1322:
2551:
1304:
2515:
178:
238:
1313:
2539:
20:
2527:
206:
features of the ions, but not the neutral molecules, to be shifted back and forth in frequency space, so a lock-in amplifier could be used to observe the spectra of just the ions in the discharge. The lock-in combined with the velocity modulation gave >99.9% discrimination between ions and neutrals. The feed gas was optimized for N
123:
H. Based on these calculations, the observed rotational transition would be expected to have seven hyperfine components, but only three of these were observed, since the telescope's resolution was insufficient to distinguish the peaks caused by the hyperfine splitting of the inner
Nitrogen atom.
217:
Later, Kabbadj et al. observed even more hot bands associated with the fundamental vibrational band using a difference frequency laser to observe a discharge of a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium gases. They used velocity modulation in the same way that
Owrutsky et al. had, in order to
135:
H has been observed quite frequently, and the 1–0 rotational band is almost exclusively the one that astronomers look for. In 1995, the hyperfine structure of this septuplet was observed with an absolute precision of ~7 kHz, which was good enough to determine its molecular constants with an
205:
H by observing the plasma created by a discharge of a mixture nitrogen, hydrogen, and argon gas using a color center laser. During the pulsed discharge, the poles were reversed on alternating pulses, so the ions were pulled back and forth through the discharge cell. This caused the absorption
152:
H is most often observed in dense molecular clouds, where it has proven useful as one of the last molecules to freeze out onto dust grains as the density of the cloud increases toward the center. In 2002, Bergin et al. did a spatial survey of dense cores to see just how far toward the center
87:
H was first observed in 1974 by B.E. Turner. He observed a previously unidentified triplet at 93.174 GHz using the NRAO 11 m telescope. Immediately after this initial observation, Green et al. identified the triplet as the 1–0 rotational transition of
609:
H in dense molecular clouds. Diazenylium thus plays a critical role in the chemistry of many nitrogen-containing molecules. Although the actual electron density in so-called "dense clouds" is quite low, the destruction of
136:
order of magnitude better precision than was possible in the laboratory. This observation was done toward L1512 using the 37 m NEROC Haystack
Telescope. In the same year, Sage et al. observed the 1–0 transition of N
218:
discriminate ions from neutrals. They combined this with a counterpropagating beam technique to aid in noise subtraction, and this greatly increased their sensitivity. They had enough sensitivity to observe OH, H
193:
H is most often observed by astronomers because of its ease of detection, there have been some laboratory experiments that have observed it in a more controlled environment. The first laboratory spectrum of
322:) in a typical dense molecular cloud. The calculated rates here were for early time (316,000 years) and a temperature of 20 kelvins, which are typical conditions for a relatively young molecular cloud.
1056:
144:
H was one of the first few molecular ions to be observed in other galaxies, and its observation helped to show that the chemistry in other galaxies is quite similar to that which we see in our own galaxy.
279:, which are the only constants needed to determine the rotational spectrum of this linear molecule in the ground vibrational state, with the exception of determining hyperfine splitting. Given the
303:
H is found mostly in dense molecular clouds, where its presence is closely related to that of many other nitrogen-containing compounds. It is particularly closely tied to the chemistry of N
128:(OMC-2) using the same telescope, but this time they integrated for 26 hours, which resulted in a resolution that was good enough to distinguish the smaller hyperfine components.
157:
H could be observed and found that its abundance drops by at least two orders of magnitude when one moves from the outer edge of the core to the center. This showed that even N
1864:
1634:
1594:
1086:
944:
709:
1795:
1770:
1760:
75:
H observations can be used not only for determining the chemistry of interstellar clouds, but also for mapping the density and velocity profiles of these clouds.
2166:
1494:
1435:
1343:
2255:
2071:
2006:
1946:
1874:
1780:
1674:
1544:
1499:
1170:
2335:
956:
Kabbadj, Y; Huet, T.R; Rehfuss, B.D; Gabrys, C.M; Oka, T (1994), "Infrared
Spectroscopy of Highly Excited Vibrational Levels of Protonated Nitrogen, HN+2",
1800:
1644:
1614:
1730:
1710:
1383:
1755:
56:
of gas clouds, the chemistry that happens within those clouds, and it is often used as a tracer for molecules that are not as easily detected (such as
1393:
1095:
1043:
198:
H was of the 1–0 rotational band in the ground vibrational level, the same microwave transition that astronomers had recently discovered in space.
318:
The rates of the dominant formation and destruction reactions can be determined from known rate constants and fractional abundances (relative to H
1750:
1079:
1420:
291:, can be plotted. The frequencies of the peaks predicted by this method differ from those observed in the laboratory by at most 700 kHz.
1966:
1363:
1514:
1425:
1072:
2293:
1609:
689:
1825:
1584:
1504:
1022:
845:
664:
2206:
93:
2458:
605:
There are dozens more reactions possible, but these are the only ones that are fast enough to affect the abundance of N
2358:
883:
71:
in both cold and warm clouds so it is relatively easy to observe with ground-based observatories. The results of N
52:, observations that have several different scientific uses. It gives astronomers information about the fractional
2483:
140:
H in seven out of the nine nearby galaxies that they observed with the NRAO 12 m telescope at Kitt Peak. N
793:
782:
2408:
125:
2443:
1639:
615:
2398:
2393:
1574:
730:
724:; Benson, Priscilla J.; Myers, Philip C.; Tafalla, Mario (2002). "Dense Cores in Dark Clouds. XIV. N
710:
L. Pirogov, I. Zinchenko, P. Caselli, L.E.B. Johansson and P. C. Myers, A&A, 405: 639-654 (2003)
287: = ±1, the calculated rotational energy levels, along with their percent population at 30
2438:
2518:
945:
J. Owrutsky, C. Gudeman, C. Martner, L. Tack, N. Rosenbaum, and R. Saykally, JCP, 84: 605 (1986)
214: = 41 were observed for both the fundamental N–H stretching band and the bending hot band.
2373:
1338:
1248:
1125:
1120:
2428:
2403:
2041:
1659:
1206:
1037:
64:
63:). Its 1–0 rotational transition occurs at 93.174 GHz, a region of the spectrum where
2489:
2473:
2098:
1469:
1440:
1321:
1145:
1006:
965:
902:
829:
749:
648:
8:
2433:
2413:
2226:
1916:
1404:
1268:
1243:
1211:
1130:
112:
49:
45:
1010:
969:
906:
833:
753:
685:
652:
2531:
2453:
2423:
2368:
2245:
2221:
1720:
1654:
1519:
1479:
1330:
1293:
1253:
1232:
1175:
1150:
892:
739:
169:
D may be the only good molecular probe of the innermost regions of pre-stellar cores.
2478:
2061:
1961:
1931:
1849:
1589:
1474:
1430:
1378:
1185:
1180:
1112:
918:
765:
162:
1064:
994:
865:
817:
804:
636:
2576:
2555:
2543:
2463:
2363:
2268:
2216:
1649:
1524:
1489:
1410:
1398:
1358:
1263:
1196:
1014:
973:
910:
837:
757:
656:
307:, which is more difficult to detect (since it lacks a dipole moment). This is why N
108:
935:
R. Saykally, T. Dixon, T. Anderson, P. Szanto, and R. Woods, ApJ, 205: L101 (1976)
2151:
2126:
1664:
1604:
1388:
1288:
1273:
1258:
1165:
1155:
104:
2388:
2353:
2136:
2026:
1991:
1976:
1911:
1906:
1805:
1705:
1624:
1599:
1564:
1509:
1484:
1353:
1201:
280:
2570:
2418:
2273:
2156:
2131:
2112:
2056:
1936:
1894:
1889:
1629:
1619:
1579:
1454:
1348:
1303:
1278:
1160:
1140:
922:
769:
721:
457:
336:
116:
68:
2494:
2348:
2201:
2141:
2121:
2093:
2021:
1901:
1884:
1839:
1790:
1695:
1415:
1368:
1216:
977:
124:
Just a year later, Thaddeus and Turner observed the same transition in the
2468:
2378:
2343:
2310:
2211:
2051:
1956:
1926:
1810:
1725:
1715:
897:
744:
877:
Bergin, Edwin A.; Alves, João; Huard, Tracy; Lada, Charles J. (2002). "N
201:
Ten years later, Owrutsky et al. performed vibrational spectroscopy of N
2383:
2325:
2288:
2263:
2161:
1971:
1834:
177:
53:
1057:
T. Millar, P. Farquhar, and K. Willacy, A\&A Supp, 121: 139 (1997)
237:
48:. Since then, it has been observed for in several different types of
2315:
2180:
2016:
1820:
1700:
1554:
1529:
34:
2283:
2195:
1996:
1859:
1844:
1815:
1684:
1459:
1283:
1227:
1221:
1190:
1135:
1103:
1018:
914:
841:
761:
660:
97:
57:
2448:
2278:
2231:
2190:
2146:
2088:
2083:
2046:
2036:
2031:
1986:
1981:
1921:
1854:
1745:
1740:
1690:
1569:
1559:
1312:
637:"P. Caselli, P.C. Myers, and P. Thaddeus, ApJL, 455: L77 (1995)"
2499:
2320:
2302:
1765:
1735:
1237:
288:
37:
818:"P. Caselli, P. Myers, and P. Thaddeus, ApJL, 455: L77 (1995)"
794:
S. Green, J. Montgomery, and P. Thaddeus, ApJ, 193: L89 (1974)
19:
1534:
1464:
311:
H is commonly used to indirectly determine the abundance of N
249:
By fitting all observed bands, the rotational constants for N
992:
988:
986:
720:
41:
955:
983:
1094:
805:
P. Thaddeus and B.E. Turner, ApJ, 201: L25-L26 (1975)
876:
815:
634:
161:
H is not an ideal tracer for the chemistry of dense
995:"S. Prasad and W. Huntress, ApJS, 43: 1-35 (1980)"
686:"CSO Atmospheric Transmission Interactive Plotter"
2568:
816:Caselli, P.; Myers, P. C.; Thaddeus, P. (1995).
635:Caselli, P.; Myers, P. C.; Thaddeus, P. (1995).
1080:
96:and comparison of similar molecules, such as
1042:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
993:Prasad, S. S.; Huntress, W. T., Jr. (1980).
18:
999:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
866:L. Sage and L. Ziurys, ApJ, 447: 625 (1995)
1087:
1073:
881:H and CO Depletion in a Cold Dark Cloud".
78:
896:
743:
236:
176:
172:
92:H. This was done using a combination of
67:is transparent and it has a significant
2569:
1068:
728:H (1–0) Maps of Dense Cloud Cores".
226:O that were formed from the minute O
210:H production, and transitions up to
234:O impurities in their helium tank.
13:
2459:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
14:
2588:
2359:Atomic and molecular astrophysics
1096:Molecules detected in outer space
958:Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy
884:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
2549:
2537:
2525:
2514:
2513:
1320:
1311:
1302:
94:ab initio molecular calculations
2484:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1050:
1025:from the original on 2014-07-06
949:
938:
929:
870:
848:from the original on 2014-07-06
783:B. Turner, ApJ, 193: L83 (1974)
692:from the original on 2008-09-18
667:from the original on 2014-07-06
859:
809:
798:
787:
776:
714:
703:
678:
628:
131:Over the past three decades, N
1:
2409:Extraterrestrial liquid water
621:
262: = 1.561928 cm and
294:
7:
1640:Protonated hydrogen cyanide
449:Destruction of diazenylium
10:
2593:
616:dissociative recombination
328:Production of diazenylium
40:that was one of the first
2508:
2399:Earliest known life forms
2394:Diffuse interstellar band
2334:
2254:
2179:
2070:
2005:
1945:
1873:
1865:Protonated cyanoacetylene
1779:
1673:
1635:Protonated carbon dioxide
1595:Hydromagnesium isocyanide
1543:
1329:
1300:
1111:
1102:
822:The Astrophysical Journal
731:The Astrophysical Journal
641:The Astrophysical Journal
115:, and HCO, which are all
50:interstellar environments
2444:Iron–sulfur world theory
2439:Photodissociation region
2142:Methyl-cyano-diacetylene
614:H is governed mostly by
253:H were determined to be
2519:Category:Astrochemistry
2109:, fullerene, buckyball)
1796:Cyanobutadiynyl radical
1771:Silicon-carbide cluster
1761:Protonated formaldehyde
126:Orion molecular cloud 2
79:Astronomical detections
2532:Outer space portal
2374:Circumstellar envelope
1339:Aluminium(I) hydroxide
1249:Phosphorus mononitride
1126:Aluminium monofluoride
1121:Aluminium monochloride
978:10.1006/jmsp.1994.1016
246:
186:
165:, and concluded that H
23:
2429:Interplanetary medium
2404:Extraterrestrial life
2042:Octatetraynyl radical
1660:Tricarbon monosulfide
1207:Magnesium monohydride
315:in molecular clouds.
245:H Rotational Spectrum
240:
180:
173:Laboratory detections
22:
2556:Chemistry portal
2544:Astronomy portal
2490:RNA world hypothesis
2474:PAH world hypothesis
2167:Heptatrienyl radical
2099:Buckminsterfullerene
1987:Methylcyanoacetylene
1495:Silicon carbonitride
1470:Methylidynephosphane
1436:Magnesium isocyanide
1344:Aluminium isocyanide
1146:Carbon monophosphide
2434:Interstellar medium
2414:Forbidden mechanism
2227:Hydrogen isocyanide
1917:Hexatriynyl radical
1500:c-Silicon dicarbide
1405:Hydrogen isocyanide
1269:Silicon monosulfide
1244:Phosphorus monoxide
1212:Methylidyne radical
1171:Fluoromethylidynium
1131:Aluminium(II) oxide
1011:1980ApJS...43....1P
970:1994JMoSp.163..180K
907:2002ApJ...570L.101B
834:1995ApJ...455L..77C
754:2002ApJ...572..238C
653:1995ApJ...455L..77C
450:
329:
46:interstellar clouds
2454:Molecules in stars
2424:Intergalactic dust
2369:Circumstellar dust
2311:Naphthalene cation
2246:Trihydrogen cation
2222:Hydrogen deuteride
2147:Methyltriacetylene
1982:Hexapentaenylidene
1801:E-Cyanomethanimine
1721:Cyclopropenylidene
1655:Tricarbon monoxide
1645:Silicon tricarbide
1615:Methylene amidogen
1605:Isothiocyanic acid
1520:Thioxoethenylidene
1480:Trihydrogen cation
1294:Titanium(II) oxide
1254:Potassium chloride
1233:Sulfur mononitride
1176:Helium hydride ion
1151:Carbon monosulfide
448:
327:
247:
187:
65:Earth's atmosphere
44:to be observed in
24:
2564:
2563:
2479:Pseudo-panspermia
2175:
2174:
2122:Cyanodecapentayne
2062:N-Methylformamide
2037:Methyldiacetylene
1962:Aminoacetonitrile
1932:Methyl isocyanate
1850:Methyl isocyanide
1731:Isocyanoacetylene
1711:Cyanoformaldehyde
1590:Hydrogen peroxide
1475:Potassium cyanide
1431:Magnesium cyanide
1384:Disilicon carbide
1379:Dicarbon monoxide
1186:Hydrogen fluoride
1181:Hydrogen chloride
601:
600:
442:
441:
163:pre-stellar cores
29:is the chemical N
16:Chemical compound
2584:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2464:Organic compound
2364:Chemical formula
2269:Dihydroxyacetone
2217:Hydrogen cyanide
1902:Cyanodiacetylene
1756:Propadienylidene
1650:Thioformaldehyde
1525:Titanium dioxide
1490:Sodium hydroxide
1411:Hydrogen sulfide
1399:Hydrogen cyanide
1359:Carbonyl sulfide
1324:
1315:
1306:
1264:Silicon monoxide
1197:Hydroxyl radical
1109:
1108:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1030:
990:
981:
980:
953:
947:
942:
936:
933:
927:
926:
900:
898:astro-ph/0204016
891:(2): L101–L104.
874:
868:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
813:
807:
802:
796:
791:
785:
780:
774:
773:
747:
745:astro-ph/0202173
718:
712:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
682:
676:
675:
673:
672:
632:
594:
592:
585:
583:
564:
562:
555:
553:
530:
528:
521:
519:
496:
494:
487:
485:
451:
447:
435:
433:
426:
424:
405:
404:
403:
387:
385:
378:
376:
364:
363:
362:
330:
326:
278:
276:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2504:
2330:
2306:
2297:
2250:
2240:
2183:
2171:
2152:Propionaldehyde
2127:Ethylene glycol
2116:
2108:
2104:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2022:Cyanohexatriyne
2008:
2001:
1948:
1941:
1876:
1869:
1829:
1782:
1775:
1746:Methoxy radical
1676:
1669:
1665:Thiocyanic acid
1546:
1539:
1449:
1389:Ethynyl radical
1325:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1298:
1289:Sulfur monoxide
1274:Sodium chloride
1259:Silicon carbide
1166:Diatomic carbon
1156:Carbon monoxide
1098:
1093:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1026:
991:
984:
954:
950:
943:
939:
934:
930:
880:
875:
871:
864:
860:
851:
849:
814:
810:
803:
799:
792:
788:
781:
777:
727:
719:
715:
708:
704:
695:
693:
684:
683:
679:
670:
668:
633:
629:
624:
613:
608:
590:
588:
581:
579:
575:
560:
558:
551:
549:
545:
541:
526:
524:
517:
515:
511:
507:
492:
490:
483:
481:
477:
473:
431:
429:
422:
420:
417:
413:
409:
402:
399:
398:
397:
395:
383:
381:
374:
372:
368:
361:
358:
357:
356:
354:
352:
321:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
274:
272:
270:
261:
252:
244:
233:
229:
225:
221:
209:
204:
197:
192:
185:H Energy Levels
184:
175:
168:
160:
156:
151:
143:
139:
134:
122:
101:
91:
86:
81:
74:
61:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Cosmochemistry
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Astrochemistry
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:Formyl radical
2204:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Methyl acetate
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Dimethyl ether
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:Methyl formate
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:Glycolaldehyde
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1912:Glycolonitrile
1909:
1907:Ethylene oxide
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1806:Cyclopropenone
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1706:Cyanoacetylene
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Methyl radical
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1600:Isocyanic acid
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1565:Isocyanic acid
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Sulfur dioxide
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Sodium cyanide
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1394:Formyl radical
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1354:Carbon dioxide
1351:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:Iron(II) oxide
1199:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1019:10.1086/190665
982:
964:(1): 180–205,
948:
937:
928:
915:10.1086/340950
878:
869:
858:
842:10.1086/309805
808:
797:
786:
775:
762:10.1086/340195
725:
722:Caselli, Paola
713:
702:
677:
661:10.1086/309805
626:
625:
623:
620:
611:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
586:
577:
573:
569:
568:
565:
556:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
531:
522:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
497:
488:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
465:Relative rate
463:
460:
455:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
427:
418:
415:
411:
407:
400:
392:
391:
388:
379:
370:
366:
359:
350:
346:
345:
344:Relative rate
342:
339:
334:
319:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:
281:selection rule
266:
257:
250:
242:
231:
227:
223:
219:
207:
202:
195:
190:
182:
174:
171:
166:
158:
154:
149:
141:
137:
132:
120:
99:
89:
84:
80:
77:
72:
59:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2589:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Homochirality
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Methoxyethane
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Butyronitrile
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Ethyl formate
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Propionitrile
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:Vinyl alcohol
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:Vinyl cyanide
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:Acrylonitrile
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Pentynylidyne
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Methylenimine
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Propynylidyne
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Methyl cation
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Fulminic acid
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Nitrous oxide
1453:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:Amino radical
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Sodium iodide
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:Cyano radical
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Carbon cation
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
987:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
946:
941:
932:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
885:
873:
867:
862:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
812:
806:
801:
795:
790:
784:
779:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
741:
738:(1): 238–63.
737:
733:
732:
723:
717:
711:
706:
691:
687:
681:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
627:
619:
617:
596:
587:
578:
571:
570:
566:
557:
548:
537:
536:
532:
523:
514:
503:
502:
498:
489:
480:
469:
468:
464:
461:
459:
458:Rate constant
456:
453:
452:
446:
445:
437:
428:
419:
394:
393:
389:
380:
371:
348:
347:
343:
340:
338:
337:Rate constant
335:
332:
331:
325:
324:
323:
316:
292:
290:
286:
282:
269:
265:
260:
256:
239:
235:
215:
213:
199:
179:
170:
164:
146:
129:
127:
118:
117:isoelectronic
114:
110:
106:
102:
95:
76:
70:
69:optical depth
66:
62:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
28:
21:
2512:
2495:Spectroscopy
2349:Astrobiology
2236:
2202:Formaldehyde
2094:Benzonitrile
1885:Acetaldehyde
1840:Methanethiol
1791:Acetonitrile
1696:Carbodiimide
1575:Formaldehyde
1570:Cyanoethynyl
1445:
1421:Iron cyanide
1416:Hydroperoxyl
1373:
1217:Nitric oxide
1052:
1038:cite journal
1027:. Retrieved
1002:
998:
961:
957:
951:
940:
931:
888:
882:
872:
861:
850:. Retrieved
825:
821:
811:
800:
789:
778:
735:
729:
716:
705:
694:. Retrieved
680:
669:. Retrieved
644:
640:
630:
604:
576:H + e → NHN
317:
298:
284:
267:
263:
258:
254:
248:
216:
211:
200:
188:
147:
130:
82:
26:
25:
2469:Outer space
2379:Cosmic dust
2344:Abiogenesis
2256:Unconfirmed
2212:Heavy water
2052:Ethanethiol
1967:Cyanoallene
1957:Acetic acid
1927:Methylamine
1811:Diacetylene
1726:Formic acid
1716:Cyanomethyl
1374:Diazenylium
1364:CCP radical
1240:(molecular)
1224:(molecular)
1193:(molecular)
241:Simulated N
27:Diazenylium
2384:Cosmic ray
2326:Silylidyne
2289:Hemolithin
2264:Anthracene
2181:Deuterated
2162:Pyrimidine
1972:Ethanimine
1835:Ketenimine
1691:Butadiynyl
1515:Thioformyl
1369:Chloronium
1029:2008-12-16
852:2008-10-30
696:2008-10-30
671:2008-10-30
622:References
508:H + CO → N
277:10 cm
189:Although N
54:ionization
2316:Phosphine
2184:molecules
2117:fullerene
2017:Acetamide
1821:Formamide
1701:Cyanamide
1555:Acetylene
1530:Tricarbon
1441:Methylene
1426:Isoformyl
1331:Triatomic
1104:Molecules
923:1538-4357
770:0004-637X
542:H + e → N
474:H + O → N
454:Reaction
333:Reaction
295:Chemistry
35:inorganic
2571:Category
2303:Linear C
2284:Graphene
2196:Ammonium
1997:Acrolein
1860:Propynal
1845:Methanol
1816:Ethylene
1685:Ammonium
1460:Nitroxyl
1284:Sulfanyl
1228:Imidogen
1222:Nitrogen
1191:Hydrogen
1136:Argonium
1113:Diatomic
1023:Archived
846:Archived
690:Archived
665:Archived
271: =
222:O, and H
2577:Cations
2449:Kerogen
2336:Related
2279:Glycine
2232:Propyne
2191:Ammonia
2089:Benzene
2084:Acetone
2076:or more
2047:Propene
2032:Ethanol
1922:Propyne
1741:Methane
1610:Ketenyl
1560:Ammonia
1007:Bibcode
966:Bibcode
903:Bibcode
830:Bibcode
750:Bibcode
649:Bibcode
289:kelvins
2500:Tholin
2321:Pyrene
1766:Silane
1736:Ketene
1238:Oxygen
921:
768:
512:+ HCO
462:Rate/
369:H + H
341:Rate/
38:cation
33:H, an
2486:(PAH)
2074:atoms
2009:atoms
1949:atoms
1947:Eight
1877:atoms
1875:Seven
1783:atoms
1677:atoms
1547:atoms
1535:Water
1465:Ozone
1407:(HNC)
1401:(HCN)
1005:: 1.
893:arXiv
740:arXiv
478:+ OH
414:H + H
273:2.746
230:and H
2007:Nine
1675:Five
1585:HCCN
1545:Four
1505:SiNC
1044:link
919:ISSN
766:ISSN
597:3.7
567:2.8
546:+ H
533:3.2
499:1.0
438:9.1
390:1.0
119:to N
42:ions
2298:NCO
2198:ion
2105:, C
2072:Ten
1781:Six
1687:ion
1015:doi
974:doi
962:163
911:doi
889:570
838:doi
826:455
758:doi
736:572
657:doi
645:455
589:5.7
580:2.6
559:4.4
550:2.0
525:5.0
516:1.4
491:1.6
482:1.4
430:1.5
421:1.8
410:→ N
406:+ N
382:1.7
373:2.0
365:→ N
113:HNC
109:HCN
2573::
2115:70
2107:60
2103:60
2101:(C
1826:HC
1040:}}
1036:{{
1021:.
1013:.
1003:43
1001:.
997:.
985:^
972:,
960:,
917:.
909:.
901:.
887:.
844:.
836:.
828:.
824:.
820:.
764:.
756:.
748:.
734:.
688:.
663:.
655:.
647:.
643:.
639:.
618:.
593:10
584:10
563:10
554:10
529:10
520:10
495:10
486:10
434:10
425:10
386:10
377:10
353:+
111:,
107:,
105:CO
103:,
2305:5
2296:2
2294:H
2241:D
2239:2
2237:N
2113:C
1830:N
1828:4
1450:H
1448:2
1446:N
1088:e
1081:t
1074:v
1046:)
1032:.
1017::
1009::
976::
968::
925:.
913::
905::
895::
879:2
855:.
840::
832::
772:.
760::
752::
742::
726:2
699:.
674:.
659::
651::
612:2
610:N
607:2
591:×
582:×
574:2
572:N
561:×
552:×
544:2
540:2
538:N
527:×
518:×
510:2
506:2
504:N
493:×
484:×
476:2
472:2
470:N
432:×
423:×
416:2
412:2
408:2
401:3
396:H
384:×
375:×
367:2
360:2
355:N
351:2
349:H
320:2
313:2
309:2
305:2
301:2
299:N
285:J
283:Δ
275:×
268:e
264:D
259:e
255:B
251:2
243:2
232:2
228:2
224:3
220:2
212:J
208:2
203:2
196:2
194:N
191:2
183:2
181:N
167:2
159:2
155:2
153:N
150:2
148:N
142:2
138:2
133:2
121:2
100:2
98:N
90:2
88:N
85:2
83:N
73:2
60:2
58:N
31:2
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