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As seen in the illustration on the right, once the grid was scribed, diagonals (transverse lines) were scribed from the uppermost corner of a column in the grid to the opposite lowest corner. This line intersects the cross lines in the grid in equal intervals. By using an indicator such as a cursor
251:
Tycho Brahe created a grid of transversal lines made with secants between two groups of arcs that form two graduated limbs. The secants are drawn by joining the division of a limb with the next division of the other limb, and so on (see figure with the magnification of 2 degrees of the Tycho Brahe's
181:
Linear transversals were used on linear graduations. A grid of lines was constructed immediately adjacent to the linear graduations. The lines extending above the graduations formed part of the grid. The number of lines perpendicular to the extended graduation lines in the grid was dependent on
185:
A grid of five lines would permit determination of the measure to one-fifth of a graduation's division. A ten-line grid would permit tenths to be measured. The distance between the lines is not critical as long as the distance is precisely uniform. Greater distances makes for greater accuracy.
255:
He drew, for each degree, six straight transversals in an alternate mode forming a "V" and each transversal consisted of 9 points that divided it into 10 parts, which multiplied by 6 give 60 minutes. While Abd al-Mun'im al 'Ă‚milĂ® (16th century) drew them all in the same direction (although his
234:
Circular transversals perform the same function as the linear ones but for circular arcs. In this case, the construction of the grid is significantly more complicated. A rectangular grid will not work. A grid of radial lines and circumferential arcs must be created. In addition, a linear
201:
In the illustration, the reading is indicated by the vertical red line. This could be the edge of an alidade or a similar device. Since the cursor crosses the transversal closest to the fourth grid line from the top, the reading (assuming the leftmost long graduation line is 0.0) is 0.54.
264:
The method of the "straight transversals" applied to the measurements of angles on circular or semicircular limbs in astronomical and geographic instruments was treated by several authors. Studying the accuracy of the system, some of them indicated the convenience of employing "Circular
303:
Webster's
Revised Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language: The Dictionary Proper Being the Authentic Ed. ... of 1890, to which is Now Added a Department of New Words Together with Many Valuable Special
80:
Transversals were used at a time when finely graduated instruments were difficult to make. They were found on instruments starting in the early 14th century, but the inventor is unknown. In 1342
375:
Alae seu scalae mathematicae, quibus visibilium remotissima coelorum theatra conscendi, & planetarum omnium itinera nouis & inauditis methodis explorari: ... Thoma
Diggeseo, ... authore
102:(cited by some authors as watchmaker and with other names, among them: Richard Chansler or Richard Kantzler). Its use on astronomical instruments only began in the late 16th century.
198:
with points on the same horizontal grid line, the closest point where the transversal crosses the grid is determined. That indicates the fraction of the graduation for the measure.
235:
transverse line will not divide the radial grid into equal segments. Circular arc segments must be constructed as transversals to provide the correct proportions.
769:
106:
used them and did much to popularize the technique. The technique began to die out once verniers became common in the late 18th century – over a century after
717:
121:, was used. However, it was never in common use. Tycho also used nonius methods, but he appears to be the only prominent astronomer to do so.
762:
1116:
562:
210:
Diagonal scale is used in engineering to read lengths with higher accuracy as it represents a unit into three different multiple in
504:
Tycho Brahe's description of his instruments and scientific work: as given in
Astronomiae instauratae mechanica (Wandesburgi 1598)
157:
where a short length is divided into number of parts in which sides are proportional. Divided into required number of equal parts
1064:
546:
301:
1074:
755:
685:
La
Geometrie pratique: Tome second. Contenant la trigoniometrie, ou la mesure des distances par les instrumens geometriques ...
710:
529:
482:
400:
356:
329:
1039:
440:
Recherches sur les instruments: Aperçu historique sur les instruments et les méthodes. La topographie dans tous les temps
622:
595:
612:
585:
666:
321:
The
Astronomy of Levi ben Gerson (1288–1344): A Critical Edition of Chapters 1–20 with Translation and Commentary
1111:
17:
419:
Histoire de l'astronomie du moyen age; par m. Delambre, chevalier de Saint-Michel et de la Legion-d'honneur .
875:
820:
392:
Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
1079:
57:
crossed by another set of straight lines. Diagonal scales are used to measure small fractions of the
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39:
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mistakenly attributed the discovery of the transversal scale to the navigator and explorer
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8:
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92:) and described the method of the transversal scale applied to the mentioned instrument.
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to be read to a finer degree of accuracy. Their use creates what is sometimes called a
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Scientific
Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers
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563:"Types of Scales in Engineering Surveying | Civil Engineering Projects"
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are a geometric construction on a scientific instrument to allow a
27:
955:
191:
422:
mme ve
Courcier, imprimeur-libraire pour les sciences. pp.
53:
which is composed of a set of parallel straight lines which are
548:
Chambers's
Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language
211:
182:
the degree of fineness the instrument maker wished to provide.
113:
In the interim between transversals and the vernier scale, the
920:
415:
688:
chez
Anisson directeur de l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 32–.
1000:
133:. The Latin word was originally coined from the Greek word
474:
Making Scientific Instruments in the Industrial Revolution
457:
Les Instruments scientifiques aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
324:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 164–.
265:
transversals", instead of the "straight transversals".
681:
517:
317:
675:
296:
294:
64:Transversals have been replaced in modern times by
718:"Diagonals and Transversals: Magnifying the Scale"
777:
470:
1103:
665:The Instruments of Istanbul Observatory (1977).
291:
148:
464:
651:Tychonis Brahe-Astronomiæ instauratæ mechanica
453:
436:
388:
129:Diagonal scale is derived from the Latin word
763:
395:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–.
371:
344:
88:(apparently invented the previous century by
524:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–.
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494:
430:
311:
644:
518:John Louis Emil Dreyer (13 February 2014).
500:
409:
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756:
715:
590:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 26.
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382:
338:
491:
447:
365:
222:. Diagonal scale is an important part in
658:
544:
318:Bernard R. Goldstein (6 December 2012).
242:
229:
164:
26:
668:The Instruments of Istanbul Observatory
14:
1104:
610:
477:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 61–.
416:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (1819).
160:
751:
743:Thin Strip Jig with Transversal Scale
638:
583:
460:. Presses Universitaires de France.
24:
471:A.D. Morrison-Low (2 March 2017).
194:, or by measuring using a pair of
72:(also known as Thales's theorem).
25:
1128:
1117:Historical scientific instruments
736:
584:Khan, Md Zulfequar Ahmad (1998).
507:. I Kommission hos E. Munksgaard.
587:Text Book Of Practical Geography
259:
256:instrument has less precision).
175:Green - instrument's graduations
84:introduced an instrument called
725:Journal of the Oughtred Society
695:
682:Allain Manesson-Mallet (1702).
654:. Noribergae : Levinum Hvlsivm.
604:
577:
555:
551:. W. & R. Chambers Limited.
538:
705:, Portman Books, London 1989
617:. Firewall Media. p. 11.
238:
205:
155:principle of similar triangles
68:. This method is based on the
13:
1:
285:
149:Principle of a diagonal scale
821:Coordinate-measuring machine
716:Van Poelje, Otto E. (2004).
348:The Dream of the West, Pt II
124:
7:
351:. Lulu.com. pp. 355–.
268:
153:Diagonal scale follows the
10:
1133:
247:Tycho Brahe's transversal.
110:introduced the technique.
75:
1024:
786:
545:Davidson, Thomas (1907).
1065:Machine and metalworking
307:. Merriam-Webster. 1913.
252:quadrant of 2m radius).
1075:Measuring and alignment
454:Maurice Daumas (1953).
437:Aimé Laussedat (1898).
389:Joseph Needham (1959).
611:Punmia, B. C. (2005).
372:Thomas Digges (1573).
345:Brian Lasater (2008).
248:
178:
32:
1112:Measuring instruments
246:
230:Circular transversals
168:
117:system, developed by
30:
1040:Cutting and abrasive
876:Laser measuring tool
501:Tycho Brahe (1946).
224:Engineering drawings
141:means "through" and
51:measuring instrument
781:and alignment tools
443:. Gauthier-Villars.
173:Blue - transversals
169:Linear transversals
161:Linear transversals
145:denotes "corners".
59:unit of measurement
986:Thread pitch gauge
811:Combination square
701:Daumas, Maurice,
249:
179:
171:Black - grid lines
100:Richard Chancellor
33:
1099:
1098:
791:Architect's scale
711:978-0-7134-0727-3
565:. 28 October 2011
531:978-1-108-06871-0
484:978-1-351-92074-2
402:978-0-521-05801-8
358:978-1-4303-1382-3
331:978-1-4613-8569-1
177:Red - cursor line
70:Intercept theorem
16:(Redirected from
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871:Laser line level
836:Engineer's scale
831:Drafting machine
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1006:Weighing scale
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976:Tape measure
961:Straightedge
951:Steel square
946:Spirit level
941:Speed square
916:Radius gauge
881:Lesbian rule
851:French curve
841:Feeler gauge
796:Beam compass
728:
724:
702:
696:Bibliography
684:
677:
667:
660:
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630:26 September
628:. Retrieved
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569:26 September
567:. Retrieved
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36:Transversals
35:
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1090:Woodworking
866:Laser level
846:Flat spline
731:(2): 22–28.
646:Tycho Brahe
521:Tycho Brahe
239:Tycho Brahe
220:millimeters
216:centimeters
206:Application
119:Pedro Nunes
104:Tycho Brahe
48:engineering
31:Transversal
1106:Categories
991:Try square
981:Theodolite
926:Set square
911:Protractor
901:Micrometer
896:Meterstick
806:Chalk line
286:References
275:Micrometer
131:Diagonalis
40:graduation
906:Plumb-bob
779:Measuring
614:Surveying
135:diagĹŤnios
125:Etymology
55:obliquely
1045:Forestry
1035:Cleaning
971:T-square
801:Calipers
648:(1602).
304:Features
269:See also
196:dividers
1070:Masonry
1060:Kitchen
1011:Wiggler
956:Stencil
931:Skirret
816:Compass
192:alidade
76:History
1080:Mining
1050:Garden
966:Square
709:
621:
594:
528:
481:
399:
355:
328:
212:metres
143:gonios
137:where
115:nonius
1085:Power
921:Ruler
721:(PDF)
46:, an
1055:Hand
1001:Vise
707:ISBN
632:2016
619:ISBN
592:ISBN
571:2016
526:ISBN
479:ISBN
397:ISBN
353:ISBN
326:ISBN
218:and
861:Jig
424:372
190:or
139:dia
1108::
729:13
727:.
723:.
493:^
426:–.
293:^
226:.
214:,
61:.
771:e
764:t
757:v
634:.
600:.
573:.
534:.
487:.
405:.
361:.
334:.
20:)
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