Expedition. Her reputation in the classroom swung between wild extremes; students either "loved her or loathed her," as did faculty members. One fellow professor reportedly described her as "an intemperate, feeble-minded old bitch."
776:. Later asked why she decided to make her first run for public office the highest office in the state, she would reason, "I was much too old to start at the bottom, so I decided to start at the top." Though previously politically unaffiliated, she declared herself a
442:. In 1930, at age 16, she legally changed her name to "Dixy Lee"; as a child she had been referred to by family members as "little Dickens" (an idiom for "devil") and Dixy was a shortened form of the nickname. She chose "Lee" because of a family connection to
1184:, as "one of a kind." "She had a brilliant mind," Spellman said. "Her strength was as a teacher and a lecturer. She had this really bubbling personality. People weren't quite used to anybody that outspoken. But whatever she said, people still loved her."
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group, she was asked by one member if she had met any gay federal employees and if they ever felt under pressure. Ray responded, "I don't know any – you can't tell by looking at them," drawing applause from attendees. In another instance, she declared
876:, championed support for unrestrained growth and development, and continued to express enthusiasm for atomic power. She likewise alienated the state's Republican establishment after she fired 124 appointees of her predecessor, three-term governor
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The emergency decree was followed, on April 30, by the declaration of a "red zone" in southwestern
Washington where public access would be banned and relocation of the population would be compelled by state troops, if necessary. Ray ordered the
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Ray's friend and a co-author in two of her books, Lou Guzzo, concluded that "she should have never gone into politics." "We thought it was time for someone in politics who tells the truth all the time," Guzzo recalled. "It didn't work."
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later credited the red zone restrictions with saving 5,000 to 30,000 people from certain death. At the same time, however, Ray was criticized for establishing a parallel "blue zone" where the public was generally banned, but
1157:, she described environmentalists as "mostly white, middle to upper income and predominantly college educated ... they are distinguished by a vocal do-good mentality that sometimes cloaks a strong streak of
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quoted her as saying she favored "abolishing political parties and taking away voting rights from anyone who fails to vote in two consecutive elections." During her retirement she co-authored two books with
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was full of cars without permits. Trying to fit in a very small space with a large flatbed truck, she dented two cars, broke the taillight off a third, and finally vaporized the rear window of a fourth.
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Ray led the
Pacific Science Center back into financial solvency. Her aggressive fundraising for the center also helped introduce her to many of the city's most influential citizens, including Senator
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The subject of Dixy Lee Ray's sexual orientation was carefully avoided in public discussion both during, and after, her life. While there were many rumors regarding her sexuality, the specific word "
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only once – the day she was sworn in as an assistant secretary of state." In a parting shot as she left D.C., Ray declared that "anything the private sector can do, the government can do it worse."
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U.S. military. Ray would later fondly recall the first time she saw a nuclear warhead, describing it "like a piece of beautiful sculpture, a work of the highest level of technological skill."
593:. Jim Anderson, who would eventually teach fisheries science at the University of Washington, recalled a typical encounter with Ray, for whom he worked at the Pacific Science Center in 1968:
371:. Under her leadership, research and development were separated from safety programs, and Milton Shaw, the head of the powerful reactor development division, was removed. She was appointed
923:. "I don't believe our citizens are lax, or lazy, or indifferent," Ray fired. "In Washington we have a strong voluntary energy conservation program. We don't need legislative incentives."
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Dixy. But she plows forward with a stamina that could belong only to someone who, when not living in the governor's mansion, lives on an island, in a mobile home, with five dogs.
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noted, at the time, that it was ordinarily "unusual for more than a dozen people to show up" to bill signings, which would customarily be held in the governor's office).
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Ray displayed a blunt, sometimes confrontational, style on the campaign trail, for which she would later become known. During a visit with the Dorian
Society, a Seattle
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opined that Ray was ahead of her time. "It's interesting to note that many of her views are either mainstream or are creeping back into acceptability," Berger wrote.
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Ray's uncompromising belief in the correctness of her views occasionally spilled over state lines. During what was supposed to be a routine joint press conference in
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Ray's hands-on approach to running the
Pacific Science Center reflected at every level. She kept a police whistle in her desk that she would use to run off loitering
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during Ray's term, recalled her in different tones. "I'm sure she made valuable contributions as an educator," Walgren noted. "I can't remember any as governor."
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537:. In 1957, she was made an associate professor at the University of Washington. During her time there, she also served as chief scientist aboard the schooner
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with speculations of the mincemeat that would be made of her by such AEC "heavies" as Milton Shaw, head of the powerful division of reactor development, and
888:." Her treatment of the media was similarly dismissive. Local television reporter Paul Boyd once interviewed the governor while she was dressed in "a ratty
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Following her appointment to the commission, news of her personal eccentricities began to emerge after reporters discovered she was living out of a 28-foot
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from 1977 to 1981. Variously described as idiosyncratic and "ridiculously smart," she was the state's first female governor and was in office during the
639:, Ray declined the offer, saying "I'm living where I like to live." Nonetheless, she ultimately relented after being persuaded by her longtime friend
402:, championed support for unrestrained growth and development, and continued to express enthusiasm for atomic energy. On April 3, 1980, she declared a
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Dixy Lee Ray died on
January 2, 1994, at her home. Shortly before her death, it was reported that she had had a bronchial infection, which led to
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1000:. Warning that "the possibility of a major eruption or mudflow is real," she urged a sometimes skeptical public to stay away from the mountain.
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Ray's death was met with opinionated reflections on her life by her many friends and enemies. She was eulogized by her successor as governor,
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635:. The offer of appointment came via a telephone call after she was paged in an airport. After being told she would have to relocate to
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loggers were permitted. (When the mountain finally erupted, 11 of those killed were loggers operating in the blue zone. A subsequent
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Nonetheless, she quickly alienated fellow Democrats with her conservative views on energy and the environment. She approved allowing
833:, 53%–44%. On election night, asked by a reporter to explain her surprise victory, she offered, "it can't be because I'm so pretty?"
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Trashing the Planet: How Science Can Help Us Deal With Acid Rain, Depletion of the Ozone, and Nuclear Waste (Among Other Things)
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The peripheral nervous system of L̲a̲m̲p̲a̲n̲y̲c̲t̲u̲s̲ l̲e̲u̲c̲o̲p̲s̲a̲r̲u̲s̲ : with comparative notes on other Iniomi
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Press and political opposition solidified in the face of her unyielding style of governance. In a critical 1977 article in
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was transformed from a traditional, exhibit-oriented museum to an interactive learning center, and returned to solvency.
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While Washington's chief executive, Ray split her time between the Governor's Mansion (pictured) and a trailer on rural
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Containing Science: The U.S. National Security State and Scientists' Challenge to Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War
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reporter Shelby Scates, who had deluged her with tough questions on the campaign trail, would "learn what the words
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Pacific Science Center was converted from a traditional, exhibit-oriented museum to an interactive learning center.
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During her time as commission chair, which lasted until the AEC was abolished in 1975, Ray presented a 17-year-old
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Her personal quirks were widely perceived as a weakness by tenured bureaucrats. A profile by Graham Chedd in
315:(September 3, 1914 – January 2, 1994) was an American academic, scientist, and politician who served as the
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2856:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.).
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2552:"Ray's Family: Autopsy Photos 'Denigrating' Polaroids Of Corpses Discovered In Desk Of Ex-County Employee"
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1273:" was never used to describe her and many people have dismissed those rumors as speculation born of Ray's
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to head her campaign after her former manager, Butterworth, had defected to her rival, then-State Senator
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in 1975, but resigned six months later, complaining about lack of input into department decision making.
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Ray's papers, totaling 190 boxes of records and memorabilia spanning her career, are in deposit at the
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Dixy Lee Ray. Marine Biology, and the Public Understanding of Science in the United States (1930–1970)
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member station, approached Ray about hosting a weekly television program on marine biology. The show,
2770:. Cambridge, MA: Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University Press. pp. 538–539.
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525:. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1947 and, five years later, received a prestigious
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1173:, as the cause of her death. Later, controversy erupted after it emerged that employees of the
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Dixy Lee Ray presents the Pacific Science Center's "Arches of Science" award to Nobel Laureate
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Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
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Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
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Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
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Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
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in carrying out her declaration, with violation punishable by six months imprisonment. The
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with their pink slips." She filled their places with old colleagues, described by some as "
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Intrigued by her reputation as a person who could "make science interesting," producers at
481:. In 1942, a John Switzer Fellowship allowed her to enter a doctoral program in biology at
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The Nation's Energy Future: A Report to Richard M. Nixon, President of the United States
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Ray was the recipient of twenty honorary doctorates from U.S. and foreign universities.
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The End of Energy: The Unmaking of America's Environment, Security, and Independence
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of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, a position Ray would hold several years later.
338:, where she earned a doctorate in biology, Ray became an associate professor at the
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A Comparative Study of the Life Habits of Some Species of Burrowing Eumalacostraca
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Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
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named Jacques. Media reports commented on her unusual hosiery (white knee socks).
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In 1945, Ray returned to Washington to accept a position as an instructor in the
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1725:"From Mt. Rainier to the Governorship of Washington, Dixy Lee Ray Was a Climber"
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called Ray "a very wonderful lady" and said he would support her if she ran for
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of the eruption a request to expand the blue zone sat on Ray's desk unsigned.
850:, Ray hired her elder sister Marion R. Reid to serve as her official hostess.
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Rebel Women of the West Coast: Their Triumphs, Tragedies and Lasting Legacies
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414:. She retired after losing her re-election bid for the Democratic nomination
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2927:. Vol. 87. Pacific Grove, CA: Hopkins Marine Station. pp. 61–178.
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and, at the age of 12, became the youngest girl, up to that time, to summit
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1731:. American Association of University Women. 21 October 2013. Archived from
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1138:. She was frequently in the news giving her opinion of current events. The
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1760:"Dixy Lee Ray: Tough-minded Woman Who Calls Herself 'Chairman' of the AEC"
1085:. McDermott himself went on to lose in the general election to Republican
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To the surprise of many, Ray announced in 1975 she would seek election as
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Almost everyone found the eccentricities delightful, and preserved their
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characteristics and unmarried status, rather than informed assessment.
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medical examiner's office had kept autopsy photos of Ray as souvenirs.
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that is often coupled with a belief that the end justifies the means."
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At the age of 12, Ray became the youngest girl to summit Mount Rainier.
2171:"Dixy Lee Ray - People - Department History - Office of the Historian"
654:. With them is Thomas Nemzek, at the time Director of Reactor R&D.
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2742:"1980 Gubernatorial Democratic Primary Election Results – Washington"
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666:. Each morning she was chauffeured from her RV to the AEC offices in
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A Comparative Study of the Life Habits of Some Species of Burrowing
2508:. State of Washington, Office of the Governor. 1980. Archived from
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948:" and described the increasingly madcap atmosphere in Washington:
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Women in the Biological Sciences: A Biobibliographic Sourcebook
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Grinstein, Louise S; Biermann, Carol A.; Rose, Rose K. (1997).
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915:, Ray reacted with barely concealed disdain to Oregon governor
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2637:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
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1973: Frances K. Hutchinson Medal for Service in Conservation
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fellowship grant, which she used to undertake six months of
2478:
Volcano Cowboys: The Rocky Evolution of a Dangerous Science
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Dixy Lee Ray signing a bill into law in the rotunda of the
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Ware, Susan; Braukman, Lorraine; Braukman, Stacy (2004).
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Governing Codes: Gender, Metaphor, and Political Identity
919:'s call for legislation to encourage the installation of
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The peripheral nervous system of lampanyctus leucopsarus
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The peripheral nervous system of lampanyctus leucopsarus
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Chairmen of the United States Atomic Energy Commission
2400:"Mount St. Helens Tremors Prompt State of Emergency".
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Chedd, Graham (5 July 1973). "The lady gets her way".
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Ray spent the next four years teaching science in the
2874:. Vol. 87. Wiley Interscience. pp. 61–178.
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Warning and response to the Mount St. Helens eruption
1981:"Dixy Lee Ray – How Madame Nuke Took Over Washington"
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covered with dog hair, red socks, and tennis shoes."
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in 1957. She was chief scientist aboard the schooner
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1077:. She lost to McDermott in a contentious Democratic
2415:Saarinen, Thomas Frederick; Sell, James L. (1985).
2336:"Blair Butterworth, top political adviser, is dead"
2261:"Dixy Lee Ray: Unpolitical, Unique, Uncompromising"
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2288:"Governors' tiff affects regional energy programs"
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1532:Governor of Washington Democratic primary – 1980
1286:Governor of Washington Democratic primary – 1976
2720:"Elections Search Results: November 1976 General"
2316:"Senior citizens cheer as Ray signs "their" bill"
2147:. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from
1134:After leaving office, Ray retired to her farm on
650:Ray and her dogs Ghillie and Jacques inspect the
3553:Democratic Party governors of Washington (state)
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815:Ray narrowly won the Democratic nomination over
2200:. University of Washington Press. p. 213.
2998:Register of the Dixy Lee Ray Papers, 1937–1982
1847:A to Z of American Women Leaders and Activists
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2865:. Seattle WA: University of Washington Press.
1701:List of female governors in the United States
3573:United States Assistant Secretaries of State
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670:, accompanied by her 100-pound (45 kg)
162:February 6, 1973 – January 18, 1975
56:January 12, 1977 – January 14, 1981
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2659:"Awards Banquet Draws 'Giants of Endeavor'"
2197:Gay Seattle: Stories of Exile and Belonging
1195:charges based on evidence collected by the
755:committee that she "saw Secretary of State
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360:In 1973, Ray was appointed chairman of the
3588:Women state governors of the United States
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1065:Ray ran for reelection in 1980, enlisting
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353:. Under her guidance, the nearly bankrupt
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1911:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
527:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
109:January 19, 1975 – June 20, 1975
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3528:20th-century American women politicians
2831:Ray, Dixy Lee; Guzzo, Louis R. (1992).
2812:Ray, Dixy Lee; Guzzo, Louis R. (1994).
2793:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
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631:(AEC) on the recommendation of Senator
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3171:United States Atomic Energy Commission
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2443:"Court approves St. Helens settlement"
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1389:Governor of Washington general – 1976
362:United States Atomic Energy Commission
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2532:"Former Gov. Dixy Lee Ray Dead at 79"
2229:. Lexington Books. 2005. p. 31.
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3583:Women in Washington (state) politics
2480:. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 48.
2404:. Boca Raton, Florida. 4 April 1980.
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1028:mobilized and the deployment of the
837:"the best governor ... or the worst"
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461:and graduated as valedictorian from
3563:Politicians from Tacoma, Washington
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2869:
2863:Marine Boring and Fouling Organisms
2860:
2851:
1712:
1249:presented by Awards Council member
1233:1958: Clapp Award in Marine Biology
1191:, who had been indicted on federal
1164:
13:
3593:People from Fox Island, Washington
2759:
1845:Hightower-Langston, Donna (2002).
903:, by the governors of Washington,
880:, offering to send them "a box of
763:Governor of Washington (1977–1981)
733:Westinghouse Science Talent Search
561:in 1968. At the time Seaborg was
549:KCTS-TV and Pacific Science Center
14:
3614:
3523:20th-century American politicians
2985:
2141:"American Academy of Achievement"
1957:
1835:
1779:
1242:1974: Francis Boyer Science Award
1151:movement. In one of those books,
1097:
1017:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
988:On April 3, 1980, Ray declared a
944:labeled Ray as a "slightly wacky
812:really mean" after her election.
487:The peripheral nervous system of
321:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
3578:University of Washington faculty
3538:20th-century American zoologists
3358:
2117:
1245:1979: Golden Plate Award of the
1239:1973: United Nations Peace Medal
1110:
701:joint committee on atomic energy
298:
2734:
2722:. Washington Secretary of State
2712:
2700:. Washington Secretary of State
2687:
2668:
2651:
2645:American Academy of Achievement
2629:
2599:
2581:Berger, Knute (5 August 2014).
2574:
2544:
2524:
2494:
2469:
2455:
2435:
2408:
2393:
2362:
2328:
2308:
2280:
2187:
2163:
2133:
2111:
2058:
1993:
1247:American Academy of Achievement
623:, in 1973 Ray was appointed by
479:Oakland Unified School District
16:American politician (1914–1994)
2837:. New York: Harper Perennial.
2816:. New York: Harper Perennial.
2259:Duncan, Don (3 January 1994).
2120:"The Atomic Energy Commission"
1899:
1888:
1863:
1849:. Facts on File. p. 182.
978:President of the United States
1:
2980:. Oakland, CA: Mills College.
2558:. 4 June 1996. Archived from
1706:
1032:to reinforce the sheriffs of
629:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
609:
2583:"A water taxi named 'Dixy'?"
7:
2065:Graetz, Michael J. (2011).
1979:Mungo, Raymond (May 1977).
1817:"Ray, Dixy Lee (1914–1994)"
1694:
743:In 1975, Ray was appointed
717:Argonne National Laboratory
652:Hanford nuclear reservation
317:17th governor of Washington
10:
3619:
3603:Stadium High School alumni
3568:Stanford University alumni
3543:American marine biologists
2421:. SUNY Press. p. 72.
2344:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1140:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
803:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
323:. She was a supporter of
3367:
3356:
3270:
3180:
3128:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3049:
3044:
3027:
3019:
3014:
2127:U.S. Department of Energy
1580:Dixy Lee Ray (incumbent)
1545:
1542:
1539:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1227:
1109:
1104:
1026:Washington National Guard
485:. Ray's dissertation was
306:
294:
266:
256:
237:
213:
208:
204:
192:
180:
166:
155:
147:
135:
123:
113:
102:
94:
82:
70:
60:
49:
41:
37:
28:
21:
3598:American women academics
3069:Party political offices
3031:Atomic Energy Commission
2664:. The Salt Lake Tribune.
2009:University of Washington
1600:Caroline (Hope) Diamond
1224:at Stanford University.
1060:eruption of the mountain
731:with first place in the
615:Atomic Energy Commission
523:University of Washington
513:University of Washington
422:Early life and education
382:Ray ran for election as
340:University of Washington
150:Atomic Energy Commission
3264:Governors of Washington
2933:10.1002/jmor.1050870104
2880:10.1002/jmor.1050870104
2681:Oregon State University
2502:"EXECUTIVE ORDER 80-07"
2476:Thompson, Dick (2002).
2369:Rubinson, Paul (2008).
2035:Booknotes: Dixy Lee Ray
1257:in Salt Lake City, Utah
1030:Washington State Patrol
579:Animals of the Seashore
489:Lampanyctus leucopsarus
3122:Governor of Washington
3088:Governor of Washington
2976:Ray, Dixy Lee (1938).
2923:Ray, Dixy Lee (1945).
2870:Ray, Dixy Lee (1950).
2861:Ray, Dixy Lee (1959).
2852:Ray, Dixy Lee (1973).
2814:Environmental Overkill
2613:. ASME. Archived from
2042:. 1991. Archived from
1815:Becker, Paula (2004).
1119:interview with Ray on
1020:
980:in the 1980 election.
966:
955:
865:
792:
774:Governor of Washington
720:
705:
655:
600:
583:Pacific Science Center
566:
494:Hopkins Marine Station
457:Ray attended Tacoma's
454:
384:Governor of Washington
355:Pacific Science Center
249:Fox Island, Washington
44:Governor of Washington
2744:. uselectionatlas.org
2448:Eugene Register-Guard
2293:Eugene Register-Guard
2194:Atkins, Gary (2003).
2073:. MIT Press. p.
1213:After her death, the
1187:Former state senator
1006:
960:
950:
856:
828:King County Executive
786:
768:Campaign and election
739:U.S. State Department
710:
689:
649:
595:
556:
452:
3558:Mills College alumni
3215:James R. Schlesinger
2675:Ellis, Erik (2006).
2607:"Dixy Lee Ray Award"
2046:on 24 September 2014
1093:Later life and death
859:Legislative Building
826:with a victory over
824:the general election
753:United States Senate
668:Germantown, Maryland
130:Position established
3185:David E. Lilienthal
3039:Position abolished
3015:Government offices
2695:"Election Abstract"
2641:www.achievement.org
2465:. 21 February 2017.
2380:University of Texas
1939:Mole, Rich (2010).
1917:on October 17, 2014
1877:(Doctoral thesis),
1533:
1390:
1287:
1154:Trashing the Planet
1121:Trashing the Planet
1042:U.S. Forest Service
913:energy conservation
483:Stanford University
467:Oakland, California
459:Stadium High School
406:as a result of the
336:Stanford University
284:Stanford University
3107:Political offices
2562:on 29 October 2014
2463:"Explosive Truths"
2451:. 8 February 1987.
2350:on 29 October 2014
2151:on 29 October 2014
1943:. Heritage House.
1735:on 23 October 2019
1660:Douglas P. Bestle
1620:Robert L. Baldwin
1531:
1517:Maurice W. Willey
1388:
1285:
1265:Sexual orientation
1255:Achievement Summit
1071:Montgomery Johnson
1021:
1007:A bridge carrying
990:state of emergency
984:State of emergency
967:
866:
844:Governor's Mansion
793:
791:open house in 1977
721:
715:, director of the
711:Ray speaking with
672:Scottish deerhound
656:
567:
521:department at the
455:
432:Tacoma, Washington
404:state of emergency
231:Tacoma, Washington
199:Position abolished
3500:
3499:
3230:
3229:
3138:
3137:
3129:Succeeded by
3097:Succeeded by
3059:Succeeded by
3023:James Schlesinger
2844:978-0-06-097490-9
2823:978-0-06-097598-2
2804:978-0-313-29180-7
2777:978-0-674-01488-6
2595:on 8 August 2014.
2487:978-0-312-28668-2
2236:978-0-7391-1199-4
2207:978-0-295-98298-4
2175:history.state.gov
2084:978-0-262-01567-7
1950:978-1-926613-28-4
1856:978-1-4381-0792-9
1692:
1691:
1529:
1528:
1386:
1385:
1281:Electoral history
1132:
1131:
1015:generated by the
994:volcanic eruption
809:persona non grata
508:Scientific career
408:volcanic eruption
310:
309:
228:September 3, 1914
187:James Schlesinger
3610:
3374:
3373:
3362:
3361:
3277:
3276:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3209:Glenn T. Seaborg
3164:
3157:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3112:Preceded by
3077:Albert Rosellini
3074:Preceded by
3062:Frederick Irving
3020:Preceded by
3012:
3011:
2981:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2899:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2827:
2808:
2792:
2781:
2754:
2753:
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2749:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2679:(Ph.D. Thesis).
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:. Archived from
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2556:Spokesman Review
2548:
2542:
2541:
2537:Associated Press
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2382:. Archived from
2377:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2346:. Archived from
2332:
2326:
2325:
2321:Spokesman-Review
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2296:. 28 August 1977
2284:
2278:
2277:
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2256:
2241:
2240:
2223:
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2211:
2191:
2185:
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2098:
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2088:
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2055:
2053:
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2020:
2018:
2016:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1976:
1955:
1954:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1913:. Archived from
1903:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
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1774:
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1744:
1742:
1740:
1721:
1534:
1530:
1391:
1387:
1288:
1284:
1165:Death and legacy
1149:environmentalist
1147:critical of the
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1087:John D. Spellman
1079:primary election
998:Mount St. Helens
929:Associated Press
917:Robert W. Straub
831:John D. Spellman
787:Governor Ray at
687:explained that,
676:miniature poodle
637:Washington, D.C.
412:Mount St. Helens
302:
252:
244:
227:
225:
209:Personal details
195:
183:
160:
142:Frederick Irving
138:
126:
107:
85:
73:
54:
33:
19:
18:
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3079:
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3055:
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3025:
2988:
2964:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2845:
2824:
2805:
2778:
2762:
2760:Further reading
2757:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
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2688:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2617:on 4 March 2016
2605:
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2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2550:
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2545:
2530:
2529:
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2515:
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2506:governor.wa.gov
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2470:
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2456:
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2402:Boca Raton News
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2145:achievement.org
2139:
2138:
2134:
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2099:
2092:
2085:
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2049:
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2014:
2012:
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1998:
1994:
1977:
1958:
1951:
1937:
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1920:
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1905:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1821:historylink.org
1813:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1640:Lloyd G. Isley
1493:Socialist Labor
1354:Marvin Durning
1283:
1267:
1230:
1167:
1123:, June 16, 1991
1111:
1105:External videos
1100:
1095:
1038:Skamania County
1009:State Route 504
986:
921:home insulation
878:Daniel J. Evans
839:
770:
765:
757:Henry Kissinger
741:
633:Warren Magnuson
619:An advocate of
617:
612:
604:Warren Magnuson
551:
515:
510:
428:Marguerite Ray
424:
416:later that year
282:
257:Political party
247:
246:
242:
241:January 2, 1994
229:
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77:Daniel J. Evans
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3203:John A. McCone
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3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3000:
2995:
2994:at HistoryLink
2987:
2986:External links
2984:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2965:|journal=
2920:
2912:|journal=
2867:
2858:
2849:
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2809:
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2758:
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2686:
2667:
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2628:
2598:
2573:
2543:
2523:
2512:on 30 May 2013
2493:
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2427:
2407:
2392:
2389:on 2014-09-24.
2361:
2327:
2324:. 10 May 1979.
2307:
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2110:
2090:
2083:
2057:
2022:
2005:washington.edu
2001:"35 Year Club"
1992:
1956:
1949:
1928:
1907:"Dixy Lee Ray"
1898:
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1498:
1497:Henry Killman
1495:
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1475:
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1437:John Spellman
1435:
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1413:
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1374:Duke Stockton
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1229:
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1189:Gordon Walgren
1166:
1163:
1130:
1129:
1107:
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1099:
1098:After politics
1096:
1094:
1091:
1034:Cowlitz County
985:
982:
892:sports shirt,
838:
835:
769:
766:
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697:Chet Holifield
674:Ghillie and a
616:
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511:
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473:Eumalacostraca
423:
420:
330:A graduate of
308:
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268:
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258:
254:
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245:(aged 79)
239:
235:
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218:Marguerite Ray
217:
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626:
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460:
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444:Robert E. Lee
441:
440:Mount Rainier
437:
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426:Ray was born
419:
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374:
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63:
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36:
32:
27:
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3372:(since 1889)
3272:Territorial
3221:Dixy Lee Ray
3220:
3120:
3115:Daniel Evans
3086:nominee for
3082:
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2788:
2767:
2746:. Retrieved
2736:
2724:. Retrieved
2714:
2704:November 27,
2702:. Retrieved
2689:
2676:
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2621:21 September
2619:. Retrieved
2615:the original
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2593:the original
2586:
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2566:21 September
2564:. Retrieved
2560:the original
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2516:21 September
2514:. Retrieved
2510:the original
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2348:the original
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2300:23 September
2298:. Retrieved
2291:
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2174:
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2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
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2050:21 September
2048:. Retrieved
2044:the original
2034:
2013:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1986:Mother Jones
1984:
1940:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1901:
1890:
1874:
1871:Dixy Lee Ray
1870:
1865:
1846:
1827:21 September
1825:. Retrieved
1823:. HistoryInk
1820:
1771:24 September
1769:. Retrieved
1763:
1739:21 September
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1728:
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1603:
1583:
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1457:Art Manning
1440:
1420:
1416:Dixy Lee Ray
1415:
1377:
1357:
1337:
1317:
1313:Dixy Lee Ray
1312:
1268:
1260:
1219:
1212:
1208:Knute Berger
1205:
1201:
1197:State Patrol
1193:racketeering
1186:
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1120:
1116:
1064:
1056:
1047:Weyerhaeuser
1022:
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968:
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937:Mother Jones
935:
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901:Boise, Idaho
898:
870:supertankers
867:
840:
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771:
742:
726:
722:
719:, circa 1974
713:Robert Sachs
690:
682:
680:
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588:
578:
573:, Seattle's
568:
540:
533:research at
531:postdoctoral
516:
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456:
427:
425:
396:supertankers
381:
359:
345:
329:
313:Dixy Lee Ray
312:
311:
243:(1994-01-02)
198:
194:Succeeded by
157:
137:Succeeded by
129:
104:
84:Succeeded by
51:
23:Dixy Lee Ray
3518:1994 deaths
3513:1914 births
3350:M. C. Moore
3315:M. F. Moore
3275:(1853–1889)
3191:Gordon Dean
3003:Appearances
2748:11 February
1921:October 13,
1680:Jef Jaisun
1513:Libertarian
1334:Wes Uhlman
1069:consultant
970:Ralph Nader
946:Miss Marple
894:sweat pants
874:Puget Sound
872:to dock in
749:Gerald Ford
729:Eric Lander
436:Girl Scouts
400:Puget Sound
398:to dock in
377:Gerald Ford
349:during the
182:Preceded by
175:Gerald Ford
125:Preceded by
118:Gerald Ford
72:Preceded by
3507:Categories
3126:1977–1981
3084:Democratic
3046:New office
3035:1973–1975
2180:2018-03-28
1883:Q113392958
1707:References
1676:Democratic
1656:Democratic
1636:Democratic
1616:Democratic
1596:Democratic
1576:Democratic
1554:Democratic
1540:Candidate
1477:Red Kelly
1433:Republican
1411:Democratic
1397:Candidate
1370:Democratic
1350:Democratic
1330:Democratic
1308:Democratic
1294:Candidate
1136:Fox Island
1083:tchotchkes
1067:Republican
963:Fox Island
848:First Lady
846:without a
820:Wes Uhlman
797:gay rights
660:motor home
610:Government
502:California
261:Democratic
224:1914-09-03
61:Lieutenant
3452:Rosellini
3305:Pickering
2967:ignored (
2957:cite book
2914:ignored (
2904:cite book
2378:(Ph.D.).
2038:(video).
1895:reference
1171:pneumonia
1145:Lou Guzzo
1117:Booknotes
996:posed by
942:Ray Mungo
641:Lou Guzzo
366:President
364:(AEC) by
295:Signature
267:Education
167:President
158:In office
114:President
105:In office
52:In office
3487:Gregoire
3467:Spellman
3442:Wallgren
3407:Cosgrove
3320:Flanders
3290:McMullen
2949:41779856
2941:24538129
2896:41779856
2888:24538129
2726:27 March
2611:asme.org
2588:Crosscut
1879:Wikidata
1873:(1945),
1729:aauw.org
1695:See also
1453:American
778:Democrat
664:Virginia
388:Democrat
3472:Gardner
3447:Langlie
3437:Langlie
3427:Hartley
3397:McBride
3325:Salomon
3300:Wallace
3295:Gholson
3285:Stevens
2795:424–432
1584:234,252
1564:321,256
1441:689,039
1421:821,797
1358:136,290
1338:198,336
1318:205,232
1271:lesbian
1253:at the
1159:elitism
1051:lawsuit
890:Ban-lon
886:yes men
882:kleenex
863:Olympia
591:hippies
571:KCTS-TV
541:Te Vega
535:Caltech
519:zoology
346:Te Vega
3492:Inslee
3432:Martin
3417:Lister
3392:Rogers
3387:McGraw
3369:State
3345:Semple
3340:Squire
3335:Newell
3223:(1973)
3217:(1971)
3211:(1961)
3205:(1958)
3199:(1953)
3193:(1950)
3187:(1946)
3174:Chairs
3007:C-SPAN
2947:
2939:
2894:
2886:
2841:
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2774:
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2425:
2233:
2204:
2081:
2040:C-SPAN
1947:
1881:
1853:
1765:People
1588:41.10
1568:56.37
1543:Votes
1537:Party
1481:12,400
1461:12,406
1445:44.43
1425:53.14
1400:Votes
1394:Party
1297:Votes
1291:Party
1275:tomboy
1228:Honors
1127:C-SPAN
907:, and
905:Oregon
251:, U.S.
233:, U.S.
3482:Locke
3477:Lowry
3457:Evans
3382:Ferry
3330:Ferry
3056:1975
2945:S2CID
2892:S2CID
2698:(PDF)
2662:(PDF)
2387:(PDF)
2376:(PDF)
2123:(PDF)
1688:0.26
1684:1,476
1668:0.44
1664:2,481
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1644:2,723
1628:0.63
1624:3,578
1608:0.73
1604:4,184
1525:0.27
1521:4,133
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1501:4,137
1485:0.80
1465:0.80
1378:5,588
1362:23.3
1342:33.9
1322:35.1
1013:lahar
927:(the
909:Idaho
693:macho
563:Chair
386:as a
42:17th
3422:Hart
3402:Mead
3310:Cole
3093:1976
2969:help
2937:PMID
2916:help
2884:PMID
2839:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2750:2015
2728:2018
2706:2012
2623:2014
2568:2014
2518:2014
2482:ISBN
2423:ISBN
2356:2014
2302:2014
2274:2014
2231:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2157:2014
2079:ISBN
2052:2014
2017:2014
1945:ISBN
1923:2014
1851:ISBN
1829:2014
1773:2014
1741:2014
1382:1.0
1036:and
496:in
392:1976
334:and
238:Died
214:Born
95:1st
3462:Ray
3412:Hay
3005:on
2929:doi
2876:doi
1473:OWL
861:in
747:by
575:PBS
539:SS
465:in
430:in
410:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
