29:
315:
185:
229:
307:
359:
The aborted foetus is commonly called a bulldog, a stillborn calf that has a bulging head, compressed nose, protruding lower jaw, and swollen tongue, as well as extremely short limbs. The occurrence of bulldog foetuses is higher in calves born with a black coat than a red coat, because black coat
260:, writing in 1842, describes them as the "Dexter Breed", and writes "When any individual of a Kerry drove appears remarkably round and short legged, it is common for the country people to call it a Dexter". Until the second half of the nineteenth century the Dexter was considered a type within the
363:
Dexters can also be affected with pulmonary hypoplasia with anasarca (PHA), which is an incomplete formation of the lungs with accumulation of a serum fluid in various parts of the tissue of the foetus. Unlike chondrodysplasia, which has many physical signs, PHA shows no outward signs and is only
406:
356:-affected Dexters together results in a 25% chance that the foetus can abort prematurely. A DNA test is available to test for the chondrodysplasia gene, using tail hairs from the animal.
1960:
287:
It was brought to
England in 1882. The breed virtually disappeared in Ireland, but was still maintained as a pure breed in a number of small herds in England and the United States.
352:
that results in shorter legs than unaffected cattle. Chondrodysplasia-affected
Dexters are typically 6–8 in shorter in height than unaffected ones. Breeding two
1482:
360:
colour is more common. Short-legged Dexter cattle are considered to be heterozygous, while bulldog foetuses are homozygous for chondrodysplasia genes.
838:
441:
284:, the Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society of Ireland, was started in 1917; the name was shortened to the Kerry Cattle Society of Ireland in 1919.
1955:
585:
341:.. The coat is usually solid black, but may also be red or dun. The cattle were formerly always horned; in the twenty-first century some
294:
by sixteen countries in Africa, the
Americas, Europe and Oceania; the largest populations were in Denmark and the United Kingdom. Its
390:. In flavour and texture the meat is often not as good as that of other breeds, especially if it is from a very short-legged animal.
461:. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2022.
444:. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2022.
458:
788:
831:
415:. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
737:
Harper, Paw; Latter, Mr; Nicholas, Fw; Cook, Rw; Gill, Pa (1 March 1998). "Chondrodysplasia in
Australian Dexter cattle".
571:
512:
420:
1153:
824:
410:
367:
Dexter cattle have short legs compared to other breeds; increased shortness is displayed from the knee to the
364:
detectable through DNA testing. As with
Chondrodysplasia, PHA-affected Dexters should not be bred together.
1233:
1158:
257:
1168:
525:
28:
1812:
1548:
345:
examples are seen, but the mechanism of introduction of this characteristic has not been identified.
58:
314:
1641:
593:
1626:
624:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character
1950:
1699:
1621:
1568:
1188:
1777:
1714:
1449:
1323:
546:
348:
Some Dexter cattle carry a gene for chondrodysplasia (a semilethal gene), which is a form of
197:
298:
worldwide is listed as 'not at risk', while for
Ireland it is listed as 'at risk/critical'.
1528:
1388:
1223:
1163:
1018:
631:
382:
The Dexter is dual-purpose breed, reared for both milk and beef. Milk yields average about
319:
269:
561:
502:
8:
1694:
1616:
1403:
1393:
1173:
1058:
1013:
295:
816:
635:
1538:
1398:
1353:
1288:
1079:
1074:
959:
949:
904:
770:
750:
714:
681:
659:
240:, in south-western Ireland, and was apparently named after a man named Dexter, who was
154:
216:. Until the second half of the nineteenth century it was considered a type within the
204:, in south-western Ireland, and appears to be named after a man named Dexter, who was
1913:
1817:
1762:
1679:
1583:
1429:
1298:
1263:
1208:
1198:
1193:
1107:
1089:
796:
762:
754:
719:
701:
567:
508:
416:
374:
Dexter cattle are very hardy, efficient grazers and are able to thrive on poor land.
265:
256:
cattle are documented from the late eighteenth century; the
Scottish agriculturalist
241:
205:
774:
501:
Valerie Porter, Lawrence
Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016).
1890:
1837:
1807:
1477:
1363:
1283:
1183:
1033:
914:
899:
746:
709:
693:
649:
639:
353:
342:
184:
1895:
1792:
1772:
1767:
1704:
1636:
1631:
1606:
1558:
1553:
1434:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1228:
1053:
1043:
987:
982:
977:
929:
924:
919:
894:
249:
213:
1918:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1842:
1757:
1601:
1472:
1408:
1358:
1333:
1313:
1268:
1213:
1178:
1038:
889:
884:
697:
261:
253:
217:
1944:
1885:
1860:
1797:
1689:
1523:
1444:
1424:
1373:
1293:
1203:
1084:
992:
954:
851:
758:
705:
470:
407:
List of breeds documented in the Global
Databank for Animal Genetic Resources
281:
245:
209:
1802:
1573:
1563:
1338:
1318:
1258:
1028:
997:
969:
939:
723:
644:
619:
473:. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Accessed June 2023.
237:
201:
766:
412:
The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
1880:
1827:
1787:
1533:
1439:
1328:
1303:
1278:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1112:
934:
876:
620:"The Significance of an Achondroplasia-Like Condition Met with in Cattle"
1832:
1709:
1684:
1593:
1464:
1454:
1343:
1099:
228:
654:
1578:
1543:
1218:
1023:
944:
847:
663:
273:
306:
1822:
1273:
1248:
1048:
349:
682:"The Bull-dog Calf: A Contribution to the Study of Achondroplasia"
1749:
1737:
1348:
368:
326:
1782:
864:
291:
165:
551:, volume I. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
1905:
1611:
1135:
200:
of small cattle. It originated in the eighteenth century in
1852:
1664:
1308:
526:"American Livestock Breeds Conservancy Priority Watch List"
504:
Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding
386:
per lactation, although some farms may reach an average of
1961:
Conservation Priority Breeds of the Livestock Conservancy
1505:
846:
548:
The Breeds of the Domestic Animals of the British Islands
264:
breed; from 1863 it was shown in a separate class at the
42:
736:
405:
Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007).
789:"PHA (Pulmonary Hypoplasia with Anasarca) Fact Sheet"
795:. American Dexter Cattle Association. Archived from
337:less; the average weight of a cow is approximately
236:The Dexter originated in the eighteenth century in
1942:
832:
686:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
442:Breed data sheet: Dexter / Ireland (Cattle)
839:
825:
27:
713:
653:
643:
54:DAD-IS (2022, transboundary): not at risk
313:
305:
227:
183:
49:DAD-IS (2022, Ireland): at risk/critical
471:Watchlist overview: Watchlist 2023–2024
1943:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
454:
452:
450:
1735:
1662:
1503:
1133:
862:
820:
675:
673:
613:
611:
554:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
325:The cattle are small; heights at the
1956:Cattle breeds originating in Ireland
679:
617:
586:"American Dexter Cattle Association"
583:
507:(sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI.
464:
566:. Doetinchem, Netherlands: Misset.
518:
476:
459:Transboundary breed: Cattle: Dexter
447:
399:
329:for bulls are usually in the range
13:
751:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10129.x
670:
608:
539:
426:
301:
14:
1972:
680:Crew, F. A. E. (1 January 1924).
618:Crew, F. A. E. (1 January 1923).
280:, was established in 1890, and a
107:average 325 kg (700 lb)
781:
730:
125:102–112 cm (40–44 in)
577:
563:Cattle Breeds: An Encyclopedia
278:The Kerry and Dexter Herd Book
145:usually black, also red or dun
132:97–107 cm (38–42 in)
1:
739:Australian Veterinary Journal
393:
188:A chondrodysplastic-dwarf cow
7:
1736:
1234:Devon and Cornwall Longwool
290:In 2023 it was reported to
88:dual-purpose, meat and milk
10:
1977:
1154:Badger Face Welsh Mountain
863:
698:10.1177/003591572401701511
223:
153:usually horned, sometimes
1904:
1851:
1813:Old English Pheasant Fowl
1748:
1744:
1731:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1592:
1549:Gloucestershire Old Spots
1516:
1512:
1499:
1463:
1417:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1098:
1067:
1006:
968:
875:
871:
858:
160:
149:
141:
116:
97:
92:
84:
76:
68:
35:
26:
1642:Yorkshire Blue and White
1504:
692:(Sect Comp Med): 39–58.
423:. Archived 23 June 2020.
1627:Lincolnshire Curly Coat
1075:Chillingham Wild Cattle
560:Marleen Felius (1995).
1569:Oxford Sandy and Black
1189:Brecknock Hill Cheviot
645:10.1098/rspb.1923.0035
377:
322:
311:
252:. Rotund short-legged
233:
189:
1324:North Country Cheviot
1159:Balwen Welsh Mountain
317:
309:
231:
187:
61:(2023): native breeds
16:Irish breed of cattle
1224:Derbyshire Gritstone
1169:Black Welsh Mountain
1164:Beulah Speckled Face
320:Bolton, East Lothian
270:Royal Dublin Society
1617:Irish Greyhound Pig
1404:Whitefaced Woodland
1174:Bluefaced Leicester
1059:Whitebred Shorthorn
636:1923RSPSB..95..228C
296:conservation status
45:(2007): not at risk
36:Conservation status
23:
1622:Large White Ulster
1539:British Saddleback
1399:Whiteface Dartmoor
1354:Scottish Blackface
1289:Leicester Longwool
799:on 26 January 2013
596:on 26 January 2013
545:David Low (1842).
323:
312:
266:agricultural shows
244:of the estates of
234:
208:of the estates of
190:
21:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1763:Derbyshire Redcap
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1700:British Primitive
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1584:Wessex Saddleback
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1430:Castlemilk Moorit
1264:Greyface Dartmoor
1194:British Milksheep
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
584:Davidson, Carol.
333:, for cows about
182:
181:
69:Country of origin
1968:
1891:Silver Appleyard
1808:Old English Game
1746:
1745:
1733:
1732:
1673:
1672:
1660:
1659:
1529:British Landrace
1514:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1478:Scottish Dunface
1184:Border Leicester
1144:
1143:
1131:
1130:
915:English Longhorn
873:
872:
860:
859:
841:
834:
827:
818:
817:
809:
808:
806:
804:
793:dextercattle.org
785:
779:
778:
734:
728:
727:
717:
677:
668:
667:
657:
647:
630:(667): 228–255.
615:
606:
605:
603:
601:
592:. Archived from
590:dextercattle.org
581:
575:
558:
552:
543:
537:
536:
534:
532:
522:
516:
499:
474:
468:
462:
456:
445:
439:
424:
403:
389:
385:
354:chondrodysplasia
340:
336:
332:
318:At pasture near
174:
168:
55:
50:
31:
24:
20:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1923:
1900:
1896:Welsh Harlequin
1847:
1793:Modern Langshan
1740:
1719:
1705:Golden Guernsey
1667:
1646:
1607:Dorset Gold Tip
1588:
1508:
1487:
1459:
1450:North Ronaldsay
1413:
1229:Devon Closewool
1138:
1117:
1094:
1063:
1002:
983:Dairy Shorthorn
964:
895:Belted Galloway
867:
854:
845:
814:
812:
802:
800:
787:
786:
782:
735:
731:
678:
671:
616:
609:
599:
597:
582:
578:
559:
555:
544:
540:
530:
528:
524:
523:
519:
500:
477:
469:
465:
457:
448:
440:
427:
404:
400:
396:
387:
383:
380:
338:
334:
331:102–112 cm
330:
304:
302:Characteristics
250:Valentia Island
226:
214:Valentia Island
178:
173:Bos primigenius
172:
164:
137:
134:
133:
126:
112:
109:
108:
64:
53:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Khaki Campbell
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:Croad Langshan
1754:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1695:British Alpine
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Devon Longwool
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1409:Wiltshire Horn
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:Welsh Mountain
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1269:Hampshire Down
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1179:Border Cheviot
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:Old Gloucester
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
890:Beef Shorthorn
887:
885:Aberdeen Angus
881:
879:
869:
868:
856:
855:
850:breeds of the
844:
843:
836:
829:
821:
811:
810:
780:
745:(3): 199–202.
729:
669:
607:
576:
553:
538:
517:
475:
463:
446:
425:
397:
395:
392:
379:
376:
303:
300:
225:
222:
180:
179:
177:
176:
169:
161:
158:
157:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
131:
129:
127:
124:
120:
118:
114:
113:
111:
110:
106:
104:
101:
99:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
63:
62:
56:
51:
46:
39:
37:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1973:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Cattle breeds
1949:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Abacot Ranger
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Nankin Bantam
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Manx Loaghtan
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
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1803:Norfolk Grey
1680:Anglo-Nubian
1564:Middle White
1319:Norfolk Horn
1029:Irish Moiled
1007:Dual purpose
970:Dairy cattle
909:
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529:. Retrieved
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388:3000 kg
384:2250 kg
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238:County Kerry
235:
202:County Kerry
196:is an Irish
193:
191:
171:
77:Distribution
18:
1914:Brecon Buff
1828:Scots Dumpy
1788:Modern Game
1778:Indian Game
1637:Small White
1632:Small Black
1559:Large White
1554:Large Black
1534:British Lop
1483:South Devon
1394:Wensleydale
1329:Oxford Down
1279:Hill Radnor
1254:Exmoor Horn
1244:Dorset Horn
1239:Dorset Down
1209:Clun Forest
1113:Blue Albion
1080:Tory Island
960:Welsh Black
950:South Devon
935:Lincoln Red
877:Beef cattle
409:, annex to
339:325 kg
150:Horn status
1945:Categories
1833:Scots Grey
1602:Cumberland
1364:Shropshire
1344:Rough Fell
1284:Kerry Hill
1090:White Park
655:1842/32808
394:References
310:Dun heifer
272:. A joint
80:world-wide
1871:Orpington
1866:Aylesbury
1818:Orpington
1524:Berkshire
1435:Hebridean
1418:Primitive
1384:Teeswater
1379:Swaledale
1369:Southdown
1299:Llanwenog
1219:Dalesbred
1199:Cambridge
1068:Primitive
1034:Glamorgan
1024:Droimeann
945:Shorthorn
900:Blue Grey
848:Livestock
759:1751-0813
706:0035-9157
335:5 cm
274:herd-book
258:David Low
1919:Shetland
1886:Shetland
1838:Sebright
1823:Rosecomb
1750:Chickens
1690:Bilberry
1574:Tamworth
1359:Shetland
1334:Portland
1274:Herdwick
1249:Easycare
1214:Cotswold
1108:Alderney
1054:Shetland
1049:Red Poll
1044:Pembroke
988:Guernsey
978:Ayrshire
930:Highland
925:Hereford
920:Galloway
803:23 April
775:20074662
724:19983950
600:23 April
350:dwarfism
130:Female:
105:Female:
1773:Ixworth
1768:Dorking
1738:Poultry
1594:Extinct
1465:Extinct
1425:Boreray
1374:Suffolk
1349:Ryeland
1294:Lincoln
1204:Cheviot
1100:Extinct
767:9578757
715:2201457
632:Bibcode
369:fetlock
327:withers
268:of the
224:History
220:breed.
72:Ireland
1881:Magpie
1843:Sussex
1783:Legbar
1517:Extant
1339:Romney
1314:Masham
1259:Galway
1147:Extant
1085:Vaynol
1014:Albion
993:Jersey
955:Sussex
910:Dexter
865:Cattle
773:
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419:
343:polled
292:DAD-IS
242:factor
206:factor
194:Dexter
166:Cattle
155:polled
123:Male:
117:Height
98:Weight
93:Traits
22:Dexter
1906:Geese
1853:Ducks
1715:Pygmy
1710:Irish
1685:Bagot
1665:Goats
1612:Grice
1579:Welsh
1544:Essex
1440:Jacob
1304:Lleyn
1136:Sheep
998:Kerry
940:Luing
905:Devon
771:S2CID
664:81039
660:JSTOR
262:Kerry
254:Kerry
218:Kerry
198:breed
1506:Pigs
1455:Soay
1309:Lonk
805:2018
763:PMID
755:ISSN
720:PMID
702:ISSN
602:2018
568:ISBN
533:2008
509:ISBN
417:ISBN
232:Bull
192:The
142:Coat
59:RBST
747:doi
710:PMC
694:doi
650:hdl
640:doi
378:Use
248:on
212:on
85:Use
43:FAO
1947::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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