197:. Bone remodelling is a biomechanical process responsible for making bones stronger in response to sustained load-bearing activity and weaker in the absence of carrying a load. Bones are made of cells called osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Two different kinds of bone resorption are possible: direct resorption, which starts from the lining cells of the alveolar bone, and indirect or retrograde resorption, which occurs when the periodontal ligament has been subjected to an excessive amount and duration of compressive stress. Another important factor associated with tooth movement is bone deposition. Bone deposition occurs in the distracted periodontal ligament. Without bone deposition, the tooth will loosen, and voids will occur distal to the direction of tooth movement.
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317:, moulds, and impressions are made. These records are analyzed to determine the problems and the proper course of action. The use of digital models is rapidly increasing in the orthodontic industry. Digital treatment starts with the creation of a three-dimensional digital model of the patient's arches. This model is produced by laser-scanning plaster models created using dental impressions. Computer-automated treatment simulation has the ability to automatically separate the gums and teeth from one another and can handle malocclusions well; this software enables clinicians to ensure, in a virtual setting, that the selected treatment will produce the optimal outcome, with minimal user input.
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researchers concluded that functional appliances used to harness natural forces (such as improving the alignment of bites) do not usually have major effects on the gum after treatment. However, fixed appliances such as braces, which most people get, can result in visible plaque, visible inflammation, and gum recession in a majority of the patients. The formation of plaques around the teeth of patients with braces is almost inevitable regardless of plaque control and can result in mild gingivitis. But if someone with braces does not clean their teeth carefully, plaques will form, leading to more severe gingivitis and gum recession.
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there is a reduction in the blood supply to the fibres that attach the tooth to the surrounding bone. This reduction in blood supply results in inflammation and the release of several chemical factors, which stimulate the pain response. Orthodontic pain can be managed using pharmacological interventions, which involve the use of analgesics applied locally or systemically. These analgesics are divided into four main categories, including opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol and local anesthesia. The first three of these analgesics are commonly taken systemically to reduce orthodontic pain.
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welded to bands, which is a metal ring that fits onto the molar tooth. Directly bonded molar tubes are associated with a higher failure rate when compared to molar bands cemented with glass ionomer cement. Failure of orthodontic brackets, bonded tubes or bands will increase the overall treatment time for the patient. There is evidence suggesting that there is less enamel decalcification associated with molar bands cemented with glass ionomer cement compared with orthodontic tubes directly cemented to molars using a light cured adhesive. Further evidence is needed to withdraw a more robust conclusion due to limited data.
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right amount of time, the teeth may move towards their previous position. For regular braces, Hawley retainers are used. They are made of metal hooks that surround the teeth and are enclosed by an acrylic plate shaped to fit the patient's palate. For Clear
Removable braces, an Essix retainer is used. This is similar to the original aligner; it is a clear plastic tray that is firmly fitted to the teeth and stays in place without a plate fitted to the palate. There is also a bonded retainer where a wire is permanently bonded to the lingual side of the teeth, usually the lower teeth only.
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693:(NASA) made an alloy of nickel and titanium called Nitinol to be utilized for solar panels and antennas on their satellites. In 1979, Dr. George Andreasen developed a new method of fixing braces with the use of the Nitinol wires because they had super-elasticity. Andreasen used the wire on some patients and later found out that he could use it for the entire treatment. Andreasen then began using the nitinol wires for all his treatments and as a result, dental doctor visits were reduced, the cost of dental treatment was reduced, and patients reported less discomfort.
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674:, such as Class I, Class II, and so on. His classification system is still used today as a way for dentists to describe how crooked teeth are, what way teeth are pointing, and how teeth fit together. Angle contributed greatly to the design of orthodontic and dental appliances, making many simplifications. He founded the first school and college of orthodontics, organized the American Society of Orthodontia in 1901 which became the
236:(also known as rubber bands) holding the wire onto the metal brackets. The second-most common type of braces is self-ligating braces, which have a built-in system to secure the archwire to the brackets and do not require elastic ties. Instead, the wire goes through the bracket. Often with this type of braces, treatment time is reduced, there is less pain on the teeth, and fewer adjustments are required than with traditional braces.
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466:, typically for 12 to 18 months depending on the severity of the overbite, how much it is worn and what growth stage the patient is in. Typically the prescribed daily wear time will be between 14 and 16 hours a day and is frequently used as a post-primary treatment phase to maintain the position of the jaw and arch. Headgear can be used during the night while the patient sleeps.
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exercise time in applying the force to the appliance. If a person's teeth are not ready for a proper retainer the orthodontist may prescribe the use of a preformed finishing appliance such as the pre-finisher. This appliance fixes gaps between the teeth, small spaces between the upper and lower jaw, and other minor problems.
396:). When braces put pressure on one's teeth, the periodontal membrane stretches on one side and is compressed on the other. This movement needs to be done slowly or otherwise, the patient risks losing their teeth. This is why braces are worn as long as they are and adjustments are only made every so often.
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The pre-finisher is moulded to the patient's teeth by use of extreme pressure on the appliance by the person's jaw. The product is then worn a certain amount of time with the user applying force to the appliance in their mouth for 10 to 15 seconds at a time. The goal of the process is to increase the
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or other dental works make securing a bracket to a tooth infeasible. Orthodontic tubes (stainless steel tubes that allow wires to pass through them), also known as molar tubes, are directly bonded to molar teeth either by a chemical curing or a light curing adhesive. Usually, molar tubes are directly
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The application of braces moves the teeth as a result of force and pressure on the teeth. There are traditionally four basic elements used: brackets, bonding material, arch wire, and ligature elastic (also called an "O-ring"). The teeth move when the arch wire puts pressure on the brackets and teeth.
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or alternatively a gum lift, to prepare their teeth for retainer use and improve the gumline contours after the braces come off. After braces treatment, patients can use a transparent plate to keep the teeth in alignment for a certain period of time. After treatment, patients usually use transparent
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first recorded the treatment of teeth by finger pressure. Unfortunately, due to a lack of evidence, poor preservation of bodies, and primitive technology, little research was carried out on dental braces until around the 17th century, although dentistry was making great advancements as a profession
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following fitting and activation of fixed orthodontic braces is very common and several methods have been suggested to tackle this. Pain associated with orthodontic treatment increases in proportion to the amount of force that is applied to the teeth. When a force is applied to a tooth via a brace,
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buried their dead with dental appliances in place to maintain space and prevent the collapse of the teeth during the afterlife. A Roman tomb was found with a number of teeth bound with gold wire documented as a ligature wire, a small elastic wire that is used to affix the arch wire to the bracket.
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A Cochrane Review in 2017 evaluated the pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment. The study concluded that there was moderate-quality evidence that analgesics reduce the pain associated with orthodontic treatment. However, due to a lack of evidence, it was unclear
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Facebow: the facebow (or J-Hooks) is fitted with a metal arch onto headgear tubes attached to the rear upper and lower molars. This facebow then extends out of the mouth and around the patient's face. J-Hooks are different in that they hook into the patient's mouth and attach directly to the brace
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Although teeth and palate straightening and/or pulling were used to improve the alignment of remaining teeth and had been practised since early times, orthodontics, as a science of its own, did not really exist until the mid-19th century. Several important dentists helped to advance dental braces
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are worn once the treatment is complete. Retainers help in maintaining and stabilizing the position of teeth long enough to permit the reorganization of the supporting structures after the active phase of orthodontic therapy. If the patient does not wear the retainer appropriately and/or for the
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The fitting process can vary between different types of braces, though there are similarities such as the initial steps of moulding the teeth before application. For example, with clear braces, impressions of a patient's teeth are evaluated to create a series of trays, which fit to the patient's
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Brackets with hooks can be placed, or hooks can be created and affixed to the arch wire to affix rubber bands. The placement and configuration of the rubber bands will depend on the course of treatment and the individual patient. Rubber bands are made in different diameters, colours, sizes, and
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Modern orthodontics makes frequent use of nickel-titanium archwires and temperature-sensitive materials. When cold, the archwire is limp and flexible, easily threaded between brackets of any configuration. Once heated to body temperature, the arch wire will stiffen and seek to retain its shape,
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Teeth to be braced will have an adhesive applied to help the cement bond to the surface of the tooth. In most cases, the teeth will be banded and then brackets will be added. A bracket will be applied with dental cement, and then cured with light until hardened. This process usually takes a few
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Braces are typically adjusted every three to six weeks. This helps shift the teeth into the correct position. When they get adjusted, the orthodontist removes the coloured or metal ligatures keeping the arch wire in place. The arch wire is then removed and may be replaced or modified. When the
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A group of dental researchers, Fatma Boke, Cagri
Gazioglu, Selvi Akkaya, and Murat Akkaya, conducted a study titled "Relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health." The results indicated that some orthodontist treatments result in gingivitis, also known as gum disease. The
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In many cases, there is insufficient space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly. There are two main procedures to make room in these cases. One is extraction: teeth are removed to create more space. The second is expansion, in which the palate or arch is made larger by using a
678:(AAO) in the 1930s, and founded the first orthodontic journal in 1907. Other innovations in orthodontics in the late 19th and early 20th centuries included the first textbook on orthodontics for children, published by J.J. Guilford in 1889, and the use of rubber elastics, pioneered by
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whether systemic NSAIDs were more effective than paracetamol, and whether topical NSAIDs were more effective than local anaesthesia in the reduction of pain associated with orthodontic treatment. More high-quality research is required to investigate these particular comparisons.
380:. Expanders can be used with both children and adults. Since the bones of adults are already fused, expanding the palate is not possible without surgery to separate them. An expander can be used on an adult without surgery but would be used to expand the
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Head cap: the head cap typically consists of one or a number of straps fitting around the patient's head. This is attached with elastic bands or springs to the facebow. Additional straps and attachments are used to ensure comfort and safety (see
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introduced the wire crib, which marked the birth of contemporary orthodontics, and gum elastics were first employed by
Maynard in 1843. Tucker was the first to cut rubber bands from rubber tubing in 1850. Dentist, writer, artist, and sculptor
309:—malalignments of the teeth, jaws, or both. A dentist must complete 2–3 years of additional post-doctoral training to earn a specialty certificate in orthodontics. There are many general practitioners who also provide orthodontic services.
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Sometimes children and teenage patients, and occasionally adults, are required to wear a headgear appliance as part of the primary treatment phase to keep certain teeth from moving (for more detail on headgear and facemask appliances see
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archwire has been placed back into the mouth, the patient may choose a colour for the new elastic ligatures, which are then affixed to the metal brackets. The adjusting process may cause some discomfort to the patient, which is normal.
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Eslamian L, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Edini HZ, Badiee MR, Lynch E, Mortazavi A (September 2013). "The analgesic effect of benzocaine mucoadhesive patches on orthodontic pain caused by elastomeric separators, a preliminary study".
625:, which also dedicated a chapter to tooth alignment and application. He perfected the "Bandeau" and was the first dentist on record to recommend extraction of the premolar teeth to alleviate crowding and improve jaw growth.
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The first step is to determine whether braces are suitable for the patient. The doctor consults with the patient and inspects the teeth visually. If braces are appropriate, a records appointment is set up where
232:(also known as "train track braces") are stainless-steel and are sometimes used in combination with titanium. Traditional metal braces are the most common type of braces. These braces have a metal bracket with
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contemplated ways to straighten teeth and fix various dental conditions. Archaeologists have discovered numerous mummified ancient individuals with what appear to be metal bands wrapped around their teeth.
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Braces apply constant pressure which, over time, moves teeth into the desired positions. The process loosens the tooth after which new bone grows to support the tooth in its new position. This is called
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may be used to gradually move teeth into their final positions. Aligners are generally not used for complex orthodontic cases, such as when extractions, jaw surgery, or palate expansion are necessary.
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combine high technology including 3-D imaging, treatment planning software and a robot to custom bend the wire. Customized systems such as this offer faster treatment times and more efficient results.
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mouth almost like a protective mouthpiece. With some forms of braces, the brackets are placed in a special form that is customized to the patient's mouth, drastically reducing the application time.
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resemble stainless-steel braces but are lighter and just as strong. People with allergies to nickel in steel often choose titanium braces, but they are more expensive than stainless steel braces.
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Eslamian L, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Hassanzadeh-Azhiri A, Badiee MR, Fekrazad R (March 2014). "The effect of 810-nm low-level laser therapy on pain caused by orthodontic elastomeric separators".
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on methods of straightening teeth. Fauchard, in his practice, used a device called a "Bandeau", a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that helped expand the palate. In 1754, another French dentist,
534:. Only in a few cases is this side effect large enough to be considered real clinical damage to the tooth. In rare cases, the teeth may fall out or have to be extracted due to root resorption.
352:. Ligatures are available in a wide variety of colours, and the patient can choose which colour they like. Arch wires are bent, shaped, and tightened frequently to achieve the desired results.
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Artun J, Smale I, Behbehani F, Doppel D, Van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM (November 2005). "Apical root resorption six and 12 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy".
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Attachment: typically consisting of rubber bands, elastics, or springs—joins the facebow or J-Hooks and the head cap together, providing the force to move the upper teeth, jaw backwards.
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plates for 6 months. In patients with long and difficult treatment, a fixative wire is attached to the back of the teeth to prevent the teeth from returning to their original state.
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The headgear application is one of the most useful appliances available to the orthodontist when looking to correct a Class II malocclusion. See more details in the section
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568:, a type of cord made from the natural fibres of an animal's intestines, performed a similar role to today's orthodontic wire in closing gaps in the teeth and mouth.
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braces are often employed for patients allergic to nickel (a basic and important component of stainless steel), but may also be chosen for aesthetic reasons.
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1201:"A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with a standard edgewise and a straight-wire edgewise technique"
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to make room for molar bands to be placed at a later date. Molar bands are required to ensure brackets will stick. Bands are also utilized when
176:. Braces can be either cosmetic or structural. Dental braces are often used in conjunction with other orthodontic appliances to help widen the
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Orthodontic services may be provided by any licensed dentist trained in orthodontics. In North
America, most orthodontic treatment is done by
788:
Robling, Alexander G.; Castillo, Alesha B; Turner, Charles H. (April 3, 2006). "Biochemical and
Molecular Regulation of Bone Remodeling".
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and help position them with regard to a person's bite, while also aiming to improve dental health. They are often used to correct
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are a cosmetic alternative in which custom-made braces are bonded to the back of the teeth making them externally invisible.
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Hawley retainers are the most common type of retainers. This picture shows retainers for the top and bottom of the mouth.
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Typical treatment times vary from six months to two and a half years depending on the complexity and types of problems.
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Toledo SR, Oliveira ID, Okamoto OK, Zago MA, de Seixas Alves MT, Filho RJ, et al. (September 2010).
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The dental displacement obtained with the orthodontic appliance determines in most cases some degree of
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Wahl N (February 2005). "Orthodontics in 3 millennia. Chapter 1: Antiquity to the mid-19th century".
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Saxe, Alana K.; Louie, Lenore J.; Mah, James (2010). "Efficiency and effectiveness of SureSmile".
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Today, space age wires (also known as dental arch wires) are used to tighten braces. In 1959, the
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Headgear needs to be worn between 12 and 22 hours each day to be effective in correcting the
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Orthodontics truly began developing in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1669, French dentist
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According to scholars and historians, braces date back to ancient times. Around 400–300 BC,
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may be required to spread apart back teeth in order to create enough space for the bands.
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strengths. They are also typically available in two versions: Coloured or clear/opaque.
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976:"Relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health: A retrospective study"
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613:, who is often credited with inventing modern orthodontics, published a book entitled
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Sometimes springs or rubber bands are used to put more force in a specific direction.
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and was the first to suggest the use of mild force at timed intervals to move teeth.
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Dental braces, with a transparent power chain, removed after completion of treatment.
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seconds per tooth. If required, orthodontic spacers may be inserted between the
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may be required in extreme cases. About 2 weeks before the braces are applied,
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Full orthodontic headgear with head cap, fitting straps, facebow and elastics
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1125:"Pharmacological interventions for pain relief during orthodontic treatment"
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In order to prevent the teeth from moving back to their original position,
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Millett DT, Mandall NA, Mattick RC, Hickman J, Glenny AM (February 2017).
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Mavragani M, Vergari A, Selliseth NJ, Bøe OE, Wisth PL (December 2000).
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with specific instruments and tools that allowed braces to be improved.
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will be threaded between the brackets and affixed with elastic or metal
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in 1858 wrote the first article on orthodontics and in 1880, his book,
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Boke, Fatma; Gazioglu, Cagri; Akkaya, Sevil; Akkaya, Murat (2014).
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Young
Colombian man during an adjustment visit for his orthodontics
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Orthodontic headgear usually consists of three major components:
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Monk AB, Harrison JE, Worthington HV, Teague A (November 2017).
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881:"Adhesives for bonded molar tubes during fixed brace treatment"
621:, dentist to the King of France, followed Fauchard's book with
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or jaws and to otherwise assist in shaping the teeth and jaws.
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A patient's teeth are prepared for the application of braces.
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American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
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American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
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United States
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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172:, crooked teeth, and various other flaws of the teeth and
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Patients may need post-orthodontic surgery, such as a
787:
303:, who are dentists in the diagnosis and treatment of
805:"Bone deposition, bone resorption, and osteosarcoma"
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670:devised the first simple classification system for
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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654:is credited for writing two volumes entitled,
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1303:Useful Resources: FAQ and Downloadable eBooks
580:wore a pair. Roman philosopher and physician
851:
364:creating constant light force on the teeth.
1129:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
885:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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1335:
509:
2091:Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology
2086:Italian Academy of Orthodontic Technology
1574:List of orthodontic functional appliances
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991:
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
790:Annual Review of Biochemical Engineering
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551:Old Braces at a museum in Jbeil, Lebanon
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269:Customized orthodontic treatment systems
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1276:"NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)"
482:(see photo for an example of J-Hooks).
2076:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
2061:American Association of Orthodontists
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676:American Association of Orthodontists
278:Progressive, clear removable aligners
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
13:
1113:
931:" 2017 – "Health Journal Article"
14:
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1309:Orthos Explain: Treatment Options
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950:
650:, was published. A dentist named
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1205:European Journal of Orthodontics
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809:Journal of Orthopaedic Research
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34:needs additional citations for
2066:American Board of Orthodontics
1141:10.1002/14651858.cd003976.pub2
1079:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
1026:
967:
953:"Braces Headgear (Treatments)"
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929:What About Teeth After Braces?
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897:10.1002/14651858.cd008236.pub3
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725:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1:
1820:Harold Chapman (Orthodontist)
1503:Temperomandibular dysfunction
980:European Journal of Dentistry
854:World Journal of Orthodontics
765:"Dental Braces and Retainers"
751:
720:Mandibular advancement splint
639:Christophe François Delabarre
431:Retainer (orthodontic device)
1412:Standard anatomical position
1392:Failure of eruption of teeth
1091:10.3109/00016357.2012.757358
648:Treatise on Oral Deformities
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7:
2134:Angle School of Orthodontia
2071:British Orthodontic Society
1397:Little's Irregularity Index
1254:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.11.013
696:
666:In the early 20th century,
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241:Gold-plated stainless steel
10:
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2081:Indian Orthodontic Society
1875:John Hooper (Orthodontist)
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148:that align and straighten
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2100:
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1579:List of palatal expanders
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1311:at Orthodontics Australia
1305:at Orthodontics Australia
1047:10.1007/s10103-012-1258-1
1035:Lasers in Medical Science
927:Rubie J Patrick (2017). "
601:from his 1728 edition of
1990:Frederick Lester Stanton
1673:Intrusion (orthodontics)
1655:Anchorage (orthodontics)
993:10.4103/1305-7456.137651
200:
2118:Journal of Orthodontics
1668:Interproximal reduction
1604:Palatal lift prosthesis
644:Norman William Kingsley
510:Complications and risks
228:Traditional metal wired
2160:Orthodontic appliances
2113:The Angle Orthodontist
1594:Orthodontic technology
1468:Bimaxillary Protrusion
1377:Cephalometric analysis
1174:The Angle Orthodontist
606:
603:"The Surgical Dentist"
582:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
552:
477:
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144:) are devices used in
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1945:Frederick Bogue Noyes
615:"The Surgeon Dentist"
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1995:Earl Emanuel Shepard
1748:Notable contributors
1659:Cantilever mechanics
1639:Twin Block Appliance
1629:Self-ligating braces
1488:Condylar hyperplasia
1483:Maxillary hypoplasia
1323:at Wikimedia Commons
1218:10.1093/ejo/22.6.665
730:Orthognathic surgery
495:Orthodontic headgear
458:Orthodontic headgear
394:Orthodontic headgear
322:Orthognathic surgery
217:Upper and Lower Jaw
164:, open bites, gaps,
43:improve this article
16:Form of orthodontics
1845:John Nutting Farrar
1805:Charles J. Burstone
1795:Holly Broadbent Sr.
1678:Molar distalization
1529:Activator appliance
963:on 19 October 2021.
652:John Nutting Farrar
326:orthodontic spacers
2030:Robert M. Ricketts
1970:Alfred Paul Rogers
1965:Robert M. Ricketts
1599:Orthodontic spacer
1387:Dentition analysis
938:2021-10-18 at the
684:Henry Albert Baker
607:
553:
518:Experiencing some
478:
441:
405:
361:
297:
223:
211:
127:
2142:
2141:
2020:Edmund H. Wuerpel
1955:Herbert A. Pullen
1940:Dean Harold Noyes
1935:George Northcroft
1910:James A. McNamara
1865:Charles A. Hawley
1790:Charles B. Bolton
1775:Hans Peter Bimler
1688:Serial extraction
1549:Frankel appliance
1319:Media related to
822:10.1002/jor.21120
623:The Dentist's Art
287:Fitting procedure
138:orthodontic cases
119:
118:
111:
93:
2167:
2155:Dental equipment
2010:Charles H. Tweed
2000:Cecil C. Steiner
1860:Thomas M. Graber
1840:William B. Downs
1835:Terry Dischinger
1765:Clifford Ballard
1760:Spencer Atkinson
1634:Splint activator
1609:Palatal expander
1569:Herbst Appliance
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
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1318:
1291:
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815:(9): 1142–1148.
800:
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761:
713:
708:
707:
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378:palatal expander
195:bone remodelling
114:
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2144:
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2122:
2096:
2049:
2045:C. Philip Adams
2005:David L. Turpin
1980:Everett Shapiro
1960:Earl W. Renfroe
1950:Albin Oppenheim
1800:Allan G. Brodie
1743:
1739:Dental elastics
1714:Stainless steel
1709:Nickel titanium
1692:
1643:
1507:
1498:Mouth breathing
1458:Dental crowding
1426:
1417:Tooth ankylosis
1372:Bolton analysis
1360:
1355:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1282:. February 1979
1274:
1273:
1269:
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1234:
1197:
1193:
1170:
1166:
1121:
1114:
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951:Naten, Joshua.
949:
945:
940:Wayback Machine
926:
922:
891:(3): CD008236.
877:
873:
850:
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797:
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773:
771:
763:
762:
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711:Medicine portal
709:
704:
702:
699:
664:
631:
611:Pierre Fauchard
591:
545:
540:
532:root resorption
512:
503:
460:
454:
433:
427:
414:
338:dental fillings
289:
203:
186:
132:(also known as
115:
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95:
58:"Dental braces"
52:
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1992:
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1932:
1930:Ravindra Nanda
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
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1890:Albert Ketcham
1887:
1885:Harold Kesling
1882:
1880:Joseph Jarabak
1877:
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1825:David Di Biase
1822:
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1810:Peter Buschang
1807:
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1584:Lingual braces
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1519:ACCO appliance
1515:
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1463:Dental spacing
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1297:External links
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745:Dental implant
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680:Calvin S. Case
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456:Main article:
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412:Post-treatment
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384:, and not the
288:
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209:"Clear" braces
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2015:Katherine Vig
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1478:Retrognathism
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1422:Tongue thrust
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957:toothcost.com
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685:
682:, along with
681:
677:
673:
672:malocclusions
669:
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645:
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619:Louis Bourdet
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306:malocclusions
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301:orthodontists
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159:
158:malocclusions
156:, as well as
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
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131:
130:Dental braces
125:Dental braces
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2025:Won-Sik Yang
1915:Birte Melsen
1850:Rolf Frankel
1830:Jean Delaire
1770:Raymond Begg
1755:Edward Angle
1559:Lingual arch
1539:Damon system
1533:
1493:Overeruption
1407:Scissor bite
1402:Malocclusion
1382:Cephalometry
1358:Orthodontics
1284:. Retrieved
1280:Spinoff 1979
1279:
1270:
1248:(2): 255–9.
1245:
1241:
1235:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1132:
1128:
1082:
1078:
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1034:
1028:
983:
979:
969:
961:the original
956:
946:
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923:
888:
884:
874:
860:(1): 16–22.
857:
853:
847:
812:
808:
798:
789:
783:
772:. Retrieved
768:
759:
688:
668:Edward Angle
665:
662:20th century
655:
647:
636:
632:
629:19th century
622:
614:
608:
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597:Portrait of
589:18th century
570:
554:
529:
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517:
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501:Pre-finisher
492:
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234:elastic ties
227:
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146:orthodontics
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2127:Institution
1975:Ronald Roth
1925:Hayes Nance
1900:Craven Kurz
1815:Calvin Case
1473:Prognathism
557:Hippocrates
382:dental arch
170:cross bites
99:August 2016
2149:Categories
1895:Juri Kurol
1785:Arne Björk
1663:Fiberotomy
1648:Procedures
1614:Quad helix
1564:Lip bumper
1554:Invisalign
1512:Appliances
1431:Conditions
1286:2021-03-02
774:2020-10-30
752:References
418:fiberotomy
219:Functional
166:deep bites
154:underbites
69:newspapers
2093:(Germany)
1734:Composite
1697:Materials
1624:SureSmile
1453:Crossbite
1448:Open bite
1365:Diagnosis
1002:1305-7456
933:Toothcost
637:In 1819,
585:by then.
578:Cleopatra
573:Etruscans
561:Aristotle
445:retainers
425:Retainers
350:ligatures
221:Expanders
162:overbites
2101:Journals
1719:TiMolium
1619:Retainer
1589:Headgear
1544:Elastics
1524:Archwire
1438:Overbite
1262:15750547
1227:11212602
1186:16448232
1159:29182798
1107:22561192
1099:23301559
1063:25416518
1055:23334785
1020:25202219
936:Archived
915:28230910
866:20209172
839:22660771
831:20225287
697:See also
599:Fauchard
464:overbite
452:Headgear
346:archwire
260:Titanium
1729:Ceramic
1724:Elgiloy
1443:Overjet
1150:6486038
1011:4144137
906:6464028
792:: 1–12.
740:Trismus
543:Ancient
538:History
486:photo).
250:Lingual
184:Process
83:scholar
1534:Braces
1260:
1225:
1184:
1157:
1147:
1105:
1097:
1061:
1053:
1018:
1008:
1000:
913:
903:
864:
837:
829:
566:Catgut
386:palate
334:molars
315:X-rays
262:braces
253:braces
230:braces
178:palate
140:, or
134:braces
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1683:SARPE
1103:S2CID
1059:S2CID
835:S2CID
769:WebMD
576:Even
201:Types
150:teeth
142:cases
90:JSTOR
76:books
1258:PMID
1223:PMID
1182:PMID
1155:PMID
1095:PMID
1051:PMID
1016:PMID
998:ISSN
911:PMID
862:PMID
827:PMID
571:The
559:and
520:pain
62:news
1250:doi
1246:127
1213:doi
1145:PMC
1137:doi
1087:doi
1043:doi
1006:PMC
988:doi
901:PMC
893:doi
817:doi
344:An
174:jaw
45:by
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1178:75
1176:.
1153:.
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1131:.
1127:.
1115:^
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1083:71
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858:11
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112:)
106:(
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97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
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39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
