988:
810:(LSP) is another technique used to overcome depth of field limitations in macro and micro photography. This method allows for high-magnification imaging with exceptional depth of field. LSP involves scanning a thin light plane across the subject that is mounted on a moving stage perpendicular to the light plane. This ensures the entire subject remains in sharp focus from the nearest to the farthest details, providing comprehensive depth of field in a single image. Initially developed in the 1960s and further refined in the 1980s and 1990s, LSP was particularly valuable in scientific and biomedical photography before digital focus stacking became prevalent.
1094:
1054:
118:
73:
38:
4899:
1046:
1225:
4910:
1018:
569:
535:
603:
58:
987:
845:. Therefore, the blue channel will have a greater depth of field than the other colours. The image processing identifies blurred regions in the red and green channels and in these regions copies the sharper edge data from the blue channel. The result is an image that combines the best features from the different
904:
for a given situation, with the photographer free to choose any value within the range, as conditions (e.g., potential motion blur) permit. Gibson gives a similar discussion, additionally considering blurring effects of camera lens aberrations, enlarging lens diffraction and aberrations, the negative
521:
is constant for constant image size. For example, if the focal length is doubled, the subject distance is also doubled to keep the subject image size the same. This observation contrasts with the common notion that "focal length is twice as important to defocus as f/stop", which applies to a constant
803:
Another approach is focus sweep. The focal plane is swept across the entire relevant range during a single exposure. This creates a blurred image, but with a convolution kernel that is nearly independent of object depth, so that the blur is almost entirely removed after computational deconvolution.
746:
Moreover, traditional depth-of-field formulas assume equal acceptable circles of confusion for near and far objects. Merklinger suggested that distant objects often need to be much sharper to be clearly recognizable, whereas closer objects, being larger on the film, do not need to be so sharp. The
525:
Motion pictures make limited use of aperture control; to produce a consistent image quality from shot to shot, cinematographers usually choose a single aperture setting for interiors (e.g., scenes inside a building) and another for exteriors (e.g., scenes in an area outside a building), and adjust
688:
The term "camera movements" refers to swivel (swing and tilt, in modern terminology) and shift adjustments of the lens holder and the film holder. These features have been in use since the 1800s and are still in use today on view cameras, technical cameras, cameras with tilt/shift or perspective
651:
Precise focus is only possible at an exact distance from a lens; at that distance, a point object will produce a small spot image. Otherwise, a point object will produce a larger or blur spot image that is typically and approximately a circle. When this circular spot is sufficiently small, it is
759:
by
Merklinger, would recommend focusing very close to infinity, and stopping down to make the bollard sharp enough. With this approach, foreground objects cannot always be made perfectly sharp, but the loss of sharpness in near objects may be acceptable if recognizability of distant objects is
1666:
887:
may cause greater loss of sharpness than the loss from diffraction. However, diffraction is a greater issue in close-up photography, and the overall image sharpness can be degraded as photographers are trying to maximize depth of field with very small apertures.
153:
For cameras that can only focus on one object distance at a time, depth of field is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in the image. "Acceptably sharp focus" is defined using a property called the
386:
165:, distance to subject (object to be imaged), the acceptable circle of confusion size, and aperture. Limitations of depth of field can sometimes be overcome with various techniques and equipment. The approximate depth of field can be given by:
1397:
1548:
259:
and circle of confusion, but changes in proportion to the square of the distance to the subject and inversely in proportion to the square of the focal length. As a result, photos taken at extremely close range (i.e., so small
459:
the depth of field (by the crop factor). The resulting image however will have a different field of view. If the focal length is altered to maintain the field of view, the change in focal length will counter the decrease of
899:
that will give the desired sharpness in the final image and yields a maximum depth of field for which the desired sharpness can be achieved. In combination, the two methods can be regarded as giving a maximum and minimum
674:, where the size is about half as large, the tolerance is stricter, 0.025 mm (0.00098 in). More modern practice for 35 mm productions set the circle of confusion limit at 0.025 mm (0.00098 in).
526:
exposure through the use of camera filters or light levels. Aperture settings are adjusted more frequently in still photography, where variations in depth of field are used to produce a variety of special effects.
712:, and at some virtual flat or curved surface the reduced clarity becomes unacceptable. Some photographers do calculations or use tables, some use markings on their equipment, some judge by previewing the image.
932:; the 35 mm lens in the image is typical. That lens includes distance scales in feet and meters; when a marked distance is set opposite the large white index mark, the focus is set to that distance. The
787:
combines multiple images focused on different planes, resulting in an image with a greater (or less, if so desired) apparent depth of field than any of the individual source images. Similarly, in order to
1830:. Most helicoid-focused lenses are marked with image plane-to-subject distances, so the focus determined from the lens distance scale is not exactly the harmonic mean of the marked near and far distances.
225:
955:
Photographers can use the lens scales to work backwards from the desired depth of field to find the necessary focus distance and aperture. For the 35 mm lens shown, if it were desired for the
280:
701:
of cameras with swivel set to zero have been discussed, formulated, and documented since before the 1940s, documenting calculations for cameras with non-zero swivel seem to have begun in 1990.
891:
Hansma and
Peterson have discussed determining the combined effects of defocus and diffraction using a root-square combination of the individual blur spots. Hansma's approach determines the
670:
motion pictures, the image area on the film is roughly 22 mm by 16 mm. The limit of tolerable error was traditionally set at 0.05 mm (0.0020 in) diameter, while for
747:
loss of detail in distant objects may be particularly noticeable with extreme enlargements. Achieving this additional sharpness in distant objects usually requires focusing beyond the
659:
The acceptable circle of confusion depends on how the final image will be used. The circle of confusion as 0.25 mm for an image viewed from 25 cm away is generally accepted.
1314:
455:
in counterintuitive ways. Because the circle of confusion is directly tied to the sensor size, decreasing the size of the sensor while holding focal length and aperture constant will
1499:
439:
1267:
This section covers some additional formula for evaluating depth of field; however they are all subject to significant simplifying assumptions: for example, they assume the
1100:
100–300 mm zoom lens. The depth of field, and thus hyperfocal distance, changes with the focal length as well as the f-stop. This lens is set to the hyperfocal distance for
1194:
and George Dawson first wrote about hyperfocal distance (or "focal range") in 1867. Louis Derr in 1906 may have been the first to derive a formula for hyperfocal distance.
767:
have taken the opposite position, maintaining that slight unsharpness in foreground objects is usually more disturbing than slight unsharpness in distant parts of a scene.
1138:
The hyperfocal distance has a property called "consecutive depths of field", where a lens focused at an object whose distance from the lens is at the hyperfocal distance
735:
Traditional depth-of-field formulas can be hard to use in practice. As an alternative, the same effective calculation can be done without regard to the focal length and
492:
because only the light travelling at shallower angles passes through the aperture so only cones of rays with shallower angles reach the image plane. In other words, the
251:
As distance or the size of the acceptable circle of confusion increases, the depth of field increases; however, increasing the size of the aperture (i.e., reducing
875:(i.e., narrow aperture stop opening sizes), and hence limits the potential depth of field. (This effect is not considered in the above formula giving approximate
959:
to extend from 1 m to 2 m, focus would be set so that index mark was centered between the marks for those distances, and the aperture would be set to
652:
visually indistinguishable from a point, and appears to be in focus. The diameter of the largest circle that is indistinguishable from a point is known as the
689:
control lenses, etc. Swiveling the lens or sensor causes the plane of focus (POF) to swivel, and also causes the field of acceptable focus to swivel with the
2323:
4867:
817:
is a method by which controlled aberrations are added to the optical system so that the focus and depth of field can be improved later in the process.
4814:
2937:
Ray, Sidney F. (2000). "The
Geometry of Image Formation". In Jacobson, Ralph E.; Ray, Sidney F.; Atteridge, Geoffrey G.; Axford, Norman R. (eds.).
170:
1779:; Conrad discusses this approach, under Different Circles of Confusion for Near and Far Limits of Depth of Field, and The Object Field Method, in
2139:
2114:
1661:{\displaystyle b={\frac {fm_{\mathrm {s} }}{N}}{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{s\pm x_{\mathrm {d} }}}=dm_{\mathrm {s} }{\frac {x_{\mathrm {d} }}{D}}.}
4947:
145:) reduces the size of the blur spots for points not in the focused plane, so that the blurring is imperceptible, and all points are within the
1259:
ratio increases, approaching unity at high magnification. For large apertures at typical portrait distances, the ratio is still close to 1:1.
1131:. As the hyperfocal distance is the focus distance giving the maximum depth of field, it is the most desirable distance to set the focus of a
4857:
4809:
4594:
5439:
743:
and later
Merklinger observe that the effective absolute aperture diameter can be used for similar formula in certain circumstances.
1776:
1208:
and infinity; when the lens is set at the red dot, that is, focused at the hyperfocal distance, the depth of field stretches from
1011:, represents the focus distance of approximately 1.33 m (the reciprocal of the mean of the reciprocals of 1 and 2 being 4/3).
3459:
2041:
723:
may be thought of as wedge-shaped, with the apex of the wedge nearest the camera; or they may be thought of as parallel to the
3565:
3312:
3023:
3002:
2226:." Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1993. Proceedings CVPR'93., 1993 IEEE Computer Society Conference on. IEEE, 1993.
1947:
1904:
1877:
1450:
4862:
1733:
704:
More so than in the case of the zero swivel camera, there are various methods to form criteria and set up calculations for
2023:
783:
to be determined after the image is made. These are based or supported by computational imaging processes. For example,
4940:
4804:
4356:
2710:
824:
the lens is modified such that each colour channel has a different lens aperture. For example, the red channel may be
4565:
3231:
3192:
3176:
3125:
3098:
3042:
2973:
2946:
2919:
2869:
2833:
2806:
2685:
2633:
2149:
2756:
796:
can be generated from multiple photographs with different depths of field. Xiong and Shafer concluded, in part, "...
5770:
4532:
800:
the improvements on precisions of focus ranging and defocus ranging can lead to efficient shape recovery methods."
2276:
5775:
4987:
4824:
4318:
1964:
807:
31:
2826:
The INs and OUTs of FOCUS: An
Alternative Way to Estimate Depth-of-Field and Sharpness in the Photographic Image
4497:
3980:
3767:
653:
381:{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx 2Nc\left({\frac {u}{f}}\right)^{2}=2Nc\left(1-{\frac {1}{M_{T}}}\right)^{2}}
17:
5050:
973:
can be obtained by measuring the depth of field and performing simple calculations. Some view cameras include
5432:
4933:
4406:
4338:
4091:
3613:
1985:
1135:. The hyperfocal distance is entirely dependent upon what level of sharpness is considered to be acceptable.
2680:(2nd combined ed.). Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Company, Professional and Finishing Markets Division.
4834:
4829:
1191:
913:
5045:
5765:
4839:
4116:
3618:
2004:
1275:. They are suitable for practical photography, lens designers would use significantly more complex ones.
393:
1017:
5705:
5247:
4570:
4258:
4161:
3454:
708:
when swivel is non-zero. There is a gradual reduction of clarity in objects as they move away from the
3147:
484:(the ratio of lens focal length to aperture diameter). Reducing the aperture diameter (increasing the
5735:
4537:
4487:
4447:
4300:
4186:
4136:
3828:
3772:
3628:
3380:
3305:
3220:
2262:
905:
emulsion, and the printing paper. Couzin gave a formula essentially the same as Hansma's for optimal
860:
information about a scene, so the focus and depth of field can be altered after the photo is taken.
5425:
4738:
4333:
4061:
3853:
2575:
255:) or increasing the focal length reduces the depth of field. Depth of field changes linearly with
5137:
4703:
4507:
4411:
4275:
4126:
3958:
3863:
3506:
3424:
3390:
2463:
1780:
1670:
The minus sign applies to a foreground object, and the plus sign applies to a background object.
1392:{\displaystyle s={\frac {2D_{\mathrm {N} }D_{\mathrm {F} }}{D_{\mathrm {N} }+D_{\mathrm {F} }}},}
936:
scale below the distance scales includes markings on either side of the index that correspond to
3266:
2088:
5498:
5142:
4914:
4758:
4733:
4542:
4527:
4462:
4442:
4348:
4270:
4101:
4020:
4015:
3990:
3918:
3908:
3858:
3848:
3782:
3745:
3673:
3648:
2862:
Focusing the View Camera: A Scientific Way to Focus the View Camera and
Estimate Depth of Field
1920:
1707:
1268:
3013:
2992:
1894:
1796:, though such an expression obtains from simple algebraic manipulation of his Equation 3.
5630:
5169:
4819:
4614:
4522:
4517:
4502:
4492:
4467:
4452:
4313:
4246:
4216:
4176:
4086:
4076:
3913:
3792:
3755:
3678:
2665:
4371:
697:
criteria, to also change the shape of the field of acceptable focus. While calculations for
95:) is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp
5590:
5352:
4956:
4903:
4512:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4457:
4111:
4030:
4000:
3953:
3898:
3888:
3813:
3638:
3585:
3298:
3069:
2769:
2726:
2291:
1809:
was originally published as "Magnification and Depth of Detail in
Photomacrography" in the
1251:
in front of the subject. When the subject is at the hyperfocal distance or beyond, the far
912:
Hopkins, Stokseth, and
Williams and Becklund have discussed the combined effects using the
507:
on any focal length lens will give the same depth of field. This is evident from the above
5625:
1200:
Some cameras have their hyperfocal distance marked on the focus dial. For example, on the
1067:
lens with markings for the depth of field. The lens is set at the hyperfocal distance for
895:
that will give the maximum possible sharpness; Peterson's approach determines the minimum
8:
5699:
5610:
5398:
5165:
4609:
4582:
4552:
4206:
4121:
4025:
3903:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3838:
3730:
3643:
3471:
3466:
1124:
1093:
1038:
748:
493:
442:
155:
138:
3073:
2773:
2730:
2295:
1445:, let the distance between the subject and the foreground or background be indicated by
640:
mm objective lens and full-frame DSLR camera. Focus point is on the first blocks column.
5640:
5580:
5488:
5473:
5222:
5202:
5147:
5017:
4753:
4416:
4366:
4191:
4046:
4005:
3985:
3923:
3878:
3843:
3818:
3375:
3340:
2742:
2315:
2074:
1728:
1718:
1127:
is a distance from a lens beyond which all objects can be brought into an "acceptable"
46:
2896:
Peterson, Stephen (March–April 1996). "Image
Sharpness and Focusing the View Camera".
2476:
5605:
5518:
5512:
5383:
5368:
5155:
5077:
4992:
4723:
4659:
4646:
4577:
4241:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4131:
3995:
3963:
3823:
3658:
3429:
3237:
3227:
3198:
3188:
3172:
3153:
3131:
3121:
3104:
3094:
3048:
3038:
3019:
2998:
2979:
2969:
2952:
2942:
2925:
2915:
2875:
2865:
2839:
2829:
2812:
2802:
2785:
2746:
2691:
2681:
2629:
2541:
2319:
2307:
2145:
1943:
1900:
1873:
1212:
to infinity. Some lenses have markings indicating the hyperfocal range for specific
789:
42:
5600:
5585:
5557:
5548:
5508:
5483:
5456:
5269:
5257:
5007:
4972:
4778:
4728:
4686:
4671:
4654:
4624:
4619:
4263:
4221:
4171:
3933:
3893:
3833:
3688:
3077:
2777:
2734:
2655:
2299:
1723:
1409:
for shallow depths of field. Sometimes, view camera users refer to the difference
1195:
1132:
853:
814:
271:
equation shows that it is the ratio between distance and focal length that affects
27:
Distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that are in focus in an image
4874:
5725:
5615:
5197:
4783:
4691:
4308:
4056:
3938:
3633:
3580:
3575:
3543:
3528:
3486:
3143:
2237:
Near-Invariant Blur for Depth and 2D Motion via Time-Varying Light Field
Analysis
1406:
1272:
751:, sometimes almost at infinity. For example, if photographing a cityscape with a
740:
663:
1053:
5677:
5620:
5538:
5463:
5448:
5325:
5217:
5022:
4977:
4964:
4560:
4386:
4328:
4096:
3777:
3683:
3668:
3558:
3365:
3355:
3345:
2717:
Hopkins, H. H. (1955). "The frequency response of a defocused optical system".
2622:
2223:
1826:
extend between given near and far object distances is the harmonic mean of the
1702:
1677:
is less than the circle of confusion, the detail is within the depth of field.
1128:
857:
784:
480:
is controlled by the lens aperture diameter, which is usually specified as the
121:
Effect of aperture on blur and DOF (Depth of Field). The points in focus (
104:
96:
3284:
3275:—Interactive depth of field calculator with background blur simulation feature
3135:
2879:
1255:
is infinite, so the ratio is 1:∞; as the subject distance decreases, near:far
883:
typically require long exposure times to acquire acceptable image brightness,
752:
117:
5759:
5660:
5493:
5393:
5340:
5330:
5299:
5279:
5252:
5187:
5097:
5012:
4713:
4681:
4666:
4631:
4391:
4236:
4201:
3787:
3760:
3740:
3708:
3653:
3157:
3060:
Stokseth, Per A. (October 1969). "Properties of a Defocused Optical System".
2849:
2789:
2311:
2236:
1687:
1516:
from the subject can be expressed as a function of the subject magnification
1402:
50:
4151:
3255:
3241:
3202:
2983:
2956:
2929:
2885:
2843:
2558:
5730:
5720:
5528:
5478:
5284:
5274:
5212:
5179:
5112:
5065:
4879:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4718:
4604:
4599:
4253:
3973:
3943:
3725:
3720:
3703:
3548:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3108:
3081:
3052:
2816:
2738:
2695:
1712:
1697:
162:
2903:
2303:
2249:
445:
which is the ratio of the lateral image size to the lateral subject size.
72:
37:
5740:
5715:
5695:
5685:
5667:
5655:
5650:
5570:
5543:
5533:
5467:
5373:
5304:
5227:
5192:
5102:
4884:
4748:
4743:
4676:
4589:
4426:
4401:
4231:
4226:
4211:
4066:
3948:
3928:
3797:
3698:
3590:
3553:
3523:
3476:
3444:
3439:
3400:
3321:
2781:
1228:
Zeiss Ikon Contessa with red marks for hyperfocal distance 20 ft at
1120:
884:
868:
821:
813:
Other technologies use a combination of lens design and post-processing:
764:
683:
448:
2703:
Hansma, Paul K. (March–April 1996). "View Camera Focusing in Practice".
2141:
Digital Filmmaking: The Changing Art and Craft of Making Motion Pictures
2056:
5690:
5645:
5595:
5575:
5503:
5345:
5309:
5207:
5160:
5060:
5027:
5002:
4982:
4925:
4396:
4376:
4290:
4280:
4141:
4106:
4081:
4010:
3750:
3735:
3715:
3597:
3533:
3449:
3395:
879:
values.) In general photography this is rarely an issue; because large
671:
3260:
2828:(v. 1.0.3 ed.). Bedford, Nova Scotia: Seaboard Printing Limited.
2527:
Lenses in Photography: The Practical Guide to Optics for Photographers
1892:
1405:
of the near and far distances. In practice, this is equivalent to the
1224:
1198:
wrote in 1951 about the two methods of measuring hyperfocal distance.
1045:
5710:
5635:
5388:
5294:
5289:
5092:
5055:
4997:
4788:
4361:
4323:
4285:
4181:
4071:
3538:
3501:
3496:
3481:
3434:
3417:
793:
503:
For a given size of the subject's image in the focal plane, the same
2864:(v. 1.0 ed.). Bedford, Nova Scotia: Seaboard Printing Limited.
5523:
5262:
5117:
5107:
4381:
4196:
3693:
3623:
3491:
3412:
3407:
2659:
2137:
1537:
1530:
1306:
481:
238:
2889:
2853:
2239:." ACM Transactions on Graphics, Vol. 32, No. 2, Article 13, 2013.
1000:. The point half-way between the 1 m and 2 m marks, the
568:
534:
57:
4421:
3570:
3516:
2518:
1986:"Digital Camera Sensor Sizes: How it Influences Your Photography"
1867:
1097:
804:
This has the added benefit of dramatically reducing motion blur.
602:
3278:
2754:
Kay, Andrew; Mather, Jonathan; Walton, Harry (1 December 2011).
2250:"A simplified unit for making deep-field (scanning) Macrographs"
2024:"The Smaller the Sensor Size, the Shallower Your Depth of Field"
1849:
1792:
Peterson does not give a closed-form expression for the minimum
83:. Notice how much blurrier the background appears in this photo.
5565:
5378:
3968:
3385:
3335:
1777:
Apparent Depth of Field: Practical Use in Landscape Photography
1213:
1116:
100:
3290:
3272:
5037:
4636:
4051:
3511:
2252:. Journal of Biological Photography, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 3-8.
1692:
1201:
1057:
220:{\displaystyle {\text{DOF}}\approx {\frac {2u^{2}Nc}{f^{2}}}}
2444:
1673:
The blur increases with the distance from the subject; when
2939:
The Manual of Photography: Photographic and Digital Imaging
2333:
2165:
981:
without the need for any calculations by the photographer.
2494:
2277:"Introduction to Wavefront Coding for Incoherent Imaging"
2194:
2192:
3263:
Simple depth of field and hyperfocal distance calculator
1886:
636:
Depth of field for different values of aperture using 50
2372:
2350:
2348:
2177:
775:
Some methods and equipment allow altering the apparent
2533:
2506:
2189:
2095:
396:
3281:—Demonstration of varying apertures on depth of field
2263:
Constructing a Scanning Light Photomacrography System
1551:
1453:
1317:
1278:
522:
subject distance, as opposed to constant image size.
476:
For a given subject framing and camera position, the
283:
264:) have a proportionally much smaller depth of field.
173:
3120:(2nd ed.). Feuerthalen, Switzerland: Sinar AG.
2596:
2432:
2396:
2360:
2345:
2042:"Why Does a Small Aperture Increase Depth of Field?"
1775:
Englander describes a similar approach in his paper
820:
The lens design can be changed even more: in colour
656:, or informally, simply as the circle of confusion.
2650:Couzin, Dennis (November 1982). "Depths of Field".
2420:
2204:
730:
229:for a given maximum acceptable circle of confusion
112:
3279:Lens Comparison: Nikon 50mm f/1.4D vs. 50mm f/1.4G
3219:
2755:
2621:
2482:
2408:
2384:
2274:
2119:. University of California Press. 1966. p. 56
1660:
1493:
1391:
948:extends between the distances that align with the
433:
380:
219:
2990:
2275:Mary, D.; Roche, M.; Theys, C.; Aime, C. (2013).
1893:Elizabeth Allen; Sophie Triantaphillidou (2011).
1855:
1432:
5757:
3226:(8th ed.). Hollywood, Cal.: The ASC Press.
3165:Williams, Charles S.; Becklund, Orville (1989).
3164:
2757:"Extended Depth of Field by Colored Apodization"
2450:
1441:and the foreground or background is at distance
646:
2753:
2612:
2339:
3256:Depth of Field in Photography—Beginner's Guide
3118:Creative Large Format: Basics and Applications
1868:Barbara London; Jim Stone; John Upton (2005).
1861:
1811:Journal of the Photographic Society of America
1247:beyond the subject is always greater than the
468:the depth of field (also by the crop factor).
5433:
4941:
3306:
3273:Bokeh simulator and depth of field calculator
3167:Introduction to the Optical Transfer Function
2991:Salvaggio, Nanette; Stroebel, Leslie (2009).
2265:." The McCrone Group (accessed July 7, 2024).
2005:"Sensor Size, Perspective and Depth of Field"
924:Many lenses include scales that indicate the
770:
755:in the foreground, this approach, termed the
3171:Reprinted 2002, Bellingham, WA: SPIE Press,
2676:. Kodak Publication No. N-16. Vol. II:
2539:
2138:Thomas Ohanian and Natalie Phillips (2013).
2089:"photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons"
1753:Strictly, at an exact distance from a plane.
1204:LX focusing dial there is a red dot between
125:) project points onto the image plane (
76:The same scene as above with an aperture of
4858:Conservation and restoration of photographs
3015:Digital Photography for Science (Hardcover)
1938:Hecht, Eugene (2017). "5.2.3 Thin Lenses".
129:), but points at different distances (
5440:
5426:
4948:
4934:
4595:Comparison of digital and film photography
3313:
3299:
3267:photoskop: Interactive Photography Lessons
3185:Image Clarity: High-Resolution Photography
2994:Basic Photographic Materials and Processes
2859:
2823:
2255:
2198:
2171:
471:
4815:Photographs considered the most important
3115:
3062:Journal of the Optical Society of America
2796:
2674:Close-Up Photography and Photomacrography
2546:. London: Sampson Low, Son & Marston.
2524:
2500:
2378:
2183:
2081:
2054:
61:This photo was taken with an aperture of
4955:
3182:
3142:
3088:
3059:
2895:
2438:
2402:
1238:
1223:
1092:
1052:
1044:
871:causes images to lose sharpness at high
792:the 3-dimensional shape of an object, a
161:The depth of field can be determined by
116:
71:
68:, creating a mostly in-focus background.
56:
36:
3032:
3011:
2997:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 110–.
2716:
2556:
2540:Sutton, Thomas; Dawson, George (1867).
2426:
2101:
1899:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 111–.
1494:{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {d} }=|D-s|.}
1149:to infinity, if the lens is focused to
1049:Minox LX camera with hyperfocal red dot
719:is rotated, the near and far limits of
14:
5758:
3217:
2702:
2671:
2649:
2602:
2414:
2390:
2366:
2354:
2055:Reichmann, Michael (13 January 2009).
2021:
1942:(5th ed.). Pearson. p. 172.
1823:
1806:
1284:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1031:
1023:
1001:
974:
956:
945:
933:
925:
909:, but did not discuss its derivation.
876:
863:
780:
776:
724:
720:
716:
709:
705:
698:
694:
690:
620:
586:
552:
508:
497:
489:
477:
461:
452:
272:
268:
146:
5421:
4929:
3294:
3093:(3rd ed.). London: Focal Press.
2968:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Focal Press.
2941:(9th ed.). Oxford: Focal Press.
2619:
2560:Minolta MD Zoom Lenses owner's manual
2529:. Garden City, NY: Garden City Press.
2479:", David M. Jacobson, 26 October 1996
2222:Xiong, Yalin, and Steven A. Shafer. "
2210:
2002:
1962:
1937:
1925:Stanford Computer Graphics Laboratory
1872:(8th ed.). Pearson. p. 58.
1805:The analytical section at the end of
141:. Decreasing the aperture size (
3169:. New York: Wiley. pp. 293–300.
1740:
977:calculators that indicate focus and
434:{\textstyle M_{T}=-{\frac {f}{u-f}}}
5447:
4810:Museums devoted to one photographer
3152:. Leipzig, Germany: B. G. Teubner.
2963:
2936:
2909:
2512:
2488:
1074:. The orange mark corresponding to
677:
24:
4357:Timeline of photography technology
3211:
2799:The Manual of Close-Up Photography
2719:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
2573:
2224:Depth from focusing and defocusing
1644:
1630:
1609:
1590:
1570:
1460:
1377:
1362:
1348:
1336:
1279:Focus and f-number from DOF limits
1174:, the depth of field will be from
1156:, the depth of field will be from
1085:). Focus is acceptable from under
940:. When the lens is set to a given
511:equation by noting that the ratio
25:
5787:
3249:
2022:Vinson, Jason (22 January 2016).
1766:is derived from the focal length.
1309:is smallest when focus is set to
1167:; if the lens is then focused to
838:, whilst the blue channel may be
4908:
4898:
4897:
3287:—A quick explainer video for DOF
3261:Online Depth of Field Calculator
2709:"Available as GIF images on the
2329:from the original on 2022-06-14.
2003:Malan, Francois (6 April 2018).
1142:will hold a depth of field from
1037:This section is an excerpt from
1016:
986:
969:On a view camera, the focus and
731:Object-field calculation methods
601:
567:
533:
113:Factors affecting depth of field
4909:
3320:
3222:American Cinematographer Manual
2902:Available as GIF images on the
2890:http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/
2854:http://www.trenholm.org/hmmerk/
2567:
2550:
2469:
2456:
2268:
2242:
2229:
2216:
2131:
2107:
2067:
2048:
2034:
1822:The focus distance to have the
1816:
1799:
1786:
1769:
1756:
1747:
1262:
928:for a given focus distance and
808:Light Scanning Photomacrography
103:. See also the closely related
32:Depth of field (disambiguation)
2912:Photographic Lenses and Optics
2860:Merklinger, Harold M. (1993).
2824:Merklinger, Harold M. (1992).
2015:
1996:
1978:
1956:
1931:
1913:
1484:
1470:
1433:Foreground and background blur
1026:scale on Tessina focusing dial
654:acceptable circle of confusion
496:are reduced or increasing the
13:
1:
4407:Painted photography backdrops
4339:Golden triangle (composition)
3614:35 mm equivalent focal length
2583:Large Format Photography Info
2340:Kay, Mather & Walton 2011
1856:Salvaggio & Stroebel 2009
1837:
919:
647:Effect of circle of confusion
137:) project blurred images, or
3285:Depth of Field for Beginners
2801:. Garden City, NY: Amphoto.
2628:. New York Graphic Society.
2613:General and cited references
2477:Photographic Lenses Tutorial
2451:Williams & Becklund 1989
1842:
1813:, Vol. 26, No. 6, June 1960.
1437:If a subject is at distance
914:modulation transfer function
464:from the smaller sensor and
99:in an image captured with a
7:
4117:Intentional camera movement
3269:—Interactive depth of field
2966:Applied Photographic Optics
2884:Version 1.6.1 available in
2848:Version 1.03e available in
2543:A Dictionary of Photography
1963:Nasse, H. H. (March 2010).
1680:
10:
5792:
5706:Computer-generated imagery
5248:Unchained camera technique
4805:Most expensive photographs
4162:Multi-exposure HDR capture
3183:Williams, John B. (1990).
3037:. Tucson, AZ: H.P. Books.
3035:SLR Photographers Handbook
2797:Lefkowitz, Lester (1979).
2525:Kingslake, Rudolf (1951).
1965:"Depth of Field and Bokeh"
1715:(very deep depth of field)
1036:
993:Detail from a lens set to
779:, and some even allow the
771:Overcoming DOF limitations
681:
244:, and distance to subject
29:
5676:
5556:
5455:
5411:
5361:
5318:
5240:
5178:
5133:
5126:
5085:
5076:
5036:
4963:
4893:
4850:
4797:
4702:
4645:
4551:
4435:
4347:
4299:
4039:
3806:
3606:
3328:
3218:Hummel, Rob, ed. (2001).
3149:Die optischen Instrumente
3089:Stroebel, Leslie (1976).
2576:"Depth of Field in Depth"
2144:. CRC Press. p. 96.
1896:The Manual of Photography
1762:Notwithstanding that the
1081:is at the infinity mark (
4739:Digital image processing
3012:Savazzi, Enrico (2011).
2248:Root, N. (January 1991)
1507:of a detail at distance
443:transverse magnification
53:on a tilted page of text
5771:Photographic techniques
4412:Photography and the law
3187:. Boston: Focal Press.
3116:Tillmanns, Urs (1997).
2964:Ray, Sidney F. (2002).
2914:. Oxford: Focal Press.
2910:Ray, Sidney F. (1994).
2672:Gibson, H. Lou (1975).
2464:Depth of Field in Depth
2284:EAS Publications Series
2116:Film and Its Techniques
1781:Depth of Field in Depth
1536:, or alternatively the
1503:The blur disk diameter
1283:For given near and far
693:; and depending on the
472:Effect of lens aperture
5776:Science of photography
5499:Dead-character costume
4759:Gelatin silver process
3783:Science of photography
3768:Photographic processes
3746:Perspective distortion
3082:10.1364/JOSA.59.001314
3033:Shipman, Carl (1977).
2739:10.1098/rspa.1955.0158
1734:Perspective distortion
1708:Depth-of-field adapter
1662:
1495:
1393:
1269:paraxial approximation
1235:
1112:
1090:
1050:
763:Other authors such as
435:
382:
221:
150:
84:
69:
54:
51:shallow depth of field
5170:multiple-camera setup
4217:Schlieren photography
3756:Photographic printing
3679:Exposure compensation
3091:View Camera Technique
2620:Adams, Ansel (1980).
1663:
1496:
1394:
1239:Near:far distribution
1227:
1107:at a focal length of
1096:
1056:
1048:
436:
383:
222:
120:
75:
60:
40:
5591:Infrared photography
4957:Cinematic techniques
4001:Straight photography
3639:Chromatic aberration
2782:10.1364/OL.36.004614
2640:Adams, Ansel. 1980.
1549:
1451:
1315:
1218:depth-of-field scale
494:circles of confusion
394:
281:
171:
139:circles of confusion
30:For other uses, see
4868:photographic plates
4553:Digital photography
3731:Hyperfocal distance
3644:Circle of confusion
3074:1969JOSA...59.1314S
2774:2011OptL...36.4614K
2731:1955RSPSA.231...91H
2304:10.1051/eas/1359005
2296:2013EAS....59...77R
1990:Cambridge In Colour
1125:hyperfocal distance
1039:Hyperfocal distance
1032:Hyperfocal distance
864:Diffraction and DOF
757:object field method
749:hyperfocal distance
156:circle of confusion
5766:Geometrical optics
5641:Tilted plane focus
5581:Forced perspective
5489:Costumed character
5474:Air bladder effect
5093:Wide / Long / Full
4372:Autochrome Lumière
4367:Analog photography
4192:Pigeon photography
3981:Social documentary
3460:discontinued films
2515:, p. 230-231.
2061:Luminous Landscape
1729:Numerical aperture
1719:Light-field camera
1658:
1491:
1389:
1236:
1133:fixed-focus camera
1113:
1091:
1051:
852:At the extreme, a
431:
378:
217:
151:
85:
70:
55:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5626:Schüfftan process
5606:Multiple exposure
5519:Prosthetic makeup
5407:
5406:
5384:Freeze-frame shot
5369:Establishing shot
5236:
5235:
5143:Over-the-shoulder
4923:
4922:
4724:Collodion process
4660:Chromogenic print
4647:Color photography
4157:Multiple exposure
4132:Lo-fi photography
3659:Color temperature
3068:(10): 1314–1321.
3025:978-0-557-91133-2
3004:978-0-240-80984-7
2904:Large Format page
2768:(23): 4614–4616.
2711:Large Format page
2707:. pp. 54–57.
2664:Available in PDF
2174:, pp. 49–56.
2091:. April 25, 2015.
1949:978-1-292-09693-3
1906:978-0-240-52037-7
1879:978-0-13-448202-6
1828:object conjugates
1741:Explanatory notes
1653:
1616:
1580:
1384:
449:Image sensor size
429:
365:
314:
287:
215:
177:
16:(Redirected from
5783:
5726:Optical printing
5601:Lighting effects
5586:Front projection
5549:Theatrical blood
5509:Miniature effect
5484:Bullet hit squib
5442:
5435:
5428:
5419:
5418:
5362:Other techniques
5151:
5131:
5130:
5127:Camera placement
5083:
5082:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4927:
4926:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4900:
4779:Print permanence
4729:Cross processing
4687:CMYK color model
4672:Color management
4625:Foveon X3 sensor
4620:Three-CCD camera
4264:Miniature faking
4222:Sabattier effect
3834:Astrophotography
3689:Zebra patterning
3315:
3308:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3245:
3225:
3206:
3170:
3161:
3144:von Rohr, Moritz
3139:
3112:
3085:
3056:
3029:
3008:
2987:
2960:
2933:
2901:
2898:Photo Techniques
2883:
2847:
2820:
2793:
2759:
2750:
2725:(1184): 91–103.
2708:
2705:Photo Techniques
2699:
2678:Photomacrography
2663:
2646:
2627:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2557:Minolta (1985).
2554:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2503:, p. 67-68.
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:Photography Life
2000:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1921:"Depth of field"
1917:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1859:
1858:, pp. 110-.
1853:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1724:Miniature faking
1676:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1444:
1440:
1424:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1325:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1234:
1232:
1216:, also called a
1211:
1207:
1196:Rudolf Kingslake
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
997:
990:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
958:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
908:
903:
898:
894:
882:
878:
874:
854:plenoptic camera
848:
844:
842:
837:
835:
830:
828:
815:Wavefront coding
799:
782:
778:
738:
726:
722:
718:
711:
707:
700:
696:
692:
678:Camera movements
667:
639:
629:
625:
622:
618:
616:
611:
605:
595:
591:
588:
584:
582:
577:
571:
561:
557:
554:
550:
548:
543:
537:
520:
510:
506:
499:
491:
488:) increases the
487:
479:
463:
454:
440:
438:
437:
432:
430:
428:
414:
406:
405:
387:
385:
384:
379:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
364:
363:
351:
325:
324:
319:
315:
307:
288:
285:
274:
270:
267:Rearranging the
263:
258:
254:
247:
243:
236:
232:
226:
224:
223:
218:
216:
214:
213:
204:
197:
196:
183:
178:
175:
148:
82:
80:
67:
65:
47:defocused effect
43:macro photograph
21:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5745:
5672:
5631:Shutter effects
5616:Rear projection
5552:
5451:
5449:Special effects
5446:
5417:
5403:
5357:
5314:
5241:Camera movement
5232:
5223:Worm's-eye view
5174:
5149:
5122:
5072:
5032:
4959:
4954:
4924:
4919:
4889:
4846:
4793:
4784:Push processing
4705:
4698:
4692:RGB color model
4641:
4547:
4431:
4343:
4309:Diagonal method
4295:
4035:
3939:Photojournalism
3802:
3634:Black-and-white
3602:
3581:Slide projector
3576:Movie projector
3455:available films
3324:
3319:
3252:
3234:
3214:
3212:Further reading
3209:
3195:
3128:
3101:
3045:
3026:
3005:
2976:
2949:
2922:
2872:
2836:
2809:
2688:
2636:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2578:
2572:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2538:
2534:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2199:Merklinger 1992
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2172:Merklinger 1993
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1683:
1674:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:, according to
1540:
1533:
1526:
1525:, focal length
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1483:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1407:arithmetic mean
1376:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1305:, the required
1303:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1273:Gaussian optics
1265:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1139:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
994:
991:
978:
970:
961:
960:
949:
941:
937:
929:
922:
906:
901:
896:
892:
880:
872:
866:
846:
840:
839:
833:
832:
831:, green may be
826:
825:
797:
773:
753:traffic bollard
741:Moritz von Rohr
736:
733:
686:
680:
672:16 mm film
665:
649:
644:
643:
642:
641:
637:
633:
632:
631:
627:
623:
614:
613:
609:
606:
598:
597:
593:
589:
580:
579:
575:
572:
564:
563:
559:
555:
546:
545:
541:
538:
512:
504:
485:
474:
418:
413:
401:
397:
395:
392:
391:
372:
359:
355:
350:
343:
339:
338:
320:
306:
302:
301:
284:
282:
279:
278:
261:
256:
252:
245:
241:
234:
233:, focal length
230:
209:
205:
192:
188:
184:
182:
174:
172:
169:
168:
115:
78:
77:
63:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5789:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5693:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5621:Reverse motion
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5539:Matte painting
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5464:Aerial rigging
5461:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5445:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5336:Depth of field
5333:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:Point-of-view
5145:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5048:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4930:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4906:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4561:Digital camera
4557:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:Camera obscura
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4329:Rule of thirds
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:Harris shutter
4094:
4092:Hand-colouring
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Red-eye effect
3775:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Exposure value
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Depth of focus
3666:
3664:Depth of field
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3251:
3250:External links
3248:
3247:
3246:
3232:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3193:
3180:
3162:
3140:
3126:
3113:
3099:
3086:
3057:
3043:
3030:
3024:
3009:
3003:
2988:
2974:
2961:
2947:
2934:
2920:
2907:
2893:
2870:
2857:
2834:
2821:
2807:
2794:
2762:Optics Letters
2751:
2714:
2700:
2686:
2669:
2660:10.5594/J00204
2647:
2634:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2574:Conrad, Jeff.
2566:
2549:
2532:
2517:
2505:
2501:Tillmanns 1997
2493:
2491:, p. 315.
2481:
2468:
2466:", Jeff Conrad
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2379:Lefkowitz 1979
2371:
2359:
2344:
2332:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2235:Bando et al. "
2228:
2215:
2203:
2188:
2184:Tillmanns 1997
2176:
2164:
2150:
2130:
2106:
2104:, p. 109.
2094:
2080:
2075:"Ken Rockwell"
2066:
2047:
2044:. 18 May 2012.
2033:
2014:
1995:
1977:
1972:Zeiss Lenspire
1955:
1948:
1930:
1912:
1905:
1885:
1878:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1815:
1798:
1785:
1768:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1703:Depth of focus
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1521:
1512:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1434:
1431:
1421:
1414:
1388:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1301:
1292:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1261:
1240:
1237:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1013:
992:
985:
921:
918:
865:
862:
858:4D light field
785:focus stacking
772:
769:
732:
729:
679:
676:
648:
645:
635:
634:
607:
600:
599:
573:
566:
565:
539:
532:
531:
530:
529:
528:
473:
470:
467:
458:
427:
424:
421:
417:
412:
409:
404:
400:
375:
370:
362:
358:
354:
349:
346:
342:
337:
334:
331:
328:
323:
318:
313:
310:
305:
300:
297:
294:
291:
212:
208:
203:
200:
195:
191:
187:
181:
114:
111:
106:depth of focus
89:depth of field
26:
18:Depth-of-field
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5788:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5661:Speed ramping
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Creature suit
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5438:
5436:
5431:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5300:Walk and talk
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5066:Sound effects
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4916:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4820:Photographers
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:Bleach bypass
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:primary color
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Reversal film
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Image sharing
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:United States
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Daguerreotype
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Stopping down
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Rephotography
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Long-exposure
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Architectural
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Shutter speed
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Metering mode
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Color balance
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:Angle of view
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Manufacturers
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3233:0-935578-15-3
3229:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3215:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3194:0-240-80033-8
3190:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3177:0-8194-4336-0
3174:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3127:3-7231-0030-9
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3100:0-240-50901-3
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3044:0-912656-59-X
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2975:0-240-51540-4
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2948:0-240-51574-9
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:0-240-51387-8
2917:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2871:0-9695025-2-4
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2835:0-9695025-0-8
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2808:0-8174-2456-3
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2687:0-87985-160-0
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2654:: 1096–1098.
2653:
2652:SMPTE Journal
2648:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2635:9780821210925
2631:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2605:, p. 55.
2604:
2599:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2439:Stokseth 1969
2435:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2403:Peterson 1996
2399:
2392:
2387:
2381:, p. 84.
2380:
2375:
2369:, p. 53.
2368:
2363:
2357:, p. 64.
2356:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2225:
2219:
2213:, p. 51.
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2186:, p. 71.
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2153:
2151:9781136053542
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1974:(Whitepaper).
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1829:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1807:Gibson (1975)
1802:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Angle of view
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1655:
1650:
1639:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1577:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1520:
1511:
1501:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1455:
1446:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1403:harmonic mean
1399:
1386:
1372:
1368:
1357:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:Thomas Sutton
1189:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1019:
1014:
989:
984:
983:
982:
967:
953:
917:
915:
910:
889:
886:
870:
861:
859:
855:
850:
823:
818:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
795:
791:
786:
768:
766:
761:
758:
754:
750:
744:
742:
728:
713:
702:
685:
675:
673:
669:
660:
657:
655:
604:
570:
536:
527:
523:
519:
515:
501:
495:
483:
469:
465:
456:
450:
446:
444:
425:
422:
419:
415:
410:
407:
402:
398:
388:
373:
368:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
340:
335:
332:
329:
326:
321:
316:
311:
308:
303:
298:
295:
292:
289:
276:
265:
249:
240:
227:
210:
206:
201:
198:
193:
189:
185:
179:
166:
164:
159:
157:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
110:
108:
107:
102:
98:
94:
90:
74:
59:
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
5736:Split screen
5731:Smallgantics
5721:Match moving
5529:Pyrotechnics
5479:Animatronics
5335:
5319:Lens effects
5180:Camera angle
5168: /
5051:Non-diegetic
4880:Polaroid art
4774:K-14 process
4769:Instant film
4764:Gum printing
4719:C-41 process
4704:Photographic
4605:Image sensor
4600:Film scanner
4254:Sun printing
4187:Print toning
3974:space selfie
3944:Pictorialism
3874:Ethnographic
3854:Conservation
3726:Guide number
3721:Focal length
3663:
3221:
3184:
3166:
3148:
3117:
3090:
3065:
3061:
3034:
3018:. Lulu.com.
3014:
2993:
2965:
2938:
2911:
2897:
2861:
2825:
2798:
2765:
2761:
2722:
2718:
2704:
2677:
2673:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2623:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2569:
2563:. p. 9.
2559:
2552:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2471:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2427:Hopkins 1955
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2335:
2287:
2283:
2270:
2261:Clarke, T. "
2257:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2206:
2179:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2140:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2115:
2109:
2102:Savazzi 2011
2097:
2083:
2069:
2060:
2050:
2036:
2027:
2017:
2008:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1958:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1895:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1851:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1801:
1788:
1771:
1758:
1749:
1713:Frazier lens
1698:Camera angle
1672:
1669:
1545:
1518:
1509:
1502:
1447:
1436:
1427:focus spread
1426:
1418:
1411:
1400:
1311:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1266:
1263:DOF formulae
1242:
1217:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1114:
1089:to infinity.
968:
954:
923:
911:
890:
867:
851:
819:
812:
806:
802:
774:
762:
756:
745:
734:
714:
703:
687:
661:
658:
650:
524:
517:
513:
502:
475:
447:
389:
277:
266:
250:
228:
167:
163:focal length
160:
152:
142:
134:
130:
126:
122:
105:
92:
88:
86:
45:showing the
5741:Stop motion
5716:Introvision
5696:Compositing
5686:Bullet time
5668:Stop motion
5656:Slow motion
5651:Fast motion
5596:Lens flares
5571:Bullet time
5544:Sugar glass
5534:Rubber mask
5468:wire-flying
5374:Master shot
5228:Dutch angle
5138:Perspective
4885:Stereoscopy
4749:E-6 process
4744:Dye coupler
4677:color space
4590:Digiscoping
4583:camera back
4498:Philippines
4427:Visual arts
4417:Glass plate
4402:Heliography
4301:Composition
4276:Ultraviolet
4232:Stereoscopy
4227:Slow motion
4212:Scanography
4127:Kite aerial
4067:Contre-jour
3959:Post-mortem
3949:Pornography
3929:Neues Sehen
3864:Documentary
3798:Zone System
3773:Reciprocity
3699:Film format
3629:Backscatter
3607:Terminology
3477:beauty dish
3376:rangefinder
3341:light-field
3322:Photography
2603:Hansma 1996
2588:10 February
2415:Couzin 1982
2391:Hansma 1996
2367:Gibson 1975
2355:Gibson 1975
2157:24 February
2123:24 February
1870:Photography
1121:photography
1109:100 mm
885:motion blur
869:Diffraction
822:apodization
790:reconstruct
765:Ansel Adams
760:paramount.
684:View camera
5760:Categories
5691:Chroma key
5646:Time-lapse
5611:Filtration
5576:Dolly zoom
5504:Kitbashing
5310:Dolly zoom
5208:Crane shot
5203:Bird's-eye
5198:High-angle
5086:Field size
5061:Film score
5003:Lens flare
4973:Background
4875:Lomography
4706:processing
4655:Print film
4571:comparison
4538:Uzbekistan
4488:Luxembourg
4448:Bangladesh
4397:Dufaycolor
4377:Box camera
4334:Simplicity
4291:Zoom burst
4286:Xerography
4281:Vignetting
4271:Time-lapse
4259:Tilt–shift
4152:Mordançage
4142:Luminogram
4107:Holography
4102:High-speed
4082:Fill flash
4062:Burst mode
4040:Techniques
4021:Vernacular
4016:Underwater
4011:Toy camera
3991:Still life
3919:Monochrome
3909:High-speed
3859:Cloudscape
3849:Conceptual
3751:Photograph
3736:Lens flare
3716:Film speed
3598:Zone plate
3544:wide-angle
3529:long-focus
3136:1193525959
2880:1072495227
2642:The Camera
2624:The Camera
2211:Adams 1980
1838:References
1087:0.7 m
1004:limits at
952:markings.
920:DOF scales
682:See also:
390:Note that
5711:Go motion
5636:Slit-scan
5558:In-camera
5457:Practical
5389:Long take
5295:SnorriCam
5290:Steadicam
5270:Hand-held
5218:Low-angle
5056:Narration
5018:Rembrandt
4825:Norwegian
4789:Stop bath
4734:Developer
4362:Ambrotype
4324:Lead room
4247:Slit-scan
4182:Photogram
4177:Panoramic
4087:Fireworks
4072:Cyanotype
3914:Landscape
3559:telephoto
3507:reflector
3502:monolight
3497:lens hood
3482:cucoloris
3418:safelight
3329:Equipment
3158:750993595
2790:0146-9592
2747:121289809
2320:120502243
2312:1633-4760
2290:: 77–92.
2028:Fstoppers
1843:Citations
1601:±
1478:−
938:f-numbers
881:f-numbers
873:f-numbers
856:captures
847:f-numbers
794:depth map
715:When the
423:−
411:−
348:−
290:≈
180:≈
5524:Puppetry
5394:One-shot
5280:Tracking
5263:Whip pan
5213:Jib shot
5118:Two shot
5108:Close-up
5098:American
5078:Shooting
5046:Diegetic
4993:High-key
4965:Lighting
4904:Category
4610:CMOS APS
4508:Slovenia
4436:Regional
4382:Calotype
4319:Headroom
4197:Redscale
4112:Infrared
4057:Brenizer
4031:Wildlife
3954:Portrait
3899:Forensic
3889:Fine-art
3824:Aircraft
3814:Abstract
3694:F-number
3674:Exposure
3649:Clipping
3624:Aperture
3492:hot shoe
3413:enlarger
3408:Darkroom
3242:49686312
3203:19514912
3146:(1906).
2984:47868399
2957:44267873
2930:31648843
2900:: 51–53.
2844:23651332
2513:Ray 1994
2489:Ray 1994
2324:Archived
1794:f-number
1764:f-number
1681:See also
1538:aperture
1531:f-number
1417:−
1307:f-number
1210:2 m
1206:2 m
979:f-number
971:f-number
950:f-number
942:f-number
930:f-number
907:f-number
902:f-number
897:f-number
893:f-number
737:f-number
608:Aperture
574:Aperture
540:Aperture
505:f-number
486:f-number
482:f-number
466:increase
457:decrease
451:affects
257:f-number
253:f-number
239:f-number
5700:digital
5698: (
5566:Bipacks
5513:hanging
5511: (
5466: (
5353:Zooming
5341:Shallow
5331:Racking
5258:Panning
5253:Tilting
5156:Reverse
5113:Italian
5008:Low-key
4915:Outline
4851:Related
4543:Vietnam
4528:Ukraine
4463:Denmark
4443:Albania
4422:Tintype
4349:History
4314:Framing
4207:Rollout
4172:Panning
4122:Kirlian
4026:Wedding
3904:Glamour
3884:Fashion
3869:Eclipse
3839:Banquet
3761:Albumen
3571:Monopod
3549:fisheye
3517:softbox
3366:pinhole
3356:instant
3346:digital
3109:3856606
3070:Bibcode
3053:3403925
2817:4883084
2770:Bibcode
2727:Bibcode
2696:1991448
2292:Bibcode
1425:as the
1287:limits
1214:f-stops
1188:, etc.
1098:Minolta
441:is the
5678:Visual
5399:Insert
5379:B-roll
5305:Follow
5193:Aerial
5166:Single
5103:Medium
4913:
4902:
4835:street
4830:Polish
4523:Turkey
4518:Taiwan
4503:Serbia
4493:Norway
4468:Greece
4453:Canada
4047:Afocal
4006:Street
3986:Sports
3969:Selfie
3924:Nature
3879:Erotic
3844:Candid
3819:Aerial
3807:Genres
3709:medium
3586:Tripod
3554:swivel
3467:Filter
3445:holder
3440:format
3336:Camera
3240:
3230:
3201:
3191:
3175:
3156:
3134:
3124:
3107:
3097:
3051:
3041:
3022:
3001:
2982:
2972:
2955:
2945:
2928:
2918:
2878:
2868:
2842:
2832:
2815:
2805:
2788:
2745:
2694:
2684:
2666:online
2632:
2318:
2310:
2148:
2057:"DOF2"
1946:
1940:Optics
1903:
1876:
1117:optics
944:, the
798:
666:
638:
628:
626:= 12.4
624:
610:
594:
590:
576:
560:
556:
542:
101:camera
5326:Focus
5285:Dolly
5275:Shaky
5161:Trunk
5150:(POV)
5038:Sound
5023:Stage
4988:Flood
4978:Cameo
4840:women
4798:Lists
4754:Fixer
4637:Pixel
4566:D-SLR
4513:Sudan
4483:Korea
4478:Japan
4473:India
4458:China
4242:Strip
4167:Night
4147:Macro
4052:Bokeh
3996:Stock
3964:Ruins
3704:large
3534:prime
3512:snoot
3472:Flash
3450:stock
3425:Drone
3386:still
3371:press
3361:phone
3351:field
2743:S2CID
2579:(PDF)
2327:(PDF)
2316:S2CID
2280:(PDF)
1968:(PDF)
1693:Bokeh
1202:Minox
1129:focus
1060:28mm
1058:Nikon
592:= 2.2
558:= 0.8
97:focus
49:of a
5346:Deep
5188:Tilt
5028:Soft
5013:Mood
4983:Fill
4863:film
4578:MILC
4077:ETTR
3934:Nude
3894:Fire
3793:Sync
3591:head
3539:zoom
3524:Lens
3487:gobo
3435:base
3430:Film
3401:view
3238:OCLC
3228:ISBN
3199:OCLC
3189:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3154:OCLC
3132:OCLC
3122:ISBN
3105:OCLC
3095:ISBN
3049:OCLC
3039:ISBN
3020:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2980:OCLC
2970:ISBN
2953:OCLC
2943:ISBN
2926:OCLC
2916:ISBN
2876:OCLC
2866:ISBN
2840:OCLC
2830:ISBN
2813:OCLC
2803:ISBN
2786:ISSN
2692:OCLC
2682:ISBN
2630:ISBN
2590:2023
2308:ISSN
2159:2016
2146:ISBN
2125:2016
1944:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1401:the
1296:and
1243:The
1119:and
1065:/2.8
843:/5.6
836:/2.4
829:/2.4
662:For
583:/4.0
549:/1.4
133:and
87:The
81:/1.8
4998:Key
4615:CCD
3396:toy
3391:TLR
3381:SLR
3078:doi
2888:at
2886:PDF
2852:at
2850:PDF
2778:doi
2735:doi
2723:231
2656:doi
2300:doi
1824:DOF
1285:DOF
1271:of
1257:DOF
1253:DOF
1249:DOF
1245:DOF
1181:to
1163:to
1115:In
1105:/32
1079:/22
1072:/22
1024:DOF
1009:/11
1002:DOF
998:/11
975:DOF
964:/11
957:DOF
946:DOF
934:DOF
926:DOF
877:DOF
781:DOF
777:DOF
725:POF
721:DOF
717:POF
710:POF
706:DOF
699:DOF
695:DOF
691:POF
621:DOF
617:/22
587:DOF
553:DOF
509:DOF
498:DOF
490:DOF
478:DOF
462:DOF
453:DOF
286:DOF
273:DOF
269:DOF
176:DOF
158:".
147:DOF
93:DOF
66:/22
5762::
3236:.
3197:.
3130:.
3103:.
3076:.
3066:59
3064:.
3047:.
2978:.
2951:.
2924:.
2874:.
2838:.
2811:.
2784:.
2776:.
2766:36
2764:.
2760:.
2741:.
2733:.
2721:.
2713:".
2690:.
2638:.
2581:.
2347:^
2322:.
2314:.
2306:.
2298:.
2288:59
2286:.
2282:.
2191:^
2059:.
2026:.
2007:.
1988:.
1970:.
1923:.
1529:,
1429:.
1233:/8
1186:/2
1179:/4
1172:/3
1161:/3
1154:/2
1147:/2
1123:,
966:.
916:.
849:.
739:.
727:.
668:mm
664:35
630:cm
619:.
612:=
596:cm
585:.
578:=
562:cm
551:.
544:=
500:.
275:;
248:.
237:,
109:.
41:A
5702:)
5515:)
5470:)
5441:e
5434:t
5427:v
4949:e
4942:t
4935:v
3314:e
3307:t
3300:v
3244:.
3205:.
3179:.
3160:.
3138:.
3111:.
3084:.
3080::
3072::
3055:.
3028:.
3007:.
2986:.
2959:.
2932:.
2906:.
2892:.
2882:.
2856:.
2846:.
2819:.
2792:.
2780::
2772::
2749:.
2737::
2729::
2698:.
2668:.
2662:.
2658::
2644:.
2592:.
2475:"
2462:"
2453:.
2441:.
2429:.
2417:.
2405:.
2393:.
2342:.
2302::
2294::
2201:.
2161:.
2127:.
2077:.
2063:.
2030:.
2011:.
1992:.
1952:.
1927:.
1909:.
1882:.
1783:.
1675:b
1656:.
1651:D
1645:d
1640:x
1631:s
1626:m
1622:d
1619:=
1610:d
1605:x
1598:s
1591:d
1586:x
1578:N
1571:s
1566:m
1562:f
1556:=
1553:b
1541:d
1534:N
1527:f
1522:s
1519:m
1513:d
1510:x
1505:b
1489:.
1485:|
1481:s
1475:D
1471:|
1467:=
1461:d
1456:x
1443:D
1439:s
1422:F
1419:v
1415:N
1412:v
1387:,
1378:F
1373:D
1369:+
1363:N
1358:D
1349:F
1344:D
1337:N
1332:D
1328:2
1322:=
1319:s
1302:F
1299:D
1293:N
1290:D
1231:f
1220:.
1184:H
1177:H
1170:H
1165:H
1159:H
1152:H
1145:H
1140:H
1111:.
1103:f
1083:∞
1077:f
1070:f
1063:f
1041:.
1007:f
996:f
962:f
841:f
834:f
827:f
615:f
581:f
547:f
518:f
516:/
514:u
426:f
420:u
416:f
408:=
403:T
399:M
374:2
369:)
361:T
357:M
353:1
345:1
341:(
336:c
333:N
330:2
327:=
322:2
317:)
312:f
309:u
304:(
299:c
296:N
293:2
262:u
246:u
242:N
235:f
231:c
211:2
207:f
202:c
199:N
194:2
190:u
186:2
154:"
149:.
143:4
135:3
131:1
127:5
123:2
91:(
79:f
64:f
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
