680:
700:
1183:, but sometimes they are also featured as part of the aesthetic elements of a building (as an art installation, for example) or where they can be easily accessible. However, current U.S. building codes prohibit installation of a panel in a bathroom (or similar room), in closets intended for clothing, or where there is insufficient space for an electrician to gain access to the panel. Specific situations, such as an installation outdoors, in a hazardous environment, or in other out-of-the-ordinary locations might require specialized equipment and more stringent installation practices.
1029:
712:
664:
724:
901:
877:
835:
913:
889:
1608:
2187:
827:
749:
1145:
761:, for neutral and earth. The incoming neutral connects to the lower busbar on the right side of the panel, which is in turn connected to the neutral busbar at the top left. The incoming earth wire connects to the lower busbar on the left side of the panel, which is in turn connected to the earth busbar at the top right. The cover has been removed from the lower-right neutral bar; the neutral bar on the left side has its cover in place.
32:
863:(MCBs). A normal new domestic CU used as a main panel might have from 6 to 24 ways for devices (some of which might occupy two ways), and will be split into two or more sections (e.g. a non-RCD section for alarms etc., an RCD-protected section for socket outlets, and an RCD-protected section for lighting and other built-in appliances). Secondary CUs used for outbuildings usually have 1 to 4 ways plus an RCD.
933:
protective device will depend upon the type of electrical circuit it is protecting and what level of protection needs to be afforded. BS7671:2018 Requirements for
Electrical Installations, also referred to as the IET Wiring Regulations, gets regularly updated and its latest edition at the time of writing is amendment 2:2022 released on 28 March 2022. Typical configurations of CU:
679:
654:
configuration appears to display two violations of the current U.S. National
Electric Code: the main panel does not have a grounding conductor (here it is fed through the subpanel instead) and the subpanel neutral bar is bonded to the ground bar (these should be separate bars after the first service disconnect, which in this case is the main panel).
962:
sensitive devices such as RCBOs and AFDDs would not be appropriate, or the independent use of RCBOs, and may be limited to only one or two ways. The remainder of the circuits are divided in the same way as a dual RCD CU. This type of consumer unit offers improved circuit separation over a dual RCD CU whilst allowing for more flexibility.
1136:
assemblies have been tested and approved for use by a recognized authority. Replacing or adding equipment which "just happens to fit" can result in unexpected or even dangerous conditions. Such installations should not be done without first consulting knowledgeable sources, including manufacturers' datasheets.
1081:
Another way to protect circuits under the 17th
Edition IET Wiring Regulations is by fitting Residual Current Circuit Breaker With Overload (RCBOs) to every circuit, and although this is more costly than the RCD+MCB's option, it means any fault condition on a circuit trips only that circuit's RCBO, so
1077:
By arranging the circuits like this, power will still be present on one of the floors if only one RCD trips out. Moreover, having sockets and lights on alternate RCD's means that if a faulty kettle downstairs trips that RCD for example, the kitchen lights will still be available, avoiding the hazard
965:
RCD incomer consumer unit - This is the least convenient solution in terms of circuit separation because the main switch is an RCD. Less common than the other types, it is no longer considered a standalone solution because power to all circuits is lost in the event of an earth fault causing the main
923:
Fuse boxes normally use cartridge or rewirable fuses with no other protective device, and basic 4-ways boxes are very common. Some older boxes are made of brown-black bakelite, sometimes with a wooden base. Although their design is historic, these were standard equipment for new installs as recently
937:
Main switch consumer unit - Consists of a main switch that will disconnect power to all circuits simultaneously which has one busbar linking all protective devices to a common live source, and one neutral conductor or link bar connecting to a common neutral rail. There will be a separate earth rail
638:
to the left with all the white wires, and the two hot wires are attached to the main breaker. Below the main breaker are the two bus bars carrying the current between the main breaker and the two columns of branch circuit breakers, with each respective circuit's red and black hot wires leading off.
1219:
Distribution boards may be surface-mounted or flush. The former arrangement provides easier alteration or addition to wiring at a later date, but the latter arrangement might be neater, particularly for a residential application. The other problem with recessing a distribution board into a wall is
850:
as "A particular type of distribution board comprising a type tested coordinated assembly for the control and distribution of electrical energy, principally in domestic premises..." These installations usually have single-phase supplies at 230 V (nominal standard); historically, they were known as
739:
A common design of fuse box that was featured in homes built from 1940 through 1965 was the 60-amp fuse box that included four plug fuses (i.e. the Edison base) for branch circuits and one or more fuse blocks containing cartridge fuses for purposes such as major appliance circuits. After 1965, the
1135:
for mounting and a standard cut-out shape for seemingly interchangeable breakers, the positions of busbar connections and other features are not standardized. Each manufacturer has one or more "systems", or kinds of breaker panels, that is only fully compatible with breakers of that type. These
1207:
arrangement. The dimmers are equally divided across the three incoming phases. In a 96 dimmer rack, there are 32 dimmers on phase A, 32 dimmers on phase B, and 32 on phase C to spread out the lighting load as equally as possible. In addition to the power feed from the supply transformer in the
961:
High integrity consumer unit - Consists of a main switch that will disconnect power to all circuits simultaneously and three separate live busbars, one linked directly to the main switch and two others on each main RCD. The live busbar on the main switch allows the use of mcbs only where more
653:
The photograph on the left shows a dual panel configuration: a main panel on the right (with front cover in place) and a subpanel on the left (with cover removed). The subpanel is fed by two large hot wires and a neutral wire running through the angled conduit near the top of the panels. This
1186:
Distribution boards may be designated for three phase or single phase and normal power or emergency power, or designated by use such as distribution panels for supplying other panels, lighting panels for lights, power panels for equipment and receptacles and special uses. Panels are located
932:
In the UK, consumer units (CU) have evolved from basic main switch and rewireable fuses, that afforded only overload and short circuit protection, into sophisticated control units housing many safety features that can protect against different types of electrical fault. The choice of circuit
768:
and two single-pole breakers, one unused. The two-pole RCBOs in the picture are not connected across two phases, but have supply-side neutral connections exiting behind the phase busbars. Down the right side of the busbars are a single-pole breaker, a two-pole RCBO and a three-pole breaker.
1082:
the search for the fault is narrowed down from the start. When an electrician must be called out, this localised fault can be resolved faster (and therefore cheaper) in contrast with the RCD+MCB's arrangement, which only indicates a fault somewhere within that RCD's set of circuits.
1036:
Since the introduction of (BS 7671:2008 incorporating amendment no 1: 2011) 17th
Edition IET Wiring Regulations, consumer units in the UK must provide RCD protection to all cables embedded in walls excepting high integrity circuits such as those for burglar alarms or smoke alarms.
981:
The choice of consumer unit will reflect several factors such as the size and layout of the dwelling, number of floors, outbuildings, the expected loads (lighting, sockets, ovens, showers, immersion heaters, car-chargers etc.), and how much protection is required for each circuit.
957:
each with its own live busbar each protecting a separate bank of circuits, typically half-and-half but other combinations are available, from earth leakage faults. Offers a cost-effective solution by using a combination of cheaper mcbs and only two, more expensive,
938:
to allow the main earth conductor to be connected. This example offers the highest degree of circuit separation as all circuits are independent. This particular example amay not be suitable as a standalone solution with only overload and short circuit protection
495:
below), to allow 2- or 3-pole common-trip breakers to have one pole on each phase. In North
America, it is common to wire large permanently installed equipment line-to-line. This takes two slots in the panel (two-pole) and gives a voltage of 240 V for
466:
During servicing of the distribution board, when the cover has been removed and the cables are visible, American panelboards commonly have some live parts exposed. In
Canadian service entrance panelboards the main switch or circuit breaker is located in a
1202:
is used to feed stage lighting instruments. A U.S. style dimmer rack has a 208Y/120 volt 3-phase feed. Instead of just circuit breakers, the rack has a solid state electronic dimmer with its own circuit breaker for each stage circuit. This is known as a
800:. In split-phase panels, separate busbars are fed directly from the incomer, which allows RCDs to be used to protect groups of circuits. Alternatively RCBOs may be used to provide both overcurrent and residual-current protection to single circuits.
866:
Recent (pre-17th edition wiring regulations) CUs would not normally have RCD protected sections for anything other than socket outlets, though some older CUs featured RCD incomers. Before 1990, RCDs (and split busbars) were not standard in CUs.
479:
Breakers are usually arranged in two columns. In a U.S.-style board, breaker positions are numbered left-to-right, along each row from top to bottom. This numbering system is universal with numerous competitive manufacturers of breaker panels.
740:
more substantial 100 A panel with three-wire (230 V) service became common; a fuse box could have fuse blocks for the main shut-off and an electric range circuit plus a number of plug fuses (Edison base or Type S) for individual circuits.
775:
Larger commercial, public, and industrial installations generally use three-phase supplies, with distribution boards which have twin vertical rows of breakers. Larger installations will often use subsidiary distribution boards.
756:
This picture shows the interior of a typical distribution panel in the United
Kingdom. The three incoming phase wires connect to the busbars via a main switch in the centre of the panel. On each side of the panel are two
1220:
that if the wall is solid, a lot of brick or block might need to be removed—generally for this reason, recessed boards would only be installed on new-build projects when the required space can be built into the wall.
1110:
A small number of pre-1950 fuseboxes are still in service. These should be treated with caution because exposed live parts are common on these boxes. The installations they supply will not meet modern standards for
1216:. The information includes lighting level information for each channel, by which it controls which dimmer circuits come up and go out during the lighting changes of the show (light cues), and over what fade time.
1009:). There were a number of similar designs from other manufacturers but the Wylex ones are by far the most commonly encountered and the only ones for which fuseholders/breakers are still commonly available.
471:, a section of the enclosure separated from the rest of the panelboard, so that when the main switch or breaker is switched off no live parts are exposed when servicing the branch circuits.
1123:. In rare instances, old ring circuits may be encountered with no fewer than 4 15 A fuses per ring, one on each of L and N, and this duplicated for each of the two feeds for the ring.
699:
772:
The illustrated panel includes a great deal of unused space; it is likely that the manufacturer produces 18- and 24-position versions of this panel using the same chassis.
427:; that is to say the front of the enclosure (whether it has a door or not) prevents the operator of the circuit breakers from contacting live electrical parts within.
423:
positioned in two columns operable from the front. Some panelboards are provided with a door covering the breaker switch handles, but all are constructed with a
1040:
Consumer units have different methods of protecting circuits. For example, a dual split-load consumer unit can be arranged in a two-story dwelling as follows:
447:
are more common in commercial and industrial applications and employ bolt-on breakers. Residential and light commercial panels are generally referred to as
331:
663:
1416:
779:
In both cases, modern boards handling supplies up to around 100 A (CUs) or 200 A (distribution boards) use circuit breakers and RCDs on
1459:
985:
The box pictured top-right is a "Wylex standard" fitted with rewirable fuses. These boxes can also be fitted with cartridge fuses or miniature
953:
Main Switch and Dual RCD consumer unit - Consists of a main switch that will disconnect power to all circuits simultaneously and two 30mA RCDs
634:. The three service conductors—two 'hot' lines and one neutral—can be seen coming in at the top. The neutral wire is connected to the neutral
723:
685:
Illustration of breaker numbering in a North
American type panelboard. Some labels are missing, and some are additional. The numbers on the
2132:
924:
as the 1980s, so they are very common. Fuseholders in these boxes may not provide protection from accidental contact with live terminals.
1364:
1330:
978:
arrangements are not. Mixing of different brands devices is against the manufacturers requirements and should generally be avoided.
639:
Three wires (hot black, neutral white, and bare ground) can be seen exiting the left side of the enclosure running directly to a
324:
150:
96:
68:
1293:
2216:
2190:
1607:
75:
2029:
787:) which switches the phase and neutral lines for the whole supply. (n.b., an incomer may be referred to, or sold as, an
214:
49:
2137:
1452:
1324:
317:
145:
1757:
1006:
115:
1085:
Some older systems such as those that use MK or old MEM Consumer Units that had one fuse per spur, so for instance:
900:
876:
82:
711:
1920:
1845:
1716:
783:
mountings. The main distribution board in an installation will also normally provide a main switch (known as an
1115:. Another characteristic of very old installations is that there may be two fuses for each circuit; one on the
912:
888:
64:
53:
2092:
2024:
2014:
1890:
1790:
1445:
650:
plugged into it. The incoming bare, stranded ground wire can be seen near the bottom of the neutral bus bar.
260:
255:
1273:
1020:
strip light to their 'Lumo' consumer unit to enhance visibility in dark locations such as under staircases.
1945:
1905:
1482:
239:
459:
conductors are secured to a terminal block attached directly to the panelboard enclosure, which is itself
2172:
2167:
1885:
1860:
1850:
1826:
1821:
1527:
1167:
and security, domestic circuit breaker panels and consumer units are normally located in out-of-the-way
2211:
2087:
1805:
1775:
1552:
501:
497:
199:
943:
2142:
1631:
1592:
20:
2117:
1925:
1865:
1522:
1249:
1229:
793:, but this is problematic, as it will not necessarily be used as an isolator in the strict sense.)
630:
The photograph to the right shows the interior of a residential service panelboard manufactured by
265:
183:
178:
2056:
2046:
2036:
994:
954:
765:
393:
285:
42:
1394:
852:
397:
89:
1977:
1840:
1623:
1512:
1352:
997:(RCD) protection for sockets that could "reasonably be expected to" supply outdoor equipment (
403:
In the United
Kingdom, a distribution board designed for domestic installations is known as a
2112:
1880:
1875:
1855:
1384:
IET Wiring
Regulations Seventeenth Edition - British Standard BS7671:2008, Part 2 Definitions
1310:
643:
373:
1706:
1468:
1239:
460:
385:
1028:
830:
Old Wylex standard consumer unit fitted with seven wire fuses (one fuse-way is not in use)
8:
2077:
1910:
1810:
1785:
1738:
1547:
1537:
1502:
1360:
1112:
1951:
1562:
1316:
1120:
456:
451:
and employ plug-in breakers. The neutral conductors are secured to a neutral bus using
369:
219:
209:
640:
2102:
1982:
1587:
1320:
1289:
1244:
1156:
1116:
1002:
970:
Modern consumer units are now required to be metal (non-combustible) and usually use
856:
377:
280:
131:
2051:
1992:
1696:
1691:
1668:
1577:
1517:
631:
305:
2082:
2041:
2019:
1900:
1870:
1835:
1795:
1597:
986:
939:
860:
789:
420:
381:
270:
159:
2107:
2097:
1895:
1507:
1187:
throughout the building in electric closets serving a section of the building.
1176:
990:
693:
before tripping. The top right breaker (Rated at 100 A) feeds a sub panel.
452:
229:
224:
1395:"Google search on UK availability of Modern breakers for older consumer units"
2205:
2127:
1915:
1800:
1780:
1711:
1701:
1658:
1542:
1497:
1234:
1209:
686:
295:
2147:
2122:
1987:
1956:
1770:
1572:
1152:
enters through the side of this main service panel consisting of three 100
1149:
275:
234:
834:
814:
New British distribution boards generally have the live parts enclosed to
1972:
1940:
1733:
1721:
1641:
1567:
1557:
1487:
838:
Hager consumer unit fitted with MCBs, one RCD, and one double-pole switch
804:
435:) conductors to the breakers, which are secured to the bus with either a
416:
1935:
1930:
1743:
1726:
1582:
1437:
1254:
1164:
808:
647:
204:
826:
748:
1651:
1646:
1532:
1492:
1144:
1013:
173:
31:
1765:
1308:
1180:
1132:
971:
780:
811:(relays; e.g. for large motor or heating loads) may also be used.
1686:
1676:
1417:"Innovative Bury company recognised with three award nominations"
1213:
1212:
carries information to the dimmers in a control protocol such as
998:
843:
815:
729:
An older style fuse box of the variety used in the United States.
168:
1681:
1197:
1168:
1153:
975:
797:
758:
705:
Electrical panel and subpanel with cover removed from subpanel.
690:
635:
428:
389:
300:
1172:
950:
may be required by BS7671 making this an expensive solution.
1636:
947:
942:
for each circuit. Additional protection from earth leakage
415:
North American distribution boards are generally housed in
1012:
Some manufacturers have added innovative features such as
1017:
764:
Down the left side of the phase busbars are two two-pole
1286:
C22.2 No. 29-15 — "Panelboards and enclosed panelboards"
989:(MCBs). This type of consumer unit was very popular in
16:
Component of an electricity supply system housing fuses
974:
mounted devices. The DIN rail is standardized but the
818:, even when the cover has been removed for servicing.
372:
that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary
398:
residual current breakers with overcurrent protection
1288:. Canadian Standards Association. 2015. p. 40.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2203:
1312:Black & Decker The Complete Guide to Wiring
19:"Fuse box" redirects here. For other uses, see
1032:Modern RCD Protection Consumer Dual Split-Load
1453:
325:
1309:The editors of Creative Publishing (2008).
993:until 2001 when wiring regulations mandated
669:An American circuit breaker panel featuring
1195:In a theatre, a specialty panel known as a
1139:
1126:
1460:
1446:
332:
318:
439:connection (using a threaded screw) or a
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1467:
1143:
1078:of investigating the fault in darkness.
1027:
833:
825:
747:
1023:
483:Each row is fed from a different line (
2204:
1350:
906:1970s MEM rewirable fuse box (covered)
882:1950s MEM rewirable fuse box (covered)
474:
431:carry the current from incoming line (
160:Regulation of electrical installations
1441:
796:For each phase, power is fed along a
392:, and in recent boards, one or more
174:IEC 60364 IEC international standard
138:Wiring practice by region or country
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1208:building, a control cable from the
1190:
1131:Despite the adoption of a standard
1105:
918:1970s MEM rewirable fuse box (open)
894:1950s MEM rewirable fuse box (open)
443:connection using a retaining clip.
215:Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable
184:U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC)
13:
2138:Renewable energy commercialization
752:One type of UK distribution board.
179:Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code)
14:
2228:
821:
743:
508:North American breaker numbering
2186:
2185:
1606:
1351:George, Daniels (January 1966).
911:
899:
887:
875:
722:
710:
698:
678:
662:
410:
248:Switching and protection devices
30:
1367:from the original on 2023-07-18
1333:from the original on 2023-07-18
855:, as older consumer units used
400:(RCBOs) are also incorporated.
41:needs additional citations for
1409:
1387:
1378:
1344:
1302:
1278:
1267:
1:
2133:Renewable Energy Certificates
2093:Cost of electricity by source
2015:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1891:High-voltage shore connection
1260:
807:(e.g. for bell circuits) and
734:
384:for each circuit in a common
376:while providing a protective
169:BS 7671 UK wiring regulations
2148:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1946:Transmission system operator
1906:Mains electricity by country
1483:Automatic generation control
1353:"Improving Your Home Wiring"
717:The internal wiring visible.
240:Thermoplastic-sheathed cable
7:
2217:Electric power distribution
2173:List of electricity sectors
2168:Electric energy consumption
1886:High-voltage direct current
1861:Electric power transmission
1851:Electric power distribution
1528:Energy return on investment
1223:
927:
625:
10:
2233:
2088:Carbon offsets and credits
1806:Three-phase electric power
498:split-phase electric power
200:AC power plugs and sockets
18:
2181:
2156:
2143:Renewable Energy Payments
2066:
2003:
1965:
1819:
1756:
1667:
1632:Fossil fuel power station
1622:
1615:
1604:
1475:
1098:Downstairs Sockets Fuse 4
518:
370:electricity supply system
225:Steel wire armoured cable
21:Fuse box (disambiguation)
1926:Single-wire earth return
1866:Electrical busbar system
1523:Energy demand management
1250:Electrical busbar system
1230:Circuit total limitation
1140:Location and designation
1127:Manufacturer differences
1095:Downstairs Lights Fuse 3
871:Old rewirable-fuse boxes
394:residual-current devices
266:Electrical busbar system
132:Electrical installations
2057:Residual-current device
2047:Power system protection
2037:Generator interlock kit
1092:Upstairs Sockets Fuse 2
995:residual-current device
966:switch RCD to activate.
842:In the United Kingdom,
803:Other devices, such as
368:) is a component of an
286:Residual-current device
192:Cabling and accessories
151:United Kingdom practice
146:North American practice
1841:Distributed generation
1513:Electric power quality
1160:
1089:Upstairs Lights Fuse 1
1050:Downstairs Ring Final,
1033:
946:faults and arc faults
839:
831:
753:
2113:Fossil fuel phase-out
1881:Electricity retailing
1876:Electrical substation
1856:Electric power system
1147:
1031:
861:mini-circuit breakers
837:
829:
751:
644:electrical receptacle
455:. The branch circuit
419:enclosures, with the
1469:Electricity delivery
1240:Electric switchboard
1024:RCD protection types
859:until the advent of
658:North American boxes
500:, or 208 V for
65:"Distribution board"
50:improve this article
2078:Availability factor
2030:Sulfur hexafluoride
1911:Overhead power line
1811:Virtual power plant
1786:Induction generator
1739:Sustainable biofuel
1548:Home energy storage
1538:Grid energy storage
1503:Droop speed control
1421:www.burytimes.co.uk
1361:Bonnier Corporation
689:indicate the rated
509:
475:Breaker arrangement
388:. Normally, a main
1952:Transmission tower
1563:Nameplate capacity
1317:Cool Springs Press
1205:dimmer-per-circuit
1161:
1064:Downstairs Lights,
1034:
840:
832:
754:
507:
346:distribution board
291:Distribution board
220:Multiway switching
210:Electrical conduit
2212:Electrical wiring
2199:
2198:
2103:Environmental tax
1983:Cascading failure
1752:
1751:
1588:Utility frequency
1295:978-1-77139-712-4
1245:Electricity meter
1113:electrical safety
1067:Upstairs Sockets,
1016:who have added a
621:
620:
502:three-phase power
342:
341:
301:Electrical switch
126:
125:
118:
100:
2224:
2189:
2188:
2098:Energy subsidies
2052:Protective relay
1993:Rolling blackout
1620:
1619:
1610:
1578:Power-flow study
1518:Electrical fault
1462:
1455:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1315:(4th ed.).
1306:
1300:
1299:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1191:Theatre lighting
1106:Legacy fuseboxes
1047:Upstairs Lights,
987:circuit breakers
915:
903:
891:
879:
726:
714:
702:
682:
673:circuit breakers
666:
632:General Electric
510:
506:
421:circuit breakers
334:
327:
320:
306:Earthing systems
271:Circuit breakers
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2177:
2161:
2159:
2152:
2083:Capacity factor
2071:
2069:
2062:
2042:Numerical relay
2020:Circuit breaker
2008:
2006:
1999:
1961:
1901:Load management
1871:Electrical grid
1836:Demand response
1829:
1824:
1815:
1796:Microgeneration
1748:
1663:
1611:
1602:
1598:Vehicle-to-grid
1471:
1466:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1357:Popular Science
1349:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1226:
1193:
1163:For reasons of
1142:
1129:
1119:and one on the
1108:
1053:Garage Sockets,
1026:
930:
919:
916:
907:
904:
895:
892:
883:
880:
824:
746:
737:
730:
727:
718:
715:
706:
703:
694:
683:
674:
671:interchangeable
667:
628:
477:
453:screw terminals
413:
382:circuit breaker
348:(also known as
338:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:Statistics and
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:Feed-in tariff
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Interconnector
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Dynamic demand
1843:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Combined cycle
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:Load-following
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1508:Electric power
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1408:
1386:
1377:
1343:
1326:978-1589234130
1325:
1319:. p. 75.
1301:
1294:
1277:
1274:Consumer Units
1265:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1192:
1189:
1148:A three-phase
1141:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1025:
1022:
968:
967:
963:
959:
951:
929:
926:
921:
920:
917:
910:
908:
905:
898:
896:
893:
886:
884:
881:
874:
872:
823:
822:Consumer units
820:
745:
744:United Kingdom
742:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
721:
719:
716:
709:
707:
704:
697:
695:
684:
677:
675:
668:
661:
659:
627:
624:
619:
618:
615:
612:
609:
605:
604:
601:
598:
595:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
476:
473:
412:
409:
358:electric panel
340:
339:
337:
336:
329:
322:
314:
311:
310:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
250:
249:
245:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
230:Ring main unit
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
194:
193:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
163:
162:
156:
155:
154:
153:
148:
140:
139:
135:
134:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2229:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2128:Pigouvian tax
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Earth-leakage
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:Failure modes
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Power station
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:Rankine cycle
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Cooling tower
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1624:Non-renewable
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Grid strength
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:Demand factor
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Consumer unit
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:lighting desk
1206:
1201:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1137:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1007:0-86341-373-0
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
977:
973:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
941:
936:
935:
934:
925:
914:
909:
902:
897:
890:
885:
878:
873:
870:
869:
868:
864:
862:
858:
854:
849:
848:consumer unit
845:
836:
828:
819:
817:
812:
810:
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
791:
786:
782:
777:
773:
770:
767:
762:
760:
750:
741:
725:
720:
713:
708:
701:
696:
692:
688:
681:
676:
672:
665:
660:
657:
656:
655:
651:
649:
645:
642:
637:
633:
623:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
565:
564:
560:
557:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
515:
512:
511:
505:
503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
481:
472:
470:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
411:North America
408:
406:
405:consumer unit
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:breaker panel
351:
347:
335:
330:
328:
323:
321:
316:
315:
313:
312:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:Consumer unit
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:
247:
246:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
196:
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
141:
137:
136:
133:
130:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2123:Net metering
2070:and policies
1988:Power outage
1957:Utility pole
1921:Pumped hydro
1827:distribution
1822:Transmission
1771:Cogeneration
1573:Power factor
1424:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1311:
1304:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1218:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1162:
1150:service drop
1130:
1109:
1101:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1059:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1011:
984:
980:
969:
931:
922:
865:
847:
841:
813:
805:transformers
802:
795:
788:
784:
778:
774:
771:
763:
755:
738:
670:
652:
629:
622:
513:Split-phase
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
468:
465:
449:load centers
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
414:
404:
402:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
343:
290:
276:Disconnector
235:Ring circuit
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2118:Load factor
1973:Black start
1941:Transformer
1642:Natural gas
1593:Variability
1568:Peak demand
1558:Merit order
1488:Backfeeding
469:service box
445:Panelboards
417:sheet metal
2206:Categories
2160:production
2005:Protective
1936:Super grid
1931:Smart grid
1758:Generation
1692:Geothermal
1583:Repowering
1397:. Screwfix
1371:2014-06-15
1337:2014-06-15
1261:References
1255:Switchgear
1165:aesthetics
853:fuse boxes
846:defines a
809:contactors
735:Fuse boxes
648:power cord
425:dead front
396:(RCDs) or
350:panelboard
205:Cable tray
76:newspapers
2068:Economics
1791:Micro CHP
1669:Renewable
1652:Petroleum
1647:Oil shale
1533:Grid code
1493:Base load
1181:basements
1014:CPN Cudis
641:NEMA 5-15
519:Breakers
386:enclosure
106:June 2014
2191:Category
1978:Brownout
1766:AC power
1476:Concepts
1365:Archived
1331:Archived
1224:See also
1133:DIN rail
972:DIN rail
928:Examples
790:isolator
781:DIN rail
691:amperage
626:Interior
516:3-phase
461:grounded
374:circuits
362:fuse box
2007:devices
1717:Thermal
1712:Osmotic
1707:Current
1687:Biomass
1677:Biofuel
1659:Nuclear
1616:Sources
1401:5 March
1363:: 160.
1214:DMX-512
1177:garages
1169:closets
1121:neutral
1073:Heating
1070:Shower,
1001::2001,
999:BS 7671
991:Britain
844:BS 7671
785:incomer
759:busbars
687:toggles
646:with a
457:bonding
441:plug-in
437:bolt-on
429:Busbars
90:scholar
1702:Marine
1682:Biogas
1323:
1292:
1198:dimmer
1173:attics
1154:ampere
1102:etc..
1060:RCD 2
1056:Cooker
1043:RCD 1
1005:
976:busbar
798:busbar
636:busbar
491:, and
390:switch
366:DB box
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2059:(GFI)
1948:(TSO)
1734:Solar
1722:Tidal
1697:Hydro
1426:6 May
1179:, or
1157:fuses
958:RCDs.
944:RCBOs
857:fuses
766:RCBOs
97:JSTOR
83:books
1825:and
1744:Wind
1727:Wave
1637:Coal
1428:2015
1403:2016
1321:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1200:rack
1117:live
1003:ISBN
955:RCDs
948:AFDD
940:MCBs
816:IP2X
378:fuse
281:Fuse
261:ELCB
256:AFCI
69:news
1018:LED
603:12
600:11
589:10
433:hot
380:or
364:or
52:by
2208::
1419:.
1359:.
1355:.
1329:.
1175:,
1171:,
617:â‹®
614:â‹®
611:â‹®
608:â‹®
597:C
594:B
586:9
583:B
580:A
575:8
572:7
569:A
566:B
561:6
558:5
555:C
552:A
547:4
544:3
541:B
538:B
533:2
530:1
527:A
524:A
504:.
487:,
463:.
407:.
360:,
356:,
352:,
344:A
1461:e
1454:t
1447:v
1430:.
1405:.
1374:.
1340:.
1298:.
1159:.
493:C
489:B
485:A
333:e
326:t
319:v
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
