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coronary arteries attached, and relieving the LVOTO by dividing the outlet septum and pulmonary valve annulus. The LVOT is then restored by posteriorly translocating the aortic root and closing the VSD. Finally, the right ventricular outflow tract is reconstructed with a pericardial patch. This is a technically challenging procedure, but results in a more "normal" anatomic repair. The main thing is the repositioning of the native aortic root over to the LV cavity, avoiding the creation of a long tortuous intraventricular tunnel. This technique appears to prevent the development of LVOTO, which is a frequent complication of the
Rastelli repair. The addition of the Lecompte maneuver may prevent branch pulmonary artery stenosis that may occur secondary to compression of the PA by the posteriorly displaced, translocated aortic root. It creates a direct RV to PA anastomosis and avoiding the use of a conduit, which should decrease the incidence of RVOT reinterventions.
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463:; after birth, the left atrium will be filled with blood returning from the lungs and the foramen ovale will close. The ductus arteriosus is a small, artery-like structure which allows blood to flow from the trunk of the pulmonary artery into the aorta; after birth, the blood in the pulmonary artery will flow into the lungs and the ductus arteriosus will close. Sometimes these shunts will fail to close after birth; these defects are called
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1705:, occurring in approximately 1% of live births. 5–7% of these are dextro-transposition of the great arteries. Such defects appear to be more common in men than women. Approximately one million people worldwide are currently living with a CHD.Having a child with a CHD increases an individual's chances of having another child with a CHD from 1% to 3%. Subsequent children born with a CHD increase that individual's chances further.
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Some patients who had alternate corrective surgery, such as the
Mustard or Senning procedure, may have issues with SA and VA nodal transmissions in later life. Typical symptoms include palpitations and problems with low heart rates. This is commonly solved with a Pacemaker unit, providing scar tissue
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With simple d-TGA, if the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are allowed to close naturally, the newborn will likely not survive long enough to receive corrective surgery. With complex d-TGA, the infant will fail to thrive and is unlikely to survive longer than a year if corrective surgery is not
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and/or vessels of the heart; this process facilitates examining the flow of blood through the chambers during an echocardiogram, or shows the vessels clearly on a chest x-ray, MRI, or CT scan - this is of particular importance, as the coronary arteries must be carefully examined and "mapped out"
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While the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are open after birth, some mixing of red and blue blood occurs allowing a small amount of oxygen to be delivered to the body; if ASD, VSD, PFO, and/or PDA are present, this will allow a higher amount of the red and blue blood to be mixed, therefore
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With d-TGA, deoxygenated blood from the right heart is pumped immediately through the aorta and circulated to the body and the heart itself, bypassing the lungs altogether, while the left heart pumps oxygenated blood continuously back into the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In effect, two
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In 1984, Nikaidoh introduced a surgical approach for the management of TGA, VSD, and pulmonary stenosis (PS), which he called "aortic translocation and biventricular outflow tract reconstruction". The repair consisted of harvesting the aortic root from the right ventricle, with or without the
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Bex who introduced the possibility of aortic translocation in 1980. But
Nikaidoh has put the procedure in practice in 1984. It results in an anatomical normal heart, even better than with an ASO, because also the cones are switched instead of only the arteries as with an ASO. The procedure is
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and to the right of the pulmonary artery, but it can also be directly anterior or anterior and to the left. The aorta and pulmonary artery can also be side by side, with aorta on either side. This is a less common variant, and with this arrangement, an unusual
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Post-operative care is very similar to the palliative care received, with the exception that the patient no longer requires PGE or the surgical palliation procedures. Additionally, the patient is kept on a cooling blanket for a period of time to prevent
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In recent years, it is quite rare for palliative procedures to be done via median sternotomy. However, if a sternotomy is required for a different procedure, in most cases all procedures that are immediately required will be performed at the same time.
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Antibiotics may be administered preventatively. However, due to the physical strain caused by uncorrected d-TGA, as well as the potential for introduction of bacteria via arterial and central lines, infection is not uncommon in pre-operative patients.
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treatment is normally administered prior to corrective surgery in order to reduce the symptoms of d-TGA (and any other complications), giving the newborn or infant a better chance of surviving the surgery. Treatment may include any combination of:
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tests; central lines can also monitor blood pressure and provide blood samples, as well as provide a means to deliver medication and nourishment; fingerpricks (or heelpricks on small babies) are used to obtain blood samples for certain tests.
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on a regular basis. Although these appointments are required less frequently as time goes on, they will continue throughout the lifetime of the individual, and may increase in the event of complications or as the individual approaches
1666:), or other medications. If the individual has undergone stenting, an anticoagulant will be a necessity to prevent build-up around the stent(s), as the body will perceive the foreign body as a wound and attempt to heal it.
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coronary artery pattern. In the case of sepsis or late diagnosis, a delayed
Arterial Switch can sometimes be made possible by PAB, which may also require a concomitant construction of an aortic-to-pulmonary artery shunt.
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The patient returns to the ICU post-operatively for recovery, maintenance, and close observation; recovery time may vary, but tends to average approximately two weeks, after which the patient may be transferred to a
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is commonplace for hospitalized d-TGA patients. This may range from an oxygen mask resting on the bed nearby their head to intubation. In some cases, patients are intubated as a precaution; the machine can monitor
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When PGE is administered to a newborn, it prevents the ductus arteriosus from closing, therefore providing an additional shunt through which to provide the systemic circulation with a higher level of oxygen.
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system. Normally, the lungs are examined first, then the heart is examined if there are no apparent problems with the lungs. These examinations are typically performed using ultrasound, known as an
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areas: around the mouth and lips, fingertips, and toes; these areas are furthest from the heart, and since the circulated blood is not fully oxygenated to begin with, very little oxygen reaches the
1447:. The pulmonal artery is shifted with help of conduit to the right ventricle. It has been used since 1960s. It has a disadvantage that the conduit does not grow, so re-operation is necessary.
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Pulmonary artery banding is used in a small number of cases of d-TGA, usually when the corrective surgery needs to be delayed, to create an artificial stenosis in order to control pulmonary
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1017:(ASD) and inflated to enlarge the opening in the atrial septum; this creates a shunt which allows a larger amount of oxygenated ("red") blood to enter the systemic circulation.
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in use. This is used with the REV (RĂ©paration Ă l'Etage
Ventriculaire). This surgery is like the Rastelli procedure, but with the use of the pulmonary artery without a conduit.
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Following corrective surgery, but prior to cessation of anaesthesia, two small incisions are made immediately below the sternotomy incision which provide exit points for
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Tsai, Kevin Luke; Al'Aref, Subhi J.; van
Rosendael, Alexander R.; Bax, Jeroen J. (2018-01-01), Al'Aref, Subhi J.; Mosadegh, Bobak; Dunham, Simon; Min, James K. (eds.),
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A sphygmomanometer may be used for intermittent blood pressure monitoring even if a patient is being otherwise monitored using a central or arterial line.
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Analgesics normally are not used pre-operatively, but they may be used in certain cases. They are occasionally used partially for their sedative effects.
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performed. In most cases, the patient's condition will deteriorate to the point of inoperability if the defect is not corrected in the first year.
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Some arterial switch recipients may present with post-operative pulmonary stenosis, which would then be repaired with angioplasty, pulmonary
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surgery is the preferred, and most frequently used, method of correcting d-TGA. It is ideally performed on an infant between 8–14 days old.
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An endovascular stent is sometimes placed in a stenotic vessel immediately following a balloon angioplasty to maintain the widened passage.
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A pulse oximeter is attached to a finger or toe and provides constant or intermittent monitoring of the blood's oxygen saturation level.
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IV's are used to deliver medication, blood products, or other fluids to the patient. Arterial lines provide a constant monitor of
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When no other heart defects are present it is called 'simple' d-TGA; when other defects are present it is called 'complex' d-TGA.
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and may experience weakness, particularly during feeding or playing; this interruption to feeding combined with hypoxia can cause
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considerably following the surgery; the sternum and incision are closed after a few days, when swelling is sufficiently reduced.
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separate "circular" (parallel) circulatory systems are created, rather than the "figure 8" (in series) circulation of a normal
471:, and either may occur independently, or in combination with one another, or with d-TGA or other heart and/or general defects.
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to redirect red and blue blood flow to the appropriate artery. Since the late 1970s the
Mustard procedure has been preferred.
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Cardiac catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure which provides a means of performing a number of other procedures.
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620:. On these occasions, a layperson is likely not to recognize symptoms until the infant is experiencing moderate to serious
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Issa, Ziad F.; Miller, John M.; Zipes, Douglas P. (2019-01-01), Issa, Ziad F.; Miller, John M.; Zipes, Douglas P. (eds.),
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Modern repair procedures within the ideal timeframe and without additional complications have a very high success rate.
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Wong, Tom; Janousek, Jan; Lim, Eric (2018-01-01), Gatzoulis, Michael A.; Webb, Gary D.; Daubeney, Piers E. F. (eds.),
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used to drain fluid from the thoracic cavity, with one tube placed at the front and another at the rear of the heart.
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Additionally, some individuals may require ongoing medication therapy at home, which may include diuretics (such as
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Sedatives may be used palliatively to prevent a young child from thrashing about or pulling out any of their lines.
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both the aorta and pulmonary artery; the coronary arteries are then detached from the aorta and reattached to the
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More recently, ACE inhibitors have been prescribed to patients in the hope of relieving stress on the heart.
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pattern is common. There are also some cases with aorta to the right and posterior to the pulmonary artery.
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machine is used; as this machine needs its "circulation" to be filled with blood, a child will require a
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caused by the defects common to complex d-TGA allow a higher amount of oxygen-rich blood to enter the
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attempt to increase oxygen flow to the body; this overworking of the heart muscle eventually leads to
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delivering more oxygen to the body, but can complicate and lengthen the corrective surgery and/or be
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In some cases, it is not possible to perform an arterial switch, either because of late diagnosis,
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may appear normal immediately following birth. If d-TGA is accompanied by both a VSD and pulmonary
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Cardiac glycosides are used to maintain proper heart rhythm while increasing the strength of each
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Although it may seem counterintuitive, complex d-TGA presents better chance of survival and less
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317:) is a potentially life-threatening birth defect in the large arteries of the heart. The primary
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When an arterials switch operation (ASO) is not possible e.g. in case of LVOTO an option is the
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791:. However, complex d-TGA may cause a very slight increase to length and risk of the corrective
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1931:"19 - Pacemakers and Internal Cardioverter Defibrillators in Adult Congenital Heart Disease"
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An atrial septectomy is the surgical removal of the atrial septum; this is performed when a
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When an arterial switch is impossible, an atrial switch will be attempted using either the
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Diuretics aid in flushing excess fluid from the body, thereby easing strain on the heart.
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recovery, this surgery takes an average of approximately six to eight hours to complete.
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and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
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and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
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and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
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and visualized by echocardiogram; these are far less common than heart cath procedures.
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and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
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and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
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2026:"Chapter 15 - Congenital Heart Disease: Pathology, Natural History, and Interventions"
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Ottaviani, G.; Buja, L. M. (2016-01-01), Buja, L. Maximilian; Butany, Jagdish (eds.),
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Life-saving heart surgery is always required. If the diagnosis is made in a standard
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It is commonplace for any of these palliations to be performed on a d-TGA patient.
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units normally provide facilities and equipment for mothers of infant patients to
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of the aorta and pulmonary artery. In the majority of d-TGA cases, the aorta is
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676:, and is pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body, including the heart
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455:. The foramen ovale is a hole in the atrial septum which allows blood from the
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Angioplasty also requires a balloon catheter, which is used to stretch open a
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d-TGA is often accompanied by other heart defects, the most common type being
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An EKG creates a visual readout of how well the heart rhythm is functioning.
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vessel; this relieves restricted blood flow, which could otherwise lead to
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Diagnosis and
Management of Adult Congenital Heart Disease (Third Edition)
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where it is oxygenated. The oxygen-rich ("red") blood then returns to the
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birth, or a delay in bringing the infant for diagnosis in the event of a
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1603:. The sternum is not closed immediately which allows extra space in the
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1809:"Congenital Heart Defects - dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries"
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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98: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1976:"14 - Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease"
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risks than simple d-TGA, as well as usually requiring fewer invasive
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562:. However, if it is not diagnosed in utero, cyanosis of the newborn (
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1126:, this band can then be quickly and easily adjusted when necessary.
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may also be used in reaching or confirming a diagnosis; however, an
73:
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401:), although this term might have an even broader meaning than TGA.
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391:).Another term commonly used to refer to both d-TGA and l-TGA is
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The heart and vessels are accessed via median sternotomy, and a
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procedures. This is because the left-to-right and bidirectional
347:) because the newborn infant turns blue from lack of oxygen. In
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The cardiology exam may include an echocardiogram, EKG, and/or
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Immediate post-operative (Jatene procedure) d-TGA + VSD neonate
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566:) should immediately indicate that there is a problem with the
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381:); however, TGA is a more general term which may also refer to
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from the original operation does not block its functionality.
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and supplement the patient as much or as little as they need.
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One day post-operative (Jatene procedure) d-TGA + VSD neonate
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and corrected early on, the infant may eventually experience
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The patient will require constant monitoring and care in an
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cyanotic d-TGA + VSD neonate (unpalliated and pre-operative)
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PAB (when coarctation or aortic arch repair also required)
1280:, it can also be used to monitor how well the patient is
1276:, to the patient. Since the tube extends right into the
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Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease
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Angiography involves using the catheter to release a
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In particular, it has problems with not using MEDMOS.
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922:, if such facilities are available, for specialized
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624:(CHF) as a result of the heart working harder in a
554:d-TGA can sometimes be diagnosed in utero with an
503:. A d-TGA baby will exhibit indrawing beneath the
439:heart has two shunts that begin to close when the
1607:, preventing excess pressure on the heart, which
1107:Each of these procedures is performed through an
700:
695:
431:; in order for the red blood to bypass the lungs
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1419:contra-indicated by certain coronary anomalies.
1155:PAB (when intracardiac procedures also required)
1005:A balloon atrial septostomy is performed with a
2032:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 611–647,
1973:
1928:
1314:, as well as a method of obtaining samples for
1744:"Chapter 5 - Complex Congenital Heart Disease"
833:Please review the contents of the section and
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2023:
1183:
2521:Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery
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1982:, Philadelphia: Elsevier, pp. 407–420,
1515:via heart cath or median sternotomy, and/or
849:"Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries"
660:-depleted ("blue") blood is pumped from the
600:On the rare occasion (when there is a large
258:Complete transposition of the great arteries
107:"Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries"
1886:. Milan KrajĂÄŤek, Timoteus Pokora. Prague.
1866:Valdes-Cruz LM and Cayre RO: Chapter 24 in
1750:, Boston: Academic Press, pp. 79–101,
1559:procedure. Both methods involve creating a
1192:Palliated pre-operative d-TGA + VSD neonate
729:
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2154:
1914:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1813:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
415:as the lungs will not be used until after
288:
273:Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries
264:
249:Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries
18:Dextro-transposition of the great arteries
2030:Cardiovascular Pathology (Fourth Edition)
1488:for this surgery. The procedure involves
1122:; PAB involves placing a band around the
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
213:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
1715:Levo-Transposition of the great arteries
1521:
1462:
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1187:
638:
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384:levo-transposition of the great arteries
664:, through the pulmonary artery, to the
371:. d-TGA is often referred to simply as
14:
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1879:
1844:"default - Stanford Children's Health"
643:Normal heart anatomy compared to d-TGA
511:" (rapid breathing); this is likely a
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1802:
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606:ventricular outflow tract obstruction
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307:d-Transposition of the great arteries
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303:-Transposition of the great arteries
169:
96:adding citations to reliable sources
67:
26:
1806:
374:transposition of the great arteries
24:
2256:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect
2214:Transposition of the great vessels
2038:10.1016/b978-0-12-420219-1.00014-8
1988:10.1016/b978-0-323-52356-1.00014-1
1943:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6929-1.00019-8
1756:10.1016/b978-0-12-803917-5.00005-5
1720:Transposition of the great vessels
1701:Heart defects are the most common
1619:The infant will continue to see a
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965:Rashkind balloon atrial septostomy
394:transposition of the great vessels
25:
2558:
2063:
1964:
1825:
1777:
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1043:prior to the corrective surgery.
351:, this condition is described as
42:This article has multiple issues.
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1431:Since 1981 LeCompte has put his
1085:Blalock-Hanlon atrial septectomy
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807:
705:Differences in the shape of the
419:, and oxygen is provided by the
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72:
31:
1696:
1650:), cardiac glycosides (such as
83:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
2289:Atrioventricular septal defect
2017:
1937:, Elsevier, pp. 232–252,
1922:
1873:
1860:
1268:An NG tube is used to deliver
835:add the appropriate references
701:Arterial spatial relationships
696:Variations and similar defects
647:
369:ventriculoarterial discordance
183:This article needs editing to
13:
1:
2231:Persistent truncus arteriosus
2202:Double outlet right ventricle
1725:
1635:in addition to consultation.
1331:
1158:Concomitant atrial septectomy
936:
574:when performed on the heart.
2194:Aortopulmonary septal defect
1676:
1614:
798:
549:
526:. The infant will be easily
7:
1708:
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1426:
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1009:, which is inserted into a
820:reliable medical references
10:
2563:
1368:
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1184:Monitoring and maintenance
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986:
948:
711:ventricular outflow tracts
411:with d-TGA experiences no
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2287:
2271:Ventricular septal defect
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2192:
2183:
2084:
1848:www.stanfordchildrens.org
1459:Arterial switch procedure
1080:Right lateral thoracotomy
1056:Left anterior thoracotomy
926:treatment and equipment.
826:or relies too heavily on
751:ventricular septal defect
604:with no significant left
546:of the fingers and toes.
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272:
263:
253:
248:
2547:Congenital heart defects
2177:Congenital heart defects
1144:
1070:Left lateral thoracotomy
1062:pulmonary artery banding
1026:congestive heart failure
953:
755:patent ductus arteriosus
730:Simple and complex d-TGA
622:congestive heart failure
520:autonomic nervous system
469:patent ductus arteriosus
185:comply with Knowledge's
2516:Coronary artery anomaly
1880:Semrád, Michal (2014).
1646:), analgesics (such as
1587:), and eventually to a
1228:Central venous catheter
960:Cardiac catheterization
662:right side of the heart
341:congenital heart defect
2339:Valvular heart disease
2318:Cyanotic heart disease
2261:Lutembacher's syndrome
1883:Cardiovascular surgery
1581:Transitional Care Unit
1527:
1482:cardiopulmonary bypass
1468:
1460:
1200:(NG tube or simply NG)
1193:
644:
484:
2526:Ventricular inversion
2238:Aortopulmonary window
2207:Taussig–Bing syndrome
1525:
1466:
1458:
1191:
975:Endovascular stenting
769:may also be present.
642:
482:
2325:Eisenmenger syndrome
2248:Atrial septal defect
1870:. Philadelphia 1998.
1599:, which could cause
1375:adding missing items
1259:adding missing items
1170:adding missing items
1135:atrial septal defect
1131:patent foramen ovale
1098:adding missing items
1015:atrial septal defect
1011:patent foramen ovale
993:adding missing items
789:systemic circulation
747:patent foramen ovale
743:atrial septal defect
465:patent foramen ovale
92:improve this article
2279:Tetralogy of Fallot
2185:Heart septal defect
1633:cardiac stress test
1272:, and occasionally
970:Balloon angioplasty
931:intensive care unit
920:children's hospital
636:if left untreated.
501:peripheral arteries
195:improve the content
1807:CDC (2019-11-22).
1528:
1469:
1461:
1445:Rastelli procedure
1433:LeCompte manoeuvre
1409:Corrective surgery
1359:Cardiac glycosides
1194:
715:relative positions
645:
632:and may result in
580:electrocardiograms
534:. If d-TGA is not
485:
475:Symptoms and signs
354:ventriculoarterial
349:segmental analysis
2534:
2533:
2456:
2455:
2396:Ebstein's anomaly
2333:
2332:
2143:
2142:
2047:978-0-12-420219-1
1997:978-0-323-52356-1
1952:978-0-7020-6929-1
1893:978-80-246-2599-7
1765:978-0-12-803917-5
1486:blood transfusion
1151:Median sternotomy
916:clinical facility
908:
907:
884:
597:will be present.
540:syncopic episodes
532:failure to thrive
507:and "comfortable
489:oxygen saturation
459:to flow into the
453:ductus arteriosus
297:
296:
243:Medical condition
241:
240:
233:
223:
222:
215:
168:
167:
160:
142:
65:
16:(Redirected from
2554:
2511:Brugada syndrome
2506:Crisscross heart
2376:tricuspid valves
2354:pulmonary valves
2344:
2343:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2082:
2081:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1804:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1739:
1541:contraindicative
1500:. Including the
1474:Jatene procedure
1379:reliable sources
1263:reliable sources
1238:Sphygmomanometer
1217:Intravenous drip
1198:Nasogastric tube
1174:reliable sources
1102:reliable sources
1007:balloon catheter
997:reliable sources
903:
902:
894:
891:
885:
883:
842:
811:
810:
803:
745:(ASD) including
447:; these are the
361:atrioventricular
327:pulmonary artery
293:
292:
284:Medical genetics
268:
246:
245:
236:
229:
218:
211:
207:
204:
198:
178:
177:
170:
163:
156:
152:
149:
143:
141:
100:
76:
68:
57:
35:
34:
27:
21:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2501:Cor triatriatum
2467:Underdeveloped
2452:
2402:
2329:
2301:
2283:
2265:
2242:
2179:
2174:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2093:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1711:
1699:
1679:
1617:
1605:thoracic cavity
1569:
1533:
1453:
1451:Arterial switch
1441:
1429:
1416:
1411:
1382:
1334:
1266:
1186:
1177:
1147:
1124:pulmonary trunk
1105:
1052:
1036:contrast medium
1000:
956:
951:
939:
904:
900:
895:
889:
886:
843:
832:
828:primary sources
812:
808:
801:
732:
724:coronary artery
703:
698:
674:pulmonary veins
650:
614:birthing center
558:after 18 weeks
552:
524:hypoxic hypoxia
522:in response to
495:will appear in
487:Due to the low
477:
336:It is called a
287:
244:
237:
226:
225:
224:
219:
208:
202:
199:
192:
187:Manual of Style
179:
175:
164:
153:
147:
144:
101:
99:
89:
77:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2469:heart chambers
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2431:
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2421:
2410:
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2403:
2401:
2400:
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2341:
2335:
2334:
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2328:
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2302:
2300:
2299:
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2284:
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2281:
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2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
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2240:
2234:
2233:
2228:
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2221:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2196:
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2180:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2110:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:Classification
2079:
2078:
2065:
2064:External links
2062:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2016:
1996:
1963:
1951:
1921:
1892:
1872:
1859:
1824:
1776:
1764:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1698:
1695:
1678:
1675:
1656:anticoagulants
1644:spironolactone
1616:
1613:
1568:
1567:Post-operative
1565:
1532:
1529:
1506:post operative
1504:and immediate
1452:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1428:
1425:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1312:blood pressure
1300:Oxygen therapy
1284:their "food".
1251:
1250:
1245:
1243:Pulse oximeter
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1201:
1185:
1182:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1120:blood pressure
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1051:
1048:
985:
984:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
955:
952:
950:
947:
938:
935:
906:
905:
898:
896:
815:
813:
806:
800:
797:
731:
728:
702:
699:
697:
694:
649:
646:
634:cardiac arrest
572:echocardiogram
568:cardiovascular
551:
548:
491:of the blood,
476:
473:
429:umbilical cord
295:
294:
281:
275:
274:
270:
269:
261:
260:
255:
251:
250:
242:
239:
238:
221:
220:
182:
180:
173:
166:
165:
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2559:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2446:regurgitation
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2436:mitral valves
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:insufficiency
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:aortic valves
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:regurgitation
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:insufficiency
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:Cardiac shunt
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2297:Ostium primum
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1531:Atrial switch
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1465:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1424:
1420:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:Prostaglandin
1336:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Arterial line
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:nasal cannula
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
957:
946:
943:
934:
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
897:
893:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
865:
861:
858:
854:
851: –
850:
846:
845:Find sources:
840:
836:
830:
829:
825:
821:
816:This section
814:
805:
804:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:developmental
773:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
727:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:atrial septum
693:
691:
687:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
481:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:foramen ovale
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
355:
350:
346:
342:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
291:
285:
282:
280:
276:
271:
267:
262:
259:
256:
252:
247:
235:
232:
217:
214:
206:
196:
190:
188:
181:
172:
171:
162:
159:
151:
148:November 2020
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109: –
108:
104:
103:Find sources:
97:
93:
87:
86:
81:This article
79:
75:
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
2491:Dextrocardia
2306:Consequences
2218:
2127:
2112:
2097:
2069:
2051:, retrieved
2029:
2019:
2009:, retrieved
1979:
1956:, retrieved
1934:
1924:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1769:, retrieved
1747:
1703:birth defect
1700:
1697:Epidemiology
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1637:
1630:
1621:cardiologist
1618:
1601:brain damage
1593:
1589:cardiac ward
1584:
1577:
1570:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1534:
1510:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1442:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1371:dynamic list
1327:
1324:
1321:
1309:
1298:
1267:
1255:dynamic list
1178:
1166:dynamic list
1128:
1117:
1111:between the
1106:
1094:dynamic list
1045:
1033:
1030:
1019:
1004:
1001:
989:dynamic list
940:
928:
909:
890:October 2021
887:
877:
870:
863:
856:
844:
824:verification
817:
774:
771:
736:intracardiac
733:
704:
682:
652:In a normal
651:
599:
576:Chest x-rays
553:
542:and develop
486:
457:right atrium
403:
398:
392:
388:
382:
378:
372:
368:
352:
344:
335:
314:
310:
306:
299:
298:
257:
227:
209:
200:
193:Please help
184:
154:
145:
135:
128:
121:
114:
102:
90:Please help
85:verification
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
2484:Uhl anomaly
1688:symptomatic
1648:paracetamol
1573:chest tubes
1502:anaesthesia
1490:transecting
1400:contraction
1344:Antibiotics
1270:nourishment
1233:Fingerprick
1208:oxygen mask
980:Angiography
818:needs more
753:(VSD), and
713:affect the
648:Description
630:hypertrophy
513:homeostatic
461:left atrium
364:concordance
357:discordance
254:Other names
2496:Levocardia
2053:2020-11-11
2011:2020-11-11
1958:2020-11-11
1853:2020-11-11
1818:2020-11-11
1771:2020-11-11
1726:References
1640:furosemide
1626:middle age
1369:This is a
1354:Analgesics
1332:Medication
1294:breastmilk
1286:Paediatric
1274:medication
1253:This is a
1204:Intubation
1164:This is a
1133:(PFO), or
1092:This is a
1013:(PFO), or
987:This is a
942:Palliative
937:Palliative
924:paediatric
860:newspapers
781:palliative
672:, via the
670:left heart
618:home birth
556:ultrasound
497:peripheral
405:Prenatally
367:, or just
331:transposed
311:dextro-TGA
118:newspapers
47:improve it
2076:eMedicine
2006:239401932
1910:cite book
1902:909908858
1677:Prognosis
1658:(such as
1615:Follow-up
1517:xenograft
1494:neo-aorta
1364:Sedatives
1349:Diuretics
1316:blood gas
1305:breathing
1282:digesting
1060:Isolated
1038:into the
914:or other
799:Treatment
690:pulmonary
564:blue baby
560:gestation
550:Diagnosis
536:diagnosed
509:tachypnea
445:breathing
279:Specialty
203:June 2018
53:talk page
2541:Category
2441:stenosis
2429:bicuspid
2419:stenosis
2391:stenosis
2359:stenosis
2071:ped/2548
1709:See also
1513:stenting
1439:Rastelli
1427:Lecompte
1414:Nikaidoh
1109:incision
1050:Moderate
1040:chambers
1022:stenotic
912:hospital
785:shunting
759:Stenosis
741:such as
719:anterior
692:system.
680:itself.
610:hospital
592:systolic
588:stenosis
544:clubbing
528:fatigued
493:cyanosis
451:and the
433:in utero
425:placenta
423:via the
413:symptoms
338:cyanotic
325:and the
319:arteries
2381:atresia
2369:absence
1664:aspirin
1660:heparin
1652:digoxin
1556:Mustard
1550:Senning
1539:, or a
1278:stomach
1028:(CHF).
949:Surgery
933:(ICU).
874:scholar
839:removed
793:surgery
767:vessels
757:(PDA).
749:(PFO),
709:and/or
518:of the
505:ribcage
443:starts
441:newborn
132:scholar
2219:dextro
2134:608808
2123:745.10
2044:
2004:
1994:
1949:
1900:
1890:
1762:
1609:swells
1561:baffle
1537:sepsis
1292:their
876:
869:
862:
855:
847:
763:valves
739:shunts
686:cardio
678:muscle
658:oxygen
626:futile
595:murmur
516:reflex
435:, the
421:mother
329:) are
301:dextro
286:
134:
127:
120:
113:
105:
2474:right
2461:Other
2347:Right
2108:Q20.3
2002:S2CID
1597:fever
1377:with
1340:(PGE)
1261:with
1210:, or
1172:with
1145:Major
1139:aorta
1100:with
1064:(PAB)
995:with
954:Minor
881:JSTOR
867:books
666:lungs
654:heart
584:x-ray
437:fetal
417:birth
389:l-TGA
359:with
323:aorta
321:(the
315:d-TGA
313:, or
139:JSTOR
125:books
2479:left
2407:Left
2224:levo
2129:OMIM
2118:9-CM
2042:ISBN
1992:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1916:link
1898:OCLC
1888:ISBN
1760:ISBN
1498:root
1471:The
1290:pump
1219:(IV)
1113:ribs
853:news
822:for
590:, a
578:and
467:and
427:and
409:baby
407:, a
111:news
2114:ICD
2099:ICD
2074:at
2034:doi
1984:doi
1939:doi
1752:doi
1662:or
1654:),
1642:or
1585:TCU
1553:or
1248:EKG
765:or
761:of
612:or
602:VSD
399:TGV
379:TGA
345:CHD
94:by
2543::
2132::
2121::
2106::
2103:10
2040:,
2028:,
2000:,
1990:,
1978:,
1966:^
1945:,
1933:,
1912:}}
1908:{{
1896:.
1846:.
1827:^
1811:.
1779:^
1758:,
1746:,
1734:^
1690:.
1628:.
1591:.
1519:.
1402:.
1206:,
1141:.
841:.
656:,
333:.
309:,
56:.
2169:e
2162:t
2155:v
2116:-
2101:-
2091:D
2036::
1986::
1941::
1918:)
1904:.
1856:.
1821:.
1754::
1583:(
1381:.
1265:.
1176:.
1104:.
999:.
892:)
888:(
878:·
871:·
864:·
857:·
831:.
688:-
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377:(
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305:(
234:)
228:(
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210:(
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201:(
197:.
189:.
161:)
155:(
150:)
146:(
136:·
129:·
122:·
115:·
88:.
63:)
59:(
20:)
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