239:. The scale may be used in paper and pencil form, or made available electronically, with the restrictions that: (a) the items and instructions are not modified, (b) it is not used or sold for profit (permission from Dr. Abramowitz is required to use the DOCS for profit), (c) it is used in unfunded research or clinical assessment in health care settings (permission from Dr. Abramowitz is required to use the DOCS in any industry sponsored clinical study), and (d) the DOCS is cited in research papers as follows:
198:
individuals. Scores on the DOCS displayed excellent performance on indices of reliability (test-retest, internal consistency) and validity (convergent, divergent, construct), and the measure appears to be sensitive to treatment. The DOCS is also diagnostically sensitive and thus holds promise as a useful measure of OCD symptoms in clinical and research settings.
180:
within the last month and rate (on a scale from 0 to 4 ) (a) the time occupied by obsessions and compulsions, (b) avoidance behavior, (c) associated distress, (d) functional interference, and (e) difficulty disregarding the obsessions and refraining from the compulsions. Thus, the DOCS subscales assesses the severity of the patient's
164:
consisting of 20 items; five items for each of the four symptom dimensions (subscales) as described above: (a) contamination, (b) responsibility for harm, injury, or bad luck, (c) unacceptable obsessional thoughts, and (d) symmetry, completeness, and exactness. Hoarding was excluded for the reasons mentioned previously.
215:
As the DOCS was developed with both clinical and non-clinical samples, it is suitable for use in service delivery settings as well as in research with both treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking samples. As it was developed and tested using adults, the DOCS is suitable for individuals age 18 and
201:
The factor structure and psychometric properties of the DOCS have been examined in numerous studies in different cultures and languages, and via different methods of administration. Largely, these studies indicate that the scale's properties are consistent cross-culturally and regardless of how it is
36:
to improve upon existing OCD measures and advance the assessment and understanding of OCD. The DOCS contains four subscales (corresponding to the four symptom dimensions) that have been shown to have good reliability, validity, diagnostic sensitivity, and sensitivity to treatment effects in a variety
98:
Most self-report OCD scales contain a one-dimensional assessment of severity. On some scales, for example, respondents simply rate their level of ādistressā associated with various types of obsessions and compulsions. Research, however, shows that OCD symptom severity consists of multiple parameters
188:
A DOCS total score of 18 optimally distinguishes between someone with OCD and someone without a psychiatric diagnosis; while a score of 21 optimally distinguishes between someone with OCD and someone with an anxiety disorder. As of this time, there are no empirically derived cutoff scores for mild,
219:
As a self-report instrument, the DOCS requires no special skills to administer. However, interpretation of scores should be carried out by individuals with appropriate training in psychological science. When it is administered to people who have sought professional help, or who are displaying high
105:
Many OCD symptom measures assess obsessions separately from compulsions, thus treating these symptoms as disconnected clinical phenomena. Yet research shows that obsessions and compulsions are related to one another. Moreover, OCD symptoms occur along thematic dimensions (or subtypes) that include
112:
Most OCD symptom measures do not capture avoidance behavior, which is a major symptom for many people with OCD. People with OCD who do not have many compulsions, for example, often have extensive avoidance patterns that contribute to the overall severity and interference in functioning associated
87:
OCD is a highly heterogeneous disorder with obsessions and compulsions that can take many forms and themes. Many OCD measures are weighted toward assessing the most common (quintessential) types of obsession and compulsions (e.g., contamination obsessions, washing/cleaning compulsions). Thus, all
179:
Each of the four DOCS subscales begins with a general description and broad inclusive examples of the obsessions and compulsions within the particular symptom dimension. Respondents are next asked to consider any obsessions and compulsions within that symptom dimension that they have experienced
65:
Consisting of recurrent, highly distressing repugnant obsessional thoughts, doubts, images, and ideas of "taboo" topics such as violence, immorality, sex, religion and blasphemy. These obsessions are typically accompanied by avoidance behavior as well as compulsive checking, repeating behaviors,
197:
In the initial study describing the development and evaluation of the DOCS, the instrument's factorial validity was supported by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of 3 samples, including (a) individuals with OCD, (b) those with other anxiety disorders, and (c) non treatment-seeking
163:
obtained feedback regarding the clarity, reading level, and relevance of these materials from a larger group of (a) experts on OCD, (b) experts on scale development, and (c) people with OCD. Following the incorporation of input from these groups, the final product was a self-report instrument
455:
LĆ³pez-SolĆ , Clara; GutiĆ©rrez, Fernando; Alonso, Pino; Rosado, Silvia; Taberner, Joan; SegalĆ s, Cinto; Real, Eva; MenchĆ³n, JosĆ© Manuel; Fullana, Miquel A. (2014). "Spanish version of the
Dimensional ObsessiveāCompulsive Scale (DOCS): Psychometric properties and relation to obsessive beliefs".
45:
The DOCS was developed primarily because of the need for a measure of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms that maps on to empirically established OC symptom dimensions (or "subtypes") in a conceptually consistent manner. Research consistently finds that OC symptoms distill into the following
408:
Melli, Gabriele; Chiorri, Carlo; Bulli, Francesco; Carraresi, Claudia; Stopani, Eleonora; Abramowitz, Jonathan (2014-08-03). "Factor
Congruence and Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS) Across Non-Clinical and Clinical Samples".
244:
Abramowitz, J. S.; Deacon, B.; Olatunji, B.; Wheaton, M. G.; Berman, N.; Losardo, D.; Timpano, K.; McGrath, P.; Riemann, B.; Adams, T.; Bjorgvinsson, T.; Storch, E. A.; Hale, L. (2010). "Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the
Dimensional
325:
Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Deacon, Brett J.; Olatunji, Bunmi O.; Wheaton, Michael G.; Berman, Noah C.; Losardo, Diane; Timpano, Kiara R.; McGrath, Patrick B.; Riemann, Bradley C. (2010). "Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: Development and evaluation of the
Dimensional
123:
was considered (by many experts) as a symptom of OCD; yet it is now known to be a separate condition. Many OCD symptom measures include items that assess hoarding in their overall severity score. Thus, these instruments overestimate OCD symptom severity among individuals with hoarding
930:
Boeding, Sara E.; Paprocki, Christine M.; Baucom, Donald H.; Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Wheaton, Michael G.; Fabricant, Laura E.; Fischer, Melanie S. (2013-06-01). "Let me check that for you: Symptom accommodation in romantic partners of adults with
ObsessiveāCompulsive Disorder".
167:
DOCS items were worded based on the research-supported idea that obsessions and compulsions are universal experiences, occurring in clinical and nonclinical individuals on a continuum of severity. This allows the DOCS to be viable in both clinical and nonclinical populations.
494:Ćlafsson, Ragnar P.; ArngrĆmsson, JĆ³hann B.; Ćrnason, PĆ”ll; Kolbeinsson, ĆrĆ”inn; Emmelkamp, Paul M.G.; KristjĆ”nsson, Ćrni; Ćlason, DanĆel Ć. (2013). "The Icelandic version of the dimensional obsessive compulsive scale (DOCS) and its relationship with obsessive beliefs".
31:
symptoms along four empirically supported theme-based dimensions: (a) contamination, (b) responsibility for harm and mistakes, (c) incompleteness/symmetry, and (d) unacceptable (taboo) thoughts. The scale was developed in 2010 by a team of experts on OCD led by
184:
symptoms, rather than pre-defined symptoms as in most OCD measures. Within each subscale, the five item scores are summed to produce a subscale score (range = 0-20). The four subscale scores can be summed to produce an overall DOCS total score (range = 0-80).
287:
The DOCS is now available in the following languages: English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Italian, French, Icelandic, Swedish, German, Norwegian, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, and
Portuguese. All available versions of the DOCS are free to download at
666:
McKay, Dean; Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Calamari, John E.; Kyrios, Michael; Radomsky, Adam; Sookman, Debbie; Taylor, Steven; Wilhelm, Sabine (2004-07-01). "A critical evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: symptoms versus mechanisms".
37:
of settings cross-culturally and in different languages. As such, the DOCS meets the needs of clinicians and researchers who wish to measure current OCD symptoms or assess changes in symptoms over time (e.g., over the course of treatment).
894:
Raines, Amanda M.; Allan, Nicholas P.; Oglesby, Mary E.; Short, Nicole A.; Schmidt, Norman B. (2015). "Examination of the relations between obsessiveācompulsive symptom dimensions and fear and distress disorder symptoms".
548:
Foa, Edna B.; Huppert, Jonathan D.; Leiberg, Susanne; Langner, Robert; Kichic, Rafael; Hajcak, Greg; Salkovskis, Paul M. (2002-12-01). "The
Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version".
158:
Items for the DOCS were generated on the basis of research on the dimensionality of OCD symptoms as well as on the parameters of OCD symptom severity. After writing an initial draft of scale items and instructions, the
88:
things being equal, individuals with the more common types of OCD symptoms (e.g., washing and checking) will receive higher scores than patients with other (less common but equally severe) types of symptoms (e.g.,
1072:
Chase, Tannah; Wetterneck, Chad T.; Bartsch, Robert A.; Leonard, Rachel C.; Riemann, Bradley C. (2015-09-03). "Investigating
Treatment Outcomes Across OCD Symptom Dimensions in a Clinical Sample of OCD Patients".
1044:
Wootton, Bethany M.; Dear, Blake F.; Johnston, Luke; Terides, Matthew D.; Titov, Nickolai (2014). "Self-guided internet administered treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from two open trials".
1702:
617:
Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Deacon, Brett J. (2006-01-01). "Psychometric properties and construct validity of the
Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory--Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample".
72:
Obsessions involving not-just-right experiences and the sense of incompleteness or asymmetry, sometimes accompanied by the fear of causing harm or bad luck; and ordering/arranging and repeating rituals.
966:
Wheaton, Michael G.; Mahaffey, Brittain; Timpano, Kiara R.; Berman, Noah C.; Abramowitz, Jonathan S. (2012). "The relationship between anxiety sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions".
1001:
Viar, Megan A.; Bilsky, Sarah A.; Armstrong, Thomas; Olatunji, Bunmi O. (2011-03-10). "Obsessive
Beliefs and Dimensions of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Examination of Specific Associations".
223:
The DOCS is widely used in clinical research on the nature of obsessions and compulsions. It is also used in treatment outcome studies as a measure to evaluate the effects of treatment for OCD.
59:
Consisting of obsessional doubts and ideas of possibly having caused or failed to prevent harm, misfortune, bad luck (to oneself or others) along with checking and re-assurance seeking rituals.
106:
both obsessions and compulsive rituals. Thus, many measures do not provide clinicians and researchers with the proper conceptual framework for best understanding and treating OCD symptoms.
1787:
1647:
1813:
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Deacon, Brett J.; Abramowitz, Jonathan S. (2005-01-01). "The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: factor analysis, construct validity, and suggestions for refinement".
1141:
171:
An analysis of the item reading level revealed that the DOCS is easily understandable for people aged 13ā15 years and above or who read at about a 9th-grade level.
53:
Consisting of obsession about germs, illness, and disgust along with avoidance of contaminants and washing and cleaning (i.e., de-contamination) compulsive rituals.
796:
Abramowitz, Jonathan S.; Wheaton, Michael G.; Storch, Eric A. (2008-09-01). "The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder".
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levels of distress, interpretation should be carried out by appropriately qualified professionals such as a clinical psychologist.
521:
Overduin, Mathilde K.; Furnham, Adrian (2012). "Assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A review of self-report measures".
1420:
132:
assesses the severity of research-supported OCD symptom dimensions (excluding hoarding) in a conceptually consistent manner,
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600:
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is fairly brief and easy to administer in clinical and research settings with both clinical and nonclinical populations.
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assesses symptom severity independent of the number, range, or types of different obsessions and compulsions, and
861:
Enander, Jesper; Andersson, Erik; Kaldo, Viktor; Lindefors, Nils; Andersson, Gerhard; RĆ¼ck, Christian (2012).
1558:
99:
such as distress, interference in functioning, and the frequency or duration of obsessions and compulsions
1468:
76:
A second aim of the DOCS was to address important drawbacks of widely used measures of OCD (such as the
80:, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory and Padua Inventory ). The limitations of these instruments include:
840:"Psychometric validation of Dimensional Obsessive-compulsive Scale (DOCS) in Chinese college students"
1757:
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1486:
863:"Internet administration of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: a psychometric evaluation"
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Kim, Hae Won; Kang, Jee In; Kim, Seung Jun; Jhung, Kyungun; Kim, Eun Joo; Kim, Se Joo (2013).
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8:
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1344:
232:
120:
33:
374:"A Validation Study of the Korean-Version of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale"
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1304:
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1110:
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908:
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1802:
1284:
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1022:
817:
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639:
570:
430:
235:., yet the questionnaire is freely available and may be downloaded from the
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1443:
1433:
1323:
1419:
1615:
1411:
1318:
493:
339:
258:
27:) is a 20-item self-report instrument that assesses the severity of
1622:
1532:
1374:
1338:
1198:
1752:
1353:
929:
713:(1 ed.). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier Science. 2007-07-24.
711:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Subtypes and Spectrum Conditions
454:
324:
243:
135:
measures symptom severity as a function of multiple parameters,
860:
236:
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up. A version for those under 18 is currently in development.
1071:
665:
965:
1788:
University of Florida ObsessiveāCompulsive Disorder Program
1000:
1043:
407:
1358:
547:
968:
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
893:
795:
148:
1047:
Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
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Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
523:
Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
496:
Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
103:
Assessment of obsessions separately from compulsions.
1814:
Personality disorders screening and assessment tools
411:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
290:
https://docs.web.unc.edu/downloads-and-translations/
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Bias toward assessing the most common OCD symptoms.
66:
mental rituals, and excessive re-assurance seeking.
1149:
1800:
738:
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520:
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378:Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association
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138:includes an assessment of avoidance behavior,
1410:
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1768:Relationship obsessiveācompulsive disorder
1142:
1128:
192:
1743:Obsessiveācompulsive personality disorder
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785:. American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
389:
96:Restricted conceptualization of severity.
205:
1421:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
1801:
1165:Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
231:The copyright for the DOCS belongs to
78:Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
21:Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale
1170:YaleāBrown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
1123:
734:
732:
730:
661:
659:
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57:Responsibility for harm or mistakes -
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403:
401:
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226:
149:Development, scoring, and evaluation
29:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
13:
727:
654:
189:moderate, or severe OCD symptoms.
14:
1825:
1554:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1215:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
484:
445:
398:
362:
301:
90:religious obsessions/scrupulosity
1563:Exposure and response prevention
1065:
1037:
994:
959:
923:
887:
854:
832:
789:
775:
703:
470:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.08.015
1003:Cognitive Therapy and Research
933:Behaviour Research and Therapy
897:Journal of Affective Disorders
798:Behaviour Research and Therapy
610:
593:
541:
514:
153:
1:
1809:Obsessiveācompulsive disorder
1151:Obsessiveācompulsive disorder
1087:10.1080/16506073.2015.1015162
753:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.009
632:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.001
326:Obsessive-Compulsive Scale".
295:
245:Obsessive-Compulsive Scale".
1559:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1469:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
741:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
620:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
110:Failure to assess avoidance.
40:
7:
1075:Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
1059:10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.03.001
980:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.01.001
880:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.07.008
535:10.1016/j.jocrd.2012.08.001
508:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.02.001
391:10.4306/jknpa.2013.52.3.130
10:
1830:
945:10.1016/j.brat.2013.03.002
810:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.006
669:Clinical Psychology Review
563:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.485
283:Translations and downloads
175:Administration and scoring
1758:Primarily Obsessional OCD
1723:
1661:
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1600:
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1487:Tricyclic antidepressants
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1467:
1403:
1297:
1223:
1178:
1157:
1015:10.1007/s10608-011-9360-4
909:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.013
681:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.003
423:10.1007/s10862-014-9450-1
551:Psychological Assessment
458:Comprehensive Psychiatry
328:Psychological Assessment
247:Psychological Assessment
233:Jonathan Abramowitz, PhD
46:theme-based dimensions:
34:Jonathan Abramowitz, PhD
1773:Social anxiety disorder
1641:Everything in Its Place
1569:Inference-based therapy
1505:Atypical antipsychotics
210:
193:Psychometric evaluation
128:Accordingly, the DOCS:
63:Unacceptable thoughts -
1538:Deep brain stimulation
1369:Experiential avoidance
280:
117:Inclusion of hoarding.
16:Self-report instrument
1574:Metacognitive therapy
241:
206:Uses and translations
1748:Obsessional jealousy
1205:Orbitofrontal cortex
1738:Illusion of control
1365:Thought suppression
1763:Questionable cause
1670:As Good as It Gets
113:with the disorder.
1796:
1795:
1783:Tourette syndrome
1719:
1718:
1657:
1656:
1582:
1581:
1521:
1520:
1293:
1292:
601:"Padua Inventory"
227:Permission to use
1821:
1598:
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1590:
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1210:Cingulate cortex
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804:(9): 1026ā1033.
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786:
779:
773:
772:
736:
725:
724:
707:
701:
700:
663:
652:
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626:(8): 1016ā1035.
614:
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590:
545:
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518:
512:
511:
491:
482:
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396:
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340:10.1037/a0018260
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259:10.1037/a0018260
119:Until recently,
70:Incompleteness -
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
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1820:
1819:
1818:
1799:
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1733:Guilt (emotion)
1715:
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1587:Popular culture
1578:
1542:
1517:
1499:
1481:
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1399:
1289:
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1272:
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1251:
1243:
1234:
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1070:
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51:Contamination -
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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1684:Matchstick Men
1680:
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1609:Matchstick Men
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1116:
1081:(5): 365ā376.
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1053:(2): 102ā108.
1036:
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1513:Aripiprazole
1495:Clomipramine
1429:Escitalopram
1188:Neuroanatomy
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1710:Straight Up
1690:Adrian Monk
1677:The Aviator
1439:Fluvoxamine
1394:possessions
1345:Compulsions
1309:associative
903:: 253ā257.
154:Development
1803:Categories
1633:Nonfiction
1594:Literature
1547:Behavioral
1477:Phenelzine
1459:Nefazodone
1454:Citalopram
1449:Sertraline
1444:Paroxetine
1434:Fluoxetine
1334:scrupulous
1324:pathogenic
1314:diagnostic
1305:Obsessions
384:(3): 130.
296:References
124:behaviors.
1616:Plyushkin
1601:Fictional
1404:Treatment
1319:injurious
1224:Receptors
1095:1650-6073
1023:0147-5916
848:148223644
818:1873-622X
761:0887-6185
689:0272-7358
640:0887-6185
571:1040-3590
439:145758458
431:0882-2689
41:Rationale
1623:Xenocide
1533:Inositol
1375:Hoarding
1349:impulses
1339:symmetry
1298:Symptoms
1256:Ī¼ Opioid
1199:striatum
1111:21823776
1103:25715733
988:22321579
953:23567474
917:26042633
826:18684434
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648:16621437
587:18815147
579:12501574
478:24209609
348:20230164
267:20230164
121:hoarding
1725:Related
1379:animals
1354:rituals
1180:Biology
1158:History
356:7206349
275:7206349
1753:PANDAS
1329:sexual
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1526:Other
1384:books
1107:S2CID
1027:S2CID
844:S2CID
783:DSM-5
604:(PDF)
583:S2CID
435:S2CID
352:S2CID
271:S2CID
1696:Pure
1389:data
1359:tics
1285:NMDA
1248:5-HT
1240:5-HT
1231:5-HT
1099:PMID
1091:ISSN
1019:ISSN
984:PMID
949:PMID
913:PMID
822:PMID
814:ISSN
765:PMID
757:ISSN
715:ISBN
693:PMID
685:ISSN
644:PMID
636:ISSN
575:PMID
567:ISSN
474:PMID
427:ISSN
344:PMID
263:PMID
211:Uses
25:DOCS
19:The
1083:doi
1055:doi
1011:doi
976:doi
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901:183
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182:own
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.