1462:, a strap-shaped structure on the edge of the corolla tube consisting of fused petals. In the Asteroideae and other minor subfamilies these are usually borne only on florets at the circumference of the capitulum and have a 3+2 scheme – above the fused corolla tube, three very long fused petals form the ligule, with the other two petals being inconspicuously small. The Cichorioideae has only ray florets, with a 5+0 scheme – all five petals form the ligule. A 4+1 scheme is found in the Barnadesioideae. The tip of the ligule is often divided into teeth, each one representing a petal. Some marginal florets may have no petals at all (filiform floret).
1349:
3007:
145:
1173:
2734:
1332:
127:
8445:
5171:
2602:
2585:
2527:
982:
5159:
5144:
1051:
2299:), which is an advantage in relatively dry zones, or some combination of these and possibly other factors. Heterocarpy, or the ability to produce different fruit morphs, has evolved and is common in Asteraceae. It allows seeds to be dispersed over varying distances and each is adapted to different environments, increasing chances of survival.
2484:
Asteraceae species have a widespread distribution, from subpolar to tropical regions in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in hot desert and cold or hot semi-desert climates, and they are found on every continent but
Antarctica. They are especially numerous in tropical and subtropical regions
1258:
teeth, opposite to the three-lobed strap, or tongue, indicating its evolution by fusion from an ancestral, five-part corolla. In some species, the 3:2 arrangement is reversed, with two lobes, and zero or three tiny teeth visible opposite the tongue.
1169:, commonly blown on by children, consists of numerous seeds resting on the receptacle, each seed attached to its pappus. The pappi provide a parachute-like structure to help the seed travel from its point of origin to a more hospitable site.
1119:. In some species, the entire head is able to pivot its floral stem in the course of the day to track the sun (like a "smart" solar panel), thus maximizing the reflectivity of the entire floral unit and further attracting flying pollinators.
1323:(all-female). In a few unusual species, the "head" will consist of one single disc flower; alternatively, a few species will produce both single-flowered female heads, along with multi-flowered male heads, in their "pollination strategy".
3261:
Susanna, A., Baldwin, B.G., Bayer, R.J., Bonifacino, J.M., Garcia-Jacas, N., Keeley, S.C., Mandel, J.R., Ortiz, S., Robinson, H. and
Stuessy, T.F. (2020), The classification of the Compositae: A tribute to Vicki Ann Funk (1947–2019).
2307:
The original name
Compositae is still valid under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. It refers to the "composite" nature of the capitula, which consist of a few or many individual flowers.
1449:
are usually actinomorphic, with five petal lips on the rim of the corolla tube. The petal lips may be either very short, or long, in which case they form deeply lobed petals. The latter is the only kind of floret in the
1278:) is a radially symmetric individual flower in the head, which is ringed by the ray flowers when both are present. In some species, ray flowers may be arranged around the disc in irregular symmetry, or with a weakly
1412:
surrounding the base of the capitulum. These are called "phyllaries", or "involucral bracts". They may simulate the sepals of the pseudanthium. These are mostly herbaceous but can also be brightly coloured (e.g.
3464:
3705:
Mojave Desert
Wildflowers: A Field Guide To Wildflowers, Trees, And Shrubs Of The Mojave Desert, Including The Mojave National Preserve, Death Valley National Park, and Joshua Tree National Park (Wildflower
1042:, and when viewed from a distance, each capitulum may appear to be a single flower. Enlarged outer (peripheral) flowers in the capitulum may resemble petals, and the involucral bracts may look like a calyx.
4473:
2513:). The largest proportion of the species occur in the arid and semi-arid regions of subtropical and lower temperate latitudes. The Asteraceae family comprises 10% of all flowering plant species.
1488:). They commonly have basal and/or apical appendages. Pollen is released inside the tube and is collected around the growing style, and then, as the style elongates, is pushed out of the tube (
4734:
4300:
3881:
Tomb, A. Spencer; Larson, Donald A.; Skvarla, John J. (1 May 1974). "Pollen morphology and detailed structure of family
Compositae, tribe Cichorieae. I. Subtribe Stephanomeriinae".
2211:) in 13 subfamilies. The number of species in the family Asteraceae is rivaled only by Orchidaceae. Which is the larger family is unclear, because of the uncertainty about how many
1469:
of two or more teeth, scales or bristles and this is often involved in the dispersion of the seeds. As with the bracts, the nature of the pappus is an important diagnostic feature.
1341:(Carduoideae) shows (outermost to innermost): subtending bract and stem axis; calyx forming a pappus; fused corolla; stamens fused to corolla; gynoecium with two carpels and one
561:
912:
The stems are herbaceous, aerial, branched, and cylindrical with glandular hairs, usually erect, but can be prostrate to ascending. The stems can contain secretory canals with
1430:". The presence or absence of these bracts, their distribution on the receptacle, and their size and shape are all important diagnostic characteristics for genera and tribes.
1076:, in the same manner that other "showy" flowering plants in numerous other, older, plant families have evolved to attract pollinators. The previous name for the family,
2674:) has hooks, spines or some structure to attach to the fur or plumage (or even clothes, as in the photo) of an animal just to fall off later far from its mother plant.
2955:
Many members of the family are grown as ornamental plants for their flowers, and some are important ornamental crops for the cut flower industry. Some examples are
4361:"Heterocarpy in Calendula micrantha (Asteraceae): the effects of competition and availability of water on the performance of offspring from different fruit morphs"
4431:
1419:) or have a scarious (dry and membranous) texture. The phyllaries can be free or fused, and arranged in one to many rows, overlapping like the tiles of a roof (
844:
Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing food staples, garden plants, and herbal medicines. Species outside of their native ranges can become
3929:
349:
2291:
It is not known whether the precise cause of their great success was the development of the highly specialised capitulum, their ability to store energy as
1543:
per fruit is formed. It may sometimes be winged or spiny because the pappus, which is derived from calyx tissue often remains on the fruit (for example in
353:
3558:
1136:, which serves to protect the immature head of florets during its development. The individual florets are arranged atop a dome-like structure called the
412:
293:
4866:
1064:
In plants of the
Asteraceae, what appears to be a single "daisy"-type flower is actually a composite of several much smaller flowers, known as the
8950:
8681:
8720:
5220:
5052:
1161:). The pappus surrounds the ovary and can, when mature and attached to a seed, adhere to animal fur or be carried by air currents, aiding in
337:
5089:
4286:
3554:
5014:
4718:
4275:
9083:
4756:
4695:
4612:
Martín-Forés, Irene; Acosta-Gallo, Belén; Castro, Isabel; de Miguel, José M.; del Pozo, Alejandro; Casado, Miguel A. (14 June 2018).
3460:"A fully resolved backbone phylogeny reveals numerous dispersals and explosive diversifications throughout the history of Asteraceae"
3320:
1298:
has all ligulate flowers and no disc flowers. When an
Asteraceae flower head has only disc flowers that are either sterile, male, or
1054:
A typical
Asteraceae flower head showing the (five) individual ray florets and the (approximately 16) disk florets of a specimen of (
539:
3585:"Flower heads in Asteraceae—recruitment of conserved developmental regulators to control the flower-like inflorescence architecture"
8911:
8629:
5268:
4066:"Tribal phylogeny of the Asteraceae based on two non-coding chloroplast sequences, the trnL Intron and trnL/trnF Intergenic Spacer"
8963:
8924:
8694:
8642:
4402:
4070:
3843:
3331:
3325:
4125:
1312:
possess only disc flowers in their heads, but may produce two different sex types (male or female) within their disciform head.
4156:"Resolution of deep nodes yields an improved backbone phylogeny and a new basal lineage to study early evolution of Asteraceae"
3298:
8525:
5097:
4903:
3753:
5103:
4541:
8968:
8699:
4337:
1202:); typically, in the ray flower, three petals are joined to form a strap (in other species, five petals can fuse to form a
4154:
Panéro, José L.; Freire, Susana E.; Ariza
Espinar, Luis; Crozier, Bonnie S.; Barboza, Gloria E.; Cantero, Juan J. (2014).
5175:
4792:"A review on the potential use of medicinal plants from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae plant family in cardiovascular diseases"
4507:
4228:"A comprehensive generic-level phylogeny of the sunflower family: Implications for the systematics of Chinese Asteraceae"
3064:) is common in commercial poultry feeds and its oil is extracted for uses in cola and the cigarette industry. The genera
2401:
4997:
4294:
3785:
3717:
3680:
3435:
4853:
1299:
5213:
2566:
1021:
3168:
Barreda, Viviana D.; Palazzesi, Luis; Tellería, Maria C.; Olivero, Eduardo B.; Raine, J. Ian; Forest, Félix (2015).
1250:
is a two- or three-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower, found in the head of most members of the
Asteraceae. The
721:
species in each family is unknown. The Asteraceae were first described in the year 1740 and given the original name
9045:
8844:
8823:
2725:
by European settlers who used the young leaves as a salad green. A number of species are toxic to grazing animals.
4862:
Spring Wildflowers: An Introduction to the Native Flora of Southern California (Lecture notes by Exequiel Ezcurra)
4035:
3964:"Antiparasitic activity in Asteraceae with special attention to ethnobotanical use by the tribes of Odisha, India"
1689:, and has now been divided into 12 subfamilies, but the former still stands. The study of this family is known as
1426:
Each floret may be subtended by a bract, called a "palea" or "receptacular bract". These bracts are often called "
8937:
8725:
8668:
4930:
Singh, Rajendra; Singh, Garima; Tiwari, Ajeet; Patel, Shveta; Agrawal, Ruhi; Sharma, Akhilesh; Singh, B. (2015).
9004:
8818:
5181:
3813:
3672:
2548:
1003:
479:
8787:
3535:
8707:
5247:
4730:
4137:
3335:
499:
2231:
contain 99% of the species diversity of the whole family (approximately 70%, 14%, 11% and 3% respectively).
1266:
is a five-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower found in the heads of certain other asteraceous species. A
315:
8448:
5273:
5263:
5206:
3473:
3011:
866:) do exist. Asteraceae species are generally easy to distinguish from other plants because of their unique
9078:
8885:
8512:
5163:
3839:"Morphology of cypselae in subtribe Arctotidinae (Compositae–Arctotideae) and its taxonomic implications"
3806:
3397:
3034:
2544:
999:
17:
8530:
3037:. Allergy to these compounds is the leading cause of allergic contact dermatitis in florists in the US.
8999:
8903:
8782:
8621:
8595:
4971:
3883:
3375:
3290:
2238:
complexity exhibited by this family, agreeing on generic circumscriptions has often been difficult for
1918:
1577:
term meaning "with elaborate systems of ridges and spines dispersed around and between the apertures."
547:
144:
8774:
1507:
has two lobes. Stigmatic tissue may be located in the interior surface or form two lateral lines. The
1087:
The "petals" or "sunrays" in an "asteraceous" head are in fact individual strap-shaped flowers called
896:, but sometimes they possess fibrous root systems. Some species have underground stems in the form of
9050:
8978:
8929:
8849:
8735:
8647:
4047:
3393:
3294:
3241:
2208:
1702:
1218:
1153:
447:
3454:
Mandel, Jennifer R.; Dikow, Rebecca B.; Siniscalchi, Carolina M.; Thapa, Ramhari; Watson, Linda E.;
2952:), is commonly grown and used as a tarragon substitute in climates where tarragon will not survive.
5258:
3937:
3026:
Members of the family are also commonly featured in medical and phytochemical journals because the
2873:
1780:
860:
Members of the Asteraceae are mostly herbaceous plants, but some shrubs, vines, and trees (such as
5044:
8616:
4860:
4027:
Florae leydensis prodromus : exhibens plantas quae in Horto academico Lugduno-Batavo aluntur
2677:
Some members of Asteraceae are economically important as weeds. Notable in the United States are
2537:
2472:
992:
881:
304:
233:
8761:
1115:
with rays". The capitulum, which often appears to be a single flower, is often referred to as a
8991:
8898:
8590:
8465:
5022:
1913:
1557:
is often used to help determine plant relationships at the genus and species level. The mature
601:
593:
3743:
2699:
in particular regions, often having been introduced by human agency. Examples include various
2619:
Asteraceae are especially common in open and dry environments. Many members of Asteraceae are
134:
Twelve species of Asteraceae from the subfamilies Asteroideae, Carduoideae, and Cichorioideae
8986:
8955:
8756:
8686:
4989:
4768:
3338:, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Archived from
3090:
2898:
2804:
1998:
1673:
Compositae, the original name for Asteraceae, were first described in 1740 by Dutch botanist
1627:
1270:
is the strap-shaped tongue of the corolla of either a ray flower or of a ligulate flower. A
8748:
8551:
8503:
4629:
4167:
3596:
3477:
3181:
2885:
2879:
2841:
2718:
2494:
2235:
1574:
1554:
1178:
471:
8608:
4683:
4563:
González-Castejón, Marta; Visioli, Francesco; Rodriguez-Casado, Arantxa (17 August 2012).
3803:
A Dictionary of Botany, including terms used in biochemistry, soil science, and statistics
3339:
2896:
and other beverages. Chamomile, for example, comes from two different species: the annual
2658:
8:
9073:
4932:"Diversity of host plants of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) infesting Asteraceae in India"
4061:
3546:
2759:
1398:
1348:
237:
8582:
5198:
4633:
4618:(Asteraceae): Responses in morphological and reproductive traits for exotic populations"
4171:
3600:
3481:
3185:
8831:
8603:
8288:
7506:
7398:
7022:
5509:
5253:
5122:
4826:
4791:
4660:
4613:
4249:
4201:
4087:
3998:
3963:
3900:
3896:
3852:
3625:
3584:
3508:
3459:
3427:
3282:
3204:
3169:
2920:
2904:
2624:
2510:
1907:
1387:
1279:
1239:
862:
793:
777:
627:
454:
380:
139:
4394:
8743:
8538:
8245:
8044:
7596:
7456:
7385:
7308:
7189:
7075:
6992:
6357:
5348:
5284:
5093:
4993:
4943:
4931:
4831:
4813:
4665:
4647:
4594:
4586:
4581:
4564:
4360:
4290:
4227:
4193:
4155:
4113:
4021:
4003:
3985:
3838:
3819:
3809:
3781:
3773:
3749:
3713:
3676:
3630:
3612:
3513:
3495:
3431:
3209:
3019:
Many species of this family possess medicinal properties and are used as traditional
2926:
2867:
2746:
2639:
2609:
2017:
1849:
1774:
1716:
1708:
1674:
953:
826:
781:
745:
428:
345:
4437:
4253:
3379:
3227:
3170:"Early evolution of the angiosperm clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica"
2652:
326:
8836:
8543:
8129:
8119:
8079:
8059:
7835:
7765:
7740:
7687:
7461:
7451:
7214:
7151:
7095:
7070:
6816:
6721:
6688:
6478:
6392:
6387:
6362:
6263:
6225:
6133:
5797:
5660:
5635:
5630:
5423:
5340:
5126:
4849:
4821:
4803:
4655:
4637:
4576:
4239:
4226:
Fu, Zhi-Xi; Jiao, Bo-Han; Nie, Bao; Zhang, Guo-Jin; Gao, Tian-Gang (22 July 2016).
4205:
4183:
4175:
4079:
3993:
3975:
3925:
3892:
3759:
3620:
3604:
3503:
3485:
3419:
3199:
3189:
2791:
2710:
2696:
2685:
2679:
2317:
2012:
1992:
1590:
1465:
The calyx of the florets may be absent, but when present is always modified into a
1434:
1409:
1354:
1232:
1072:. By visually presenting as a single flower, the capitulum functions in attracting
849:
773:
703:
699:
645:
372:
8890:
4891:
4114:"Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae)"
3745:
National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region
2476:, meaning "day's eye". This is because the petals open at dawn and close at dusk.
2207:
The family includes over 32,000 currently accepted species, in over 1,900 genera (
9037:
9027:
8876:
8517:
8410:
8197:
8064:
8049:
7629:
7516:
7496:
7491:
7481:
7446:
7262:
7257:
7057:
7027:
6997:
6881:
6846:
6806:
6781:
6771:
6731:
6483:
6372:
6255:
6230:
6125:
6097:
6087:
5880:
5850:
5792:
5777:
5640:
5466:
5373:
5230:
5083:
4642:
4529:
4427:
2861:
2502:
2486:
2466:
2429:
2251:
2003:
1741:
1466:
1189:
1096:
808:
757:
707:
285:
182:
8712:
4395:"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants – Article 18.5"
4359:
Gardocki, Mary E.; Zablocki, Heather; El-Keblawy, Ali; Freeman, D. Carl (2000).
4329:
4179:
4065:
3837:
McKenzie, R.J.; Samuel, J.; Muller, E.M.; Skinner, A.K.W.; Barker, N.P. (2005).
1539:). Although there are two fused carpels, there is only one locule, and only one
1111:
means "star" in Greek, referring to the appearance of most family members as a "
1080:, reflects the fact that what appears to be a single floral entity is in fact a
8402:
8392:
8374:
8346:
8308:
8298:
8250:
8217:
8207:
8202:
8124:
8074:
8021:
8006:
7891:
7805:
7745:
7735:
7639:
7541:
7476:
7466:
7426:
7408:
7209:
7136:
6924:
6886:
6841:
6776:
6751:
6726:
6670:
6584:
6352:
6299:
6235:
6092:
5984:
5961:
5923:
5900:
5890:
5693:
5555:
5494:
5358:
4271:
4109:
3980:
3542:
3465:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3455:
3174:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3105:
3095:
3060:
3006:
2948:
2849:
2783:
2775:
2420:
1882:
1712:
1690:
1508:
1423:) or not (this variation is important in identification of tribes and genera).
1224:
1221:: in many Asteraceae species, the calyx develops as a fibrous or bristly pappus
1209:
1185:
1162:
1039:
941:
933:
801:
753:
360:
330:
169:
8810:
4729:. Beirut, Lebanon: Department of Landscape Design & Ecosystem Management,
4495:
3608:
2662:
is another common method, in which the dispersal unit, a single cypsela (e.g.
1151:, they have threadlike, hairy, or bristly structures, known collectively as a
289:
9067:
8384:
8313:
8283:
8260:
8255:
8240:
8192:
8159:
8154:
8089:
7883:
7868:
7815:
7795:
7755:
7750:
7730:
7692:
7644:
7591:
7581:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7501:
7416:
7393:
7375:
7343:
7328:
7290:
7194:
7174:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7012:
7007:
6987:
6972:
6934:
6929:
6876:
6866:
6861:
6811:
6791:
6766:
6756:
6657:
6579:
6559:
6498:
6493:
6473:
6407:
6377:
6337:
6245:
6240:
6187:
6057:
6019:
5994:
5966:
5951:
5895:
5875:
5870:
5787:
5754:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5685:
5675:
5665:
5645:
5615:
5547:
5514:
5504:
5471:
5461:
5451:
5320:
5302:
5234:
5185:
5149:
4947:
4817:
4808:
4651:
4590:
3989:
3823:
3616:
3499:
3371:
3066:
3052:
3027:
2981:
2957:
2819:
2722:
2439:
2410:
2263:
2250:
The oldest known fossils of members of Asteraceae are pollen grains from the
2220:
2067:
2042:
1823:
1746:
1682:
1616:
1594:
1438:
1363:
1176:
Schemes and floral diagrams of the different floret types of the Asteraceae:
957:
937:
921:
876:
867:
816:
513:
420:
404:
322:
311:
259:
253:
80:
3669:
California desert flowers: an introductions to families, genera, and species
3490:
3194:
2733:
2434:
1723:(<50% bootstrap support), the dot (•) a poorly supported node (<80%).
1122:
Nearest to the flower stem lie a series of small, usually green, scale-like
9017:
8800:
8488:
8323:
8318:
8303:
8293:
8232:
8114:
8099:
8069:
8026:
8016:
7970:
7947:
7937:
7909:
7810:
7790:
7760:
7702:
7649:
7571:
7526:
7486:
7441:
7431:
7421:
7313:
7282:
7247:
7232:
7146:
7141:
7047:
6801:
6796:
6761:
6741:
6716:
6703:
6693:
6665:
6622:
6617:
6574:
6541:
6526:
6488:
6465:
6402:
6397:
6382:
6347:
6329:
6281:
6220:
6215:
6207:
6082:
6042:
5976:
5956:
5946:
5938:
5905:
5865:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5744:
5739:
5703:
5620:
5499:
5456:
5353:
5330:
5294:
5115:
4958:
4835:
4669:
4598:
4380:
4257:
4209:
4197:
4007:
3867:
3709:
3634:
3517:
3213:
2975:
2799:
2770:
Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing products such as
2650:
Seeds are ordinarily dispersed intact with the fruiting body, the cypsela.
2506:
2228:
2212:
1805:
1686:
1516:
1374:
1368:
1056:
965:
749:
718:
706:
that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the
440:
388:
278:
4765:
Brisbane City Council weed identification tool (weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au)
2428:
for plant family names in modern taxonomy. This genus name comes from the
1476:. The filaments are fused to the corolla, while the anthers are generally
8655:
8497:
8278:
8174:
8134:
8109:
8104:
8094:
7962:
7952:
7942:
7924:
7873:
7825:
7820:
7800:
7780:
7707:
7634:
7576:
7531:
7471:
7436:
7333:
7323:
7267:
7179:
7118:
7113:
7065:
7037:
7017:
6977:
6959:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6826:
6821:
6786:
6680:
6637:
6612:
6536:
6508:
6503:
6342:
6319:
6304:
6273:
6192:
6067:
6047:
6009:
5860:
5855:
5832:
5817:
5759:
5749:
5655:
5650:
5602:
5519:
5443:
5428:
5405:
5400:
5325:
5312:
3129:
2771:
2763:
2751:
2620:
2461:
2277:
2268:
2242:. As a result, several of these genera have required multiple revisions.
2224:
2216:
2092:
2007:
1967:
1942:
1678:
1650:
1458:
are always highly zygomorphic and are characterised by the presence of a
1451:
1442:
1415:
1331:
1143:
The individual florets in a head consist, developmentally, of five fused
1073:
961:
945:
830:
789:
714:
396:
300:
274:
55:
28:
4767:. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Brisbane City Council. Archived from
4562:
3856:
3058:
Asteraceae are also used for some industrial purposes. French Marigold (
8916:
8361:
8351:
8212:
8149:
8084:
8011:
7988:
7914:
7860:
7770:
7624:
7611:
7586:
7566:
7318:
7300:
7272:
7242:
7237:
7169:
7128:
7105:
7042:
7032:
6982:
6967:
6896:
6851:
6836:
6746:
6647:
6627:
6589:
6569:
6291:
6197:
6077:
6062:
6052:
5782:
5731:
5670:
5625:
5476:
5433:
5392:
5383:
4611:
4188:
4091:
4025:
3904:
3109:
2893:
2795:
2700:
2628:
2551: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2498:
2415:
2255:
2239:
1886:: 4 or 5 genera, 90 species. Latin America and southern United States.
1809:: 58 genera, 750 species. Absent from Europe, mostly in South America.
1720:
1656:
1644:
1549:
1172:
1006: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
949:
785:
245:
100:
65:
5082:
Funk, Vicki A.; Susanna, A.; Stuessy, T.F.; Bayer, R.J., eds. (2009).
5065:
Goldenrods are among the most important late-season pollinator plants.
4692:
Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States (www.invasiveplantatlas.org)
4460:
4244:
1034:
Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense flower heads called
8660:
8577:
8564:
8369:
8338:
8270:
8139:
7998:
7980:
7932:
7901:
7830:
7775:
7712:
7697:
7682:
7619:
7601:
7536:
7511:
7348:
7252:
7204:
7184:
6831:
6736:
6711:
6182:
6174:
6072:
6037:
6014:
6004:
5989:
5928:
5885:
5845:
5822:
5592:
5524:
5415:
5195:– Compositae Working Group (CWG) and Global Compositae Database (GCD)
3145:
3133:
3114:
3084:
3072:
3048:
2969:
2915:
2910:
2855:
2836:
2810:
2787:
2741:
2691:
2448:
2405:
2285:
2281:
2259:
2073:
1854:
1660:
and parasitic intestinal worms, and thus have potential in medicine.
1639:
1635:
1631:
1605:
1562:
1544:
1477:
1255:
1166:
1133:
874:. Nonetheless, determining genera and species of some groups such as
838:
834:
812:
710:
218:
126:
116:
105:
49:
8942:
8634:
8459:
5012:
4083:
3267:
2526:
981:
870:
and other shared characteristics, such as the joined anthers of the
9012:
8870:
8795:
8482:
8222:
8144:
8054:
8036:
7785:
7722:
7674:
7664:
7521:
7338:
7224:
7199:
7161:
7002:
6871:
6856:
6642:
6632:
6607:
6564:
6531:
6440:
6367:
6164:
6147:
5999:
5915:
5769:
5584:
5574:
5486:
5170:
3236:
3124:
3020:
2939:
2931:
2847:
Commercially important plants in Asteraceae include the food crops
2831:
2815:
2644:
2601:
2584:
1601:
1597:
1128:
365:
208:
195:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
8673:
8569:
4790:
Michel, Jennifer; Abd Rani, Nur Zahirah; Husain, Khairana (2020).
2914:(known as pot marigold) is grown commercially for herbal teas and
1547:). In some species, however, the pappus falls off (for example in
8184:
7850:
6949:
6904:
6599:
6551:
6518:
6432:
6156:
6102:
5610:
4358:
3078:
3043:
3030:
2993:
2963:
2779:
2714:
2670:
2633:
2592:
2453:), "star". It refers to the star-like form of the inflorescence.
2292:
1620:
1613:
1337:
901:
893:
797:
110:
85:
4153:
3778:
The Kew Plant Glossary, an illustrated dictionary of plant terms
2460:, widely applied to members of this family, is derived from the
6455:
6422:
6029:
5840:
5158:
4031:
3167:
3141:
3038:
2999:
2987:
2827:
2823:
2705:
2664:
2490:
2425:
2296:
1858:
1685:(or Liguliflorae). The latter has been shown to be extensively
1609:
1586:
1528:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1473:
1390:
1383:
1342:
1228:
1194:
897:
871:
761:
717:, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of
2392:
1050:
681:
8769:
8556:
5143:
4538:
Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (www.nwcb.wa.gov)
4504:
Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (www.nwcb.wa.gov)
3098:
3015:
is used as an ornamental plant for its bright orange flowers.
2442:
1750:
1512:
1427:
1405:
1251:
1235:
1199:
1148:
1144:
1123:
917:
913:
772:. The family has a widespread distribution, from subpolar to
769:
765:
713:. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the
156:
3384:. Vol. 19. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1715:(2002) updated in 2014, and now also includes the monotypic
1585:
In Asteraceae, the energy store is generally in the form of
3836:
3453:
2755:
2738:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2332:
1558:
1540:
1112:
845:
690:
675:
669:
660:
3534:
Kilian, Norbert; Gemeinholzer, Birgit; Lack, Hans Walter.
3417:
3033:
compounds contained within them are an important cause of
2280:
of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous,
2245:
833:
of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous,
5228:
5192:
4727:
AUB Landscape Plant Database (landscapeplants.aub.edu.lb)
4281:. In V.A. Funk; A. Susanna; T. Stuessy; R. Bayer (eds.).
2834:. Asteraceae are important in herbal medicine, including
2323:
1433:
The florets have five petals fused at the base to form a
1362:
The distinguishing characteristic of Asteraceae is their
904:. These can be fleshy or woody depending on the species.
651:
3369:
2656:(wind dispersal) is common, assisted by a hairy pappus.
1711:
of subfamilies presented below is based on Panero &
1484:
anthers), thus forming a sort of tube around the style (
1378:, that may look superficially like a single flower. The
5081:
4328:
Panero, Jose L.; Crozier, Bonnie S. (27 January 2012).
3583:
Elomaa, Paula; Zhao, Yafei; Zhang, Teng (1 July 2018).
3378:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1573:
The pollen of composites is typically echinolophate, a
5085:
Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae
4283:
Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae
3321:"Family: Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl, nom. cons"
2284:) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous,
837:) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous,
796:, consisting of sometimes hundreds of tiny individual
4929:
3551:
Systematics, evolution and biogeography of Compositae
3088:
contain species with useful insecticidal properties.
2623:
by insects, which explains their value in attracting
2389:
2383:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2344:
2326:
2320:
1315:
Some other species produce two different head types:
687:
672:
654:
648:
5139:
4789:
2338:
2329:
2311:
The alternative (as it came later) name Asteraceae (
968:. Resin or latex can also be present in the leaves.
807:
The oldest known fossils are pollen grains from the
666:
657:
4986:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology
4977:
4723:(Cape ivy, Climbing groundsel, Creeping groundsel)"
4716:
4118:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
2335:
2215:species each family includes. The four subfamilies
892:Members of the family Asteraceae generally produce
788:. Their common primary characteristic is compound
663:
4936:International Journal of Zoological Investigations
4459:
3957:
3955:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3533:
1719:. The diamond (♦) denotes a very poorly supported
1677:. Traditionally, two subfamilies were recognised:
1366:, a type of specialised, composite flower head or
4270:
4264:
4034:: Apud Samuelen Luchtmans academiae typographum.
3880:
9065:
4972:Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine)
4323:
4321:
3666:
3449:
3447:
2077:, with 9 species. Cape provinces, South Africa.
1638:. Some of these molecules can inhibit protozoan
4983:
4605:
4078:(2). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 242–256.
3952:
3851:(4). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 569–594.
3726:
3582:
2924:is used as a medicinal tea. The wormwood genus
776:, in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in
6124:
5037:
4984:Odom, R.B.; James, W.D.; Berger, T.G. (2000).
4717:Talhouk, S.N.; Fabian, M.; Dagher, R. (2015).
4225:
4054:
2302:
2096:: 1,130 genera and 16,200 species. Worldwide.
1294:has disc flowers surrounded by ray flowers. A
5214:
5006:
4327:
4318:
4103:
4101:
3962:Panda, Sujogya Kumar; Luyten, Walter (2018).
3444:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
5546:
5090:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
4925:
4923:
4921:
4565:"Diverse biological activities of dandelion"
4287:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
4014:
3830:
3555:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
3381:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1095:, and the "sun disk" is made up of smaller,
784:, and they are found on every continent but
4749:
4426:
3961:
3741:
3426:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts:
3418:Judd, W.S.; Campbell, C.S.; Kellogg, E.A.;
3277:
3275:
2479:
1608:(cyclic, aromatic, with vinyl end groups),
1600:, pentacyclic triterpene alcohols, various
1454:, while the first kind is more widespread.
678:
5221:
5207:
5013:Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.
4783:
4710:
4107:
4098:
4060:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3424:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
3354:
3163:
3161:
3122:(domestic sunflower), and some species of
3104:Several members of the family are copious
1527:In members of the Asteraceae the fruit is
125:
4918:
4825:
4807:
4676:
4659:
4641:
4580:
4334:The Tree of Life Web Project (tolweb.org)
4243:
4187:
4020:
3997:
3979:
3930:"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asterales"
3624:
3507:
3489:
3203:
3193:
2567:Learn how and when to remove this message
1022:Learn how and when to remove this message
920:, which is particularly common among the
4556:
4352:
3874:
3272:
3108:producers and are useful for evaluating
3005:
2732:
2046:: 224 genera, 3,200 species. Worldwide.
1347:
1330:
1171:
1049:
7662:
4848:
4842:
4522:
4472:. Oxford University Press. March 2021.
4433:Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
4149:
4147:
4071:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3924:
3911:
3844:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
3772:
3766:
3326:Germplasm Resources Information Network
3220:
3158:
2246:Paleontology and evolutionary processes
1946:: 83 genera, 2,500 species. Worldwide.
725:. The family is commonly known as the
14:
9066:
6431:
5055:from the original on 22 September 2020
4884:
4854:"12. Asteraceae: The sunflower family"
4488:
4422:
4420:
4405:from the original on 27 September 2013
4387:
4276:"22. Gymnarrheneae (Gymnarrhenoideae)"
3702:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3667:Morhardt, Sia; Morhardt, Emil (2004).
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3047:is among the main causes of so-called
1302:(but not female and fertile), it is a
8464:
8463:
6420:
5202:
4906:from the original on 12 December 2021
4466:Home : Oxford English Dictionary
4452:
4160:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3800:
3794:
3671:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London:
3529:
3527:
3301:from the original on 11 February 2012
3287:The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org)
2902:(German chamomile) and the perennial
1589:rather than starch. They produce iso/
1254:of the ray flower may have two tiny,
8979:e23ccd0a-d475-458f-8f33-55a82c1d1c88
8824:0f466426-4b2f-4437-98a3-6bd04965d642
8775:FD3C627A-FF86-FFA7-FD66-FEABFB29FD30
8736:f31dd6e6-d1e0-4b1b-b166-89254733a5f9
5106:from the original on 15 January 2023
4872:from the original on 15 January 2023
4698:from the original on 23 October 2012
4544:from the original on 30 January 2021
4510:from the original on 4 December 2020
4476:from the original on 15 January 2023
4340:from the original on 21 January 2022
4232:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
4219:
4144:
3748:(rev ed.). Knopf. p. 351.
2802:importance, including pot marigold (
2549:adding citations to reliable sources
2520:
1778:: South America, 1 genus, 1 species
1372:, technically called a calathium or
1326:
1004:adding citations to reliable sources
975:
4417:
3689:
3641:
3404:
3313:
2402:international scientific vocabulary
2266:) and assigned to the extant genus
1971:: 5 or 6 genera, 70 species. Asia.
1522:
24:
9084:Extant Campanian first appearances
9005:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126669-1
3897:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1974.tb10788.x
3780:. Richmond, U.K.: Kew Publishing.
3524:
1853:: 8 genera, 24 species. Mostly in
1182:: a = disc flower; b = ray flower.
800:enclosed by a whorl of protective
25:
9095:
5135:
5045:"Five Plants to Help Pollinators"
4436:. Merriam-Webster. Archived from
4330:"Asteraceae. Sunflowers, daisies"
4038:from the original on 19 July 2021
3564:from the original on 22 June 2021
3268:https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12235
3140:produces relatively high protein
971:
8788:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:319342-2
8444:
8443:
5169:
5157:
5142:
4737:from the original on 15 May 2021
4582:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00509.x
3112:populations during their bloom.
2892:Plants are used as herbs and in
2814:(coneflowers), various daisies,
2721:. Dandelion was introduced into
2600:
2583:
2525:
2316:
1386:composed of numerous individual
1227:: fused ovary consisting of two
1165:. The whitish, fluffy head of a
980:
829:(mya). It is estimated that the
644:
143:
53:
34:Large family of flowering plants
5074:
4965:
4306:from the original on 6 May 2021
4128:from the original on 7 May 2021
3576:
2536:needs additional citations for
1472:There are usually four or five
1045:
991:needs additional citations for
880:is notoriously difficult (see "
744:Most species of Asteraceae are
4988:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:
3742:Spellenberg, Richard (2001) .
3673:University of California Press
3545:; Susanna, A.; Stuessy, T.E.;
3255:
1580:
1132:; collectively, they form the
855:
13:
1:
4892:"Winter Tarragon, Sweet Mace
4731:American University of Beirut
4365:Evolutionary Ecology Research
4274:; Fragman-Sapir, Ori (2009).
4138:Biodiversity Heritage Library
3151:
1511:is inferior and has only one
1285:
820:
5187:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
5051:. The Xerces Society. 2016.
4643:10.1371/journal.pone.0198849
3934:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
3474:National Academy of Sciences
3232: Bercht. & J.Presl"
3012:Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides
2754:, despite being an invasive
2668:) or entire capitulum (e.g.
2449:
1827:: 10 genera. South America.
1696:
1437:tube and they may be either
1099:, individual flowers called
952:or otherwise incised, often
432:Panero & V.A.Funk (2007)
400:Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)
384:Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)
376:Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)
7:
4213:(abstract and introduction)
4180:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.012
4064:; Starr, Julian R. (1998).
3807:Constable and Company, Ltd.
3398:Harvard University Herbaria
3035:allergic contact dermatitis
2303:Etymology and pronunciation
1663:
10:
9100:
3884:American Journal of Botany
3291:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2516:
2443:
2438:, "star", which came from
2276:(2015) estimated that the
1919:Southwestern United States
1700:
1668:
1147:(rarely four); instead of
960:. The margins also can be
819:) of Antarctica, dated to
26:
8860:
8472:
8439:
8401:
8383:
8360:
8337:
8269:
8231:
8183:
8172:
8035:
7997:
7979:
7961:
7923:
7900:
7882:
7859:
7848:
7721:
7673:
7610:
7407:
7384:
7373:
7299:
7281:
7223:
7160:
7127:
7104:
7056:
6958:
6947:
6895:
6702:
6679:
6656:
6598:
6550:
6517:
6464:
6453:
6449:
6328:
6317:
6290:
6272:
6254:
6206:
6173:
6155:
6146:
6115:
6028:
5975:
5937:
5914:
5831:
5768:
5730:
5702:
5684:
5601:
5583:
5568:
5537:
5485:
5442:
5414:
5391:
5382:
5371:
5339:
5311:
5293:
5282:
5242:
4796:Frontiers in Pharmacology
3712:. p. 35 (figure 5).
3708:. Guilford, Connecticut:
3609:10.1038/s41438-018-0056-8
3422:; Donaghue, M.J. (2007).
3394:Missouri Botanical Garden
3392:– via eFloras.org,
3374:; Strother, J.L. (2006).
3328:(GRIN) (www.ars-grin.gov)
3295:Missouri Botanical Garden
3242:Missouri Botanical Garden
3094:(guayule) is a source of
2794:, coffee substitutes and
2089:
2064:
2057:
2039:
2032:
1989:
1982:
1964:
1957:
1939:
1932:
1904:
1897:
1879:
1872:
1846:
1839:
1820:
1802:
1795:
1771:
1764:
1738:
1731:
1703:List of Asteraceae genera
1568:
1084:of much smaller flowers.
1038:. They are surrounded by
927:
460:
453:
446:
439:
271:
266:
251:
244:
140:Scientific classification
138:
133:
124:
41:
4809:10.3389/fphar.2020.00852
3981:10.1051/parasite/2018008
3330:. Beltsville, Maryland:
2874:Smallanthus sonchifolius
2798:. Several genera are of
2758:in some places, such as
2480:Distribution and habitat
1781:Famatinanthus decussatus
1745:: 9 genera, 93 species.
1499:consists of two connate
907:
887:
27:Not to be confused with
9035:Watson & Dallwitz:
3491:10.1073/pnas.1903871116
3195:10.1073/pnas.1423653112
3128:(goldenrod) are major "
2889:(Jerusalem artichoke).
2728:
2647:species in the family.
2471:
2258:, dated to ~76–66 mya (
1531:-like, and is called a
1397:, all sharing the same
1352:Discoid flowerheads of
948:, but are often deeply
882:damned yellow composite
792:, technically known as
4902:. Avon, Bristol, U.K.
3396:, St. Louis, MO &
3016:
2767:
2695:(dandelion). Some are
2631:is also present (e.g.
2433:
1996:: Two genera/species,
1914:Hecastocleis shockleyi
1681:(or Tubuliflorae) and
1359:
1345:
1243:
1217:(left shaded circle):
1061:
8987:Paleobiology Database
8757:Paleobiology Database
4990:W.B. Saunders Company
4761:– climbing groundsel"
4614:"The invasiveness of
3891:(5). Wiley: 486–498.
3589:Horticulture Research
3091:Parthenium argentatum
3009:
2899:Matricaria chamomilla
2805:Calendula officinalis
2736:
1999:Gymnarrhena micrantha
1628:secondary metabolites
1351:
1334:
1280:bilaterally symmetric
1175:
1126:. These are known as
1053:
760:, but there are also
621:Bercht. & J.Presl
587:Bercht. & J.Presl
575:Bercht. & J.Presl
569:Bercht. & J.Presl
533:Bercht. & J.Presl
527:Bercht. & J.Presl
507:Bercht. & J.Presl
493:Bercht. & J.Presl
487:Bercht. & J.Presl
5166:at Wikimedia Commons
4686:Taraxacum officinale
4289:. pp. 327–332.
3703:MacKay, Pam (2013).
3342:on 17 September 2008
2946:). Winter tarragon (
2886:Helianthus tuberosus
2880:Carthamus tinctorius
2545:improve this article
2456:The vernacular name
1561:usually have little
1179:Leucanthemum vulgare
1000:improve this article
782:semi-desert climates
31:, a family of fungi.
4634:2018PLoSO..1398849M
4172:2014MolPE..80...43P
3940:on 29 November 2022
3601:2018HorR....5...36E
3482:2019PNAS..11614083M
3186:2015PNAS..11210989B
3180:(35): 10989–10994.
3003:, and many others.
2908:(Roman chamomile).
2865:(globe artichoke),
2844:, and many others.
2760:Victoria, Australia
2464:name of the daisy (
1626:Asteraceae produce
1619:that never contain
1215:Carduus acanthoides
356:& Panero (2014)
9079:Asterales families
8289:Pentaphragmataceae
7507:Stegnospermataceae
7399:Berberidopsidaceae
7023:Pentadiplandraceae
5510:Atherospermataceae
4616:Hypochaeris glabra
4530:"Common groundsel
4032:Lugduni Batavorum
4022:von Royen, Adriani
3801:Usher, G. (1966).
3675:. pp. 29–32.
3428:Sinauer Associates
3017:
2905:Chamaemelum nobile
2768:
2750:, is used for its
2643:). There are many
2625:beneficial insects
2511:southwestern China
1908:Hecastocleidoideae
1360:
1346:
1335:Flower diagram of
1244:
1240:basal placentation
1097:radially symmetric
1062:
863:Lachanodes arborea
381:Hecastocleidoideae
9061:
9060:
8744:Open Tree of Life
8466:Taxon identifiers
8457:
8456:
8435:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8246:Cardiopteridaceae
8168:
8167:
8045:Plocospermataceae
7844:
7843:
7658:
7657:
7597:Anacampserotaceae
7457:Ancistrocladaceae
7386:Berberidopsidales
7369:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7357:
7356:
7309:Biebersteiniaceae
7190:Sphaerosepalaceae
7076:Strasburgeriaceae
6993:Setchellanthaceae
6943:
6942:
6416:
6415:
6358:Cercidiphyllaceae
6313:
6312:
6142:
6141:
6111:
6110:
5564:
5563:
5533:
5532:
5367:
5366:
5349:Austrobaileyaceae
5162:Media related to
5099:978-3-9501754-3-1
5025:on 7 October 2007
5015:"Ragweed Allergy"
4850:Ezcurra, Exequiel
4759:Senecio angulatus
4721:Senecio angulatus
4569:Nutrition Reviews
4498:Jacobaea vulgaris
4245:10.1111/jse.12216
4062:Bayer, Randall J.
3926:Stevens, Peter F.
3755:978-0-375-40233-3
3120:Helianthus annuus
2868:Helianthus annuus
2792:sweetening agents
2747:Senecio angulatus
2689:(groundsel), and
2610:Bidens tripartita
2577:
2576:
2569:
2424:, a standardized
2204:
2203:
2195:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2071:: Only the genus
2018:Eastern Himalayas
1850:Wunderlichioideae
1775:Famatinanthoideae
1717:Famatinanthoideae
1709:phylogenetic tree
1675:Adriaan van Royen
1327:Floral structures
1231:, containing one
1040:involucral bracts
1032:
1031:
1024:
827:million years ago
802:involucral bracts
746:herbaceous plants
637:
636:
630:
622:
616:
610:
604:
596:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
556:
550:
542:
534:
528:
522:
516:
508:
502:
494:
488:
482:
474:
433:
429:Wunderlichioideae
413:Tarchonanthoideae
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
357:
346:Famatinanthoideae
334:
319:
308:
297:
282:
240:
16:(Redirected from
9091:
9054:
9053:
9041:
9040:
9031:
9030:
9021:
9020:
9008:
9007:
8995:
8994:
8982:
8981:
8972:
8971:
8959:
8958:
8946:
8945:
8933:
8932:
8920:
8919:
8907:
8906:
8894:
8893:
8881:
8880:
8879:
8853:
8852:
8840:
8839:
8827:
8826:
8814:
8813:
8804:
8803:
8791:
8790:
8778:
8777:
8765:
8764:
8752:
8751:
8739:
8738:
8729:
8728:
8716:
8715:
8713:NBNSYS0000159456
8703:
8702:
8690:
8689:
8677:
8676:
8664:
8663:
8651:
8650:
8638:
8637:
8625:
8624:
8612:
8611:
8599:
8598:
8586:
8585:
8573:
8572:
8560:
8559:
8547:
8546:
8534:
8533:
8521:
8520:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8493:
8492:
8491:
8461:
8460:
8447:
8446:
8181:
8180:
8130:Thomandersiaceae
8120:Lentibulariaceae
8080:Scrophulariaceae
8060:Tetrachondraceae
7857:
7856:
7846:
7845:
7836:Mitrastemonaceae
7766:Pentaphylacaceae
7741:Tetrameristaceae
7688:Hydrostachyaceae
7671:
7670:
7660:
7659:
7462:Rhabdodendraceae
7452:Dioncophyllaceae
7382:
7381:
7215:Dipterocarpaceae
7152:Dipentodontaceae
7096:Crossosomataceae
7071:Geissolomataceae
6956:
6955:
6817:Chrysobalanaceae
6722:Ctenolophonaceae
6689:Lepidobotryaceae
6479:Anisophylleaceae
6462:
6461:
6451:
6450:
6429:
6428:
6418:
6417:
6393:Tetracarpaeaceae
6388:Aphanopetalaceae
6363:Daphniphyllaceae
6326:
6325:
6315:
6314:
6264:Trochodendraceae
6226:Circaeasteraceae
6153:
6152:
6134:Ceratophyllaceae
6122:
6121:
5798:Alstroemeriaceae
5661:Potamogetonaceae
5636:Scheuchzeriaceae
5631:Hydrocharitaceae
5581:
5580:
5544:
5543:
5424:Aristolochiaceae
5389:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5341:Austrobaileyales
5291:
5290:
5287:
5285:Basalangiosperms
5269:Acrogymnospermae
5231:flowering plants
5223:
5216:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5174:Data related to
5173:
5161:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5130:
5127:Internet Archive
5121:(Also available
5119:
5113:
5111:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5060:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5021:. Archived from
5010:
5004:
5003:
4992:. p. 1135.
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4927:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4858:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4811:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4645:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4584:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4532:Senecio vulgaris
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4280:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4247:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4191:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3983:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3936:. Archived from
3922:
3909:
3908:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3760:Internet Archive
3739:
3724:
3723:
3700:
3687:
3686:
3664:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3540:
3536:"24. Cichorieae"
3531:
3522:
3521:
3511:
3493:
3451:
3442:
3441:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3400:, Cambridge, MA.
3391:
3389:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3279:
3270:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3197:
3165:
2883:(safflower) and
2697:invasive species
2686:Senecio vulgaris
2680:Senecio jacobaea
2604:
2587:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2529:
2521:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2315:
2060:
2059:
2035:
2034:
2013:Cavea tanguensis
1993:Gymnarrhenoideae
1985:
1984:
1960:
1959:
1935:
1934:
1900:
1899:
1875:
1874:
1842:
1841:
1798:
1797:
1767:
1766:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1591:chlorogenic acid
1523:Fruits and seeds
1382:is a contracted
1355:Delairea odorata
1027:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1007:
984:
976:
884:" for example).
825:
822:
780:and cold or hot
774:tropical regions
739:sunflower family
704:flowering plants
697:
696:
693:
692:
689:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
626:
620:
614:
608:
600:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
560:
554:
546:
538:
532:
526:
520:
512:
506:
498:
492:
486:
478:
470:
431:
425:
417:
407:
399:
391:
383:
375:
373:Gymnarrhenoideae
363:
348:
342:
325:
314:
303:
288:
277:
232:
148:
147:
129:
115:
52:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
9099:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9049:
9044:
9036:
9034:
9026:
9024:
9016:
9011:
9003:
8998:
8990:
8985:
8977:
8975:
8967:
8962:
8954:
8949:
8941:
8936:
8928:
8923:
8915:
8910:
8902:
8897:
8889:
8884:
8875:
8874:
8869:
8856:
8848:
8843:
8835:
8830:
8822:
8817:
8809:
8807:
8799:
8794:
8786:
8781:
8773:
8768:
8760:
8755:
8747:
8742:
8734:
8732:
8724:
8719:
8711:
8706:
8698:
8693:
8685:
8680:
8672:
8667:
8659:
8654:
8646:
8641:
8633:
8628:
8620:
8615:
8607:
8602:
8594:
8589:
8581:
8576:
8568:
8563:
8555:
8550:
8542:
8537:
8529:
8524:
8516:
8511:
8502:
8501:
8496:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8468:
8458:
8453:
8415:
8411:Paracryphiaceae
8397:
8379:
8356:
8333:
8265:
8227:
8198:Torricelliaceae
8177:
8164:
8065:Calceolariaceae
8050:Carlemanniaceae
8031:
7993:
7975:
7957:
7919:
7896:
7878:
7853:
7840:
7717:
7667:
7654:
7630:Balanophoraceae
7606:
7517:Lophiocarpaceae
7497:Achatocarpaceae
7492:Caryophyllaceae
7482:Macarthuriaceae
7447:Drosophyllaceae
7403:
7378:
7353:
7295:
7277:
7263:Crypteroniaceae
7258:Melastomataceae
7219:
7156:
7123:
7100:
7058:Crossosomatales
7052:
7028:Gyrostemonaceae
6998:Koeberliniaceae
6952:
6939:
6891:
6882:Picrodendraceae
6847:Lacistemataceae
6807:Dichapetalaceae
6782:Centroplacaceae
6772:Lophopyxidaceae
6732:Erythroxylaceae
6698:
6675:
6652:
6594:
6546:
6513:
6484:Corynocarpaceae
6458:
6445:
6425:
6412:
6373:Grossulariaceae
6322:
6309:
6286:
6268:
6256:Trochodendrales
6250:
6231:Lardizabalaceae
6202:
6169:
6138:
6126:Ceratophyllales
6117:Ceratophyllidae
6107:
6098:Ecdeiocoleaceae
6088:Flagellariaceae
6024:
5971:
5933:
5910:
5881:Tecophilaeaceae
5851:Blandfordiaceae
5827:
5793:Petermanniaceae
5778:Campynemataceae
5764:
5726:
5698:
5680:
5641:Aponogetonaceae
5597:
5572:
5560:
5529:
5481:
5467:Himantandraceae
5438:
5410:
5376:
5374:Mesangiospermae
5363:
5335:
5307:
5283:
5278:
5259:Marchantiophyta
5238:
5227:
5148:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5120:
5109:
5107:
5100:
5077:
5072:
5071:
5058:
5056:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5028:
5026:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4952:
4950:
4928:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4856:
4847:
4843:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4771:on 2 March 2021
4755:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4628:(6): e0198849.
4610:
4606:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4496:"Tansy ragwort
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4428:Merriam-Webster
4425:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4374:
4372:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4278:
4269:
4265:
4224:
4220:
4152:
4145:
4131:
4129:
4106:
4099:
4084:10.2307/2992008
4059:
4055:
4041:
4039:
4019:
4015:
3960:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3923:
3912:
3879:
3875:
3861:
3859:
3835:
3831:
3816:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3771:
3767:
3756:
3740:
3727:
3720:
3701:
3690:
3683:
3665:
3642:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3476:: 14083–14088.
3458:(9 July 2019).
3452:
3445:
3438:
3416:
3405:
3387:
3385:
3370:Barkley, T.M.;
3368:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3319:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3266:, 69: 807–814.
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3166:
3159:
3154:
2862:Cynara scolymus
2784:sunflower seeds
2776:leaf vegetables
2731:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2607:Epizoochory in
2605:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2573:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2542:
2530:
2519:
2503:southern Africa
2487:Central America
2482:
2467:Bellis perennis
2430:Classical Latin
2382:
2367:
2352:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2252:Late Cretaceous
2248:
2234:Because of the
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2004:Northern Africa
1742:Barnadesioideae
1705:
1699:
1671:
1666:
1583:
1571:
1525:
1329:
1319:(all-male), or
1310:Disciform heads
1288:
1264:ligulate flower
1222:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1048:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1008:
997:
985:
974:
930:
910:
890:
858:
823:
809:Late Cretaceous
686:
647:
643:
633:
579:Helichrysaceae
553:Coreopsidaceae
466:
465:
423:
415:
340:
286:Barnadesioideae
262:
257:
231:
142:
120:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
43:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9097:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9059:
9058:
9056:
9055:
9042:
9032:
9022:
9009:
8996:
8983:
8973:
8960:
8947:
8934:
8921:
8908:
8895:
8882:
8866:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8854:
8841:
8837:wfo-7000000146
8828:
8815:
8805:
8792:
8779:
8766:
8753:
8740:
8730:
8717:
8704:
8691:
8678:
8665:
8652:
8639:
8626:
8613:
8600:
8587:
8574:
8561:
8548:
8535:
8522:
8509:
8494:
8478:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8455:
8454:
8452:
8451:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8407:
8405:
8403:Paracryphiales
8399:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8393:Escalloniaceae
8389:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8377:
8375:Caprifoliaceae
8372:
8366:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8347:Columelliaceae
8343:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8309:Argophyllaceae
8306:
8301:
8299:Alseuosmiaceae
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8275:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8251:Phyllonomaceae
8248:
8243:
8237:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8218:Myodocarpaceae
8215:
8210:
8208:Pittosporaceae
8205:
8203:Griseliniaceae
8200:
8195:
8189:
8187:
8178:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8125:Schlegeliaceae
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8075:Plantaginaceae
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8041:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8024:
8022:Sphenocleaceae
8019:
8014:
8009:
8007:Convolvulaceae
8003:
8001:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7985:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7959:
7958:
7956:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7892:Metteniusaceae
7888:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7854:
7849:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7806:Sarraceniaceae
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7746:Fouquieriaceae
7743:
7738:
7736:Marcgraviaceae
7733:
7727:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7679:
7677:
7668:
7663:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7640:Misodendraceae
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7616:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7605:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7542:Phytolaccaceae
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7477:Asteropeiaceae
7474:
7469:
7467:Simmondsiaceae
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7427:Plumbaginaceae
7424:
7419:
7413:
7411:
7409:Caryophyllales
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7390:
7388:
7379:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7229:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7217:
7212:
7210:Sarcolaenaceae
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7137:Gerrardinaceae
7133:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6964:
6962:
6953:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6925:Elaeocarpaceae
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6887:Phyllanthaceae
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6842:Passifloraceae
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6777:Putranjivaceae
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6752:Calophyllaceae
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6727:Rhizophoraceae
6724:
6719:
6714:
6708:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6671:Zygophyllaceae
6668:
6662:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6587:
6585:Ticodendraceae
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6459:
6454:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6437:
6435:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6353:Hamamelidaceae
6350:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6323:
6318:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6300:Myrothamnaceae
6296:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:Menispermaceae
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6161:
6159:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6093:Joinvilleaceae
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Strelitziaceae
5981:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5962:Pontederiaceae
5959:
5954:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5924:Dasypogonaceae
5920:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5901:Amaryllidaceae
5898:
5893:
5891:Xeronemataceae
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5736:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5694:Petrosaviaceae
5690:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5587:
5578:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5556:Chloranthaceae
5552:
5550:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5495:Calycanthaceae
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5408:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5359:Schisandraceae
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5288:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:Polypodiophyta
5261:
5256:
5251:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5193:Compositae.org
5190:
5179:
5178:at Wikispecies
5167:
5154:
5153:
5137:
5136:External links
5134:
5132:
5131:
5098:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5049:www.storey.com
5036:
5005:
4999:978-0721658322
4998:
4976:
4964:
4942:(2): 137–167.
4917:
4894:Tagetes lucida
4883:
4841:
4782:
4748:
4709:
4675:
4604:
4575:(9): 534–547.
4555:
4521:
4487:
4451:
4440:on 25 May 2020
4416:
4399:iapt-taxon.org
4386:
4351:
4317:
4296:978-3950175431
4295:
4272:Funk, Vicki A.
4263:
4238:(4): 416–437.
4218:
4143:
4108:Panero, J.L.;
4097:
4053:
4013:
3951:
3910:
3873:
3829:
3814:
3793:
3787:978-1842464229
3786:
3765:
3754:
3725:
3719:978-0762780334
3718:
3688:
3682:978-0520240032
3681:
3640:
3575:
3523:
3456:Funk, Vicki A.
3443:
3437:978-0878934072
3436:
3403:
3353:
3312:
3271:
3254:
3219:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3144:, which helps
3096:hypoallergenic
3061:Tagetes patula
2949:Tagetes lucida
2944:A. dracunculus
2850:Lactuca sativa
2820:chrysanthemums
2730:
2727:
2606:
2599:
2598:
2590:Anemochory in
2589:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2533:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2481:
2478:
2304:
2301:
2247:
2244:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1883:Gochnatioideae
1878:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1698:
1695:
1691:synantherology
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1617:essential oils
1582:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1524:
1521:
1328:
1325:
1287:
1284:
1225:inferior ovary
1163:seed dispersal
1113:celestial body
1047:
1044:
1030:
1029:
988:
986:
979:
973:
972:Inflorescences
970:
944:. They may be
932:Leaves can be
929:
926:
909:
906:
889:
886:
857:
854:
635:
634:
632:
631:
623:
619:Senecionaceae
617:
611:
607:Partheniaceae
605:
597:
589:
583:
577:
573:Eupatoriaceae
571:
565:
557:
551:
543:
535:
529:
525:Calendulaceae
523:
519:Athanasiaceae
517:
511:Artemisiaceae
509:
505:Arctotidaceae
503:
497:Aposeridaceae
495:
491:Anthemidaceae
489:
483:
475:
463:
462:
461:
458:
457:
451:
450:
444:
443:
437:
436:
435:
434:
426:
418:
416:S.Ortiz (2020)
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
361:Gochnatioideae
358:
343:
341:S.Ortiz (2002)
335:
320:
309:
298:
283:
269:
268:
264:
263:
258:
249:
248:
242:
241:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
173:
172:
167:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
131:
130:
122:
121:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
44:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9096:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9069:
9052:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9033:
9029:
9023:
9019:
9014:
9010:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8988:
8984:
8980:
8974:
8970:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8900:
8896:
8892:
8887:
8883:
8878:
8872:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8859:
8851:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8833:
8829:
8825:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8806:
8802:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8784:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8745:
8741:
8737:
8731:
8727:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8696:
8692:
8688:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8592:
8588:
8584:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8510:
8505:
8499:
8495:
8490:
8484:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8462:
8450:
8442:
8441:
8438:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8400:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8385:Escalloniales
8382:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8314:Menyanthaceae
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8284:Campanulaceae
8282:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8261:Aquifoliaceae
8259:
8257:
8256:Helwingiaceae
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8241:Stemonuraceae
8239:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8193:Pennantiaceae
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8171:
8161:
8160:Orobanchaceae
8158:
8156:
8155:Paulowniaceae
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8090:Linderniaceae
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7996:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7884:Metteniusales
7881:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7869:Oncothecaceae
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7847:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7816:Actinidiaceae
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7796:Diapensiaceae
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:Lecythidaceae
7754:
7752:
7751:Polemoniaceae
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7731:Balsaminaceae
7729:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7693:Hydrangeaceae
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7661:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7645:Schoepfiaceae
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7592:Portulacaceae
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7582:Halophytaceae
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7562:Molluginaceae
7560:
7558:
7557:Nyctaginaceae
7555:
7553:
7552:Sarcobataceae
7550:
7548:
7547:Petiveriaceae
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7502:Amaranthaceae
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7417:Frankeniaceae
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7394:Aextoxicaceae
7392:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7376:Superasterids
7372:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7344:Simaroubaceae
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Anacardiaceae
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7292:
7291:Picramniaceae
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7195:Thymelaeaceae
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7175:Muntingiaceae
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7091:Stachyuraceae
7089:
7087:
7086:Guamatelaceae
7084:
7082:
7081:Staphyleaceae
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7013:Emblingiaceae
7011:
7009:
7008:Salvadoraceae
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6988:Limnanthaceae
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6973:Tropaeolaceae
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6946:
6936:
6935:Brunelliaceae
6933:
6931:
6930:Cephalotaceae
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6877:Ixonanthaceae
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6867:Euphorbiaceae
6865:
6863:
6862:Rafflesiaceae
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6812:Euphroniaceae
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6792:Malpighiaceae
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Caryocaraceae
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6757:Podostemaceae
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6658:Zygophyllales
6655:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:Casuarinaceae
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:Nothofagaceae
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:Tetramelaceae
6497:
6495:
6494:Cucurbitaceae
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6474:Apodanthaceae
6472:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6408:Cynomoriaceae
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:Saxifragaceae
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6338:Peridiscaceae
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6316:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6246:Ranunculaceae
6244:
6242:
6241:Berberidaceae
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6188:Nelumbonaceae
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:Eriocaulaceae
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6020:Zingiberaceae
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:Heliconiaceae
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5967:Haemodoraceae
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:Commelinaceae
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5896:Asphodelaceae
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5876:Ixioliriaceae
5874:
5872:
5871:Doryanthaceae
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Melanthiaceae
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5755:Cyclanthaceae
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5723:
5722:Dioscoreaceae
5720:
5718:
5717:Burmanniaceae
5715:
5713:
5712:Nartheciaceae
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5686:Petrosaviales
5683:
5677:
5676:Cymodoceaceae
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:Posidoniaceae
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5646:Juncaginaceae
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:Tofieldiaceae
5614:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5548:Chloranthales
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:Chloranthidae
5536:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Hernandiaceae
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Gomortegaceae
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5472:Eupomatiaceae
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5462:Degeneriaceae
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Myristicaceae
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Hydatellaceae
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5303:Amborellaceae
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5150:Plants portal
5145:
5140:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5080:
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5066:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4987:
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4968:
4960:
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4897:
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4887:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4845:
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4828:
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4815:
4810:
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4793:
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4697:
4693:
4689:
4687:
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4671:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
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4608:
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4455:
4439:
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4390:
4382:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
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4102:
4093:
4089:
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4077:
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4072:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4049:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3956:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3919:
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3915:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:Beentje, Henk
3769:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3721:
3715:
3711:
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3649:
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3602:
3598:
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3579:
3560:
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3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:Stevens, P.F.
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3399:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3372:Brouillet, L.
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3149:
3148:over winter.
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:Chrysanthemum
3063:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3053:United States
3050:
3046:
3045:
3041:from ragweed
3040:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:sesquiterpene
3024:
3022:
3021:antiparasitic
3014:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:Argyranthemum
2978:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:Chrysanthemum
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2936:A. absinthium
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2871:(sunflower),
2870:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:horticultural
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2723:North America
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2571:
2568:
2560:
2557:February 2021
2550:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2534:This section
2532:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:Mediterranean
2492:
2488:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2441:
2440:Ancient Greek
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:Maastrichtian
2261:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:morphological
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2221:Cichorioideae
2218:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:Corymbioideae
2062:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:Cichorioideae
2037:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:Stifftioideae
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:, mainly the
1748:
1747:South America
1744:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:Cichorioideae
1680:
1676:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:sesquiterpene
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1575:morphological
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1515:, with basal
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:actinomorphic
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:inflorescence
1357:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:ligulate head
1293:
1283:
1282:arrangement.
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1198:3 – corolla (
1196:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1012:February 2021
1005:
1001:
995:
994:
989:This section
987:
983:
978:
977:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
925:
923:
922:Cichorioideae
919:
915:
905:
903:
899:
895:
885:
883:
879:
878:
873:
869:
868:inflorescence
865:
864:
853:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
818:
817:Maastrichtian
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:, and may be
747:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
698:) is a large
695:
641:
629:
625:Vernoniaceae
624:
618:
613:Perdiciaceae
612:
606:
603:
598:
595:
590:
584:
578:
572:
567:Echinopaceae
566:
563:
558:
552:
549:
545:Cichoriaceae
544:
541:
537:Cassiniaceae
536:
530:
524:
518:
515:
510:
504:
501:
496:
490:
485:Ambrosiaceae
484:
481:
476:
473:
468:
467:
459:
456:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
430:
427:
424:Lindl. (1829)
422:
421:Vernonioideae
419:
414:
411:
408:Panero (2007)
406:
405:Stifftioideae
403:
398:
395:
392:Lindl. (1829)
390:
387:
382:
379:
374:
371:
367:
364:Panero &
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
344:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Corymbioideae
321:
317:
313:
312:Cichorioideae
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
273:
272:
270:
265:
261:
256:
255:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:Tracheophytes
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
132:
128:
123:
118:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
40:
37:
30:
19:
8861:
8473:
8328:
8324:Calyceraceae
8319:Goodeniaceae
8304:Phellinaceae
8294:Stylidiaceae
8233:Aquifoliales
8115:Bignoniaceae
8100:Martyniaceae
8070:Gesneriaceae
8027:Hydroleaceae
8017:Montiniaceae
7971:Boraginaceae
7948:Gelsemiaceae
7938:Gentianaceae
7910:Eucommiaceae
7811:Roridulaceae
7791:Symplocaceae
7761:Sladeniaceae
7703:Curtisiaceae
7650:Loranthaceae
7572:Didiereaceae
7527:Barbeuiaceae
7487:Microteaceae
7442:Nepenthaceae
7432:Polygonaceae
7422:Tamaricaceae
7314:Nitrariaceae
7283:Picramniales
7248:Vochysiaceae
7233:Combretaceae
7147:Tapisciaceae
7142:Petenaeaceae
7048:Brassicaceae
6802:Trigoniaceae
6797:Balanopaceae
6762:Hypericaceae
6742:Bonnetiaceae
6717:Irvingiaceae
6704:Malpighiales
6694:Celastraceae
6666:Krameriaceae
6623:Elaeagnaceae
6618:Dirachmaceae
6575:Juglandaceae
6542:Polygalaceae
6527:Quillajaceae
6489:Coriariaceae
6466:Cucurbitales
6403:Haloragaceae
6398:Penthoraceae
6383:Crassulaceae
6348:Altingiaceae
6330:Saxifragales
6282:Dilleniaceae
6221:Papaveraceae
6216:Eupteleaceae
6208:Ranunculales
6116:
6083:Restionaceae
6043:Bromeliaceae
5977:Zingiberales
5957:Philydraceae
5947:Hanguanaceae
5939:Commelinales
5906:Asparagaceae
5866:Hypoxidaceae
5813:Ripogonaceae
5808:Philesiaceae
5803:Colchicaceae
5745:Velloziaceae
5740:Triuridaceae
5704:Dioscoreales
5621:Alismataceae
5569:
5538:
5500:Siparunaceae
5457:Magnoliaceae
5354:Trimeniaceae
5331:Nymphaeaceae
5295:Amborellales
5274:Angiospermae
5229:Families of
5186:
5116:Google Books
5114:– via
5108:. Retrieved
5084:
5075:Bibliography
5064:
5057:. Retrieved
5048:
5039:
5027:. Retrieved
5023:the original
5019:www.aafa.org
5018:
5008:
4985:
4979:
4967:
4959:ResearchGate
4957:– via
4951:. Retrieved
4939:
4935:
4908:. Retrieved
4899:
4893:
4886:
4874:. Retrieved
4861:
4852:(May 2020).
4844:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4769:the original
4764:
4758:
4751:
4739:. Retrieved
4726:
4720:
4712:
4702:10 September
4700:. Retrieved
4691:
4688:: dandelion"
4685:
4678:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4607:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4537:
4531:
4524:
4512:. Retrieved
4503:
4497:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4469:
4465:
4454:
4442:. Retrieved
4438:the original
4432:
4407:. Retrieved
4398:
4389:
4381:ResearchGate
4379:– via
4373:. Retrieved
4371:(6): 701–718
4368:
4364:
4354:
4342:. Retrieved
4333:
4308:. Retrieved
4282:
4266:
4258:ResearchGate
4256:– via
4235:
4231:
4221:
4212:
4210:ResearchGate
4208:– via
4166:(1): 43–53.
4163:
4159:
4136:– via
4130:. Retrieved
4121:
4117:
4075:
4069:
4056:
4046:– via
4040:. Retrieved
4030:(in Latin).
4026:
4016:
3971:
3967:
3942:. Retrieved
3938:the original
3933:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3868:ResearchGate
3866:– via
3860:. Retrieved
3848:
3842:
3832:
3802:
3796:
3777:
3768:
3758:– via
3744:
3710:FalconGuides
3704:
3668:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3550:
3469:
3463:
3423:
3386:. Retrieved
3380:
3376:"Asteraceae"
3344:. Retrieved
3340:the original
3324:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3286:
3283:"Compositae"
3263:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3235:
3229:
3222:
3177:
3173:
3137:
3130:honey plants
3123:
3119:
3118:(knapweed),
3113:
3103:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3025:
3018:
3010:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2976:Dendranthema
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2925:
2919:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2835:
2809:
2803:
2772:cooking oils
2769:
2745:
2704:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2632:
2618:
2608:
2591:
2563:
2554:
2543:Please help
2538:verification
2535:
2507:central Asia
2483:
2465:
2457:
2455:
2419:
2409:
2310:
2306:
2290:
2273:
2267:
2249:
2233:
2229:Mutisioideae
2206:
2091:
2090:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2041:
2040:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1966:
1965:
1941:
1940:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1881:
1880:
1848:
1847:
1822:
1821:
1806:Mutisioideae
1804:
1803:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1740:
1739:
1706:
1687:paraphyletic
1672:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1625:
1612:. They have
1584:
1572:
1548:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1517:placentation
1494:
1490:nüdelspritze
1489:
1485:
1482:syngenesious
1481:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1447:Disc florets
1446:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1403:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1369:pseudanthium
1367:
1361:
1353:
1336:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:discoid head
1303:
1295:
1292:radiate head
1291:
1289:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1245:
1214:
1208:4 – reduced
1203:
1177:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1105:disc florets
1104:
1101:disc flowers
1100:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1057:Bidens torta
1055:
1046:Floral heads
1035:
1033:
1018:
1009:
998:Please help
993:verification
990:
954:conduplicate
931:
911:
891:
875:
861:
859:
843:
824: 76–66
806:
790:flower heads
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
639:
638:
599:Mutisiaceae
591:Lactucaceae
448:1,911 genera
389:Mutisioideae
267:Subfamilies
252:
228:
202:
189:
176:
163:
36:
8656:iNaturalist
8498:Wikispecies
8279:Rousseaceae
8175:Campanulids
8135:Verbenaceae
8110:Acanthaceae
8105:Pedaliaceae
8095:Byblidaceae
7963:Boraginales
7953:Apocynaceae
7943:Loganiaceae
7925:Gentianales
7874:Icacinaceae
7826:Cyrillaceae
7821:Clethraceae
7801:Styracaceae
7781:Primulaceae
7708:Grubbiaceae
7635:Santalaceae
7577:Basellaceae
7532:Gisekiaceae
7472:Physenaceae
7437:Droseraceae
7334:Sapindaceae
7324:Burseraceae
7268:Alzateaceae
7180:Neuradaceae
7119:Francoaceae
7114:Geraniaceae
7066:Aphloiaceae
7038:Capparaceae
7018:Tovariaceae
6978:Moringaceae
6960:Brassicales
6920:Cunoniaceae
6915:Oxalidaceae
6910:Connaraceae
6827:Achariaceae
6822:Humiriaceae
6787:Elatinaceae
6681:Celastrales
6638:Cannabaceae
6613:Barbeyaceae
6537:Surianaceae
6509:Begoniaceae
6504:Datiscaceae
6343:Paeoniaceae
6320:Superrosids
6305:Gunneraceae
6274:Dilleniales
6193:Platanaceae
6068:Thurniaceae
6048:Rapateaceae
6010:Marantaceae
5861:Lanariaceae
5856:Asteliaceae
5841:Orchidaceae
5833:Asparagales
5818:Smilacaceae
5760:Pandanaceae
5750:Stemonaceae
5656:Zosteraceae
5651:Maundiaceae
5603:Alismatales
5520:Monimiaceae
5444:Magnoliales
5429:Saururaceae
5406:Winteraceae
5401:Canellaceae
5384:Magnoliidae
5326:Cabombaceae
5313:Nymphaeales
5246:Supergroup
5110:12 November
5029:10 November
4953:16 February
4775:16 February
4741:16 February
4461:"daisy, n."
4375:16 February
4344:16 February
4310:16 February
4189:11336/36507
4132:16 February
4124:: 909–922.
4042:18 February
3862:18 February
3568:20 February
3547:Bayer, R.J.
3305:18 November
2894:herbal teas
2859:(chicory),
2853:(lettuce),
2796:herbal teas
2764:New Zealand
2752:cut flowers
2701:tumbleweeds
2683:(ragwort),
2659:Epizoochory
2462:Old English
2400:) comes to
2278:crown group
2272:. Barreda,
2269:Dasyphyllum
2240:taxonomists
2225:Carduoideae
2217:Asteroideae
2093:Asteroideae
2008:Middle East
1968:Pertyoideae
1943:Carduoideae
1679:Asteroideae
1651:Trypanosoma
1581:Metabolites
1553:). Cypsela
1456:Ray florets
1452:Carduoideae
1443:zygomorphic
1416:Helichrysum
1276:disc flower
1272:disk flower
1107:. The word
1093:ray florets
1089:ray flowers
1074:pollinators
856:Description
831:crown group
715:Orchidaceae
559:Cynaraceae
531:Carduaceae
477:Acarnaceae
469:Compositae
397:Pertyoideae
338:Dicomoideae
301:Carduoideae
275:Asteroideae
183:Angiosperms
29:Astraeaceae
18:Disc floret
9074:Asteraceae
9068:Categories
8943:77126669-1
8862:Compositae
8609:Asteraceae
8531:Asteraceae
8504:Asteraceae
8474:Asteraceae
8362:Dipsacales
8352:Bruniaceae
8329:Asteraceae
8213:Araliaceae
8150:Phrymaceae
8085:Stilbaceae
8012:Solanaceae
7989:Vahliaceae
7915:Garryaceae
7861:Icacinales
7771:Sapotaceae
7625:Opiliaceae
7612:Santalales
7587:Talinaceae
7567:Montiaceae
7319:Kirkiaceae
7301:Sapindales
7273:Penaeaceae
7243:Onagraceae
7238:Lythraceae
7170:Cytinaceae
7129:Huerteales
7106:Geraniales
7043:Cleomaceae
7033:Resedaceae
6983:Caricaceae
6968:Akaniaceae
6897:Oxalidales
6852:Salicaceae
6837:Goupiaceae
6747:Clusiaceae
6648:Urticaceae
6628:Rhamnaceae
6590:Betulaceae
6570:Myricaceae
6292:Gunnerales
6198:Proteaceae
6078:Cyperaceae
6063:Mayacaceae
6053:Xyridaceae
5783:Corsiaceae
5732:Pandanales
5671:Ruppiaceae
5626:Butomaceae
5477:Annonaceae
5434:Piperaceae
5393:Canellales
5182:Asteraceae
5176:Asteraceae
5164:Asteraceae
5088:. Vienna:
4876:15 January
4548:21 January
4514:21 January
4470:OED Online
4285:. Vienna:
4110:Funk, V.A.
3944:15 January
3815:0094504903
3805:. London:
3553:. Vienna:
3543:Funk, V.A.
3230:Asteraceae
3152:References
3146:honey bees
3134:beekeepers
3110:pollinator
3023:medicine.
2788:artichokes
2653:Anemochory
2629:anemophily
2621:pollinated
2499:the Levant
2489:, eastern
2473:dæġes ēaġe
2416:type genus
2256:Antarctica
1701:See also:
1657:Leishmania
1645:Plasmodium
1636:terpenoids
1632:flavonoids
1630:, such as
1606:acetylenes
1555:morphology
1550:Helianthus
1399:receptacle
1321:pistillate
1286:Variations
1248:ray flower
1157:, (plural
1138:receptacle
1129:phyllaries
1078:Compositae
786:Antarctica
778:hot desert
723:Compositae
640:Asteraceae
585:Inulaceae
350:S.E.Freire
246:Type genus
229:Asteraceae
48:76–0
42:Asteraceae
8877:Q14847254
8578:FloraBase
8370:Adoxaceae
8339:Bruniales
8271:Asterales
8140:Lamiaceae
7999:Solanales
7981:Vahliales
7933:Rubiaceae
7902:Garryales
7831:Ericaceae
7776:Ebenaceae
7713:Cornaceae
7698:Loasaceae
7683:Nyssaceae
7620:Olacaceae
7602:Cactaceae
7537:Aizoaceae
7512:Limeaceae
7349:Meliaceae
7253:Myrtaceae
7205:Cistaceae
7185:Malvaceae
6832:Violaceae
6737:Ochnaceae
6712:Pandaceae
6183:Sabiaceae
6175:Proteales
6073:Juncaceae
6038:Typhaceae
6015:Costaceae
6005:Cannaceae
5990:Lowiaceae
5929:Arecaceae
5886:Iridaceae
5846:Boryaceae
5823:Liliaceae
5593:Acoraceae
5525:Lauraceae
5416:Piperales
5254:Bryophyta
4948:2454-3055
4818:1663-9812
4652:1932-6203
4591:0029-6643
4048:Botanicus
3990:1776-1042
3928:(2022) .
3824:959412625
3617:2052-7276
3595:(1): 36.
3500:1091-6490
3115:Centaurea
3085:Tanacetum
3073:Pulicaria
3049:hay fever
2970:Calendula
2930:includes
2927:Artemisia
2921:Echinacea
2916:potpourri
2911:Calendula
2877:(yacón),
2856:Cichorium
2837:Grindelia
2832:heleniums
2811:Echinacea
2742:succulent
2719:dandelion
2692:Taraxacum
2645:apomictic
2640:Artemisia
2485:(notably
2406:Neo-Latin
2314:English:
2286:Coniacian
2282:Santonian
2260:Campanian
2074:Corymbium
1855:Venezuela
1697:Phylogeny
1640:parasites
1614:terpenoid
1602:alkaloids
1565:or none.
1563:endosperm
1545:dandelion
1421:imbricate
1410:involucre
1408:forms an
1404:A set of
1393:, called
1380:capitulum
1375:capitulum
1317:staminate
1256:vestigial
1167:dandelion
1134:involucre
1082:composite
1066:capitulum
934:alternate
877:Hieracium
839:Coniacian
835:Santonian
813:Campanian
758:perennial
735:composite
711:Asterales
628:Burmeist.
441:Diversity
219:Asterales
153:Kingdom:
117:Campanian
9038:composit
9025:VASCAN:
9018:50255940
9013:Tropicos
8871:Wikidata
8819:VicFlora
8808:VASCAN:
8801:50307371
8796:Tropicos
8674:319342-2
8483:Wikidata
8449:Category
8223:Apiaceae
8145:Mazaceae
8055:Oleaceae
8037:Lamiales
7786:Theaceae
7723:Ericales
7675:Cornales
7665:Asterids
7522:Kewaceae
7339:Rutaceae
7225:Myrtales
7200:Bixaceae
7162:Malvales
7003:Bataceae
6872:Linaceae
6857:Peraceae
6643:Moraceae
6633:Ulmaceae
6608:Rosaceae
6565:Fagaceae
6532:Fabaceae
6441:Vitaceae
6368:Iteaceae
6165:Buxaceae
6148:Eudicots
6000:Musaceae
5916:Arecales
5770:Liliales
5585:Acorales
5575:Monocots
5487:Laurales
5104:Archived
5053:Archived
4904:Archived
4867:Archived
4836:32581807
4735:Archived
4696:Archived
4670:29902275
4622:PLOS ONE
4599:22946853
4542:Archived
4508:Archived
4480:23 April
4474:Archived
4403:Archived
4338:Archived
4301:Archived
4254:89115861
4198:25083940
4126:Archived
4112:(2002).
4036:Archived
4024:(1740).
4008:29528842
3968:Parasite
3857:40035740
3776:(2010).
3635:29977572
3559:Archived
3549:(eds.).
3518:31209018
3388:20 March
3299:Archived
3297:. 2013.
3237:Tropicos
3214:26261324
3138:Solidago
3125:Solidago
3044:Ambrosia
2940:tarragon
2932:absinthe
2816:fleabane
2715:thistles
2711:ragweeds
2634:Ambrosia
2295:(mainly
2293:fructans
1664:Taxonomy
1642:such as
1621:iridoids
1598:lactones
1537:cypselae
1535:(plural
1300:bisexual
1036:capitula
958:revolute
938:opposite
902:rhizomes
898:caudices
894:taproots
850:invasive
794:capitula
754:biennial
540:Sch.Bip.
521:Martinov
514:Martinov
455:Synonyms
366:V.A.Funk
331:V.A.Funk
316:Chevall.
225:Family:
209:Asterids
196:Eudicots
8917:6070956
8185:Apiales
7851:Lamiids
6950:Malvids
6905:Huaceae
6600:Rosales
6552:Fagales
6519:Fabales
6433:Vitales
6157:Buxales
6103:Poaceae
5611:Araceae
5570:Lilidae
5184:at the
4900:Jekka's
4827:7291392
4802:: 852.
4661:6002075
4630:Bibcode
4444:27 July
4206:6745704
4168:Bibcode
4092:2992008
3999:5847338
3905:2442020
3706:Series)
3626:6026493
3597:Bibcode
3509:6628808
3478:Bibcode
3346:12 June
3247:14 July
3205:4568267
3182:Bibcode
3079:Tagetes
3051:in the
3031:lactone
2994:Tagetes
2964:Gerbera
2828:zinnias
2824:dahlias
2780:lettuce
2739:twining
2671:Arctium
2593:Carlina
2517:Ecology
2408:, from
1911:: Only
1669:History
1610:tannins
1533:cypsela
1501:carpels
1478:connate
1474:stamens
1435:corolla
1395:florets
1391:flowers
1388:sessile
1338:Carduus
1252:corolla
1233:abaxial
1229:carpels
1195:anthers
1190:stigmas
966:toothed
942:whorled
872:stamens
798:florets
602:Burnett
238:J.Presl
234:Bercht.
215:Order:
157:Plantae
119:–recent
9051:867905
8976:NZOR:
8956:117809
8891:214642
8850:234045
8762:183083
8733:NZOR:
8687:114753
8489:Q25400
6456:Fabids
6423:Rosids
6030:Poales
5235:APG IV
5096:
5059:2 June
4996:
4946:
4834:
4824:
4816:
4668:
4658:
4650:
4597:
4589:
4409:2 June
4293:
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3434:
3293:&
3212:
3202:
3142:pollen
3132:" for
3106:nectar
3082:, and
3039:Pollen
3000:Zinnia
2988:Dahlia
2938:) and
2842:yarrow
2830:, and
2717:, and
2706:Bidens
2665:Bidens
2627:, but
2509:, and
2493:, the
2491:Brazil
2426:suffix
2421:-aceae
2414:, the
2297:inulin
2274:et al.
2213:extant
2010:) and
1859:Guyana
1587:inulin
1569:Pollen
1529:achene
1503:. The
1497:pistil
1467:pappus
1460:ligule
1406:bracts
1384:raceme
1343:locule
1268:ligule
1219:pappus
1204:ligule
1200:petals
1154:pappus
1149:sepals
1145:petals
1124:bracts
962:entire
946:simple
928:Leaves
768:, and
762:shrubs
750:annual
719:extant
700:family
562:Spenn.
472:Giseke
368:(2002)
333:(2002)
329:&
327:Panero
318:(1828)
307:(1826)
296:(1992)
294:Jansen
292:&
290:Bremer
281:(1829)
279:Lindl.
236:&
9046:WoRMS
9028:21904
8992:54741
8969:35421
8951:IRMNG
8904:20424
8845:WoRMS
8770:Plazi
8749:46248
8700:35420
8682:IRMNG
8661:47604
8622:10074
8604:FoAO2
8596:10074
8583:22924
8570:1COMF
8544:622TP
8518:54580
5248:Plant
4974:CGAPS
4910:2 May
4870:(PDF)
4857:(PDF)
4304:(PDF)
4279:(PDF)
4250:S2CID
4202:S2CID
4088:JSTOR
3901:JSTOR
3853:JSTOR
3562:(PDF)
3541:. In
3539:(PDF)
3264:Taxon
3099:latex
2778:like
2458:daisy
2450:astḗr
2444:ἀστήρ
2435:aster
2432:word
2411:Aster
2404:from
1751:Andes
1559:seeds
1513:ovule
1509:ovary
1505:style
1486:theca
1428:chaff
1236:ovule
1213:4’ –
1210:calyx
1188:with
1186:style
1159:pappi
1109:aster
950:lobed
940:, or
918:latex
916:, or
914:resin
908:Stems
888:Roots
846:weedy
770:trees
766:vines
756:, or
737:, or
731:daisy
727:aster
708:order
594:Drude
548:Juss.
354:Ariza
305:Sweet
254:Aster
203:Clade
190:Clade
177:Clade
164:Clade
9000:POWO
8964:ITIS
8938:IPNI
8925:GRIN
8912:GBIF
8886:APNI
8783:POWO
8726:4210
8721:NCBI
8695:ITIS
8669:IPNI
8643:GRIN
8635:3065
8630:GBIF
8565:EPPO
8557:4206
8526:ATRF
8513:APNI
5123:here
5112:2021
5094:ISBN
5061:2020
5031:2007
4994:ISBN
4955:2021
4944:ISSN
4912:2022
4878:2022
4832:PMID
4814:ISSN
4777:2021
4743:2021
4704:2012
4666:PMID
4648:ISSN
4595:PMID
4587:ISSN
4550:2021
4516:2021
4482:2021
4446:2016
4411:2015
4377:2021
4346:2021
4312:2021
4291:ISBN
4194:PMID
4134:2021
4044:2021
4004:PMID
3986:ISSN
3946:2023
3864:2021
3820:OCLC
3810:ISBN
3782:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3714:ISBN
3677:ISBN
3631:PMID
3613:ISSN
3570:2021
3514:PMID
3496:ISSN
3432:ISBN
3390:2022
3348:2008
3332:USDA
3307:2016
3249:2017
3210:PMID
2762:and
2756:weed
2737:The
2729:Uses
2418:, +
2227:and
2209:list
1857:and
1721:node
1713:Funk
1707:The
1634:and
1541:seed
1495:The
1274:(or
1223:5 –
1193:2 –
1184:1 –
1117:head
1070:head
615:Link
609:Link
581:Link
555:Link
500:Raf.
480:Link
464:List
56:PreꞒ
8930:282
8899:FNA
8832:WFO
8708:NBN
8648:110
8617:FoC
8591:FNA
8552:EoL
8539:CoL
5125:at
4822:PMC
4804:doi
4656:PMC
4638:doi
4577:doi
4240:doi
4184:hdl
4176:doi
4122:115
4080:doi
3994:PMC
3976:doi
3893:doi
3621:PMC
3605:doi
3504:PMC
3486:doi
3470:116
3336:ARS
3200:PMC
3190:doi
3178:112
2808:),
2547:by
2470:):
2288:).
2262:to
2254:of
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1492:).
1441:or
1103:or
1091:or
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