68:). A fourth portion is believed to be missing. The original pillar tapered from bottom to top: the bottom fragment has a square cross-section; the middle fragment has square and octagonal cross-sections, and the top fragment has an octagonal cross-section with a small circular part at the end. The total length of the three fragments is 13.21 metres (43 ft 4 in), which indicates that the original pillar must have been twice as high as the
22:
85:
294:'s guest house. In February 1902, this piece was fixed in a masonry basement at Lal Bagh public gardens near the Anand High School. Henry Cousens of ASI later had it removed from the basement to measure it. The piece was then moved to the Anand High School museum. From there, it was moved to Lat Masjid, similar to the second piece.
269:
This piece is the smaller part of the fragment broken during
Bahadur Shah's reign. Henry Cousens (1902β03) measured its length as 3.5 metres (11 ft 7 in). The part with the square cross-section measured 2.6 metres (8 ft 6 in), while the part with the octagonal section measured 0.9
209:
This piece is the larger part of the fragment broken during
Bahadur Shah's reign. Henry Cousens (1902β03) measured its length as 7.4 metres (24 ft 3 in). Klaus Roessler (1995) found it to be 7.4 metres (24 ft 2 in) long. It has a square cross-section. Roessler estimated its weight
282:
This is the smallest piece, which was moved to Mandu during
Dilawar Khan's reign. Its length is 2.3 metres (7 ft 6 in) according to both Coussen and Roessler. It is mostly of an octagonal cross-section, except one 203.2 millimetres (8 in) circular part at the end. Roessler estimated
273:
The 4.0 metres (13 ft) piece was removed from the Lat Masjid site at an unknown time. In
February 1903, Henry Cousens of ASI found it in Anand High School, where a museum had been set up in 1902. The museum was relocated to another site between the years 1922 and 1942. When this happened, the
142:
The two largest fragments have a number of holes at irregular intervals, on all sides. The depth of the holes ranges from 41β76 millimetres (1.6β3 in), and their diameter ranges from 30β76 millimetres (1.2β3 in). Because they are distributed unevenly, they do not appear to be slots for
196:
Now, three fragments of the pillar are placed horizontally on a platform near Lat Masjid. These fragments were moved by ASI to their present position in 1980. The combined height of the three fragments is 13.2 metres (43 ft 4 in), and their total weight is estimated at 7,300 kilograms
147:). Cousens speculated that these were used by the forgers and welders to handle the pillar with their instruments during the manufacturing process. Roessler agreed with this hypothesis, and proposed that these slots were also used to hold the pillar upright using iron anchors.
302:
The third piece has a fractured top surface, which indicates that a fourth piece of the original pillar is missing. Klaus
Roessler (1995) estimated the length of this piece at 1.0 metre (3 ft 3 in). Henry Cousens hypothesized that the fourth piece had a
72:. The combined weight of the fragments is estimated at around 7,300 kilograms (16,100 lb), which is at least 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) more than the Delhi pillar's weight. At the time of its erection, it was probably the largest
270:
metres (3 ft 1 in). Klaus
Roessler (1995) found this piece to be 3.6 metres (11 ft 8 in) long. Roessler estimated its weight at 1,800 kilograms (4,000 lb).
821:
Amitava Ray; S. K. Dhua; R. R. Prasad; S. Jha; S. Banerjee (1997). "The ancient 11th century iron pillar at Dhar, India: a microstructural insight into material characteristics".
158:
theorized that smaller sections, measuring 710 millimetres (2 ft 4 in) to 840 millimetres (2 ft 9 in) in length, were joined together to form the pillar.
235:("goldsmith"), and seem to have been engraved while the original pillar was still intact. There are some other symbols and Persian characters scratched on the surface.
341:
Ray et al. (1997) analyzed portions of the two smaller fragments. Their analysis revealed the following chemical composition (weight %):
311:(trident) at the top. As Bhoja was a Shaivite king, R. Balasubramaniam analyzed Shaivite iconography to conclude that the top had a trishula.
197:(16,100 lb). Thus, the original pillar must have been almost twice as high and at least 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) heavier than the
193:. He made an attempt to carry the large piece to Gujarat. In this process, this part of the pillar toppled and fragmented into two pieces.
963:
92:
The pillar does not bear an inscription mentioning its erector, date or purpose. It is located at Dhar, which was the capital of the
948:
171:
745:
943:
875:
535:
201:. At the time of its erection, it was probably the tallest and the largest forge-welded iron pillar in the world.
96:. According to the local tradition, the pillar commemorates a military victory of the 11th century Paramara king
953:
135:
temple previously occupied the site, and the pillar was originally located at the front of this temple, with a
105:
432:
to analyze its chemical composition. He found that "the composition varied from one location to another":
174:
of Dhar, it broke into at least two pieces. The smaller piece was planted at the
Dilawar Khan's Mosque in
895:
334:
According to R. Balasubramaniam and A. V. Ramesh Kumar (2003), the pillar shows "excellent" atmospheric
257:
Until 1980, this piece lay in a sloping position against a masonry terrace. The local kids used it as a
428:
Balasubramaniam (2002) also obtained a small portion of the pillar with ASI's permission, and used an
318:'s Jami Masjid might be a re-shaped version of the Dhar pillar's missing piece. This pillar is called
938:
45:, India. The exact origins of the pillar are unknown, but according to the local tradition, it was a
530:
251:
186:
735:
315:
175:
287:
540:
335:
198:
167:
69:
8:
429:
286:
This piece was brought back from Mandu to Dhar sometime between 1844 and 1893. In 1893,
838:
497:
914:
246:
mentions that he saw this piece lying on ground in Dhar. He ordered it to be taken to
842:
741:
550:
545:
190:
144:
88:
The pillar is located in the south-eastern part of the former fortified city of Dhar
910:
830:
258:
239:
222:
93:
50:
642:
323:
274:
pillar was brought back to the Lat Masjid and placed horizontally on the ground.
958:
731:
46:
42:
834:
933:
927:
261:, because of which a large part of its surface gained a polished appearance.
214:
155:
151:
73:
231:
179:
124:
109:
178:. The larger piece was erected in front of the Lat Masjid constructed by
619:
820:
456:
377:
291:
226:
116:
61:
520:
was 55.8% iron, 27.8% silicon, 16.3% phosphorus, and 0.1% manganese.
461:
357:
802:
64:("pillar mosque"), which is named after the pillar (called "lΔαΉ" in
493:
474:
308:
243:
136:
108:(ASI) theorized that it was constructed by the later Paramara king
21:
790:
778:
854:
852:
607:
595:
555:
367:
128:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
681:
679:
677:
664:
662:
660:
585:
583:
119:, in whose compound the pillar is located, was constructed with
466:
451:
407:
397:
387:
347:
314:
Balasubramaniam also theorizes that an iron pillar in front of
304:
120:
34:
849:
766:
754:
712:
691:
674:
657:
580:
568:
218:
132:
100:, whose knowledge of iron metallurgy can be seen in his book
97:
65:
60:
Three of its fragments are now located near the 15th century
54:
254:. It appears that Jahangir's orders were never carried out.
84:
517:
417:
247:
225:
inscription. This piece also has some names and letters in
38:
442:
Mass of elements other than iron, as % of total mass
250:, intending to use it as a lamp post in the courtyard of
221:'s visit to Dhar was recorded on the pillar in form of a
166:
The iron pillar of Dhar was originally longer than the
150:
The pillar appears to have been built using horizontal
893:
808:
625:
112:
in 1210 CE, from the molten arms of an enemy force.
925:
894:Balasubramaniam, R.; Kumar, A.V. Ramesh (2003).
873:
858:
796:
784:
772:
760:
718:
706:
685:
668:
613:
601:
589:
574:
896:"Corrosion resistance of the Dhar iron pillar"
730:
640:
283:its weight at 940 kilograms (2,070 lb).
131:temples. R. Balasubramaniam theorizes that a
79:
636:
634:
185:In 1531 CE, Dhar came under the control of
631:
307:figure (the Paramara royal emblem) or a
83:
20:
740:. Pearson Education India. p. 15.
329:
290:of ASI noticed it in the garden of the
926:
876:"A new study of the Dhar iron pillar"
643:"The non rusting iron pillar at Dhar"
883:Indian Journal of History of Science
823:Journal of Materials Science Letters
210:at 4,500 kilograms (9,900 lb).
16:Iron column in Madhya Pradesh, India
536:History of metallurgy in South Asia
297:
13:
14:
975:
964:Archaeological artefacts of India
809:Balasubramaniam & Kumar 2003
626:Balasubramaniam & Kumar 2003
949:Metallurgical industry in India
867:
814:
724:
516:The typical composition of the
229:script. The names end in word
106:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
915:10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00074-X
562:
277:
264:
204:
874:Balasubramaniam, R. (2002).
430:electron probe microanalyzer
161:
49:erected by the 11th century
25:Fragments of the Dhar pillar
7:
944:Monumental columns in India
523:
10:
980:
80:Manufacturing and erection
76:iron pillar in the world.
439:
33:is a now-fragmented iron
835:10.1023/A:1018550529070
641:Klaus Roessler (1995).
531:Ancient iron production
737:Technology and Society
139:(trident) at the top.
89:
26:
954:History of metallurgy
647:NML Technical Journal
628:, pp. 2451β2452.
87:
24:
859:Balasubramaniam 2002
797:Balasubramaniam 2002
785:Balasubramaniam 2002
773:Balasubramaniam 2002
761:Balasubramaniam 2002
719:Balasubramaniam 2002
707:Balasubramaniam 2002
686:Balasubramaniam 2002
669:Balasubramaniam 2002
614:Balasubramaniam 2002
602:Balasubramaniam 2002
590:Balasubramaniam 2002
575:Balasubramaniam 2002
541:Iron pillar of Delhi
336:corrosion resistance
330:Chemical composition
199:iron pillar of Delhi
168:iron pillar of Delhi
70:iron pillar of Delhi
799:, pp. 128β129.
787:, pp. 126β127.
616:, pp. 134β135.
604:, pp. 129β130.
492:Portion containing
473:Portion containing
104:. Henry Cousens of
90:
27:
909:(11): 2451β2465.
903:Corrosion Science
747:978-81-317-5641-6
551:Heliodorus pillar
546:Pillars of Ashoka
514:
513:
426:
425:
191:Sultan of Gujarat
971:
939:Paramara dynasty
918:
900:
890:
880:
862:
856:
847:
846:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
751:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
689:
683:
672:
666:
655:
654:
638:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
578:
572:
435:
434:
344:
343:
298:Missing fragment
223:Persian language
94:Paramara dynasty
31:Dhar iron pillar
979:
978:
974:
973:
972:
970:
969:
968:
924:
923:
898:
878:
870:
865:
861:, pp. 137.
857:
850:
819:
815:
811:, p. 2464.
807:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
759:
755:
748:
729:
725:
721:, pp. 136.
717:
713:
705:
692:
684:
675:
667:
658:
639:
632:
624:
620:
612:
608:
600:
596:
588:
581:
573:
569:
565:
560:
526:
332:
324:Alauddin Khalji
320:Allaudin's Sang
300:
280:
267:
242:of Akbar's son
207:
172:Muslim conquest
164:
143:lamps (as in a
82:
37:located in the
17:
12:
11:
5:
977:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
920:
919:
891:
869:
866:
864:
863:
848:
829:(5): 371β375.
813:
801:
789:
777:
775:, p. 125.
765:
763:, p. 120.
753:
746:
732:R. V. G. Menon
723:
711:
709:, p. 122.
690:
688:, p. 121.
673:
671:, p. 119.
656:
630:
618:
606:
594:
592:, p. 118.
579:
577:, p. 117.
566:
564:
561:
559:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
525:
522:
512:
511:
508:
506:
503:
500:
489:
488:
486:
483:
480:
477:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
446:
445:
438:
424:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
404:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
331:
328:
322:(spear) after
299:
296:
279:
276:
266:
263:
206:
203:
163:
160:
102:Yuktikalpataru
81:
78:
47:victory column
43:Madhya Pradesh
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
976:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
929:
922:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
892:
888:
884:
877:
872:
871:
860:
855:
853:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
810:
805:
798:
793:
786:
781:
774:
769:
762:
757:
749:
743:
739:
738:
733:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
687:
682:
680:
678:
670:
665:
663:
661:
652:
648:
644:
637:
635:
627:
622:
615:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
584:
576:
571:
567:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
521:
519:
509:
507:
504:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
476:
472:
471:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:
443:
437:
436:
433:
431:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
389:
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
295:
293:
292:Dhar Maharaja
289:
284:
275:
271:
262:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:autobiography
236:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
213:In 1598, the
211:
202:
200:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
159:
157:
156:Brahm Prakash
153:
152:forge welding
148:
146:
145:deepa-stambha
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
86:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
921:
906:
902:
886:
882:
868:Bibliography
826:
822:
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
756:
736:
726:
714:
650:
646:
621:
609:
597:
570:
515:
441:
427:
340:
333:
319:
313:
301:
288:A. A. FΓΌhrer
285:
281:
272:
268:
256:
252:Akbar's tomb
237:
230:
212:
208:
195:
187:Bahadur Shah
184:
180:Dilawar Khan
170:. After the
165:
149:
141:
114:
110:Arjunavarman
101:
91:
74:forge-welded
59:
30:
28:
18:
154:technique.
928:Categories
889:: 115β151.
563:References
457:Phosphorus
378:Phosphorus
278:Fragment 3
265:Fragment 2
227:Devanagari
205:Fragment 1
117:Lat Masjid
62:Lat Masjid
843:134653889
653:(5): 145.
462:Manganese
358:Manganese
182:in 1405.
162:Fragments
734:(2010).
524:See also
494:pearlite
475:pearlite
362:"trace"
309:trishula
244:Jahangir
217:emperor
137:trishula
51:Paramara
41:town of
556:Stambha
510:0.075%
498:ferrite
412:0.268%
402:0.057%
392:0.003%
382:0.072%
368:Silicon
352:0.013%
841:
744:
505:0.851%
502:0.276%
485:0.013%
482:0.693%
479:0.683%
467:Silver
452:Carbon
408:Nickel
398:Copper
388:Sulfur
372:0.06%
348:Carbon
305:garuda
215:Mughal
189:, the
121:spolia
35:column
959:Bhoja
899:(PDF)
879:(PDF)
839:S2CID
422:rest
316:Mandu
259:slide
219:Akbar
176:Mandu
133:Shiva
125:Hindu
123:from
98:Bhoja
66:Hindi
55:Bhoja
53:king
934:Dhar
742:ISBN
518:slag
496:and
418:Iron
248:Agra
238:The
232:Soni
129:Jain
127:and
115:The
39:Dhar
29:The
911:doi
831:doi
930::
907:45
905:.
901:.
887:37
885:.
881:.
851:^
837:.
827:16
825:.
693:^
676:^
659:^
651:37
649:.
645:.
633:^
582:^
444:)
338:.
326:.
57:.
917:.
913::
845:.
833::
750:.
440:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
