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disorders (BFRB) is used to characterize excoriation and trichotillomania behaviors. One shared behavior is continued picking as an emotional or reward sensation. This involves the picking to resolve negative thoughts or emotions or a developed behavior of automatic picking. This automatic picking becomes habitual and is a comorbidity with ADHD. In 2018, a new study on
Tourette Syndrome (TS), trichotillomania, and excoriation revealed cooccurrence of the same disorders. Participants were screened by clinical staff in clinics supporting patients with Tourette Syndrome. Those patients included then completed self-report questionnaires. Of the total number of TS participants (n = 811), 13% revealed diagnosis of trichotillomania and excoriation. This significance of results was reported with the recommendation of screening in children with a diagnosis of TS. This will assist clinicians in screening for trichotillomania and excoriation or the risk factors for both. As with the adult population of women, girls are more impacted by the disorders than boys.
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example, in one study the competing response training required participants to make a closed fist for one minute instead of picking or in response to a condition that usually provokes picking behavior. In a recent study of participants (n = 113) diagnosed with ED, less than 50% followed through with an appointment to
Psychiatry. In an absence of longitudinal data which follows patients with Psychiatric referrals as a result of ED, little is known for the reasons patients do not follow through with the referral, or what more is needed to ensure access to care. Overall, less than 25% of participants in this study achieved long term results, highlighting the need for a collaborative team approach to treatment across several disciplines to include PCP, dermatology, psychology and psychiatry as needed.
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criteria for the diagnosis, combined with a clinical interview to determine frequency of skin picking, and the body areas impacted. Initial results from the study (n = 120) participants show clinical confirmation at a satisfactory level with 88% of participants identified through the DISP as meeting DSM-5 criteria. Additionally, researchers conducted a 5-month period of validity to determine consistency with the scale. The data shows clinicians can expect to yield consistent data with administration of the scale ranging from satisfactory to perfect levels of diagnosis.
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including marital conflicts, deaths of friends or family, and unwanted pregnancies have been linked to the onset of the condition. If excoriation disorder does not occur during adolescence another common age of onset is between the ages of 30 and 45. Additionally, many cases of excoriation disorder have been documented to begin in children under the age of 10. One small survey of patients with excoriation disorder found that 47.5% of them had an early onset of excoriation disorder that began before age 10. Traumatic childhood events may initiate the behavior.
187:
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Incompatible
Behavior (DRI) rewards an individual for engaging in an alternative behavior that cannot physically occur at the same time as the problem behavior (e.g. sitting on your hands instead of picking at your skin). Lastly, differential reinforcement of alternative behavior rewards behavior that is not necessarily incompatible with the target behavior but serves the same function as the target behavior (e.g., providing people with a competing behavior to occupy their time instead of skin picking).
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they focus their picking on, but they will often move to other areas of the body to allow their primary picking area to heal. Individuals with excoriation disorder vary in their picking behaviour; some do it briefly multiple times a day, while others can do one picking session that can last for hours. The most common way to pick is to use the fingers although a significant minority of people use tools such as tweezers or needles.
33:
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SSRI therapy for excoriation disorder. In fact, in a meta-analysis of pharmacological treatments of excoriation disorders, it was found that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and lamotrigine were no more effective than a placebo for longterm effects. Reviews of treatment of excoriation disorder have shown that the following medications may be effective in reducing picking behavior:
470:. Researchers have noted the following similarities between trichotillomania and excoriation disorder: the symptoms are ritualistic but there are no preceding obsessions; there are similar triggers for the compulsive actions; both conditions appear to play a role in modifying the arousal level of the subject; and the age of onset for both conditions is similar. There is also a high level of
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Another community survey found a rate of 5.4% had excoriation disorder. A survey of college students found a rate of 4%. One study found that among non-disabled adults, 63% of individuals engaged in some form of skin picking and 5.4% engaged in serious skin picking. Lastly, a survey of dermatology patients found that 2% had excoriation disorder.
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allowing this disorder to obtain its own separate category it would force the DSM to include a wide array of bad habits as separate syndromes, e.g., nail-biting, nose-picking, hair pulling, etc. Stein has argued that excoriation disorder does qualify as a separate syndrome and should be classified as its own category because:
766:(approximately 26.8% to 44.9%). There are also higher rates of excoriation disorder in patients in psychiatric facilities; a study of adolescent psychiatric inpatients found that excoriation disorder was present in 11.8% of patients. It is also present at high rates with some other conditions: 44.9% of patients with
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skin with cosmetics and/or bandages. When untreated, excoriation disorder can last anywhere from 5 to 21 years. However, many doctors consider this disorder to be a permanent diagnosis. Excoriation has been documented as showing active from an onset in childhood and remaining active through adulthood.
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The region most commonly picked is the face, but other frequent locations include the arms, legs, back, gums, neck, shoulders, scalp, abdomen, chest, and extremities such as the fingernails, cuticles, toenails, etc. Most patients with excoriation disorder report having a primary area of the body that
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Typically, individuals with excoriation disorder find that the disorder interferes with daily life. Hindered by shame, embarrassment, and humiliation, they may take measures to hide their disorder by not leaving home, wearing long sleeves and pants even in the heat, or covering visible damage to the
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Several studies have shown that habit reversal training associated with awareness training reduces skin-picking behavior in those individuals with excoriation disorder that do not have psychological problems. Habit reversal training includes awareness enhancement and competing response training. For
625:, which some have proposed is a good animal model for body-focused repetitive behavior. Furthermore, case reports support the use of these opioid antagonists to treat excoriation disorder. Opioid antagonists work by affecting dopamine circuitry, thereby decreasing the pleasurable effects of picking.
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SSRIs have shown to be effective in the treatment of OCD, which serves as an argument in favor of treating excoriation disorder with the same therapy. Unfortunately, clinical studies have not provided clear support for this, because there have not been large double-blind placebo-controlled trials of
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There is significant evidence to suggest that skin picking disorders are due to inherited traits or genes. There have been multiple small studies with similar conclusions in regards to the SAPAP3 gene. Excessive grooming by mice has been observed by researchers after the deletion of the SAPAP3 gene.
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Skin picking often occurs as a result of some other triggering cause. Some common triggers are feeling or examining irregularities on the skin, and feeling anxiety or other negative feelings. This anxiety most commonly stems from a type of OCD, which can range in severity and often goes undiagnosed.
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Episodes of skin picking are often preceded or accompanied by tension, anxiety, or stress. In some cases, following picking, the affected person may feel depressed. During these moments, there is commonly a compulsive urge to pick, squeeze, or scratch at a surface or region of the body, often at the
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In order to better understand excoriation disorder, researchers have developed a variety of scales to categorize skin-picking behavior. These include the Skin-Picking Impact Scale (SPIS), and The
Milwaukee Inventory for the Dimensions of Adult Skin-picking. The SPIS was created to measure how skin
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for excoriation (skin picking) disorder. Two of the main reasons for objecting to the inclusion of excoriation disorder in the DSM-5 are: that excoriation disorder may just be a symptom of a different underlying disorder, e.g. OCD or BDD, and excoriation disorder is merely a bad habit and that by
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A common hypothesis is that excoriation disorder is often a coping mechanism to deal with elevated levels of turmoil, boredom, anxiety, or stress within the individual, and that the individual has an impaired stress response. A review of behavioral studies found support in this hypothesis, in that
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In a 2020 Study of
Excoriation to identify the variable's such as: demographics, SES, marital status and gender, more than 75 % of participants were identified as female, more than 45% of all participants were unemployed, and more than 60% had marital status which ranged from being single to
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in adolescence, but the compulsion continues even after the acne has gone away. Skin conditions such as keratosis pilaris, psoriasis, and eczema can also provoke the behavior. In patients with acne, the grooming of the skin is disproportionate to the severity of the acne. Certain stressful events
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Other behavioral treatments attempt to change behavior by providing different incentives. Under
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO), a patient is rewarded if able to abstain from the picking behavior for a certain amount of time. In contrast to DRO, Differential Reinforcement of
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However, a review of the scientific literature by
Jenkins et al. on excoriation disorder as a separate category in the DSM-5 concluded that such a distinction requires more evidence. Because excoriation disorder is different from other conditions and disorders that cause picking of the skin, any
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A new scale used to diagnosis excoriation was used in a recent study, and the results published in the
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, in May 2022. The scale is titled: Diagnostic Interview for Skin Picking Problems (DISP). The DISP is designed to confirm DSM-5
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Odlaug and Grant also argue that dermatillomania could have several different psychological causes, which would explain why some patients seem more likely to have symptoms of OCD, and others, of an addiction. They suggest that treating certain cases of excoriation as an addiction may yield more
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between those that have trichotillomania and those that have excoriation disorder. A notable difference between these conditions is that skin picking seems to be dominated by females whereas trichotillomania is more evenly distributed across genders. The acronym body focused repetitive behavior
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Estimates of the prevalence of the condition range from 1.4 to 5.4% in the general population. One U.S. telephone survey found that 16.6% of respondents "picked their skin to the point of noticeable tissue damage" and that 1.4% would qualify as meeting the requirements of excoriation disorder.
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Individuals with excoriation disorder often do not seek treatment for their condition, largely due to feelings of embarrassment, alienation, lack of awareness, or belief that the condition cannot be treated. One study found that only 45% of individuals with excoriation disorder ever sought
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Excoriation disorder also correlates with "social, occupational, and academic impairments, increased medical and mental health concerns (including anxiety, depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder) ... and financial burden". Excoriation disorder also has a high degree of comorbidity with
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Those individuals that have excoriation disorder along with other diagnosed conditions report differing motivations for their picking. Those with both OCD and excoriation disorder report that they will pick their skin due to perceived contamination of the skin, while those with both
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Its most official name had been "dermatillomania" for some time. As of the release of the DSM-5 in May 2013, excoriation disorder is classified as its own separate condition under "Obsessive
Compulsive and Related Disorders" and is termed "excoriation (skin-picking) disorder".
218:. Severe cases of excoriation disorder can cause life-threatening injuries. For example, in one reported case, a woman picked a hole through the bridge of her nose, which required surgery to fix, and a 48-year-old woman picked through the skin on her neck, exposing the
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Knowledge about effective treatments for excoriation disorder is sparse, despite the prevalence of the condition. There are two major classes of therapy for excoriation disorder: pharmacological and behavioral. To complement these approaches, group therapy or
632:(NAC). These products have shown some ability to reduce other problematic behaviors such as cocaine addiction and trichotillomania. Some case studies and some small studies of NAC have shown a decrease in picking by treatment with NAC compared with placebo.
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divorced or widowed. With females accounting for diagnosis than any other group, future research should look to uncover reasons why women are more impacted by excoriation, and if excoriation has a correlation with marital status or happiness in life.
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diagnosis of excoriation disorder must take into account various other medical conditions as possible causes before diagnosing the patient with excoriation disorder. There are a variety of conditions that cause itching and skin picking including:
607:, an SSRI, in treating excoriation disorder showed that the drug reduced certain aspects of skin picking compared with a placebo, but full remission was not observed. One small study of patients with excoriation disorder treated with
422:(DSM-5) in May 2013, this disorder is classified as its own separate condition under "Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders" and is termed "excoriation (skin-picking) disorder". The diagnostic material is as follows:
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Monzani, Benedetta; Rijsdijk, Fruhling; Cherkas, Lynn; Harris, Juliette; Keuthen, Nancy; Mataix-Cols, David (2012-05-22). "Prevalence and heritability of skin picking in an adult community sample: A twin study".
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222:. Pain in the neck or back can arise due to prolonged bent-over positions while engaging in the behavior. Besides physical injuries, excoriation disorder can cause severe physical scarring and disfigurement.
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Lang R, Didden R, Machalicek W, Rispoli M, Sigafoos J, Lancioni G, et al. (2010). "Behavioral treatment of chronic skin-picking in individuals with developmental disabilities: a systematic review".
781:. Studies have shown that 85% of people with Prader–Willi syndrome also engage in skin-picking. Children with developmental disabilities are also at an increased risk for excoriation disorder.
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While there have been no human studies of opioid antagonists for the treatment of excoriation disorder, there have been studies showing that these products can reduce self-chewing in dogs with
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All of these techniques have been reported to have some success in small studies, but none has been tested in large enough populations to provide definitive evidence of their effectiveness.
310:. The impairment of motor-inhibitory control is similar to the neurological conditions of those who have problems suppressing inappropriate behaviors, such as using methamphetamine.
482:(OCD). Excoriation disorder and OCD are similar in that they both involve "repetitive engagement in behaviors with diminished control" and also both generally decrease anxiety.
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There may be another neurological explanation for excoriation disorder: individuals with the condition have less motor-inhibitory control, but show no sign of a difference in
825:, a television documentary series that focuses on the treatment of anxiety disorders. Excoriation disorder is shown as a symptom of Nina Sayers' anxiety and OCD in the movie
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Monzani B, Rijsdijk F, Cherkas L, Harris J, Keuthen N, Mataix-Cols D (July 2012). "Prevalence and heritability of skin picking in an adult community sample: a twin study".
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There is limited knowledge regarding the neurobiology that drives excoriation disorder, and there have been few neuroimaging studies of those with excoriation disorder.
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Jenkins Z, Zavier H, Phillipou A, Castle D (September 2019). "Should skin picking disorder be considered a diagnostic category? A systematic review of the evidence".
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One method is to have individuals wear a form of protective clothing that limits the ability of the patient to pick at their body, e.g., gloves or face mask.
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Dermatillomania, skinning disorder, neurotic excoriation, acne excoriee, pathologic skin picking (PSP), compulsive skin picking (CSP), psychogenic excoriation
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with other psychiatric conditions, especially with mood and anxiety disorders . One survey of patients with excoriation disorder found that 56.7% also had a
295:, which feels like something is crawling on or under the skin. Thus, excoriation disorder could result from a dysfunction in the dopamine reward functions.
291:, which increase the pharmacological effects of dopamine, have been shown to cause uncontrollable picking in users. These drugs can create the sensation of
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also have excoriation disorder; 8.9% of patients with OCD have excoriation disorder; and 8.3% of patients with trichotillomania have excoriation disorder.
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One study that supported the addiction theory of picking found that 79% of patients with excoriation disorder reported a pleasurable feeling when picking.
1863:"Identifying subtypes of trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder) and excoriation (skin picking) disorder using mixture modeling in a multicenter sample"
1814:"Identifying subtypes of trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder) and excoriation (skin picking) disorder using mixture modeling in a multicenter sample"
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Craig-Müller S, Reichenberg J (July 4, 2015). "The Other Itch That Rashes: a
Clinical and Therapeutic Approach to Pruritus and Skin Picking Disorders".
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Excoriation disorder can cause feelings of intense helplessness, guilt, shame, and embarrassment in individuals, and this greatly increases the risk of
146:
that is characterized by the repeated urge or impulse to pick at one's own skin, to the extent that either psychological or physical damage is caused.
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treatment, and only 19% ever received dermatological treatment. Another study found that only 30% of individuals with this disorder sought treatment.
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Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale compared with a placebo, but that there was no significant decrease on the visual-analog scale of picking behavior.
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Antipsychotic, antianxiety, antidepressant, and antiepileptic medications have all been used to treat skin picking, with varying degrees of success.
2086:"A review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) empirical evidence: Correlational, experimental psychopathology, component and outcome studies"
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Deckersbach T, Wilhelm S, Keuthen NJ, Baer L, Jenike MA (July 2002). "Cognitive-behavior therapy for self-injurious skin picking. A case series".
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and 38% had substance use problems. Studies have shown the following rates of psychiatric conditions found in patients with excoriation disorder:
323:—a disorder marked by the same behaviors directed at one's own head and body hair. This study revealed a significant link between a single
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There are several different classes of pharmacological treatment agents that have some support for treating excoriation disorder: SSRIs;
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There have been many different theories regarding the causes of excoriation disorder, including biological and environmental factors.
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Several different behavioral interventions have been tested to treat excoriation disorder in those with developmental disabilities.
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Brocq ML (1898). "L'Acné excoriée des jeunes filles et son traitement" [Acne excoriee of young women and their treatment].
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Odlaug and Grant have recognized the following similarities between individuals with dermatillomania and patients with addictions:
1675:"Assessing Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder: Clinical Recommendations and Preliminary Examination of a Comprehensive Interview"
1624:"Assessing Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder: Clinical Recommendations and Preliminary Examination of a Comprehensive Interview"
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Classification as a separate condition would lead to more awareness of the disorder and encourage more people to obtain treatment.
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The classification of excoriation disorder as a separate condition would lead to better studies and better treatment outcomes.
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agents. In addition to these classes of drugs, some other pharmacological products have been tested in small trials as well.
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Feeling of pleasure while engaging in the behavior or a feeling of relief or reduced anxiety after engaging in the behavior.
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Torales J, Barrios I, Villalba J (2017). "Alternative Therapies for Excoriation (Skin Picking) Disorder: A Brief Update".
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Torales J, Barrios I, Villalba J (2017). "Alternative Therapies for Excoriation (Skin Picking) Disorder: A Brief Update".
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in 11.5% of individuals with this condition, and psychiatric hospitalizations in 15% of individuals with this condition.
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The picking is not caused or cannot be better explained by physiological effects of a substance or a medical disorder
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DSM-5 Guidebook: The Essential Companion to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition
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when compared to individuals without the condition. Motor-inhibitory control is a function of the right-lateralized
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2468:"Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), skin picking disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder: toward DSM-V"
1408:"Trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), skin picking disorder, and stereotypic movement disorder: toward DSM-V"
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Excoriation disorder is defined as "repetitive and compulsive picking of skin which results in tissue damage".
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The first known mention of excoriation disorder in the print can be found in 1898 by the French dermatologist
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Since the DSM-5 (2013), excoriation disorder is classified as "L98.1 Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder" in
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Complications arising from excoriation disorder include infection at the site of picking, tissue damage, and
649:, an anti-epileptic drug, has been used to treat excoriation disorder; in a small study of individuals with
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The inability to control the urge to pick is similar to the urge to compulsively pull one's own hair, i.e.,
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Some cases of body-focused repetitive behaviors found in identical twins also suggest a hereditary factor.
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260:. A similar theory holds that overbearing parents can cause the behavior to develop in their children.
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Tentative evidence suggests that devices that provide feedback when the activity occurs can be useful.
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Compulsive picking of the knuckles (via mouth) illustrating potentially temporary disfiguration of the
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Substance use is often present, and individuals with excoriation disorder are twice as likely to have
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2366:"Miss America 2022 Emma Broyles Explains How She Went From Having 'a Lot of Doubt' to Winning Crown"
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than OCD. They argue that excoriation disorder differs from OCD in the following fundamental ways:
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location of a perceived skin defect. When picking, one may feel a sense of relief or satisfaction.
1961:"Prevalence and predictors of hair pulling disorder and excoriation disorder in Tourette syndrome"
1912:"Prevalence and predictors of hair pulling disorder and excoriation disorder in Tourette syndrome"
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Keuthen NJ, Deckersbach T, Wilhelm S, Engelhard I, Forker A, O'Sullivan RL, et al. (2001).
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611:, another SSRI, showed that those who took the drug significantly reduced their scores on the
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may be used to help individuals abstain from skin picking. Among them is the abstinence-based
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Picking causes a substantial amount of distress and substantially impairs everyday functioning
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The fingers have been compulsively picked and chewed in someone with excoriation disorder and
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Excoriation disorder occurs as the primary disorder and not as a subset of a larger disorder.
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219:
2296:"Epidemiology and Comorbidities of Excoriation Disorder: A Retrospective Case-Control Study"
2202:"Epidemiology and Comorbidities of Excoriation Disorder: A Retrospective Case-Control Study"
2109:"Epidemiology and Comorbidities of Excoriation Disorder: A Retrospective Case-Control Study"
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There is gathering data on the clinical features and diagnostic criteria for this condition.
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Skin picking is also common in those with certain developmental disabilities; for example,
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276:(BDD) and excoriation disorder reportedly pick to fix perceived imperfections in the skin.
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2010:"Systematic Review of Pharmacological and Behavioral Treatments for Skin Picking Disorder"
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1476:"Two subtypes of pathological skin-picking: Evidence from a voxel-based morphometry study"
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This observation led researchers to study the effects of the SAPAP3 gene on patients with
8:
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Stein DJ, Grant JE, Franklin ME, Keuthen N, Lochner C, Singer HS, Woods DW (June 2010).
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Grant JE, Peris TS, Ricketts EJ, Lochner C, Stein DJ, Stochl J, et al. (May 2021).
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Grant JE, Peris TS, Ricketts EJ, Lochner C, Stein DJ, Stochl J, et al. (May 2021).
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Stein DJ, Grant JE, Franklin ME, Keuthen N, Lochner C, Singer HS, Woods DW (June 2010).
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Nevertheless, Odlaug and Grant have suggested that excoriation disorder is more akin to
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There is sufficient data to create this as a separate category for excoriation disorder.
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skin-picking appears to be maintained by automatic reinforcement within the individual.
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Kwon C, Sutaria N, Khanna R, Almazan E, Williams K, Kim N, et al. (August 2020).
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Kwon C, Sutaria N, Khanna R, Almazan E, Williams K, Kim N, et al. (August 2020).
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Kwon C, Sutaria N, Khanna R, Almazan E, Williams K, Kim N, et al. (August 2020).
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Greenberg E, Tung ES, Gauvin C, Osiecki L, Yang KG, Curley E, et al. (May 2018).
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Greenberg E, Tung ES, Gauvin C, Osiecki L, Yang KG, Curley E, et al. (May 2018).
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1770:"Excoriation Disorder: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology"
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Another class of possible pharmacological treatments is glutamatergic agents such as
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Research has also suggested that excoriation disorder may be thought of as a type of
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1241:"Epidemiologic and clinical updates on impulse control disorders: a critical review"
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1726:"The Skin Picking Impact Scale (SPIS): scale development and psychometric analyses"
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1289:"Dermatillomania: All you need to know about skin picking disorder | SkinPick.com"
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1133:
937:"The mouse who couldn't stop washing: pathologic grooming in animals and humans"
880:, a similar compulsive behaviour, characterized by pulling out hair or eyelashes
811:, describing an adolescent female patient who had uncontrolled picking of acne.
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who believe that picking behavior can be a result of repressed rage felt toward
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1454:
1367:
1180:"Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder: a systematic review of treatment options"
622:
402:
2550:
2407:
1976:
1927:
1742:
1725:
1256:
1090:
952:
4053:
3878:
3829:
3147:
2719:
1568:
1501:
1239:
Dell'Osso B, Altamura AC, Allen A, Marazziti D, Hollander E (December 2006).
908:
867:
573:
545:
390:
211:
179:
167:
163:
731:
Excoriation disorder is statistically more common in females than in males.
518:
Compulsion to engage in the negative behavior despite knowledge of the harm.
3732:
3513:
3065:
2493:
2458:
2415:
2331:
2272:
2237:
2171:
2144:
2070:
2043:
1994:
1945:
1896:
1847:
1751:
1710:
1691:
1659:
1640:
1576:
1433:
1375:
1288:
1274:
1215:
1141:
1098:
970:
843:
835:
588:
338:
There has been controversy over the creation of a separate category in the
253:
2394:
Grant JE, Odlaug BL (August 2009). "Update on pathological skin picking".
499:
The treatments that are generally effective for patients with OCD (i. e.,
359:
The incidence rate for excoriation disorder is high within the population.
174:
154:
3717:
3448:
3179:
2929:
2264:
1531:
839:
471:
292:
115:
1196:
846:
highlighted her vulnerability and openness on social media about having
438:
The picking is not more accurately attributed to another mental disorder
413:
picking affects the individual socially, behaviorally, and emotionally.
4034:
3727:
3632:
3333:
3058:
3053:
2849:
2766:
2744:
2739:
2347:
Journal des Practiciens, Revue Générale de Clinique et de Thérapeutique
2312:
2253:
American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics
2218:
2125:
872:
646:
608:
604:
600:
592:
324:
120:
2533:
1520:
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
850:
and dermatillomania, as well as her history with volunteering for the
496:
Excoriation disorder may be inherently pleasurable whereas OCD is not.
3987:
3919:
3737:
3196:
2934:
2859:
2606:
2484:
2467:
1424:
1407:
382:
226:
510:
Unlike OCD, picking the skin is rarely driven by obsessive thoughts.
3722:
3392:
3359:
3285:
2761:
1238:
792:
who have substance use disorders than those without the condition.
735:
640:
596:
493:
There is a much greater share of females with excoriation disorder.
451:; and is no longer classified in "Impulse control disorder" (f63).
429:
Recurring attempts to stop picking while relapses continually occur
386:
280:
1768:
Graham R, Soares NS, Scheinfeld NS (2018-07-10). Elston DM (ed.).
1723:
2510:
2435:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 100. pp. 631–9.
1679:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1628:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1077:
Odlaug BL, Grant JE (September 2010). "Pathologic skin picking".
819:
Excoriation disorder has been the subject of several episodes of
584:
284:
215:
723:
In some patients, excoriation disorder begins with the onset of
553:
32:
3440:
3255:
2545:
716:
The prevalence of excoriation disorder is not well understood.
448:
378:
362:
Diagnostic criteria for the disease have already been proposed.
207:
507:) are not as successful in patients with excoriation disorder.
102:
Sores as a result of skin picking on arms, shoulders and chest
3877:
3218:
2090:
International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy
1119:
921:
417:
339:
190:
Compulsive picking of the face using nail pliers and tweezers
2250:
1554:
3391:
1352:
724:
94:
1958:
1909:
306:, which includes the right inferior frontal and bilateral
229:. Studies have shown that excoriation disorder presented
2465:
1860:
1811:
1405:
1245:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
2293:
2199:
2106:
934:
524:
Strong urge to engage in the behavior before engagement.
350:
Excoriation disorder has well-defined clinical features.
3664:
2184:
1599:"Excoriation Disorder DSM-5 698.4 (L98.1) - Therapedia"
1448:
935:
Feusner JD, Hembacher E, Phillips KA (September 2009).
2653:
2157:
2056:
1767:
2809:
1480:
Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
461:
419:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
252:
In contrast to neurological theories, there are some
210:. Damage from picking can be so severe as to require
2523:
2431:
Singer HS (2011). "Stereotypic movement disorders".
1557:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
2007:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
426:
Repeated picking of the skin, resulting in injuries
330:(SNP) within the SAPAP3 gene and trichotillomania.
2827:
1550:
1548:
1473:
1464:, including biological and environmental factors.
4051:
3236:
1177:
1156:
2008:Schumer MC, Bartley CA, Bloch MH (April 2016).
1545:
4009:
1763:
1761:
1079:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
521:Lack of control over the problematic behavior.
2795:
2639:
535:success than treating them as a form of OCD.
1672:
1621:
665:, acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy, and
2393:
1758:
1076:
676:
233:in 12% of individuals with this condition,
3699:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2966:
2802:
2788:
2646:
2632:
1965:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
1916:European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
1786:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1178:Lochner C, Roos A, Stein DJ (2017-07-14).
656:
93:
2483:
2363:
2321:
2311:
2227:
2217:
2134:
2124:
2033:
1984:
1935:
1886:
1837:
1791:. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 870.
1741:
1700:
1690:
1649:
1639:
1491:
1423:
1264:
1205:
1195:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
960:
3962:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
3558:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
2508:
2344:
1474:Schienle A, Wabnegger A (1 April 2020).
1467:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
848:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
734:Excoriation disorder has a high rate of
185:
173:
153:
57:of all important aspects of the article.
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1222:
785:occupational and marital difficulties.
653:, it was found to reduce skin picking.
14:
4052:
2430:
2014:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
1356:Research in Developmental Disabilities
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1184:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
928:
814:
53:Please consider expanding the lead to
4008:
3876:
3811:
3663:
3390:
3235:
3145:
2965:
2826:
2783:
2627:
1513:
1511:
977:
313:
279:Studies have shown a linkage between
149:
3146:
2083:
1382:
283:and the urge to pick. Drugs such as
26:
3665:Physiological and physical behavior
2357:
1305:
24:
3611:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3005:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2655:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2441:10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00045-8
2386:
1508:
762:(approximately 16.7% to 68%), and
462:Similarities with other conditions
25:
4091:
4065:Conditions of the skin appendages
3791:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2519:
2364:Goldstein J (December 17, 2021).
667:acceptance and commitment therapy
442:
4060:Body-focused repetitive behavior
3091:X-linked intellectual disability
1879:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.001
1830:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.001
1673:Snorrason I, Lee HJ (May 2022).
1622:Snorrason I, Lee HJ (May 2022).
889:Body-focused repetitive behavior
754:(approximately 31.7% to 58.1%),
554:Obsessive Skin Pickers Anonymous
31:
2920:Intermittent explosive disorder
2845:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
2433:Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
2338:
2287:
2244:
2193:
2178:
2151:
2100:
2077:
2050:
2001:
1952:
1903:
1867:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1854:
1818:Journal of Psychiatric Research
1805:
1780:
1717:
1666:
1615:
1591:
711:
416:As of the release of the fifth
263:
214:, and severe picking can cause
45:may be too short to adequately
3563:Dissociative identity disorder
2828:Adult personality and behavior
2160:Advances in Mind-Body Medicine
2059:Advances in Mind-Body Medicine
1281:
1113:
901:
694:
55:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
2752:Stereotypic movement disorder
2686:Emotional/behavioral disorder
2681:Oppositional defiant disorder
2509:Stratton MM (February 2018).
894:
760:obsessive-compulsive disorder
572:; anti-epileptic agents; and
563:
480:obsessive compulsive disorder
144:obsessive–compulsive spectrum
3967:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
3504:Generalized anxiety disorder
3237:Neurological and symptomatic
2882:Sexual relationship disorder
2300:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2206:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2113:Journal of Clinical Medicine
2026:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000462
758:(approximately 23% to 56%),
702:
663:cognitive-behavioral therapy
538:
333:
7:
4070:Habit and impulse disorders
3743:REM sleep behavior disorder
3212:Seasonal affective disorder
3010:Separation anxiety disorder
1787:Black DW, Grant JE (2014).
1493:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100534
1134:10.1177/0145445502026003004
861:
308:anterior cingulate cortices
10:
4096:
4010:Symptoms and uncategorized
3111:developmental disabilities
2877:Sexual maturation disorder
2396:Current Psychiatry Reports
1368:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.10.017
907:The term derives from the
802:
160:distal and proximal joints
4080:Neurocutaneous conditions
4015:
4004:
3980:
3972:Simple-type schizophrenia
3949:
3941:Schizophreniform disorder
3918:
3897:
3893:
3872:
3825:
3807:
3776:
3753:
3707:
3674:
3670:
3659:
3581:
3548:
3496:
3439:
3430:
3411:
3407:
3386:
3352:
3319:Mild cognitive impairment
3304:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3284:
3246:
3242:
3231:
3202:Major depressive disorder
3155:
3141:
3107:Psychological development
3106:
3081:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2890:
2837:
2833:
2822:
2661:
2597:
2527:
2408:10.1007/s11920-009-0041-x
1977:10.1007/s00787-017-1074-z
1928:10.1007/s00787-017-1074-z
1743:10.1176/appi.psy.42.5.397
1257:10.1007/s00406-006-0668-0
1091:10.3109/00952991003747543
953:10.1017/s1092852900023567
752:major depressive disorder
635:Excoriation disorder and
240:
134:, more commonly known as
106:
101:
92:
84:
79:
4020:Impulse-control disorder
3936:Schizoaffective disorder
3931:Brief reactive psychosis
3628:Mass psychogenic illness
3591:Body dysmorphic disorder
3370:Post-concussion syndrome
2980:Emotional and behavioral
1569:10.1177/0004867419834347
884:Impulse-control disorder
768:body dysmorphic disorder
764:body dysmorphic disorder
677:Developmentally disabled
274:body dysmorphic disorder
3957:Childhood schizophrenia
3309:Frontotemporal dementia
3266:High-functioning autism
3083:Intellectual disability
919:("to pull"), and μανία
657:Psychological treatment
639:have been treated with
3474:Specific social phobia
3365:Organic brain syndrome
3207:Melancholic depression
2968:Childhood and learning
2472:Depression and Anxiety
2187:Allergic Skin Diseases
1692:10.3390/ijerph19116717
1641:10.3390/ijerph19116717
1455:Causes of Skin Picking
1412:Depression and Anxiety
790:first-degree relatives
779:Smith–Magenis syndrome
748:substance use disorder
740:DSM-IV Axis-I disorder
487:substance use disorder
304:frontostriatal circuit
191:
183:
171:
4030:Psychomotor agitation
3820:and substance-related
3763:Postpartum depression
3643:Somatization disorder
3529:Acute stress reaction
3294:AIDS dementia complex
2757:Elimination disorders
1122:Behavior Modification
809:Louis-Anne-Jean Brocq
775:Prader–Willi syndrome
651:Prader–Willi syndrome
407:Prader–Willi syndrome
300:cognitive flexibility
258:authoritarian parents
189:
177:
157:
4025:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
3855:Substance dependence
3768:Postpartum psychosis
3314:Huntington's disease
3096:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
2945:Personality disorder
2663:Emotional/behavioral
2511:"Stop Picking On Me"
2265:10.1002/ajmg.b.32067
1532:10.1002/ajmg.b.32067
925:("madness, frenzy").
132:Excoriation disorder
80:Excoriation disorder
3905:Delusional disorder
3850:Stimulant psychosis
3840:Physical dependence
3694:Rumination syndrome
3596:Conversion disorder
3573:Psychogenic amnesia
3423:with depressed mood
3421:Adjustment disorder
3324:Parkinson's disease
3299:Alzheimer's disease
3192:Atypical depression
3028:Social functioning
2903:Munchausen syndrome
2898:Factitious disorder
1197:10.2147/NDT.S121138
815:Society and culture
661:Treatments include
603:. Small studies of
216:epidermal abscesses
3924:schizophrenia-like
3568:Dissociative fugue
3017:Movement disorders
2697:Social functioning
2692:Separation anxiety
2598:External resources
2313:10.3390/jcm9092703
2219:10.3390/jcm9092703
2126:10.3390/jcm9092703
1460:2012-06-11 at the
915:("skin"), τίλλειν
854:. She was crowned
570:opioid antagonists
314:Genetic components
192:
184:
172:
150:Signs and symptoms
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3868:
3867:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3544:
3543:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3339:Vascular dementia
3261:Asperger syndrome
3227:
3226:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3071:Tourette syndrome
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2777:
2776:
2726:Tourette syndrome
2621:
2620:
1603:www.theravive.com
856:Miss America 2022
756:anxiety disorders
630:N-acetyl cysteine
399:polycythemia vera
395:Hodgkin's disease
231:suicidal ideation
129:
128:
74:Medical condition
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
4087:
4006:
4005:
3895:
3894:
3874:
3873:
3809:
3808:
3684:Anorexia nervosa
3672:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3638:Psychogenic pain
3606:Globus pharyngis
3454:Childhood phobia
3437:
3436:
3409:
3408:
3388:
3387:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3143:
3142:
3042:Selective mutism
2993:Conduct disorder
2976:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2940:Trichotillomania
2915:Gender dysphoria
2910:Fear of intimacy
2867:Sexual anhedonia
2835:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2811:Mental disorders
2804:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2734:Speech disorders
2702:Selective mutism
2676:Conduct disorder
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2487:
2485:10.1002/da.20700
2462:
2427:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2315:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2221:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2084:Ruiz FJ (2010).
2081:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1552:
1543:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1427:
1425:10.1002/da.20700
1403:
1380:
1379:
1350:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1293:www.skinpick.com
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1175:
1154:
1153:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1074:
975:
974:
964:
932:
926:
905:
878:Trichotillomania
852:Special Olympics
834:During the 2021
744:trichotillomania
637:trichotillomania
550:12-step recovery
505:exposure therapy
468:trichotillomania
321:trichotillomania
235:suicide attempts
97:
77:
76:
67:
64:
58:
35:
27:
21:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4039:
4011:
3992:
3976:
3945:
3923:
3914:
3889:
3864:
3821:
3818:substance abuse
3795:
3772:
3749:
3703:
3689:Bulimia nervosa
3666:
3647:
3623:Hypochondriasis
3618:False pregnancy
3601:Ganser syndrome
3583:Somatic symptom
3577:
3540:
3492:
3481:Specific phobia
3426:
3403:
3374:
3348:
3280:
3276:Savant syndrome
3248:Autism spectrum
3238:
3223:
3151:
3129:
3108:
3102:
3077:
2970:
2949:
2925:Dermatillomania
2886:
2872:Sexual anorexia
2829:
2818:
2808:
2778:
2773:
2657:
2652:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2612:article/1122042
2593:
2592:
2536:
2522:
2517:
2451:
2389:
2387:Further reading
2384:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2362:
2358:
2343:
2339:
2292:
2288:
2249:
2245:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2179:
2156:
2152:
2105:
2101:
2082:
2078:
2055:
2051:
2006:
2002:
1957:
1953:
1908:
1904:
1859:
1855:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1785:
1781:
1766:
1759:
1722:
1718:
1671:
1667:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1553:
1546:
1516:
1509:
1472:
1468:
1462:Wayback Machine
1453:
1449:
1404:
1383:
1351:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1236:
1223:
1176:
1157:
1118:
1114:
1075:
978:
933:
929:
906:
902:
897:
864:
817:
805:
714:
705:
697:
679:
659:
566:
541:
464:
445:
336:
316:
289:methamphetamine
266:
243:
152:
140:mental disorder
136:dermatillomania
125:
75:
68:
62:
59:
52:
40:This article's
36:
23:
22:
18:Dermatillomania
15:
12:
11:
5:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3845:Rebound effect
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3786:Hypersexuality
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3519:Panic disorder
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3486:Claustrophobia
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3469:Anthropophobia
3461:
3459:Social anxiety
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:Pick's disease
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2815:Classification
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2568:
2553:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:Classification
2521:
2520:External links
2518:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2478:(6): 611–626.
2463:
2449:
2428:
2402:(4): 283–288.
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2356:
2337:
2286:
2259:(5): 605–610.
2243:
2192:
2177:
2150:
2099:
2076:
2049:
2020:(2): 147–152.
2000:
1971:(5): 569–579.
1951:
1922:(5): 569–579.
1902:
1853:
1804:
1798:978-1585624652
1797:
1779:
1757:
1736:(5): 397–403.
1730:Psychosomatics
1716:
1665:
1614:
1590:
1563:(9): 866–877.
1544:
1526:(5): 605–610.
1507:
1466:
1447:
1418:(6): 611–626.
1381:
1362:(2): 304–315.
1304:
1280:
1251:(8): 464–475.
1221:
1155:
1128:(3): 361–377.
1112:
1085:(5): 296–303.
976:
947:(9): 503–513.
927:
899:
898:
896:
893:
892:
891:
886:
881:
875:
870:
863:
860:
816:
813:
804:
801:
713:
710:
704:
701:
696:
693:
678:
675:
658:
655:
565:
562:
546:support groups
540:
537:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
512:
511:
508:
497:
494:
463:
460:
444:
443:Classification
441:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
403:systemic lupus
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
335:
332:
315:
312:
265:
262:
242:
239:
220:carotid artery
151:
148:
127:
126:
124:
123:
118:
112:
110:
104:
103:
99:
98:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
73:
70:
69:
49:the key points
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4092:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4007:
4003:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:Schizophrenia
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:Schizophrenia
3875:
3871:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Drug overdose
3828:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3778:Sexual desire
3775:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3658:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3464:Social phobia
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3399:-related and
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:Tic disorders
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2450:9780444520142
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1190:: 1867–1872.
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:CNS Spectrums
938:
931:
924:
923:
918:
914:
910:
904:
900:
890:
887:
885:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:Dermatophagia
866:
865:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:competition,
837:
832:
830:
829:
824:
823:
812:
810:
800:
796:
793:
791:
786:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
726:
721:
717:
709:
700:
692:
689:
685:
682:
674:
670:
668:
664:
654:
652:
648:
644:
642:
638:
633:
631:
626:
624:
619:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
577:
575:
574:glutamatergic
571:
561:
557:
555:
551:
547:
536:
532:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
515:
509:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
491:
490:
488:
483:
481:
476:
473:
469:
459:
455:
452:
450:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
420:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:liver disease
388:
384:
380:
374:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
331:
329:
326:
322:
311:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
269:
261:
259:
255:
254:psychologists
250:
246:
238:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:skin grafting
209:
204:
200:
196:
188:
181:
180:dermatophagia
176:
169:
165:
161:
156:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
109:
105:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
78:
66:
56:
50:
48:
43:
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
3910:Folie à deux
3835:Intoxication
3816:substances,
3814:Psychoactive
3733:Night terror
3550:Dissociative
3514:Panic attack
3066:Tic disorder
2924:
2756:
2732:
2718:
2696:
2605:
2581:
2570:
2555:
2540:
2475:
2471:
2432:
2399:
2395:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2166:(1): 10–13.
2163:
2159:
2153:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2096:(1): 125–62.
2093:
2089:
2079:
2065:(1): 10–13.
2062:
2058:
2052:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1968:
1964:
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1685:(11): 6717.
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844:Emma Broyles
836:Miss America
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42:lead section
3883:schizotypal
3718:Hypersomnia
3708:Nonorganic
3449:Agoraphobia
3180:Cyclothymia
3175:Bipolar NOS
3150:(affective)
3022:Stereotypic
2930:Kleptomania
2306:(9): 2703.
2212:(9): 2703.
2119:(9): 2703.
1873:: 603–612.
1824:: 603–612.
840:Miss Alaska
736:comorbidity
695:Biofeedback
552:fellowship
472:comorbidity
293:formication
116:Dermatology
85:Other names
4054:Categories
4035:Stereotypy
3898:Delusional
3887:delusional
3860:Withdrawal
3728:Parasomnia
3633:Nosophobia
3413:Adjustment
3401:somatoform
3334:Sundowning
3187:Depression
3170:Bipolar II
3059:Stuttering
3054:Cluttering
2850:Paraphilia
2767:Encopresis
2745:Cluttering
2740:Stuttering
2583:DiseasesDB
2375:2022-03-03
2370:PEOPLE.com
2353:: 193–197.
1608:2023-04-07
1486:: 100534.
1298:2022-05-22
895:References
873:Morgellons
828:Black Swan
647:Topiramate
623:acral lick
609:citalopram
605:fluoxetine
601:olanzapine
593:naltrexone
564:Medication
325:nucleotide
121:Psychiatry
63:April 2024
3988:Catatonia
3920:Psychosis
3755:Postnatal
3738:Nightmare
3344:Wandering
3197:Dysthymia
3165:Bipolar I
3120:Pervasive
2935:Pyromania
2860:Voyeurism
2855:Fetishism
2607:eMedicine
1540:1552-4841
1502:2211-3649
746:(38.3%),
703:Prognosis
539:Treatment
383:psoriasis
334:Diagnosis
227:self-harm
108:Specialty
47:summarize
3723:Insomnia
3393:Neurotic
3360:Delirium
3286:Dementia
3125:Specific
2762:Enuresis
2502:16146319
2494:20533371
2459:21496612
2424:38128908
2416:19635236
2332:32825621
2273:22619132
2238:32825621
2172:28183072
2145:32825621
2071:28183072
2044:26872117
1995:29098466
1946:29098466
1897:33172654
1848:33172654
1774:Medscape
1752:11739906
1711:35682303
1660:35682303
1585:84845098
1577:30895799
1458:Archived
1442:16146319
1434:20533371
1376:19963341
1275:16960655
1216:28761349
1150:32102397
1142:12080906
1107:20569026
1099:20575652
971:19890232
911:: δέρμα
862:See also
822:Obsessed
641:inositol
597:pimozide
556:(OSPA).
387:diabetes
281:dopamine
170:fingers.
3432:Anxiety
3271:PDD-NOS
3160:Bipolar
2813: (
2577:D007174
2323:7564859
2281:1525948
2229:7564859
2136:7564859
2035:4930073
1986:5932289
1937:5932289
1888:7610704
1839:7610704
1702:9180539
1651:9180539
1266:1705499
1207:5522672
962:2853748
917:tillein
803:History
750:(38%),
669:(ACT).
585:doxepin
285:cocaine
162:of the
142:on the
138:, is a
3676:Eating
3524:Stress
3441:Phobia
3397:stress
3256:Autism
3049:Speech
2838:Sexual
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405:, and
379:eczema
241:Causes
208:sepsis
168:little
164:middle
4075:Mania
3981:Other
3710:sleep
3497:Other
3353:Other
3219:Mania
2891:Other
2688:(EBD)
2588:29765
2566:312.3
2551:L98.1
2498:S2CID
2420:S2CID
2277:S2CID
1581:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1146:S2CID
1103:S2CID
922:mania
913:derma
909:Greek
842:2021
501:SSRIs
340:DSM-5
3885:and
3534:PTSD
3148:Mood
2988:ADHD
2671:ADHD
2572:MeSH
2561:9-CM
2490:PMID
2455:PMID
2445:ISBN
2412:PMID
2328:PMID
2269:PMID
2257:159B
2234:PMID
2168:PMID
2141:PMID
2067:PMID
2040:PMID
1991:PMID
1942:PMID
1893:PMID
1844:PMID
1793:ISBN
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1707:PMID
1656:PMID
1573:PMID
1536:ISSN
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1498:ISSN
1430:PMID
1372:PMID
1271:PMID
1212:PMID
1138:PMID
1095:PMID
967:PMID
777:and
725:acne
613:Yale
503:and
287:and
166:and
3922:and
3509:OCD
3037:RAD
3032:DAD
2998:ODD
2712:DAD
2707:RAD
2557:ICD
2542:ICD
2480:doi
2437:doi
2404:doi
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2131:PMC
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2030:PMC
2022:doi
1981:PMC
1973:doi
1932:PMC
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1697:PMC
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1565:doi
1528:doi
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1364:doi
1261:PMC
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