2029:
1427:
1389:
2024:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P_{\mathrm {s,m} }(T)&=ae^{\left(b-{\frac {T}{d}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{c+T}}\right)};\\\gamma _{\mathrm {m} }(T,\mathrm {RH} )&=\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}e^{\left(b-{\frac {T}{d}}\right)\left({\frac {T}{c+T}}\right)}\right);\\T_{d}&={\frac {c\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}{b-\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}}={\frac {c\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}{\frac {P_{\mathrm {s,m} }(T)}{a}}\right)}{b-\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}{\frac {P_{\mathrm {s,m} }(T)}{a}}\right)}}={\frac {c\gamma _{m}(T,\mathrm {RH} )}{b-\gamma _{m}(T,\mathrm {RH} )}};\end{aligned}}}
917:
61:
458:. People accustomed to temperate climates often begin to feel uncomfortable when the dew point gets above 15 °C (59 °F), while others might find dew points up to 18 °C (64 °F) comfortable. Most inhabitants of temperate areas will consider dew points above 21 °C (70 °F) oppressive and tropical-like, while inhabitants of hot and humid areas may not find this uncomfortable. Thermal comfort depends not just on physical environmental factors, but also on psychological factors.
1384:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P_{\mathrm {s} }(T)&={\frac {100}{\mathrm {RH} }}P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)=ae^{\frac {bT}{c+T}};\\P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)&={\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}P_{\mathrm {s} }(T)=ae^{\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )}\\&\approx P_{\mathrm {s} }(T_{\mathrm {w} })-BP_{\mathrm {mbar} }0.00066\left(1+0.00115T_{\mathrm {w} }\right)\left(T-T_{\mathrm {w} }\right);\\T_{\mathrm {d} }&={\frac {c\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}{b-\ln {\frac {P_{\mathrm {a} }(T)}{a}}}};\end{aligned}}}
2578:
597:
825:
2364:
628:
2339:
397:
When the air temperature is high, the human body uses the evaporation of perspiration to cool down, with the cooling effect directly related to how fast the perspiration evaporates. The rate at which perspiration can evaporate depends on how much moisture is in the air and how much moisture the air
406:
As the air surrounding one's body is warmed by body heat, it will rise and be replaced with other air. If air is moved away from one's body with a natural breeze or a fan, sweat will evaporate faster, making perspiration more effective at cooling the body, thereby increasing comfort. By contrast,
487:
are used to measure dew point over a wide range of temperatures. These devices consist of a polished metal mirror which is cooled as air is passed over it. The dew point is revealed by observing the loss of clarity in the reflection cast by the mirror. Manual devices of this sort can be used to
359:
The dew point depends on how much water vapor the air contains. If the air is very dry and has few water molecules, the dew point is low and surfaces must be much cooler than the air for condensation to occur. If the air is very humid and contains many water molecules, the dew point is high and
363:
A high relative humidity implies that the dew point is close to the current air temperature. A relative humidity of 100% indicates the dew point is equal to the current temperature and that the air is maximally saturated with water. When the moisture content remains constant and temperature
389:(5,280 ft or 1,610 m elevation). Because Denver is at a higher elevation than New York, it will tend to have a lower barometric pressure. This means that if the dew point and temperature in both cities are the same, the amount of water vapor in the air will be greater in Denver.
388:
Increasing the barometric pressure raises the dew point. This means that, if the pressure increases, the mass of water vapor per volume unit of air must be reduced in order to maintain the same dew point. For example, consider New York City (33 ft or 10 m elevation) and Denver
2155:, Arden Buck presents several different valuation sets, with different maximum errors for different temperature ranges. Two particular sets provide a range of −40 °C to +50 °C between the two, with even lower maximum error within the indicated range than all the sets above:
402:
will produce perspiration in an effort to keep the body at its normal temperature even when the rate at which it is producing sweat exceeds the evaporation rate, so one can become coated with sweat on humid days even without generating additional body heat (such as by exercising).
2573:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T_{\mathrm {d,^{\circ }F} }&\approx T_{\mathrm {{}^{\circ }F} }-{\tfrac {9}{25}}\left(100-\mathrm {RH} \right);\\\mathrm {RH} &\approx 100-{\tfrac {25}{9}}\left(T_{\mathrm {{}^{\circ }F} }-T_{\mathrm {d,^{\circ }F} }\right);\end{aligned}}}
430:
Lower dew points, less than 10 °C (50 °F), correlate with lower ambient temperatures and cause the body to require less cooling. A lower dew point can go along with a high temperature only at extremely low relative humidity, allowing for relatively effective cooling.
38:
2213:
316:
rises as the temperature falls; this is because less vapor is needed to saturate the air. In normal conditions, the dew point temperature will not be greater than the air temperature, since relative humidity typically does not exceed 100%.
2983:
488:
calibrate other types of humidity sensors, and automatic sensors may be used in a control loop with a humidifier or dehumidifier to control the dew point of the air in a building or in a smaller space for a manufacturing process.
820:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )&=\ln \left({\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}\right)+{\frac {bT}{c+T}};\\T_{\mathrm {d} }&={\frac {c\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )}{b-\gamma (T,\mathrm {RH} )}};\end{aligned}}}
2209:
There is also a very simple approximation that allows conversion between the dew point, temperature, and relative humidity. This approach is accurate to within about ±1 °C as long as the relative humidity is above 50%:
426:
recommends indoor air be maintained at 20–24.5 °C (68–76 °F) with a 20–60% relative humidity, equivalent to a dew point of approximately 4.0 to 16.5 °C (39 to 62 °F) (by Simple Rule calculation below).
2351:
The derivation of this approach, a discussion of its accuracy, comparisons to other approximations, and more information on the history and applications of the dew point, can be found in an article published in the
922:
1432:
421:
Discomfort also exists when the dew point is very low (below around −5 °C or 23 °F). The drier air can cause skin to crack and become irritated more easily. It will also dry out the airways. The US
2369:
2218:
633:
2582:
For example, a relative humidity of 100% means dew point is the same as air temp. For 90% RH, dew point is 3 °F lower than air temperature. For every 10 percent lower, dew point drops 3 °F.
2347:
For every 1 °C difference in the dew point and dry bulb temperatures, the relative humidity decreases by 5%, starting with RH = 100% when the dew point equals the dry bulb temperature.
2854:
2975:
45:
across a range of temperatures can contain. For a lower ambient pressure, a curve has to be drawn above the current curve. A higher ambient pressure yields a curve under the current curve.
332:
at which it evaporates. At temperatures below the dew point, the rate of condensation will be greater than that of evaporation, forming more liquid water. The condensed water is called
266:
to which it must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor. This temperature depends on the pressure and water content of the air. When the air is cooled below the dew point, its
2614:
point for a given parcel of air is always higher than the dew point, as breaking the stronger bonding between water molecules on the surface of ice compared to the surface of (
3005:
2334:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T_{\mathrm {d} }&\approx T-{\frac {100-\mathrm {RH} }{5}};\\\mathrm {RH} &\approx 100-5(T-T_{\mathrm {d} });\end{aligned}}}
2865:
3335:
2748:
2354:
3183:
423:
2590:
The frost point is similar to the dew point in that it is the temperature to which a given parcel of humid air must be cooled, at constant
2890:
2917:"02/24/2003 - Reiteration of Existing OSHA Policy on Indoor Air Quality: Office Temperature/Humidity and Environmental Tobacco Smoke"
348:, depending on its altitude when it forms. If the temperature is below the dew point, and no dew or fog forms, the vapor is called
3090:
2916:
3328:
2940:
Lin, Tzu-Ping (10 February 2009). "Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions".
3477:
2710:
3243:"The Relationship between Relative Humidity and the Dewpoint Temperature in Moist Air: A Simple Conversion and Applications"
3032:"The Relationship between Relative Humidity and the Dewpoint Temperature in Moist Air: A Simple Conversion and Applications"
3144:
3774:
3789:
245:
3031:
3497:
3321:
3784:
3645:
3156:
3804:
3210:
3117:
3692:
2607:
470:
A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) — while the temperature was 42 °C (108 °F) — was observed at
3524:
3492:
3439:
2599:
398:
can hold. If the air is already saturated with moisture (humid), perspiration will not evaporate. The body's
297:
3753:
450:, for example, might have a higher threshold for discomfort than a resident of a temperate climate like
3687:
3444:
600:
Graph of the dependence of the dew point upon air temperature for several levels of relative humidity.
3667:
3601:
3429:
3214:
2667:
439:
159:
278:. When this occurs through the air's contact with a colder surface, dew will form on that surface.
3534:
3386:
182:
17:
3794:
3735:
3657:
202:
2773:
3589:
3549:
3502:
3487:
3469:
3075:
2647:
238:
3636:
3529:
3519:
3482:
2726:
2700:
2637:
320:
In technical terms, the dew point is the temperature at which the water vapor in a sample of
31:
2894:
3799:
3715:
3682:
3584:
3579:
3544:
3254:
3198:
3105:
3043:
2949:
2833:
2681:
2591:
900:
843:
were selected by minimizing the maximum deviation over the range -40°C to +50°C.
411:
218:
214:
135:
81:
2778:
Department of
Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
8:
3677:
3662:
2798:
1417:
846:
The more complete formulation and origin of this approximation involves the interrelated
605:
415:
353:
325:
104:
60:
3258:
3202:
3121:
3109:
3047:
2976:"Iranian city soars to record 129 degrees: Near hottest on Earth in modern measurements"
2953:
139:
3449:
288:
When the temperature is below the freezing point of water, the dew point is called the
197:
129:
42:
3307:
2834:"Relative Humidity....Relative to What? The Dew Point Temperature...a better approach"
3730:
3626:
3514:
3356:
3283:
2706:
622:
313:
231:
149:
27:
Temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapour during a cooling process
3313:
3077:
Relative
Humidity and Dewpoint Temperature from Temperature and Wet-Bulb Temperature
360:
condensation can occur on surfaces that are only a few degrees cooler than the air.
3262:
3238:
3206:
3113:
3051:
2961:
2957:
435:
399:
371:
367:
312:
If all the other factors influencing humidity remain constant, at ground level the
3381:
2803:
2632:
911:
847:
30:
This article is about the meteorological dew point. For the petroleum term, see
3779:
3672:
2642:
851:
349:
192:
86:
3768:
3454:
3160:
859:
329:
109:
41:
This graph shows the maximum percentage, by mass, of water vapor that air at
364:
increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant.
3631:
3606:
3539:
3416:
2819:
Moisture
Control Guidance for Building Design, Construction and Maintenance
2627:
2603:
271:
187:
3267:
3242:
3055:
2749:"Ask Tom why: Is it possible for relative humidity to exceed 100 percent?"
144:
3720:
3559:
3459:
3006:"Iran city hits suffocating heat index of 165 degrees, near world record"
2615:
2595:
2361:
For temperatures in degrees
Fahrenheit, these approximations work out to
352:. This can happen if there are not enough particles in the air to act as
301:
300:
rather than condensation. In liquids, the analog to the dew point is the
263:
124:
442:
climates acclimatize somewhat to higher dew points. Thus, a resident of
3725:
3697:
3611:
3406:
3391:
3371:
855:
484:
382:
379:
209:
177:
154:
610:
A well-known empirical approximation used to calculate the dew point,
3396:
3376:
3361:
443:
418:, so it provides a good measure for use in evaluating comfort level.
3745:
3707:
3621:
3366:
3184:"New Equations for Computing Vapor Pressure and Enhancement Factor"
2058:'s presentation are taken from a 1980 paper by David Bolton in the
2054:
There are several different constant sets in use. The ones used in
282:
267:
52:
3616:
910:
is (unless declared otherwise, all temperatures are expressed in
471:
455:
340:
if it freezes. In the air, the condensed water is called either
114:
285:. The more moisture the air contains, the higher its dew point.
877:), and the actual vapor pressure (also in units of millibars),
451:
596:
3424:
2698:
2611:
892:
or approximated with the barometric pressure (in millibars),
447:
345:
337:
293:
3401:
3211:
10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<1527:NEFCVP>2.0.CO;2
3118:
10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1046:TCOEPT>2.0.CO;2
2055:
37:
2855:"Dew Point in Compressed Air – Frequently Asked Questions"
407:
comfort decreases as unevaporated perspiration increases.
3434:
3308:
Often Needed
Answers about Temp, Humidity & Dew Point
375:
370:
pilots use dew point data to calculate the likelihood of
341:
333:
321:
275:
119:
2493:
2429:
2120:
Another common set of values originates from the 1974
2081:
These valuations provide a maximum error of 0.1%, for
617:, given just the actual ("dry bulb") air temperature,
3343:
3091:"The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature"
2367:
2216:
1430:
920:
631:
2606:without undergoing the liquid phase (compare with
2572:
2333:
2023:
1383:
819:
474:, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on 8 July 2003.
270:capacity is reduced and airborne water vapor will
2699:John M. Wallace; Peter V. Hobbs (24 March 2006).
2343:This can be expressed as a simple rule of thumb:
3766:
392:
3247:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
3036:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2893:. The City and County of Denver. Archived from
2692:
2355:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
2618:) liquid water requires a higher temperature.
2153:Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
3329:
2921:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
497:Relative humidity at 32 °C (90 °F)
424:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
239:
3478:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
3145:SHTxx Application Note Dew-point Calculation
591:
461:
2702:Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey
3336:
3322:
2831:
2731:Glossary – NOAA's National Weather Service
2686:Glossary – NOAA's National Weather Service
1412:, RH)) can be enhanced, using part of the
246:
232:
3266:
3157:"MET4 and MET4A Calculation of Dew Point"
2825:
625:(in percent), RH, is the Magnus formula:
3237:
3029:
2883:
2746:
595:
328:condenses into liquid water at the same
36:
2821:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
2742:
2740:
2668:"How To: Eliminate Window Condensation"
2204:
281:The dew point is affected by the air's
14:
3767:
3088:
2093:. Also noteworthy is the Sonntag1990,
3317:
3030:Lawrence, Mark G. (1 February 2005).
2122:Psychrometry and Psychrometric Charts
336:when it forms on a solid surface, or
3181:
2737:
3440:Convective condensation level (CCL)
2939:
24:
3646:Equivalent potential temperature (
2552:
2539:
2524:
2475:
2472:
2455:
2452:
2419:
2391:
2378:
2315:
2280:
2277:
2259:
2256:
2227:
2004:
2001:
1966:
1963:
1905:
1899:
1881:
1878:
1830:
1824:
1806:
1803:
1756:
1712:
1594:
1591:
1563:
1560:
1544:
1447:
1441:
1350:
1306:
1272:
1248:
1220:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1161:
1146:
1121:
1118:
1079:
1064:
1061:
1036:
974:
962:
959:
931:
888:), which can be either found with
800:
797:
769:
766:
734:
682:
679:
652:
649:
378:, and to estimate the height of a
25:
3816:
3498:Conditional symmetric instability
3344:Meteorological data and variables
3301:
2891:"Denver Facts Guide – Today"
3445:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
3281:
3182:Buck, Arden L. (December 1981).
2986:from the original on 2 July 2017
2832:Horstmeyer, Steve (2006-08-15).
2774:"Observed Dew Point Temperature"
2705:. Academic Press. pp. 83–.
59:
3430:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
3275:
3231:
3175:
3149:
3138:
3082:
3069:
3023:
2998:
2968:
2933:
2909:
2847:
1420:, which adds a fourth constant
3693:Wet-bulb potential temperature
3535:Level of free convection (LFC)
3191:Journal of Applied Meteorology
2962:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.004
2811:
2804:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2791:
2766:
2747:Skilling, Tom (20 July 2011).
2719:
2674:
2660:
2585:
2321:
2300:
2008:
1991:
1970:
1953:
1917:
1911:
1842:
1836:
1768:
1762:
1724:
1718:
1567:
1550:
1459:
1453:
1362:
1356:
1318:
1312:
1167:
1152:
1125:
1108:
1091:
1085:
1048:
1042:
986:
980:
943:
937:
804:
787:
773:
756:
656:
639:
478:
468:Highest dew point temperature:
274:to form liquid water known as
262:of a given body of air is the
13:
1:
3736:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
3658:Sea surface temperature (SST)
3493:Convective momentum transport
2653:
393:Relationship to human comfort
3550:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
3310:from the sci.geo.meteorology
7:
3754:Maximum potential intensity
3520:Free convective layer (FCL)
3483:Convective inhibition (CIN)
3284:"Frost point and dew point"
3089:Bolton, David (July 1980).
2621:
307:
10:
3821:
3775:Atmospheric thermodynamics
3688:Wet-bulb globe temperature
3545:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
835:= 243.04°C. The values of
603:
29:
3790:Meteorological quantities
3744:
3706:
3668:Thermodynamic temperature
3602:Forest fire weather index
3558:
3468:
3415:
3349:
621:(in degrees Celsius) and
592:Calculating the dew point
493:
462:Dew point weather records
160:Thermodynamic equilibrium
3590:Equivalent temperature (
3503:Convective temperature (
3387:Surface weather analysis
2942:Building and Environment
169:Measures and instruments
3785:Humidity and hygrometry
3637:Potential temperature (
3382:Surface solar radiation
53:Humidity and hygrometry
3805:Threshold temperatures
3627:Relative humidity (RH)
3515:Equilibrium level (EL)
3488:Convective instability
3098:Monthly Weather Review
2648:Thermodynamic diagrams
2574:
2349:
2335:
2192:= 247.15 °C; for
2170:= 238.88 °C; for
2116:(error ±0.35 °C).
2108:= 243.12 °C; for
2060:Monthly Weather Review
2025:
1393:For greater accuracy,
1385:
821:
601:
46:
3268:10.1175/BAMS-86-2-225
3056:10.1175/BAMS-86-2-225
2638:Hydrocarbon dew point
2575:
2345:
2336:
2147:(error ±0.4 °C).
2139:= 237.7 °C; for
2026:
1386:
822:
599:
40:
32:Hydrocarbon dew point
3716:Atmospheric pressure
3683:Wet-bulb temperature
3585:Dry-bulb temperature
3580:Dew point depression
2592:atmospheric pressure
2365:
2214:
2205:Simple approximation
2184:= 6.1121 mbar,
2162:= 6.1121 mbar,
2091:1% < RH < 100%
2038:= 6.1121 mbar,
1428:
1416:, also known as the
918:
629:
412:wet bulb thermometer
219:Wet-bulb temperature
82:Dew point depression
3678:Virtual temperature
3663:Temperature anomaly
3357:Adiabatic processes
3259:2005BAMS...86..225L
3203:1981JApMe..20.1527B
3110:1980MWRv..108.1046B
3048:2005BAMS...86..225L
2954:2009BuEnv..44.2017L
2897:on February 3, 2007
2871:on 16 February 2018
2670:. 15 November 2021.
2131:= 6.105 mbar,
2100:= 6.112 mbar,
2069:= 6.112 mbar,
1418:Arden Buck equation
606:Psychrometric chart
416:evaporative cooling
354:condensation nuclei
326:barometric pressure
3450:Precipitable water
2836:. Steve Horstmeyer
2807:. Merriam-Webster.
2570:
2568:
2502:
2438:
2331:
2329:
2046:= 257.14 °C,
2021:
2019:
1414:Bögel modification
1381:
1379:
817:
815:
602:
434:People inhabiting
130:Humidity buffering
47:
43:sea-level pressure
3762:
3761:
3731:Pressure gradient
3540:Lifted index (LI)
3241:(February 2005).
3239:Lawrence, Mark G.
3197:(12): 1527–1532.
2948:(10): 2017–2026.
2712:978-0-08-049953-6
2501:
2437:
2267:
2012:
1932:
1924:
1888:
1849:
1813:
1778:
1775:
1731:
1654:
1627:
1601:
1523:
1496:
1404:) (and therefore
1372:
1369:
1325:
1071:
1020:
966:
808:
719:
689:
623:relative humidity
589:
588:
582:Under 50 °F
579:Under 10 °C
314:relative humidity
256:
255:
183:Sat. vap. density
68:Specific concepts
16:(Redirected from
3812:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3213:. Archived from
3188:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3159:. Archived from
3153:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3120:. Archived from
3104:(7): 1046–1053.
3095:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3010:Klean Industries
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2864:. Archived from
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2602:on a surface as
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2503:
2494:
2478:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2439:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2283:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2200:(error ≤ 0.06%).
2199:
2178:(error ≤ 0.05%).
2177:
2146:
2115:
2092:
2088:
2077:= 243.5 °C.
2050:= 234.5 °C.
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1990:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1952:
1951:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1748:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1566:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1342:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1298:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1000:
979:
978:
977:
967:
965:
954:
936:
935:
934:
826:
824:
823:
818:
816:
809:
807:
803:
776:
772:
748:
739:
738:
737:
720:
718:
707:
699:
694:
690:
685:
677:
655:
505:Over 80 °F
502:Over 27 °C
491:
490:
400:thermoregulation
372:carburetor icing
368:General aviation
248:
241:
234:
96:General concepts
63:
49:
48:
21:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3740:
3702:
3652:
3596:
3574:
3554:
3509:
3464:
3411:
3345:
3342:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3163:on May 26, 2012
3155:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3012:. 4 August 2015
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2980:Washington Post
2974:
2973:
2969:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2753:Chicago Tribune
2745:
2738:
2733:. 25 June 2009.
2725:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2688:. 25 June 2009.
2680:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2633:Carburetor heat
2624:
2588:
2567:
2566:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2492:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2428:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2328:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2284:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2233:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2193:
2171:
2140:
2109:
2090:
2082:
2018:
2017:
2000:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1734:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1570:
1559:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1399:
1378:
1377:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1328:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1200:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1009:
1001:
999:
995:
973:
972:
968:
958:
953:
946:
930:
929:
925:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:degrees Celsius
909:
903:" temperature,
898:
883:
872:
814:
813:
796:
777:
765:
749:
747:
740:
733:
732:
728:
725:
724:
708:
700:
698:
678:
676:
672:
659:
648:
632:
630:
627:
626:
616:
608:
594:
508:73% and higher
483:Devices called
481:
464:
395:
310:
252:
223:
164:
91:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3795:Psychrometrics
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3673:Vapor pressure
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3297:
3296:
3274:
3253:(2): 225–233.
3230:
3174:
3148:
3137:
3081:
3068:
3042:(2): 225–234.
3022:
2997:
2967:
2932:
2908:
2882:
2846:
2824:
2810:
2790:
2765:
2736:
2718:
2711:
2691:
2673:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2643:Psychrometrics
2640:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2587:
2584:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2179:
2149:
2148:
2118:
2117:
2079:
2078:
2052:
2051:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1397:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1004:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
976:
971:
964:
961:
957:
952:
949:
947:
945:
942:
939:
933:
928:
924:
923:
907:
896:
881:
870:
858:, also called
852:vapor pressure
812:
806:
802:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
746:
743:
741:
736:
731:
727:
726:
723:
717:
714:
711:
706:
703:
697:
693:
688:
684:
681:
675:
671:
668:
665:
662:
660:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
634:
614:
593:
590:
587:
586:
585:25% and lower
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
571:50–54 °F
569:
568:10–12 °C
565:
564:
561:
560:55–59 °F
558:
557:13–16 °C
554:
553:
550:
549:60–64 °F
547:
546:16–18 °C
543:
542:
539:
538:65–69 °F
536:
535:18–21 °C
532:
531:
528:
527:70–74 °F
525:
524:21–24 °C
521:
520:
517:
516:75–79 °F
514:
513:24–26 °C
510:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
480:
477:
476:
475:
463:
460:
394:
391:
350:supersaturated
309:
306:
296:is formed via
254:
253:
251:
250:
243:
236:
228:
225:
224:
222:
221:
212:
207:
206:
205:
195:
193:Water activity
190:
185:
180:
174:
171:
170:
166:
165:
163:
162:
157:
152:
150:Avogadro's law
147:
142:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
101:
98:
97:
93:
92:
90:
89:
87:Psychrometrics
84:
79:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3817:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3726:Barotropicity
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Precipitation
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3289:September 30,
3285:
3278:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3220:on 2016-03-04
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3127:on 2012-09-15
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2727:"Frost Point"
2722:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2580:
2563:
2559:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2519:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2324:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2269:
2264:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2222:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2151:Also, in the
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2014:
1997:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1902:
1894:
1885:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1827:
1819:
1810:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1556:
1553:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1444:
1436:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1156:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1074:
1068:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1031:
1023:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
996:
992:
989:
983:
969:
955:
950:
948:
940:
926:
913:
906:
902:
895:
891:
887:
880:
876:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:(in units of
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
831:= 17.625 and
830:
810:
793:
790:
784:
781:
778:
762:
759:
753:
750:
744:
742:
729:
721:
715:
712:
709:
704:
701:
695:
691:
686:
673:
669:
666:
663:
661:
645:
642:
636:
624:
620:
613:
607:
598:
584:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
511:
507:
504:
501:
500:
496:
492:
489:
486:
473:
469:
466:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
428:
425:
419:
417:
413:
408:
404:
401:
390:
386:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
229:
227:
226:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
168:
167:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
137:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
110:Concentration
108:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
95:
94:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3647:
3638:
3632:Mixing ratio
3607:Haines Index
3591:
3569:
3567:
3504:
3417:Condensation
3287:. Retrieved
3282:Haby, Jeff.
3277:
3250:
3246:
3233:
3222:. Retrieved
3215:the original
3194:
3190:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3161:the original
3151:
3140:
3129:. Retrieved
3122:the original
3101:
3097:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3039:
3035:
3025:
3014:. Retrieved
3009:
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2924:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2895:the original
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2866:the original
2861:
2849:
2838:. Retrieved
2827:
2818:
2813:
2802:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2777:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2752:
2730:
2721:
2701:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2662:
2628:Bubble point
2604:ice crystals
2589:
2581:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2208:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:≤ 50 °C
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2145:≤ 60 °C
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2114:≤ 60 °C
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
904:
893:
889:
885:
878:
874:
867:
863:
860:hectopascals
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
618:
611:
609:
482:
467:
433:
429:
420:
409:
405:
396:
387:
366:
362:
358:
324:at constant
319:
311:
289:
287:
280:
259:
257:
198:H. indicator
188:Mixing ratio
145:Liquid water
76:
3800:Temperature
3721:Baroclinity
3568:Dew point (
3560:Temperature
3460:Water vapor
2875:15 February
2799:"dew point"
2783:15 February
2682:"Dew Point"
2616:supercooled
2608:sublimation
2596:water vapor
2586:Frost point
2198:≤ 0 °C
485:hygrometers
479:Measurement
440:subtropical
302:cloud point
290:frost point
264:temperature
125:Evaporation
3769:Categories
3698:Wind chill
3612:Heat index
3470:Convection
3407:Wind shear
3392:Visibility
3372:Lapse rate
3224:2016-01-15
3131:2012-07-04
3016:2023-12-28
2926:2020-01-20
2840:2009-08-20
2758:24 January
2654:References
2188:= 17.966,
2166:= 17.368,
2042:= 18.678,
604:See also:
494:Dew point
414:also uses
383:cloud base
380:cumuliform
298:deposition
210:Hygrometer
178:Heat index
155:Nucleation
3397:Vorticity
3377:Lightning
3362:Advection
3167:7 October
2901:March 19,
2600:deposited
2548:∘
2531:−
2520:∘
2490:−
2484:≈
2449:−
2426:−
2415:∘
2402:≈
2387:∘
2307:−
2295:−
2289:≈
2253:−
2244:−
2238:≈
2194:−40 °C ≤
2135:= 17.27,
2110:−45 °C ≤
2104:= 17.62,
2083:−30 °C ≤
2073:= 17.67,
1983:γ
1979:−
1945:γ
1868:
1862:−
1793:
1745:
1739:−
1701:
1617:−
1581:
1540:γ
1486:−
1339:
1333:−
1295:
1240:−
1171:−
1138:≈
1106:γ
856:millibars
848:saturated
785:γ
782:−
754:γ
670:
637:γ
444:Singapore
260:dew point
77:Dew point
3746:Velocity
3708:Pressure
3622:Humidity
3525:Helicity
3367:Buoyancy
3061:15 March
2984:Archived
2622:See also
901:wet-bulb
436:tropical
308:Humidity
283:humidity
272:condense
268:moisture
140:Pressure
18:Dewpoint
3617:Humidex
3530:K Index
3350:General
3255:Bibcode
3199:Bibcode
3106:Bibcode
3044:Bibcode
2950:Bibcode
2862:Vaisala
2610:). The
2172:0 °C ≤
2141:0 °C ≤
1212:0.00115
1198:0.00066
899:, and "
574:26–30%
563:31–36%
552:37–43%
541:44–51%
530:52–61%
519:62–72%
472:Dhahran
456:Chicago
138:)
115:Density
2990:3 July
2709:
2598:to be
2594:, for
2087:≤ 35°C
2031:where
850:water
827:where
452:London
3780:Gases
3425:Cloud
3218:(PDF)
3187:(PDF)
3125:(PDF)
3094:(PDF)
2869:(PDF)
2858:(PDF)
2612:frost
862:) at
448:Miami
346:cloud
344:or a
338:frost
294:frost
292:, as
3402:Wind
3291:2011
3169:2014
3063:2024
2992:2017
2903:2007
2877:2018
2785:2018
2760:2018
2707:ISBN
2089:and
2056:NOAA
897:mbar
839:and
438:and
374:and
330:rate
258:The
203:card
136:Atm.
3435:Fog
3263:doi
3207:doi
3114:doi
3102:108
3052:doi
2958:doi
2487:100
2446:100
2358:.
2292:100
2250:100
1886:100
1811:100
1599:100
1069:100
956:100
914:):
687:100
454:or
446:or
376:fog
342:fog
334:dew
322:air
276:dew
215:Dry
120:Dew
105:Air
3771::
3261:.
3251:86
3249:.
3245:.
3205:.
3195:20
3193:.
3189:.
3112:.
3100:.
3096:.
3050:.
3040:86
3038:.
3034:.
3008:.
2982:.
2978:.
2956:.
2946:44
2944:.
2919:.
2860:.
2801:.
2776:.
2751:.
2739:^
2729:.
2684:.
2496:25
2435:25
2124:.
2062::
1865:ln
1790:ln
1742:ln
1698:ln
1578:ln
1424::
1336:ln
1292:ln
894:BP
890:RH
866:,
667:ln
410:A
385:.
356:.
304:.
3653:)
3651:e
3648:θ
3641:)
3639:θ
3597:)
3595:e
3592:T
3575:)
3573:d
3570:T
3510:)
3508:c
3505:T
3337:e
3330:t
3323:v
3293:.
3271:.
3265::
3257::
3227:.
3209::
3201::
3171:.
3134:.
3116::
3108::
3065:.
3054::
3046::
3019:.
2994:.
2964:.
2960::
2952::
2929:.
2905:.
2879:.
2843:.
2787:.
2762:.
2715:.
2564:;
2560:)
2553:F
2544:,
2540:d
2535:T
2525:F
2511:T
2506:(
2499:9
2476:H
2473:R
2465:;
2461:)
2456:H
2453:R
2442:(
2432:9
2420:F
2406:T
2392:F
2383:,
2379:d
2374:T
2325:;
2322:)
2316:d
2311:T
2304:T
2301:(
2298:5
2281:H
2278:R
2270:;
2265:5
2260:H
2257:R
2241:T
2228:d
2223:T
2196:T
2190:c
2186:b
2182:a
2174:T
2168:c
2164:b
2160:a
2143:T
2137:c
2133:b
2129:a
2112:T
2106:c
2102:b
2098:a
2085:T
2075:c
2071:b
2067:a
2048:d
2044:c
2040:b
2036:a
2015:;
2009:)
2005:H
2002:R
1998:,
1995:T
1992:(
1987:m
1976:b
1971:)
1967:H
1964:R
1960:,
1957:T
1954:(
1949:m
1941:c
1935:=
1928:)
1922:a
1918:)
1915:T
1912:(
1906:m
1903:,
1900:s
1895:P
1882:H
1879:R
1872:(
1859:b
1853:)
1847:a
1843:)
1840:T
1837:(
1831:m
1828:,
1825:s
1820:P
1807:H
1804:R
1797:(
1787:c
1781:=
1773:a
1769:)
1766:T
1763:(
1757:a
1752:P
1736:b
1729:a
1725:)
1722:T
1719:(
1713:a
1708:P
1695:c
1689:=
1680:d
1676:T
1668:;
1664:)
1657:)
1651:T
1648:+
1645:c
1641:T
1636:(
1631:)
1625:d
1622:T
1614:b
1610:(
1605:e
1595:H
1592:R
1585:(
1575:=
1568:)
1564:H
1561:R
1557:,
1554:T
1551:(
1545:m
1532:;
1526:)
1520:T
1517:+
1514:c
1510:T
1505:(
1500:)
1494:d
1491:T
1483:b
1479:(
1474:e
1470:a
1467:=
1460:)
1457:T
1454:(
1448:m
1445:,
1442:s
1437:P
1422:d
1410:T
1408:(
1406:γ
1402:T
1400:(
1398:s
1395:P
1375:;
1367:a
1363:)
1360:T
1357:(
1351:a
1346:P
1330:b
1323:a
1319:)
1316:T
1313:(
1307:a
1302:P
1289:c
1283:=
1273:d
1268:T
1260:;
1256:)
1249:w
1244:T
1237:T
1233:(
1228:)
1221:w
1216:T
1209:+
1206:1
1202:(
1192:r
1189:a
1186:b
1183:m
1178:P
1174:B
1168:)
1162:w
1157:T
1153:(
1147:s
1142:P
1126:)
1122:H
1119:R
1115:,
1112:T
1109:(
1102:e
1098:a
1095:=
1092:)
1089:T
1086:(
1080:s
1075:P
1065:H
1062:R
1056:=
1049:)
1046:T
1043:(
1037:a
1032:P
1024:;
1017:T
1014:+
1011:c
1006:T
1003:b
997:e
993:a
990:=
987:)
984:T
981:(
975:a
970:P
963:H
960:R
951:=
944:)
941:T
938:(
932:s
927:P
908:w
905:T
886:T
884:(
882:a
879:P
875:T
873:(
871:s
868:P
864:T
841:c
837:b
833:c
829:b
811:;
805:)
801:H
798:R
794:,
791:T
788:(
779:b
774:)
770:H
767:R
763:,
760:T
757:(
751:c
745:=
735:d
730:T
722:;
716:T
713:+
710:c
705:T
702:b
696:+
692:)
683:H
680:R
674:(
664:=
657:)
653:H
650:R
646:,
643:T
640:(
619:T
615:d
612:T
247:e
240:t
233:v
217:/
134:(
34:.
20:)
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