Dharmaśāstra - Knowledge

1183:. The central focus of these texts is how a Brahmin male should conduct himself during his lifetime. The text of Āpastamba which is best preserved has a total of 1,364 sūtras out of which 1,206 (88 per cent) are devoted to the Brahmin, whereas only 158 (12 per cent) deals with topics of general nature. The structure of the Dharmasūtras begin with the vedic initiation of a young boy followed by entry into adulthood, marriage and responsibilities of adult life that includes adoption, inheritance, death rituals and ancestral offerings. According to Olivelle, the reason Dharmasutras introduced vedic initiation was to make the individual subject to Dharma precepts at school, by making him a 'twice born' man, because children were considered exempt from Dharma precepts in the vedic tradition. 1298:

cultured people) or the practice of cultured people as the third source of dharma. Both Baudhāyana Dharmasutra and Vāsiṣṭha Dharmasutra make the practices of śiṣṭa as a source of dharma, but both state that the geographical location of such polite cultured people does not limit the usefulness of universal precepts contained in their practices. In case of conflict between different sources of dharma, Gautama Dharmasutra states that the Vedas prevail over other sources, and if two Vedic texts are in conflict then the individual has a choice to follow either.

1262:Āpastamba used a hermeneutic strategy that asserted that the Vedas once contained all knowledge including that of ideal Dharma, but parts of Vedas have been lost. Human customs developed from the original complete Vedas, but given the lost text, one must use customs between good people as a source to infer what the original Vedas might have stated the Dharma to be. This theory, called the 'lost Veda' theory, made the study of customs of good people as a source of dharma and guide to proper living, states Olivelle. 1467:

of Smriti, customs of polite learned people, and one's conscience as source of dharma. The historical reality, states Patrick Olivelle, is very different from the theological reference to the Vedas, and the dharma taught in the Dharmaśāstra has little to do with the Vedas. These were customs, norms or pronouncements of the writers of these texts that were likely derived from evolving regional ethical, ideological, cultural and legal practices.

898: 1646:). These arose primarily because of the conflict and disagreements on a particular subject across the various Dharma texts. These digests attempted to reconcile, bridge or suggest a compromise guideline to the numerous disagreements in the primary texts, however the digests in themselves disagreed with each other even on basic principles. Geographically, the medieval era digest writers came from many different parts of India, such as 1436: 60: 1423:

manner. Brihaspati-smriti was likely a larger and more comprehensive text than Manusmriti, yet both Brihaspati-smriti and Katyayana-smriti seem to have been predominantly devoted to judicial process and jurisprudence. The writers of Dharmasastras acknowledged their mutual differences, and developed a "doctrine of consensus" reflecting regional customs and preferences.

831:, these texts are also elaborate law commentaries based on vedas, Dharmashastra themselves evolved from dharmshutra. There are many Dharmashastras, variously estimated to number from 18 to over 100. Each of these texts exists in many different versions, and each is rooted in Dharmasutra texts dated to the 1st millennium BCE that emerged from 1166:. Baudhāyana also came from south although evidence regarding this is weaker than that of Āpastamba. Gautama likely came from western region, nearer to the northwestern region to which Pāṇini belonged, and one which corresponds to where Maratha people in modern India are found. Nothing can be said about Vasiṣṭha due to lack of any evidence. 2040:, sought profits for its British shareholders through trade as well as sought to maintain effective political control with minimal military engagement. The administration pursued a path of least resistance, relying upon co-opted local intermediaries that were mostly Muslims and some Hindus in various 1470:

The Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts, as they have survived into the modern era, were not authored by a single author. They were viewed by the ancient and medieval era commentators, states Olivelle, to be the works of many authors. Robert Lingat adds that these texts suggest that "a rich literature

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There is uncertainty regarding the dates of these documents due to lack of evidence concerning these documents. Kane has posited the following dates for the texts, for example, though other scholars disagree: Gautama 600 BCE to 400 BCE, Āpastamba 450 BCE to 350 BCE, Baudhāyana 500 BCE to 200 BCE, and

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The Dharmasutras can be called the guidebooks of dharma as they contain guidelines for individual and social behavior, ethical norms, as well as personal, civil and criminal law. They discuss the duties and rights of people at different stages of life like studenthood, householdership, retirement and

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Of the four extant Dharmasastras, Manusmriti, Yajnavalkyasmriti and Naradasmriti are the most important surviving texts. But, states Robert Lingat, numerous other Dharmasastras whose manuscripts are now missing, have enjoyed equal authority. Between the three, the Manusmriti became famous during the

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The Dharmasūtras are composed in sutra style and were part of a larger compilation of texts, called the Kalpasūtras which give an aphoristic description of the rituals, ceremonies and proper procedures. The Kalpasutras contain three sections, namely the Śrautasūtras which deal with vedic ceremonies,

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Mimamsa literally means the "desire to think", states Donald Davis, and in colloquial historical context "how to think, interpret things, and the meaning of texts". In the early portions of the Vedas, the focus was largely on the rituals; in the later portions, largely on philosophical speculations

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Prāyaścitta (प्रायश्चित्त) literally means "atonement, expiation, penance". Prāyaścitta is asserted by the Dharmasutra and Dharmashastra texts as an alternative to incarceration and punishment, and a means of expiating bad conduct or sin such as adultery by a married person. Thus, in the Apastambha

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The Dharmashastra texts include conflicting claims on the sources of dharma. The theological claim therein asserts, without any elaboration, that Dharma just like the Vedas are eternal and timeless, the former is directly or indirectly related to the Vedas. Yet these texts also acknowledge the role

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The nature of Dharmasūtras is normative, they tell what people ought to do, but they do not tell what people actually did. Some scholars state that these sources are unreliable and worthless for historical purposes instead to use archaeology, epigraphy and other historical evidence to establish the

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with, "The Righteous (dharma) and the Unrighteous (adharma) do not go around saying, 'here we are!'; Nor do gods, Gandharvas or ancestors declare, 'This is righteous and that is unrighteous'." Most laws are based on agreement between the Aryas, stated Āpastamba, on what is right and what is wrong.

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The Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba and Baudhayana form a part of the Kalpasūtra but it is not easy to establish whether they were historical authors of these texts or whether these texts were composed within certain institutions attributed to their names. Moreover, Gautama and Vasiṣṭha are ancient sages

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Vasiṣṭha some sections such as inheritance and penance are reorganized, and moved from householder section to king-related section. Ollivelle suggests that these changes may be because of chronological reasons where civil law increasingly became part of the king's administrative responsibilities.

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according to Gautama Dharmasutra are three: the Vedas, the Smriti (tradition), acāra (the practice) of those who know the Veda. These three sources are also found in later Dharmashastra literature. Baudhāyana Dharmasutra lists the same three, but calls the third as śiṣṭa (शिष्ट, literally polite

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The structure of Dharmasūtra of Āpastamba begins with the duties of the student, then describes householder duties and rights such as inheritance, and ends with administration of the king. This forms the early structure of the Dharma texts. However, in the Dharmasūtras of Gautama, Baudhāyana and

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have not been found, but their verses have been cited in other texts, and scholars have made an effort to extract these cited verses, thus creating a modern reconstruction of these texts. Scholars such as Jolly and Aiyangar have gathered some 2,400 verses of the lost Bṛhaspatismṛti text in this

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About 20 Dharmasutras are known, some surviving into the modern era just as fragments of their original. Four Dharmasūtras have been translated into English, and most remain in manuscripts. All carry the names of their authors, but it is still difficult to determine who these real authors were.

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Numerous Dharmasastras are known, but most are lost to history and only known from them being mentioned or quoted in other surviving texts. For example, Dharmasastras by Atri, Harita, Ushanas, Angiras, Yama, Apastamba, Samvartha, Katyayana, Brihaspati, Parasara, Vyasa, Sankha, Likhita, Daksha,

2101:) Application Act of 1937 continued to be the personal and family law for Indian Muslims. For non-Muslims, a non-religious uniform civil code was passed by Indian parliament in the 1950s, and amended by its elected governments thereafter, which has since then applied to all non-Muslim Indians. 1427:

colonial British India era, yet modern scholarship states that other Dharmasastras such as the Yajnavalkyasmriti appear to have played a greater role in guiding the actual Dharma. Further, the Dharmasastras were open texts, and they underwent alterations and rewriting through their history.

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or mutually agreed and accepted customs of practice first. Āpastamba thus proposed that scriptures alone cannot be source of Law (dharma), and dharma has an empirical nature. Āpastamba asserted that it is difficult to find absolute sources of law, in ancient books or current people, states

1014:. They also discuss the rites and duties of kings, judicial matters, and personal law such as matters relating to marriage and inheritance. However, Dharmasutras typically did not deal with rituals and ceremonies, a topic that was covered in the Shrautasutras and Grihyasutras texts of the 1507:

Vyavahāra (व्यवहार) literally means "judicial procedure, process, practice, conduct and behaviour". The due process, honesty in testimony, considering various sides, was justified by Dharmaśāstra authors as a form of Vedic sacrifice, failure of the due process was declared to be a sin.

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in Dharmasūtras, states Olivelle is diverse, and includes accepted norms of behavior, procedures within a ritual, moral actions, righteousness and ethical attitudes, civil and criminal law, legal procedures and penance or punishment, and guidelines for proper and productive living.

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are not found in the Vedic texts, nor can the behavioral rules included therein be found in any of the Vedas. This led to the incongruity between the search for legal codes and dharma rules in the theological versus the reality of epistemic origins of dharma rules and guidelines.

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on dharma already existed" before these were first composed. These texts were revised and interpolated through their history because the various text manuscripts discovered in India are inconsistent with each other, and within themselves, raising concerns of their authenticity.

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The Vyavahara sections of Dharma texts included chapters on duties of a king, court system, judges and witnesses, judicial process, crimes and penance or punishment. However, the discussions and procedures in different Dharmasutra and Dharmaśāstra texts diverge significantly.

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related to specific vedic schools and therefore it is hard to say whether they were historical authors of these texts. The issue of authorship is further complicated by the fact that apart from Āpastamba the other Dharmasūtras have various alterations made at later times.

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Gṛhyasūtras which deal with rites of passage rituals and domestic matters, and Dharmasūtras which deal with proper procedures in one's life. The Dharmasūtras of Āpastamba and Baudhāyana form a part of larger Kalpasutra texts, all of which has survived into the modern era.

1994:) of the individual. The Dharma-texts, over time and each in its own way, attempted to present their theories on rules and duties of individuals from the perspective of a society, using the insights of hermeneutics and on language developed by Mimamsa and Vedanga. The 2035:

acted as agents of the Mughal emperor. As the British colonial rule took over the political and administrative powers in India, it was faced with various state responsibilities such as legislative and judiciary functions. The East India Company, and later the

1375:(~ 4th to 5th-century CE) has been called the "best composed" and "most homogeneous" text of the Dharmaśāstra tradition, with its superior vocabulary and level of sophistication. It may have been more influential than Manusmriti as a legal theory text. 2277:

Baudhayana, in verses 1.1.5–6, provides a complete definition of śiṣṭa as "Now, śiṣṭa are those who are free from envy and pride, who possess just a jarful of grain, who are without greed, and who are free from hypocrisy, arrogance, greed, folly and

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actual legal codes in Indian history. Olivelle states that the dismissal of normative texts is unwise, as is believing that the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras texts present a uniform code of conduct and there were no divergent or dissenting views.

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Scholars have varied opinions about the chronology of these documents. Regarding the age of Āpastamba and Gautama there are opposite conclusions. According to Bühler and Lingat Āpastamba is younger than Baudhāyana. Vasiṣṭha is surely a later text.

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is not of human origin. This worked for rituals-related rules, but in all other matters this created numerous interpretations and different derivations. This led to documents with various working definitions, such as dharma of different regions

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Towards the end of the Vedic period, after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE, the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time. This led to the formation of Vedic Supplements called the

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Vasiṣṭha 300 BCE to 100 BCE. Patrick Olivelle suggests that Apastamba Dharmasutra is the oldest of the extant texts in Dharmasutra genre and one by Gautama second oldest, while Robert Lingat suggests that Gautama Dharmasutra is the oldest.

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texts, which themselves emerged from the literary tradition of the Vedas (Rig, Yajur, Sāma, and Atharva) composed in 2nd millennium BCE to the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. These Vedic branches split into various other schools

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was a question that loomed in the minds of Dharma text writers, and they tried to seek "where guidelines for Dharma can be found?" They sought to define and examine vedic injunctions as the source of Dharma, asserting that like the Vedas,

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That in all suits regarding inheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages or institutions, the law of the Koran with respect to Mohamedans, and those of the Shaster with respect to Gentoos shall be invariably be adhered to.

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The hymns of Ṛgveda are one of the earliest texts composed in verse. The Brāhmaṇa which belongs to the middle vedic period followed by the vedāṇga are composed in prose. The basic texts are composed in an aphoristic style known as the

1463:. The Dharmashastra texts enumerate four sources of Dharma – the precepts in the Vedas, the tradition, the virtuous conduct of those who know the Vedas, and approval of one's conscience (Atmasantushti, self-satisfaction). 2044:. The British exercised power by avoiding interference and adapting to law practices as explained by the local intermediaries. The colonial policy on the system of personal laws for India, for example, was expressed by 1474:

The Dharmaśāstra texts present their ideas under various categories such as Acara, Vyavahara, Prayascitta and others, but they do so inconsistently. Some discuss Acara but do not discuss Vyavahara, as is the case with

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The structure of these Dharmasūtras primarily addresses the Brahmins both in subject matter and the audience. The Brahmins are the creators and primary consumers of these texts. The subject matter of Dharmasūtras is

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text, a willing sexual act between a male and female is subject to penance, while rape is covered by harsher judicial punishments, with a few texts such as Manusmriti suggesting public punishments in extreme cases.

1386:(~ 5th to 6th-century CE) has been called the "juridical text par excellence" and represents the only Dharmaśāstra text which deals solely with juridical matters and ignoring those of righteous conduct and penance. 1493:Ācāra (आचार) literally means "good behavior, custom". It refers to the normative behavior and practices of a community, conventions and behaviors that enable a society and various individuals therein to function. 1206:

The term Dharma also includes social institutions such as marriage, inheritance, adoption, work contracts, judicial process in case of disputes, as well personal choices such as meat as food and sexual conduct.

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which are prose texts that explain the meaning of the Samhita verses. The Brāhmaṇa layer expanded and some of the newer esoteric layers of text that explore the hidden meanings behind Vedic rituals were called

842:, constituting divergent commentaries and treatises on ethics particularly duties, and responsibilities to oneself and family as well as those required as a member of society. The texts include discussion of 1515:

Some Dharmaśāstra texts such as that attributed to Brihaspati, are almost entirely Vyavahāra-related texts. These were probably composed in the common era, around or after 5th-century of 1st millennium.

2094:), this information was not readily available. Hence the British colonial officials extracted from the Dharmaśāstra, the legal code to apply on non-Muslims for the purposes of colonial administration. 998:

format, with a very terse incomplete sentence structure which are difficult to understand and leave much to the reader to interpret. The Dharmasastras are derivative works on the Dharmasutras, using a

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Gautama, Satatapa, Vasistha, Prachetas, Budha, Devala, Sumantu, Jamadgni, Visvamitra, Prajapati, Paithinasi, Pitamaha, Jabala, Chhagaleya, Chyavana, Marichi, Kasyapa, Gobhila, Risyasrimaga and others.

2690: 1538:, debate the intent and thought behind the improper act, and consider penance appropriate when the "effect" had to be balanced, but "cause" was unclear. The roots of this theory are found in the 1245:

The Hindu scholar Āpastamba, in a Dharmasutra named after him (~400 BCE), made an attempt to resolve this issue of incongruity. He placed the importance of the Veda scriptures second and that of

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mentions over 100 different Dharmasastra texts which were known by the Middle Ages in India, but most of these are lost to history and their existence is inferred from quotes and citations in

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in Hindu traditions. Āpastamba also asserted in verses 2.29.11–15, states Olivelle, that "aspects of dharma not taught in Dharmasastras can be learned from women and people of all classes".

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There is confusion regarding the geographical provenance of these documents. According to Bühler and Kane, Āpastamba came from South India probably from a region corresponding to modern

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is a concept which is central not only in Hinduism but also in Jainism and Buddhism. The term means a lot of things and has a wide scope of interpretation. The fundamental meaning of

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which literally means 'limbs of the Veda'. The Vedangas were ancillary sciences that focused on understanding and interpreting the Vedas composed many centuries earlier, and included

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school of Hindu philosophy, and its insights into the theories on logic and reason, contributed to the development of and disagreements between the Dharmasastra texts, and the term

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A Digest of the Hindu Law of Inheritance and Partition: From the Replies of the Sâstris in the Several Courts of the Bombay Presidency, with Introductions, Notes, and an Appendix

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school of Hindu philosophy developed textual hermeneutics, theories on language and interpretation of Dharma, ideas which contributed to the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras. The

918:) possibly for a variety of reasons such as geography, specialization and disputes. Each Veda is further divided into two categories namely the Saṃhitā which is a collection of 991:. These extant texts cite writers and refer opinions of seventeen authorities, implying that a rich Dharmasutras tradition existed prior to when these texts were composed. 1410:

In addition, numerous other Dharmaśāstras are known, partially or indirectly, with very different ideas, customs and conflicting versions. For example, the manuscripts of

1117:(300–100 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms an independent treatise and other parts of the Kalpasūtra, that is Shrauta- and Grihya-sutras are missing. It contains 1,038 sutras. 2016:

Dharmaśāstras played an influential role in modern era colonial India history, when they were used as the basis for the law of the land for all non-Muslims (Hindus,

1397:(~ 7th-century CE) is one of the latest books of the Dharmaśāstra tradition in Hinduism and also the only one which does not deal directly with the means of knowing 789: 2699:, pp. 19–22, Quote: The dharma-sutra of Apastamba suggests that a rich literature on dharma already existed. He cites ten authors by name. (...). 1958:, but her views were not widely adopted by male legal scholars of her time. The scholarly works of Lakshmidevi were also published with the pen name 1059:

The age of Smṛtis that ended around the second half of the first millennium CE was followed by that of commentaries around the 9th century called

1451:, in the fifth year of his reign (1483). Land grants made by royal decree were protected by law, with deeds often being recorded on metal plates 2702: 1093:(600–200 BCE) although this Dharmasūtra comes down as an independent treatise it may have once formed a part of the Kalpasūtra, linked to the 975:

The Dharmasutras were numerous, but only four texts have survived into the modern era. The most important of these texts are the sutras of

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Written after the Dharmasūtras, these texts use a metered verse and are much more elaborate in their scope than Dharmasutras. The word

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The Dharmashastra-derived laws for non-Muslim Indians were dissolved after India gained independence, but Indian Muslim Personal Law (

967:(ritual or proper procedures). The Kalpa Vedanga studies gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras. 782: 4678: 3621: 4683: 1591:(820–1050 CE), Govindarāja (11th-century), Kullūka (1200–1500 CE), Narayana (14th-century), Nandana, Raghavananda, Ramacandra 4650: 4629: 4608: 4587: 4566: 4545: 4492: 4471: 4450: 4157: 4106: 3978: 3918: 3387: 2644: 2559: 2455: 4318:

Kugle, Scott Alan (May 2001). "Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia".

1111:(500–200 BCE) this Dharmasūtra like that of Apastamba also forms a part of the larger Kalpasūtra. It contains 1,236 sutras. 1044:

tradition ended around the beginning of the common era and was followed by the poetic octosyllable verse style called the

1712: 775: 4257: 3830: 3589: 3572: 3222: 2431: 2414: 2320:

James Lochtefeld (2002), "Dharma Shastras" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing,

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Timothy Lubin et al (2010), Hinduism and Law: An Introduction (Editors: Lubin and Davis), Cambridge University Press,

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Kane, P. V., History of Dharmaśāstra, (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1975), Volume I, Part II, 583.

1344:(~ 2nd to 3rd century CE) is the most studied and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of 1558:) would typically interpret and explain the text of interest, accept or reject the ideas along with reasons why. 1962:, and are now considered classics in legal theories on inheritance and property rights, particularly for women. 3957:

Harshananda, Swami, A Concise Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, (Ramakrishna Math, Bull Temple Road, Bengaluru, 2007).

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Steven Collins (1993), The discourse of what is primary, Journal of Indian philosophy, Volume 21, pages 301–393

512: 4377:(London: Faber, 1968), 96; For a related distinction between religious and secular law in Dharmaśāstra, see 2396:, ed. S.A.J. Zaidi. (New Delhi, 1972), pp.167–194 and Richard W. Lariviere, "Law and Religion in India" in 1638:

Another category of secondary literature derived from the Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras were the digests (

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G Srikantan (2014), Entanglements in Legal History (Editor: Thomas Duve), Max Planck Institute: Germany,

500: 4729: 1370: 738: 539: 3294: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 1946:

A few notable historic digests on Dharmasastras were written by women. These include Lakshmidevi's

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s discussed almost all aspects of society, but specialised in certain topics compared to others.

761: 643: 594: 3379: 3192: 1954:. Lakshmidevi, state West and Bühler, gives a latitudinarian views and widest interpretation to 1328:

commentary on Panini's work (~3rd century BCE), has the oldest known single mention of the word

4724: 1392: 569: 363: 228: 4392: 4096: 2711:, pp. 178, see note 29 for a list of 17 cited ancient scholars in different Dharmasutras. 4484:

Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient legal, judicial, and constitutional system

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The textual corpus of Dharmaśāstra were composed in poetic verse, and are part of the Hindu

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Lubin, Timothy (2007). "Punishment and Expiation: Overlapping Domains in Brahmanical Law".

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Werner Menski (2003), Hindu Law: Beyond tradition and modernity, Oxford University Press,

1878: 1774: 8: 2509:

Derrett, J. Duncan M. (November 1961). "The Administration of Hindu Law by the British".

2067: 1090: 980: 878: 584: 184: 80: 270: 4709: 4513: 4343: 4335: 4300: 4292: 4230: 3372: 2534: 2526: 2488: 2032: 1605:), Apararka (12th-century), Sulapani (14th or 15th century), Mitramisra (17th-century) 1602: 1596: 554: 280: 247: 165: 1381: 1063:. This legal tradition consisted of commentaries on earlier Dharmasūtras and Smritis. 4646: 4625: 4604: 4583: 4562: 4541: 4520: 4488: 4467: 4446: 4416: 4388: 4347: 4304: 4253: 4153: 4102: 3974: 3914: 3826: 3825:

J Duncan J Derrett (1977), Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law, Brill Academic,

3760: 3758: 3756: 3585: 3568: 3383: 3218: 2640: 2555: 2538: 2451: 2427: 2410: 2321: 2087: 2079: 808: 653: 589: 527: 368: 252: 242: 935:. The Vedic basis of Dharma literature is found in the Brahmana layer of the Vedas. 851: 4327: 4284: 4222: 4092: 2518: 2480: 2376: 1525: 1251: 847: 728: 678: 599: 564: 392: 373: 358: 310: 4533: 3753: 3736:

Language, Tests, and Society: Explorations in Ancient Indian Culture and Religion.

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The Dharmasutras and Dharmasastras attracted secondary works called commentaries (

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Theories of the Gift in South Asia: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Reflections on Dāna

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Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the Mānava-Dharmaśāstra

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Laws must also change with ages, stated Āpastamba, a theory that became known as

1084: 1015: 1011: 964: 843: 832: 718: 698: 673: 397: 325: 218: 4672: 4666: 3011: 910: 2041: 1325: 1163: 1097:. It is likely the oldest extant Dharma text, and originated in what is modern 866: 708: 488: 208: 189: 4331: 4288: 4275:

Washbrook, D. A. (1981). "Law, State and Agrarian Society in Colonial India".

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Alois Payer's Dharmaśāstra Site (in German, with copious extracts in English)

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which literally means thread on which each aphorism is strung like a pearl.

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Rocher, Ludo (July–September 1972). "Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law".

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Donald Davis (2010), The Spirit of Hindu Law, Cambridge University Press,

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are also ascribed to Manu, and the text influenced past Hindu kingdoms in

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History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and mediaeval, religious and civil law)

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A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals

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Family Law and Customary Law in Asia: A Contemporary Legal Perspective

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Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,

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Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,

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Patrick Olivelle (2005), Manu's Code of Law, Oxford University Press,

1584: 4115: 2989: 2987: 2923: 2921: 2083: 2011: 1979: 1808: 1702: 1667: 1361: 1114: 976: 952: 932: 897: 886: 874: 703: 633: 534: 108: 4679:

The Cooperative Annotated Bibliography of Hindu Law and Dharmaśāstra

3845: 3469: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2908: 2906: 2653: 2331: 1986:– were the other significant contributors to the Dharma-text genre. 1048:. The verse style was used to compose the Dharmaśāstras such as the 4226: 3699: 3663: 3537: 3508: 3177: 3155: 3153: 3114: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2857: 2855: 2484: 2117:

Dharmasūtras: The Law Codes of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and

2021: 1965: 1811:, composed around A. D. 1572-1589, sponsored by the Mughal emperor 1543: 1539: 1435: 1357: 1353: 1345: 1094: 988: 960: 928: 923: 902: 859: 820: 816: 495: 330: 137: 132: 103: 59: 4689:"Maharishi University of Management – Vedic Literature Collection" 4360:

Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" in

3432: 3430: 3428: 3351: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 2984: 2918: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2504: 2502: 2392:

Ludo Rocher, "Hindu Law and Religion: Where to draw the line?" in

1237:). The authors of Dharmasutras and Dharmashastra admit that these 69: 3639: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3023: 2967: 2933: 2903: 2830: 2828: 2017: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1663: 1659: 1555: 1349: 1320: 1210: 1102: 1053: 1003: 956: 948: 944: 940: 889:, was already accepted as the law for Muslims in colonial India. 819:

Puranic Smriti texts on law and conduct, and refer to treatises (

668: 612: 343: 320: 305: 298: 127: 98: 3716: 3627: 3595: 3481: 3396: 3301:

Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010

3206:

Timothy Lubin, Donald R. Davis Jr & Jayanth K. Krishnan 2010

3150: 3138: 2950: 2879: 2852: 2726: 2565: 4534:

Timothy Lubin; Donald R. Davis Jr; Jayanth K. Krishnan (2010).

4176:. Tagore Law Lectures of 1905 (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1909). 3783: 3651: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3261: 3126: 3090: 3065: 2867: 2793: 2714: 2604: 2602: 2499: 2265: 2098: 2091: 2071: 1991: 1733: 1675: 1651: 1456: 1448: 1402: 1398: 1135: 999: 919: 882: 855: 839: 824: 743: 74: 4412:

Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment

3741: 3675: 3459: 3457: 3165: 3046: 2840: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2783: 2781: 2779: 901:

Copy of a royal land grant, recorded on copper plate, made by

4149:

Thinking Ritually: Rediscovering the Pūrva Mīmāṃsā of Jaimini

4026: 3987: 3807: 3498: 3496: 2348: 2346: 2025: 1995: 1812: 1655: 1647: 1601:

Visvarupa (750–1000 CE), Vijnanesvara (11th or 12th century,

1460: 1029: 995: 828: 616: 91: 4074: 4004: 4002: 3927: 3890: 3888: 3795: 3687: 3408: 3339: 3240: 2599: 1430: 854:(proper goals of life), personal virtues and duties such as 4213:

Rocher, Ludo (1972). "Indian Response to Anglo-Hindu Law".

4179: 4174:

The Mimansa Rules of Interpretation as applied to Hindu Law

3549: 3454: 3306: 3273: 3102: 2810: 2776: 2614: 2177: 3493: 2343: 1083:(450–350 BCE) this Dharmasūtra forms a part of the larger 4014: 3999: 3939: 3885: 2074:

or the religious law for Muslims was easily available in

2679: 2677: 2417:, pages 31–32, 81–82, 154–166, 208–214, 353–354, 356–382 1006:

poetry, Anushtubh meter), which are relatively clearer.

4621:

Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE

3561: 1870:(1600–1650), Dalpati (16th-century), Kashinatha (1790) 931:

while the philosophical sections came to be called the

29:

Genre of Sanskrit theological texts dealing with dharma

4145: 4038: 3875: 3873: 3871: 1144:

Look at the highest, not at what's less than highest.

4415:. Indiana University Press. pp. 50–56, 112–114. 4101:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 602 with footnote 2. 3318: 2674: 2550: 2548: 2171:

Vyavahāracintāmani: a digest on Hindu legal procedure

1820:

of Kāśīnātha Upādhyāya, composed around A. D. 1790-91

4691:

A Sanskrit reference to the texts of all 18 Smritis.

4480: 4197: 4059: 3357: 4459: 4408: 4130: 4081:. Education Society's Press. pp. 6–7, 490–491. 3868: 3228: 1479:for instance, while some solely discuss Vyavahara. 858:(non-violence) against all living beings, rules of 4512: 4208: 4206: 4091: 3371: 3369: 2545: 2443: 1459:, in Hindu traditions, has its foundation in the 1335:The extant Dharmaśāstras texts are listed below: 1142:Look at what is distant, not what's near at hand. 4701: 4617: 4596: 4575: 4404: 4402: 4141: 4139: 4070: 4068: 3906: 3862: 3764: 3710: 3669: 3657: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3436: 3267: 3246: 3186: 3159: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3096: 3084: 3059: 3040: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2978: 2961: 2944: 2927: 2912: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2846: 2804: 2770: 2748: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2684: 2668: 2593: 2571: 2398:Law, Morality, and Religion: Global Perspectives 2364: 2337: 1966:Dharma texts and the schools of Hindu philosophy 1720:of Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa, composed around A. D. 1612 4270: 4268: 4266: 4203: 2632: 1314:never appears in the Vedic texts, and the word 1075:The extant Dharmasūtra texts are listed below: 994:The extant Dharmasutras are written in concise 3913:. Springer. pp. 202–205 with footnote 3. 1273:The witness must take an oath before deposing. 1211:The source of Dharma: scriptures or empiricism 4554: 4399: 4136: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4032: 3993: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3747: 3722: 3693: 3681: 3645: 3633: 3601: 3555: 3502: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3448: 3419: 3402: 3345: 3312: 3279: 3171: 3108: 2834: 2819: 2787: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2743: 2741: 2696: 2620: 2608: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2352: 2104: 2031:In 18th century, the earliest British of the 1534:Those texts that discuss Prāyaścitta, states 1318:itself appears for the first time in Yaska's 783: 4579:Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India 4364:. ed. S.A.J. Zaidi (New Delhi, 1972), 190–1. 4263: 4248: 4246: 4244: 2185:Manusmṛti with the Manubhāṣyya of Medhātithi 1864:(1200 CE), Pratāparuda-deva (16th-century), 869:history, when they were formulated by early 4638: 4185: 3960: 3879: 2137: 1935:(17th century), Mitra-miśra (17th century) 1010:renunciation. These stages are also called 4326:(2). Cambridge University Press: 257–313. 4050: 3966: 3374:The Positive Background of Hindu Sociology 2754: 2738: 2577: 2511:Comparative Studies in Society and History 2166:. 2nd rev. ed. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1929:(14th century), Kamalākara-bhatta (1612), 865:Dharmaśāstra became influential in modern 790: 776: 4519:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4501: 4274: 4241: 3578: 3324: 1431:Contents of Dharmasutras and Dharmaśāstra 1275:Single witness normally does not suffice. 877:(Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs) in the 4445:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 72–75. 4215:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2517:(1). Cambridge University Press: 10–52. 2473:Journal of the American Oriental Society 2178:Early translations with full-text online 1613:Kalyanabhatta (based on Asahaya's work) 1434: 1277:As many as three witnesses are required. 1190: 909:The Dharmashastras are based on ancient 896: 827:. Like Dharmasūtra which are based upon 4639:Ludo Rocher (2008). Gavin Flood (ed.). 4438: 4075:Sir Raymond West; Georg Bühler (1878). 4044: 4020: 4008: 3945: 3933: 3894: 2508: 2450:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 88–95. 1087:of Apastamba. It contains 1,364 sutras. 1066: 1021: 14: 4702: 4212: 3833:, pages 10–17, 36–37 with footnote 75a 3734:On this topic, see Olivelle, Patrick, 3622:Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 2470: 1447:made by Rāja Purushottam Deb, king of 4510: 4378: 4375:Religion, Law, and the State in India 4317: 4152:. De Nobili, Vienna. pp. 25–28. 3234: 2090:and others such as Tribal people and 1348:. The medieval era Buddhistic law of 1173: 2086:. But for non-Muslims (followers of 1978:fields of grammar and linguistics – 1305: 1279:False evidence must face sanctions. 4675:, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust 4669:, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust 4642:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 2187:, including additional notes, 1920. 1787:of Nīlakaṇṭha Bhaṭṭa (17th century) 970: 875:law of the land for all non-Muslims 24: 4561:. University of California Press. 3767:, pp. 195–198 with footnotes. 1736:), composed around A. D. 1645-1695 1726:of Devaṇṇabhaṭṭa (A. D. 1150-1225) 1711:of Lakṣmīdhara, a minister of the 1549: 905:King Tribhuvana Malla Deva in 1083 873:colonial administrators to be the 25: 4741: 4695:History of Dharmashastra, PV Kane 4660: 4537:Hinduism and Law: An Introduction 2082:written under the sponsorship of 1801:of Nandapaṇḍita (A. D. 1580-1630) 1705:, composed around A. D. 1260-1270 1439:A facsimile of an inscription in 4367: 4354: 4311: 4166: 4085: 3951: 3900: 3836: 3819: 3770: 3451:, pp. 14, 109–110, 180–189. 3378:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 3020:, pp. xxxviii–xxxix, 27–28. 2447:Classical Indian Ethical Thought 2383:(New York: Oxford UP, 2005), 64. 2153:on Vyavahāra (Law and Procedure) 2109: 1941: 1140:Speak the truth, not an untruth. 58: 4442:A Brief History of Dharmaśāstra 4439:Banerji, Sures Chandra (1999). 4432: 4146:Francis Xavier Clooney (1990). 3728: 3607: 3363: 3330: 3285: 3252: 3211: 2626: 2464: 2437: 2420: 2281: 2271: 2268:and digests that have survived. 1767:of Mitramiśra (A. D. 1610-1640) 4540:. Cambridge University Press. 4502:Lariviere, Richard W. (1989). 4466:. Cambridge University Press. 2403: 2386: 2370: 2314: 2301: 2255: 2155:. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. 1990:and the spiritual liberation ( 1519: 1443:on a copper plate recording a 1287:Gautama Dharmasutras 13.2–13.6 963:(timekeeping, astronomy), and 13: 1: 4673:Various Dharma Shastras Vol 2 4667:Various Dharma Shastras Vol 1 4506:. University of Philadelphia. 4481:Mandagadde Rama Jois (1984). 4362:Malik Ram Felicitation Volume 2394:Malik Ram Felicitation Volume 2367:, pp. 173, 175–176, 183. 2295: 2227:, SBE Vol. 33. Oxford, 1889. 1002:(four 8-syllable verse style 32:For the Pali equivalent, see 4487:. Universal Law Publishing. 4460:Donald R. Davis, Jr (2010). 4409:Gerald James Larson (2001). 4098:History of Indian Literature 3778:History of the Dharmaśāstras 3534:, pp. 175–178, 184–185. 2309:History of the Dharmaśāstras 2206:The Sacred Laws of the Āryas 2199:The Sacred Laws of the Āryas 2158:Lariviere, Richard W. 2003. 2005: 1777:, composed around A. D. 1100 1746:, composed around A. D. 1314 1713:king Govindacandra of Kanauj 1496: 7: 4624:. Oxford University Press. 4603:. Oxford University Press. 4582:. Oxford University Press. 4515:An Introduction to Hinduism 3973:. Routledge. pp. 4–5. 3370:Benoy Kumar Sarkar (1985). 2900:, p. 178 with note 28. 2231: 2215: 2161: 2149: 2119: 1931: 1925: 1912: 1906: 1893: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1752:or commonly referred to as 1732:of Anantadeva (grandson of 1418: 1412: 1391: 1380: 1369: 1052:, the Hindu epics, and the 10: 4746: 4558:The Classical Law of India 2444:Kedar Nath Tiwari (1998). 2105:Major English translations 2009: 1523: 1500: 1486: 1401:, focusing instead on the 1233:), of different families ( 1152:Vasishtha Dharmasutra 30.1 892: 835:studies in the Vedic era. 52:Hindu scriptures and texts 31: 4645:. John Wiley & Sons. 4618:Patrick Olivelle (2006). 4597:Patrick Olivelle (2005). 4576:Patrick Olivelle (1999). 4332:10.1017/s0026749x01002013 4289:10.1017/s0026749x00008714 4198:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984 4060:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984 3907:David C. Buxbaum (2013). 3358:Mandagadde Rama Jois 1984 3008:, pp. xxxviii–xxxix. 2523:10.1017/S0010417500001213 2183:Jha, Ganganath (trans.), 2127:Olivelle, Patrick. 2004. 2115:Olivelle, Patrick. 1999. 2046:Governor-General Hastings 1950:and Mahadevi Dhiramati's 1923: 1920: 1904: 1901: 1891: 1888: 1877: 1874: 1852: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1631: 1628: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1600: 1595: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1105:. It contains 973 sutras. 812: 4131:Donald R. Davis, Jr 2010 3575:, pages 353–354, 356–382 2639:. Concept. p. 147. 2633:Rajendra Prasad (2009). 2248: 2223:Jolly, Julius (trans.), 2211:Jolly, Julius (trans.), 2204:Bühler, Georg (trans.), 2197:Bühler, Georg (trans.), 2190:Bühler, Georg (trans.), 2138:Other major translations 2068:Muslims of British India 2002:came to mean "justice". 1833:Topic specialisation of 1482: 1268:Testimony during a trial 1134:Practise righteousness ( 955:(grammar, linguistics), 4463:The Spirit of Hindu Law 3478:, pp. 98, 103–106. 3336:Olivelle 2007: 149–150. 2146:(ed. and trans.) 1933. 1138:), not unrighteousness. 959:(etymology, glossary), 947:(phonetics, syllable), 762:Timeline of Hindu texts 595:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 4555:Robert Lingat (1973). 4381:Indologica Taurinensia 4200:, pp. 3, 469–481. 2133:. New York: Oxford UP. 2124:. New York: Oxford UP. 2064: 1452: 1408: 1282: 1147: 1120: 906: 570:Eighteen Greater Texts 4511:Flood, Gavin (1996). 4221:(3). JSTOR: 419–424. 3863:Patrick Olivelle 2005 3765:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3711:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3670:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3658:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3544:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3532:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3520:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3437:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3268:Patrick Olivelle 2005 3247:Patrick Olivelle 2005 3187:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3160:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3145:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3133:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3121:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3097:Patrick Olivelle 2006 3085:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3060:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3041:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3018:Patrick Olivelle 1999 3006:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2994:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2979:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2962:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2945:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2928:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2913:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2898:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2886:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2874:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2862:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2847:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2805:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2771:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2749:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2733:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2721:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2709:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2687:, pp. xxiii–xxv) 2685:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2669:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2594:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2572:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2434:, page 13-16, 166–179 2365:Patrick Olivelle 2006 2340:, pp. xxiii–xxv. 2338:Patrick Olivelle 1999 2050: 1574:Author of Commentary 1542:layer of text in the 1438: 1337: 1265: 1229:), of social groups ( 1191:The meaning of Dharma 1126: 1077: 900: 575:Eighteen Lesser Texts 4320:Modern Asian Studies 4277:Modern Asian Studies 3936:, pp. 5–6, 307. 2671:, pp. xxiv–xxv. 2262:Pandurang Vaman Kane 2208:, SBE Vol. 14, 1882 2194:, SBE Vol. 25, 1886. 2169:Rocher, Ludo. 1956. 2130:The Law Code of Manu 2048:in 1772 as follows, 1897:(16th–17th century) 1642:, sometimes spelled 1067:Authorship and dates 1022:Style of composition 862:, and other topics. 4172:Kisori Lal Sarkar, 3967:Maria Heim (2004). 3865:, pp. 367–369. 3725:, pp. 149–150. 3713:, pp. 186–188. 3672:, pp. 172–173. 3648:, p. 103, 159. 3636:, pp. 158–159. 3604:, pp. 129–131. 3546:, pp. 176–177. 3522:, pp. 173–174. 3490:, pp. 130–131. 3405:, pp. 195–198. 3189:, pp. 169–170. 3123:, pp. 100–101. 2225:The Minor Law-Books 2220:, SBE Vol. 7, 1880. 2201:, SBE Vol. 2, 1879 1838: 1785:Bhagavanta-bhāskara 1744:Caṇḍeśvara Ṭhakkura 1699:Caturvargacintāmaṇi 1567: 1566:) on Dharmasastras 879:Indian subcontinent 585:Iraiyanar Akapporul 545:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 291:Related Hindu texts 4720:Ancient Indian law 4600:Manu's Code of Law 4093:Maurice Winternitz 4033:Robert Lingat 1973 3994:Robert Lingat 1973 3814:Robert Lingat 1973 3802:Robert Lingat 1973 3790:Robert Lingat 1973 3748:Robert Lingat 1973 3723:Robert Lingat 1973 3694:Robert Lingat 1973 3682:Robert Lingat 1973 3646:Robert Lingat 1973 3634:Robert Lingat 1973 3602:Robert Lingat 1973 3556:Robert Lingat 1973 3503:Robert Lingat 1973 3488:Robert Lingat 1973 3476:Robert Lingat 1973 3464:Robert Lingat 1973 3449:Robert Lingat 1973 3420:Robert Lingat 1973 3403:Robert Lingat 1973 3346:Robert Lingat 1973 3313:Robert Lingat 1973 3280:Robert Lingat 1973 3172:Robert Lingat 1973 3109:Robert Lingat 1973 2996:, pp. xxxvii. 2930:, pp. xxviii. 2835:Robert Lingat 1973 2820:Robert Lingat 1973 2788:Robert Lingat 1973 2697:Robert Lingat 1973 2621:Robert Lingat 1973 2609:Robert Lingat 1973 2353:Robert Lingat 1973 2213:The Institutes of 2033:East India Company 1956:Yajnavalkya Smriti 1845:Author of Digests 1832: 1754:Astāviṃśati-tattva 1597:Yajnavalkya Smriti 1561: 1453: 1174:Literary structure 907: 850:(social classes), 846:(stages of life), 4652:978-0-470-99868-7 4631:978-0-19-977507-1 4610:978-0-19-517146-4 4589:978-0-19-283882-7 4568:978-0-520-01898-3 4547:978-1-139-49358-1 4494:978-81-7534-206-4 4473:978-1-139-48531-9 4452:978-81-7017-370-0 4159:978-3-900271-21-3 4133:, pp. 47–49. 4108:978-81-208-0056-4 4023:, pp. 65–66. 4011:, pp. 66–67. 3980:978-0-415-97030-3 3948:, pp. 38–72. 3920:978-94-017-6216-8 3897:, pp. 72–75. 3792:, pp. 54–56. 3750:, pp. 98–99. 3684:, pp. 14–16. 3389:978-81-208-2664-9 3303:, pp. 59–72. 3174:, pp. 73–77. 3043:, pp. xxxix. 2981:, pp. xxxvi. 2947:, pp. xxxiv. 2915:, pp. xxvii. 2837:, pp. 19–20. 2646:978-81-8069-595-7 2596:, pp. xxiii) 2560:978-0-19-569921-0 2457:978-81-208-1607-7 2088:Dharmic religions 2080:Fatawa al-Alamgir 2061:, August 15, 1772 1939: 1938: 1921:Judicial process 1781:Vyavahāra-mayūkha 1636: 1635: 1618:Parashara-smriti 1371:Yājñavalkya Smṛti 1306:The Dharmaśāstras 800: 799: 590:Abhirami Anthadhi 528:Sangam literature 381:Vaishnava puranas 16:(Redirected from 4737: 4656: 4635: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4551: 4530: 4518: 4507: 4504:The Nāradasmr̥ti 4498: 4477: 4456: 4427: 4426: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4373:J.D.M. Derrett, 4371: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4272: 4261: 4250: 4239: 4238: 4210: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4186:Ludo Rocher 2008 4183: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4113: 4112: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3880:Ludo Rocher 2008 3877: 3866: 3860: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3780:Vol. 4 p. 38, 58 3774: 3768: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3582: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3506: 3500: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3423: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3377: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3190: 3184: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3162:, pp. x1ii. 3157: 3148: 3147:, pp. xlii. 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3063: 3057: 3044: 3038: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2965: 2964:, pp. xxxv. 2959: 2948: 2942: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2888:, pp. xxxi. 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2864:, pp. xxvi. 2859: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2808: 2802: 2791: 2785: 2774: 2767: 2752: 2751:, pp. xxiv) 2745: 2736: 2735:, pp. xxiv. 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2681: 2672: 2666: 2651: 2650: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2597: 2590: 2575: 2574:, pp. xxii. 2569: 2563: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2441: 2435: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2401: 2390: 2384: 2377:Patrick Olivelle 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2318: 2312: 2305: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2259: 2218: 2192:The Laws of Manu 2164: 2152: 2122: 2062: 1934: 1928: 1915: 1909: 1896: 1869: 1863: 1858:(1104–1154 CE), 1857: 1839: 1831: 1793:and its summary 1568: 1560: 1421: 1415: 1396: 1385: 1374: 1289: 1252:Patrick Olivelle 1154: 971:The Dharmasutras 951:(poetic metre), 814: 792: 785: 778: 729:Gheranda Samhita 679:Sushruta Samhita 600:Vinayagar Agaval 565:Five Great Epics 540:Divya Prabandham 471: 437: 383: 265:Other scriptures 238: 199: 180: 123: 62: 39: 38: 21: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4700: 4699: 4663: 4653: 4632: 4611: 4590: 4569: 4548: 4527: 4495: 4474: 4453: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4400: 4372: 4368: 4359: 4355: 4316: 4312: 4273: 4264: 4251: 4242: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4116: 4109: 4090: 4086: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3869: 3861: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3788: 3784: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3624:, 1962 – 1975). 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3583: 3579: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3291:Lingat 1973: 98 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3270:, pp. 3–4. 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099:, pp. 180. 3095: 3091: 3087:, pp. xli. 3083: 3066: 3058: 3047: 3039: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2968: 2960: 2951: 2943: 2934: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2803: 2794: 2786: 2777: 2773:, pp. xxv) 2768: 2755: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2675: 2667: 2654: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2611:, pp. 7–8. 2607: 2600: 2591: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2546: 2507: 2500: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2442: 2438: 2425: 2421: 2408: 2404: 2391: 2387: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328:, pages 191–192 2319: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2272: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2234: 2180: 2162:The Nāradasmṛti 2140: 2112: 2107: 2063: 2059:Warren Hastings 2057: 2042:princely states 2014: 2008: 1968: 1944: 1916:(16th century) 1861:Devaṇṇa-bhaṭṭan 1823: 1799:Dattaka-mīmāṁsā 1795:Tattvamuktāvalī 1709:Kṛtya-kalpataru 1689:Some important 1624:, Nandapandita 1587:(600–1050 CE), 1552: 1550:Secondary works 1528: 1522: 1505: 1499: 1491: 1485: 1477:Parasara-Smriti 1433: 1308: 1293:The sources of 1291: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1213: 1193: 1176: 1156: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1069: 1024: 1016:Kalpa (Vedanga) 973: 922:verses and the 895: 885:set by Emperor 833:Kalpa (Vedanga) 796: 767: 766: 757: 749: 748: 699:Divya Prabandha 674:Charaka Samhita 659:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 619: 605: 604: 560:Kamba Ramayanam 535:Saiva Tirumurai 530: 520: 519: 491: 481: 480: 467: 433: 379: 346: 336: 335: 301: 286: 285: 266: 258: 257: 234: 195: 176: 158: 148: 147: 119: 94: 77: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4743: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4662: 4661:External links 4659: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4594: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4525: 4508: 4499: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4398: 4366: 4353: 4310: 4283:(3): 649–721. 4262: 4258:978-0521716260 4240: 4227:10.2307/600567 4202: 4190: 4188:, p. 112. 4178: 4165: 4158: 4135: 4114: 4107: 4084: 4064: 4049: 4037: 4035:, p. 117. 4025: 4013: 3998: 3996:, p. 116. 3986: 3979: 3959: 3950: 3938: 3926: 3919: 3899: 3884: 3867: 3844: 3835: 3831:978-9004048089 3818: 3816:, p. 107. 3806: 3794: 3782: 3769: 3752: 3740: 3727: 3715: 3698: 3696:, p. 285. 3686: 3674: 3662: 3660:, p. 172. 3650: 3638: 3626: 3606: 3594: 3590:978-3944773001 3577: 3573:978-0195171464 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3507: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3453: 3441: 3439:, p. 188. 3424: 3422:, p. 104. 3407: 3395: 3388: 3362: 3360:, pp. 22. 3350: 3348:, p. 277. 3338: 3329: 3325:Lariviere 1989 3317: 3305: 3293: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3223:978-0195171464 3210: 3191: 3176: 3164: 3149: 3137: 3135:, p. 181. 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3064: 3062:, pp. xl. 3045: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2983: 2966: 2949: 2932: 2917: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2876:, p. 325. 2866: 2851: 2839: 2824: 2809: 2807:, p. 185. 2792: 2775: 2753: 2737: 2725: 2723:, p. 178. 2713: 2701: 2689: 2673: 2652: 2645: 2625: 2613: 2598: 2576: 2564: 2544: 2498: 2485:10.2307/600567 2479:(3): 419–424. 2463: 2456: 2436: 2432:978-0521877046 2419: 2415:978-0195171464 2402: 2385: 2369: 2357: 2342: 2330: 2313: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2280: 2270: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2156: 2150:Kātyāyanasmṛti 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2125: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2055: 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 1967: 1964: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1903: 1902:King's duties 1899: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1809:Rājā Ṭoḍaramal 1802: 1788: 1778: 1768: 1760: 1747: 1740:Smṛtiratnākara 1737: 1730:Smṛtikaustubha 1727: 1721: 1715: 1706: 1695: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629:Vishnu-smriti 1626: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610:Narada-smriti 1607: 1606: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1562:Commentaries ( 1551: 1548: 1524:Main article: 1521: 1518: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1487:Main article: 1484: 1481: 1432: 1429: 1419:Kātyāyanasmṛti 1413:Bṛhaspatismṛti 1407: 1406: 1387: 1376: 1365: 1307: 1304: 1271: 1264: 1215:The source of 1212: 1209: 1192: 1189: 1175: 1172: 1164:Andhra Pradesh 1132: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1088: 1068: 1065: 1023: 1020: 972: 969: 894: 891: 867:colonial India 798: 797: 795: 794: 787: 780: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 758: 755: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 709:Ramcharitmanas 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 669:Pramana Sutras 666: 661: 656: 651: 649:Mimamsa Sutras 646: 644:Samkhya Sutras 641: 636: 631: 626: 624:Dharma Shastra 620: 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 516: 515: 505: 504: 503: 492: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 476:Devi Bhagavata 469:Shakta puranas 465: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 435:Shaiva puranas 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 377: 376: 371: 366: 364:Brahmavaivarta 361: 356: 349:Brahma puranas 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 302: 297: 296: 293: 292: 288: 287: 284: 283: 278: 273: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 250: 245: 232: 231: 226: 224:Shvetashvatara 221: 216: 211: 206: 204:Brihadaranyaka 193: 192: 187: 174: 173: 168: 159: 154: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 90: 89: 86: 85: 84: 83: 78: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4742: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725:Religious law 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4526:0-521-43878-0 4522: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4424: 4422:0-253-21480-7 4418: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4363: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4207: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4140: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4047:, p. 71. 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3990: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3882:, p. 111 3881: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3810: 3804:, p. 55. 3803: 3798: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3598: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3558:, p. 22. 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3466:, p. 97. 3465: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3342: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3315:, p. 98. 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3288: 3282:, p. 77. 3281: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3237:, p. 56. 3236: 3231: 3225:, pages 24–25 3224: 3220: 3214: 3208:, p. 57. 3207: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3111:, p. 69. 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2849:, p. 46. 2848: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2822:, p. 19. 2821: 2816: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2790:, p. 18. 2789: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2648: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2623:, p. 12. 2622: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2573: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2355:, p. 73. 2354: 2349: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2327: 2326:0-8239-2287-1 2323: 2317: 2311:Vol. 1 p. 304 2310: 2304: 2300: 2284: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2110:For beginners 2102: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:British Crown 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1952:Danavakyavali 1949: 1948:Vivadachandra 1942:Women jurists 1933: 1927: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1894:Nanda-paṇḍita 1887: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1848: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1828: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764:Vīramitrodaya 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724:Smṛticandrikā 1722: 1719: 1718:Nirṇayasindhu 1716: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1684:Uttar Pradesh 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1632:Nandapandita 1627: 1623: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1571:Dharmasastra 1569: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:Robert Lingat 1532: 1527: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1478: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1330:Dharmaśāstras 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1312:Dharmaśāstras 1303: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1280: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1171: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1145: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1032: 1031: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 936: 934: 930: 925: 921: 917: 912: 904: 899: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 810: 806: 805: 793: 788: 786: 781: 779: 774: 773: 771: 770: 763: 760: 759: 753: 752: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 724:Shiva Samhita 722: 720: 717: 715: 714:Yoga Vasistha 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 689:Vastu Shastra 687: 685: 684:Natya Shastra 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 639:Brahma Sutras 637: 635: 632: 630: 629:Artha Shastra 627: 625: 622: 621: 618: 614: 609: 608: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 529: 524: 523: 514: 511: 510: 509: 506: 502: 499: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 485: 484: 477: 474: 473: 472: 470: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 438: 436: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418:Varaha Purana 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 382: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 350: 345: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 300: 295: 294: 290: 289: 282: 279: 277: 276:Bhagavad Gita 274: 272: 269: 268: 262: 261: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 237: 236:Atharva vedic 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 200: 198: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 181: 179: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 157: 152: 151: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 124: 122: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 93: 88: 87: 82: 79: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 35: 27: 19: 4730:Dharmaśāstra 4641: 4620: 4599: 4578: 4557: 4536: 4514: 4503: 4483: 4462: 4441: 4433:Bibliography 4411: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4369: 4361: 4356: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4280: 4276: 4218: 4214: 4193: 4181: 4173: 4168: 4148: 4097: 4087: 4077: 4062:, p. 50 4045:Banerji 1999 4040: 4028: 4021:Banerji 1999 4016: 4009:Banerji 1999 3989: 3969: 3962: 3953: 3946:Banerji 1999 3941: 3934:Banerji 1999 3929: 3909: 3902: 3895:Banerji 1999 3838: 3821: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3777: 3772: 3743: 3735: 3730: 3718: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3609: 3597: 3580: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3505:, p. 6. 3483: 3471: 3444: 3398: 3373: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3332: 3320: 3308: 3296: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3213: 3167: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3013: 3001: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2842: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2635: 2628: 2616: 2567: 2514: 2510: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2446: 2439: 2422: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2380: 2372: 2360: 2333: 2316: 2308: 2303: 2283: 2273: 2257: 2238:Dhammasattha 2170: 2159: 2147: 2128: 2116: 2096: 2065: 2051: 2030: 2015: 1999: 1988: 1969: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1883:Raghunandana 1879:Jīmūtavāhana 1875:Inheritance 1835:nibandhakāra 1834: 1827:nibandhakāra 1826: 1824: 1818:Dharmasindhu 1817: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1775:Jīmūtavāhana 1770: 1762: 1758:Raghunandana 1753: 1749: 1739: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1708: 1698: 1690: 1688: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1603:most studied 1563: 1553: 1533: 1529: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1492: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1454: 1441:Oriya script 1425: 1409: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1286: 1283: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1247:samayacarika 1246: 1244: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1074: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1008: 993: 974: 937: 915: 908: 864: 837: 804:Dharmaśāstra 803: 802: 801: 694:Panchatantra 654:Nyāya Sūtras 623: 550:Thiruppugazh 468: 466: 434: 432: 380: 378: 348: 235: 233: 196: 194: 177: 175: 160: 120: 118: 34:Dhammasattha 26: 18:Dharmasutras 4715:Hindu texts 4260:, Chapter 1 3776:Kane, P.V. 3738:p. 174 2562:, Chapter 1 2307:Kane, P.V. 1960:Balambhatta 1855:Lakṣmīdhara 1805:Ṭoḍarānanda 1791:Smṛtisindhu 1750:Smṛtitattva 1672:Maharashtra 1526:Prāyaścitta 1520:Prāyaścitta 1382:Nāradasmṛti 1326:Katyayana's 1257:Yuga dharma 1227:deshadharma 1099:Maharashtra 911:Dharmasūtra 852:purushartha 813:धर्मशास्त्र 739:Vedantasara 664:Yoga Sutras 580:Aathichoodi 513:Historicity 508:Mahabharata 501:Historicity 197:Yajur vedic 114:Atharvaveda 4704:Categories 4387:: 93–122. 3620:. (Poona: 3592:, page 123 3235:Flood 1996 2296:References 2243:Tirukkural 2144:Kane, P.V. 1932:Nīlakaṇṭha 1926:Caṇḍeśvara 1907:Caṇḍeśvara 1867:Nīlakaṇṭha 1680:Tamil Nadu 1622:Vidyaranya 1589:Medhātithi 1580:Manusmriti 1445:land grant 1405:tradition. 1393:Viṣṇusmṛti 1342:Manusmriti 1235:kuladharma 1231:jatidharma 1129:Excellence 1109:Baudhāyana 1085:Kalpasūtra 1050:Manusmriti 985:Baudhayana 933:Upanishads 734:Panchadasi 719:Swara yoga 555:Tirukkuṟaḷ 369:Markandeya 214:Taittiriya 178:Sama vedic 171:Kaushitaki 156:Upanishads 143:Upanishads 4710:Hindu law 4348:146583562 4305:145176900 3614:P.V. Kane 2539:144344249 2084:Aurangzeb 2076:al-Hidaya 2022:Buddhists 2012:Hindu law 2006:Influence 1980:Vyakarana 1913:Ṭoḍar Mal 1889:Adoption 1771:Dāyabhāga 1668:Karnataka 1644:nibhandas 1640:nibandhas 1503:Vyavahāra 1497:Vyavahāra 1362:Indonesia 1115:Vasishtha 1081:Apastamba 977:Apastamba 953:Vyakarana 929:Aranyakas 924:Brahmanas 887:Aurangzeb 704:Tirumurai 634:Kamasutra 393:Bhagavata 374:Bhavishya 359:Brahmānda 316:Vyakarana 185:Chandogya 161:Rig vedic 121:Divisions 109:Yajurveda 4095:(1963). 2232:See also 2120:Vāsiṣṭha 2056:— 1850:General 1842:Subject 1691:nibandha 1544:Samaveda 1540:Brahmana 1416:and the 1358:Cambodia 1354:Thailand 1346:Hinduism 1095:Samaveda 1061:nibandha 1012:ashramas 989:Vasistha 961:Jyotisha 941:Vedangas 903:Chalukya 881:, after 860:just war 817:Sanskrit 809:Sanskrit 756:Timeline 613:Shastras 496:Ramayana 398:Naradiya 331:Jyotisha 299:Vedangas 248:Mandukya 166:Aitareya 138:Aranyaka 133:Brahmana 104:Samaveda 44:a series 42:Part of 4393:1084716 2278:anger." 2173:. Gent. 2099:Shariat 1984:Nirukta 1976:Vedanga 1972:Mimamsa 1703:Hemādri 1693:s are 1664:Kashmir 1660:Gujarat 1585:Bhāruci 1556:Bhashya 1350:Myanmar 1321:Nirukta 1239:dharmas 1103:Gujarat 1091:Gautama 1054:Puranas 1004:chandas 981:Gautama 957:Nirukta 949:Chandas 945:Shiksha 916:shakhas 893:History 871:British 844:ashrama 840:Smritis 821:śāstras 489:Itihasa 344:Puranas 321:Nirukta 311:Chandas 306:Shiksha 281:Tantras 253:Prashna 243:Mundaka 128:Samhita 99:Rigveda 4649: 4628: 4607: 4586: 4565: 4544: 4523: 4491: 4470: 4449: 4419: 4391: 4346: 4340:313119 4338: 4303: 4297:312295 4295: 4256: 4235:600567 4233: 4156: 4105: 3977: 3917: 3829: 3588: 3571: 3386: 3382:–194. 3221: 2643: 2558: 2537: 2531:177940 2529: 2493:600567 2491: 2454: 2430: 2413: 2324: 2266:bhasya 2092:Parsis 2072:Sharia 2070:, the 1992:moksha 1783:& 1734:Eknāth 1682:, and 1676:Odisha 1652:Bengal 1564:bhasya 1457:Dharma 1449:Odisha 1403:bhakti 1399:dharma 1324:text. 1316:śāstra 1295:dharma 1222:Dharma 1217:dharma 1200:Dharma 1196:Dharma 1181:dharma 1136:dharma 1000:shloka 987:, and 920:mantra 883:Sharia 856:ahimsa 825:Dharma 815:) are 744:Stotra 617:sutras 452:Skanda 428:Matsya 413:Vamana 403:Garuda 388:Vishnu 354:Brahma 271:Agamas 229:Maitri 75:Smriti 70:Shruti 4344:S2CID 4336:JSTOR 4301:S2CID 4293:JSTOR 4231:JSTOR 2535:S2CID 2527:JSTOR 2489:JSTOR 2249:Notes 2216:Viṣṇu 2026:Sikhs 2018:Jains 2000:Nyaya 1996:Nyaya 1813:Akbar 1656:Bihar 1648:Assam 1489:Ācāra 1483:Ācāra 1461:Vedas 1046:śloka 1042:sūtra 1030:sutra 996:sutra 965:Kalpa 848:varna 829:Vedas 823:) on 447:Linga 442:Shiva 423:Kurma 408:Padma 326:Kalpa 219:Katha 92:Vedas 4647:ISBN 4626:ISBN 4605:ISBN 4584:ISBN 4563:ISBN 4542:ISBN 4521:ISBN 4489:ISBN 4468:ISBN 4447:ISBN 4417:ISBN 4389:SSRN 4254:ISBN 4154:ISBN 4103:ISBN 3975:ISBN 3915:ISBN 3827:ISBN 3586:ISBN 3569:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3219:ISBN 2641:ISBN 2556:ISBN 2452:ISBN 2428:ISBN 2411:ISBN 2322:ISBN 2078:and 2066:For 1982:and 1970:The 1825:The 1455:All 1389:The 1378:The 1367:The 1360:and 1352:and 1340:The 1040:The 615:and 462:Agni 457:Vayu 209:Isha 190:Kena 81:List 4328:doi 4285:doi 4223:doi 3380:192 2519:doi 2481:doi 2028:). 1807:of 1773:of 1756:of 1742:of 1701:of 1686:. 4706:: 4401:^ 4385:33 4383:. 4342:. 4334:. 4324:35 4322:. 4299:. 4291:. 4281:15 4279:. 4265:^ 4243:^ 4229:. 4219:92 4217:. 4205:^ 4138:^ 4117:^ 4067:^ 4052:^ 4001:^ 3887:^ 3870:^ 3847:^ 3755:^ 3701:^ 3616:, 3510:^ 3495:^ 3456:^ 3427:^ 3410:^ 3194:^ 3179:^ 3152:^ 3067:^ 3048:^ 3025:^ 2986:^ 2969:^ 2952:^ 2935:^ 2920:^ 2905:^ 2854:^ 2827:^ 2812:^ 2795:^ 2778:^ 2756:^ 2740:^ 2676:^ 2655:^ 2601:^ 2579:^ 2547:^ 2533:. 2525:. 2513:. 2501:^ 2487:. 2477:92 2475:. 2379:, 2345:^ 2024:, 2020:, 1910:, 1881:, 1837:s 1797:, 1678:, 1674:, 1670:, 1666:, 1662:, 1658:, 1654:, 1650:, 1546:. 1332:. 1285:— 1150:— 1056:. 1018:. 983:, 979:, 811:: 46:on 4655:. 4634:. 4613:. 4592:. 4571:. 4550:. 4529:. 4497:. 4476:. 4455:. 4425:. 4395:. 4350:. 4330:: 4307:. 4287:: 4237:. 4225:: 4162:. 4111:. 3983:. 3923:. 3392:. 3327:. 3249:. 2769:( 2747:( 2683:( 2649:. 2592:( 2541:. 2521:: 2515:4 2495:. 2483:: 2460:. 1364:. 1225:( 1101:- 914:( 807:( 791:e 784:t 777:v 36:. 20:)

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