2991:
2981:
722:) with a new hardware AHA3610 encoder chip. The new chip was designed to be capable of a sustained 2.5 Gbit/s. Using two of these chips, the AHA363-PCIe board can process Deflate at a rate of up to 5.0 Gbit/s (625 MB/s) using the two channels (two compression and two decompression). The AHA364-PCIe variant is an encode-only version of the card designed for out-going
662:. The AHA361/AHA362 boards are limited to only handling static Huffman blocks and require software to be modified to add support — the cards were not able to support the full Deflate specification, meaning they could only reliably decode their own output (a stream that did not contain any dynamic Huffman type 2 blocks).
358:
to produce as compact a representation as possible. As an alternative to including the tree representation, the "static tree" option provides standard fixed
Huffman trees. The compressed size using the static trees can be computed using the same statistics (the number of times each symbol appears) as
221:
is inserted, linking to the previous location of that identical string instead. An encoded match to an earlier string consists of an 8-bit length (3–258 bytes) and a 15-bit distance (1–32,768 bytes) to the beginning of the duplicate. Relative back-references can be made across any number of blocks,
399:
Deflate64, specified by PKWARE, is a proprietary variant of
Deflate. It's fundamentally the same algorithm. What has changed is the increase in dictionary size from 32 KB to 64 KB, an extension of the distance codes to 16 bits so that they may address a range of 64 KB, and the
400:
length code, which is extended to 16 bits so that it may define lengths of three to 65,538 bytes. This leads to
Deflate64 having a longer compression time, and potentially a slightly higher compression ratio, than Deflate. Several free and/or open source projects support Deflate64, such as
390:
capable of being decompressed by any existing
Deflate decoder. Differing implementations will likely produce variations on the final encoded bit-stream produced. The focus with non-zlib versions of an encoder has normally been to produce a more efficiently compressed and smaller encoded stream.
1329:
187:
encoding, which produces an optimized
Huffman tree customized for each block of data individually. Instructions to generate the necessary Huffman tree immediately follow the block header. The static Huffman option is used for short messages, where the fixed saving gained by omitting the tree
255:
which creates an unprefixed tree of non-overlapping intervals, where the length of each sequence is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the probability of that symbol needing to be encoded. The more likely it is that a symbol has to be encoded, the shorter its bit-sequence will be.
810:
E5-2600 and E5-2400 Processor Series (Sandy Bridge-EP/EN) supports hardware compression and decompression using QuickAssist
Technology. Depending on the chipset, compression and decompression rates of 5 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, or 20 Gbit/s are
743:) is similar to the AHA363-PCIe but uses four AHA3610 chips for a sustained compression rate of 10 Gbit/s (1250 MB/s). Unlike the AHA362-PCIX, the decompression engines on the AHA363-PCIe and AHA367-PCIe boards are fully deflate compliant.
738:
kernel device drivers are available for both of the new cards, along with a modified zlib system library so that dynamically linked applications can automatically use the hardware support without internal modification. The AHA367-PCIe board
233:
If the distance is less than the length, the duplicate overlaps itself, indicating repetition. For example, a run of 10 identical bytes can be encoded as one byte, followed by a duplicate of length 9, beginning with the previous byte.
1149:
CPUs incorporate an improved version of the Nest
Accelerator Unit (NXU) hardware acceleration from the zEDC Express I/O expansion cards used in z14 systems for hardware Deflate compression and decompression as specified by
817:
CPUs incorporate an improved version of the Nest
Accelerator Unit (NXU) hardware acceleration from the zEDC Express I/O expansion cards used in z14 systems for hardware Deflate compression and decompression as specified by
276:
A match length code will always be followed by a distance code. Based on the distance code read, further "extra" bits may be read in order to produce the final distance. The distance tree contains space for 32 symbols:
1582:
789:, supports both Dynamic and Static Huffman tables, and can provide throughputs in excess of 100 Gbps. The company offers compression/decompression accelerator board reference designs for Intel FPGA (
345:
684:) or PCI-X cards featuring between one and six compression engines with claimed processing speeds of up to 3.6 Gbit/s (450 MB/s). A version of the cards are available with the separate brand
89:
As stated in the RFC document, an algorithm producing
Deflate files was widely thought to be implementable in a manner not covered by patents. This led to its widespread use – for example, in
1157:
architecture, IBM added hardware support for compressing and decompressing
Deflate (as specified by RFC 1951) to the formerly crypto-centric Nest accelerator (NX) core introduced with
825:
architecture, IBM added hardware support for compressing and decompressing Deflate (as specified by RFC 1951) to the formerly crypto-centric Nest accelerator (NX) core introduced with
237:
Searching the preceding text for duplicate substrings is the most computationally expensive part of the DEFLATE algorithm, and the operation which compression level settings affect.
251:
The second compression stage consists of replacing commonly used symbols with shorter representations and less commonly used symbols with longer representations. The method used is
850:
The normal intent with an alternative Inflate implementation is highly optimized decoding speed, or extremely predictable RAM usage for micro-controller embedded systems.
1700:
757:
contain high-speed hardware deflate and inflate engines compatible with both ZLIB and GZIP with some devices able to handle multiple simultaneous data streams.
1517:
581:
libdeflate: a library for fast, whole-buffer DEFLATE-based compression and decompression. Libdeflate is heavily optimized and especially on x86 processors.
1428:
1392:
522:, this version is freely licensed and achieves higher compression than zlib at the expense of CPU usage. Has an option to use the DEFLATE64 storage format.
1605:
629:) capable of compressing streams using Deflate at a rate of up to 3.0 Gbit/s (375 MB/s) for incoming uncompressed data. Accompanying the
1815:
842:
Inflate is the decoding process that takes a Deflate bitstream for decompression and correctly produces the original full-size data or file.
2483:
2294:
1562:
1495:
1442:
746:
2183:
1735:
3025:
2689:
2512:
2306:
1997:
1327:, "String Searcher, and Compressor Using Same", published 1991-09-24, issued 1991-09-24, assigned to PKWare Inc.
1128:
782:
659:
309:
1671:
966:), a small, unencumbered, single-file reference implementation included in the /contrib/puff directory of the zlib distribution.
2694:
2271:
1406:
1370:
1096:
375:
allows the user to select from a sliding scale of likely resulting compression-level vs. speed of encoding. Options range from
585:
AdvanceCOMP uses the higher compression ratio versions of Deflate in 7-Zip, libdeflate, and Zopfli to enable recompression of
1354:
944:
545:: uses its own proprietary compression library (in C++ and Assembly) with an option to implement the DEFLATE64 storage format
2424:
1636:
1471:
408:, do not, as a result of the proprietary nature of the procedure and the very modest performance increase over Deflate.
2801:
2539:
2478:
2289:
2239:
2062:
1777:
1922:
1907:
1808:
1646:
1077:
1049:
1019:
889:
711:
707:
703:
2914:
1140:
1136:
794:
790:
1238:
1112:
766:
453:
2924:
2762:
2613:
2532:
2326:
1283:
1053:
893:
594:
899:
2897:
2517:
2311:
2099:
1165:
7.2 Technology Level 4 Expansion Pack or AIX 7.2 Technology Level 5 Service Pack 2 through the zlibNX library.
833:
7.2 Technology Level 4 Expansion Pack or AIX 7.2 Technology Level 5 Service Pack 2 through the zlibNX library.
2994:
2030:
1132:
1029:
786:
490:: standard reference implementation adopted in many apps because of its open-source, permissive license. See
350:
The two codes (the 288-symbol length/literal tree and the 32-symbol distance tree) are themselves encoded as
2659:
2984:
2887:
2429:
1987:
1801:
1185:
559:; achieves higher compression at the expense of CPU usage. ZopfliPNG is a variation of Zopfli for use with
218:
188:
outweighs the percentage compression loss due to using a non-optimal (thus, not technically Huffman) code.
1977:
1972:
2919:
2846:
2684:
2664:
2608:
2266:
2057:
1860:
1063:
1045:
885:
457:
359:
are used to generate the dynamic trees, so it is easy for a compressor to choose whichever is smaller.
20:
1320:
3020:
2929:
2870:
2796:
2644:
2234:
2229:
2084:
1927:
590:
560:
505:
217:
Within compressed blocks, if a duplicate series of bytes is spotted (a repeated string), then a back-
94:
2934:
2507:
2301:
2002:
1146:
948:
935:
814:
750:
601:
files with the possibility of smaller file sizes than zlib is able to achieve at maximum settings.
441:
417:
372:
1583:"Intel® Xeon® Processor E5-2600 and E5-2400 Series with Intel® Communications Chipset 89xx Series"
2875:
2246:
2133:
2089:
1902:
1885:
1875:
1277:
1175:
1135:
The company offers compression/decompression accelerator board reference designs for Intel FPGA (
1018:
implementation of Deflate and gzip decompression, by Thomas Mertes. Made available under the GNU
614:
75:
Katz also designed the original algorithm used to construct Deflate streams. This algorithm was
2500:
2251:
2035:
1880:
1180:
351:
2772:
1344:
975:
542:
2904:
1503:
567:
536:
532:
by Simon Tatham, it has full decoding capability, but only supports static tree only creation
306:
Note that for the match distance symbols 2–29, the number of extra bits can be calculated as
2588:
2050:
2012:
1833:
1450:
1297:
689:
69:
43:
1730:
1606:"Introducing the IBM z15 - The enterprise platform for mission-critical hybrid multicloud"
8:
2819:
2710:
2669:
2654:
2623:
2618:
2527:
2434:
2367:
2336:
2321:
2104:
1222:
Package flate implements the DEFLATE compressed data format, described in RFC issue 1951.
863:
800:
355:
266:
256: end of block – stop processing if last block, otherwise start processing next block.
2892:
2862:
2841:
2747:
2679:
2573:
2261:
2077:
2067:
1962:
1942:
1937:
645:
386:
Other Deflate encoders have been produced, all of which will also produce a compatible
2473:
1103:(Bitsim Accelerated Display Graphics Engine) controller offering for embedded systems.
1040:
decoder by Paul Sladen. Written for research/prototyping and made available under the
2836:
2824:
2806:
2674:
2558:
2495:
2341:
2256:
2212:
2173:
1855:
1642:
1422:
1386:
1350:
1086:: JavaScript speed-optimized port of zlib. Contains separate build with inflate only.
1007:
854:
731:
354:
by giving the bit length of the code for each symbol. The bit lengths are themselves
98:
1239:"PDF 32000-1:2008: Document management — Portable document format — Part 1: PDF 1.7"
2811:
2767:
2740:
2735:
2593:
2578:
2488:
2397:
2392:
2221:
1954:
1932:
1824:
1287:
1273:
416:
Implementations of Deflate are freely available in many languages. Apps written in
46:
1011:
982:), Public domain Inflate implementation contained entirely in a single C function.
972:
written by Jørgen Ibsen in ANSI C and comes with zlib license. Adds about 2k code.
383:
representing the maximum capability of the reference implementation in zlib/gzip.
371:
that chooses the amount of time spent looking for matching strings. The zlib/gzip
2730:
2544:
2468:
2449:
2419:
2387:
2353:
1912:
1850:
1781:
1739:
618:
598:
101:
file format for which Katz originally designed it. The patent has since expired.
76:
1750:
1300:
1258:
FlateDecode Decompresses data encoded using the zlib/deflate compression method
1059:
176:
block option adds minimal overhead and is used for data that is incompressible.
140:: A stored (a.k.a. raw or literal) section, between 0 and 65,535 bytes in length
2522:
2316:
2045:
2040:
1897:
1870:
1842:
1518:"High Performance DEFLATE Compression with Optimizations for Genomic Data Sets"
1025:
630:
552:
445:
429:
252:
246:
109:
A Deflate stream consists of a series of blocks. Each block is preceded by a 3-
57:
81:
3014:
2829:
2777:
2444:
2439:
2414:
2346:
1967:
1865:
1548:
Heavily optimized library for DEFLATE/zlib/gzip compression and decompression
969:
925:
723:
677:
652:
633:
510:
This code is less clever, but hopefully more understandable and maintainable
208:
53:
1772:
1073:
869:
2950:
1917:
1892:
1793:
1722:
1483:
697:
448:
offer out-of-the-box support for Deflate in their libraries (respectively,
425:
198:
Replacing symbols with new, weighted symbols based on the frequency of use.
86:
877:
669:
665:
19:
This article is about the data compression algorithm. For other uses, see
2909:
2787:
2583:
2459:
2409:
1543:
1041:
997:
911:
881:
735:
575:
529:
49:
1106:
760:
2966:
2757:
2752:
2639:
2598:
2404:
1234:
993:
990:, Bob Flanders and Michael Holmes, published in PC Magazine 1994-01-11.
917:
497:
730:
compression channels feeding two physical compression engines. Linux,
1324:
1292:
859:
481:
387:
61:
27:
1205:
461:
272:
286, 287: not used, reserved and illegal but still part of the tree.
150:
compressed block, using a pre-agreed Huffman tree defined in the RFC
2880:
2725:
2382:
979:
465:
223:
1787:
1701:"Exploitation of In-Core Acceleration of POWER Processors for AIX"
1672:"Data compression by using the zlibNX library - IBM Documentation"
1484:
Does zlib support the new "Deflate64" format introduced by PKWare?
1099:
from BitSim. Hardware implementation of Inflate. Part of BitSim's
2072:
1764:
1162:
1119:. This is a Silicon IP core supporting decompression of Deflate,
1083:
830:
491:
302:
30–31: not used, reserved and illegal but still part of the tree.
269:
257–285: combined with extra-bits, a match length of 3–258 bytes.
134:
Second and third bits: Encoding method used for this block type:
673:
195:
The matching and replacement of duplicate strings with pointers.
2163:
1784:– an excellent algorithm to implement Deflate by Jesper Larsson
1567:
1158:
1154:
924:
machine language, written by Keir Fraser and released into the
921:
826:
822:
726:
and instead has multiple register sets to allow 32 independent
649:
556:
548:
876:
assembly language with optional memory paging support for the
578:. 3x faster than zlib -1. Useful for compressing genomic data.
179:
Most compressible data will end up being encoded using method
2998:
2603:
2196:
2143:
1037:
1015:
939:
804:
622:
571:
525:
519:
515:
501:
477:
437:
433:
401:
65:
1116:
770:
2153:
2007:
1992:
1982:
1496:"Plan 9 from Bell Labs's /n/sources/plan9/sys/src/libflate"
1407:"Binary Essence – "Calgary Corpus" compression comparisons"
1124:
1120:
1067:
1033:
1001:
963:
956:
952:
807:
778:
774:
693:
655:
586:
487:
421:
405:
340:{\displaystyle \left\lfloor {\frac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor -1}
212:
90:
160:
compressed block, complete with the Huffman table supplied
2128:
2094:
1676:
1610:
1127:
files. The ZipAccel-D IP core that can be implemented in
907:
903:
873:
379:(do not attempt compression, just store uncompressed) to
110:
1774:
Extended Application of Suffix Trees to Data Compression
1755:
Deflate Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3
1279:
DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3
222:
as long as the distance appears within the last 32
1759:
1233:
688:
specifically designed for web-serving use rather than
611:
436:
can take advantage of the improved Deflate library in
1161:. This support is available to programs running with
829:. This support is available to programs running with
714:. In 2008, Comtech started producing two PCIe cards (
312:
259:
A tree is created, containing space for 288 symbols:
947:
by Michael Kohn and unrelated to "KZIP". Comes with
754:
432:(and compatible languages) can use paszlib. Apps in
528:'sshzlib.c': a standalone implementation under the
1788:Zip Files: History, Explanation and Implementation
1470:History of Lossless Data Compression Algorithms –
339:
129:: There are more blocks to process after this one.
1630:
1628:
644:" capable of using the hardware compression from
263:0–255: represent the literal bytes/symbols 0–255.
3012:
1427:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1409:. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017
1391:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
773:. This is a Silicon IP core supporting Deflate,
411:
1695:
1693:
1600:
1598:
845:
480:: the first implementation, originally done by
202:
68:archiving tool. Deflate was later specified in
1625:
1206:"flate package - compress/flate - Go Packages"
781:compression. ZipAccel-C can be implemented in
1809:
500:: contains a public-domain implementation in
394:
299:28–29: distances 16,385–32,768, 13 extra bits
1823:
1690:
1595:
1373:. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017
1080:implementation of Inflate by Chris Dickinson
296:26–27: distances 8,193–16,384, 12 extra bits
1575:
191:Compression is achieved through two steps:
1816:
1802:
1790:– walk-through of a Deflate implementation
1203:
471:
1666:
1664:
1560:
1291:
920:, a fast and efficient implementation in
226:of uncompressed data decoded (termed the
1346:Data Compression: The Complete Reference
801:Intel Communications Chipset 89xx Series
367:During the compression stage, it is the
117:First bit: Last-block-in-stream marker:
1766:An Explanation of the Deflate Algorithm
1638:IBM z15 (8562) Technical Guide, Page 97
1272:
837:
123:: This is the last block in the stream.
3013:
1661:
1561:Mazzoleni, Andrea (21 February 2023).
1286:. p. 1. sec. Abstract.
1268:
1266:
1797:
1634:
1502:. Lucent Technologies. Archived from
1349:(4 ed.). Springer. p. 241.
1342:
1313:
1070:/zlib decompression, by David Manura.
362:
1443:"-m (Set compression Method) switch"
1319:
1090:
604:
1263:
13:
290:8–9: distances 17–32, 3 extra bits
14:
3037:
1716:
1635:Lascu, Octavian (28 April 2021).
566:igzip: an encoder written in the
287:6–7: distances 9–16, 2 extra bits
2990:
2989:
2980:
2979:
996:by John Foderaro. Self-standing
539:, implements deflate compression
240:
104:
97:image files, in addition to the
3026:Lossless compression algorithms
1554:
1536:
1510:
1488:
1476:
1000:decoder distributed with a GNU
880:, and made available under the
872:, written by Andrew Collier in
284:4–5: distances 5–8, 1 extra bit
1732:.ZIP File Format Specification
1464:
1435:
1399:
1363:
1336:
1227:
1197:
1066:implementation of Deflate and
902:, written by Laurens Holst in
508:. The author, Wei Dai states "
424:library (under the permissive
1:
1191:
648:. The hardware is based on a
610:AHA361-PCIX/AHA362-PCIX from
551:: C implementation under the
494:for higher-performance forks.
412:Using Deflate in new software
1371:"Binary Essence – Deflate64"
1186:Comparison of file archivers
862:, written by Piotr Fusik in
846:Inflate-only implementations
518:: written by Igor Pavlov in
504:aimed at reducing potential
203:Duplicate string elimination
7:
1210:The Go Programming Language
1169:
636:for the AHA361-PCIX is an "
52:that uses a combination of
10:
3042:
2871:Compressed data structures
2193:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
1861:Asymmetric numeral systems
1235:Adobe Systems Incorporated
951:source-code under the GNU
906:assembly language for the
640:" utility and customised "
395:Deflate64/Enhanced Deflate
244:
206:
21:Deflation (disambiguation)
18:
16:Data compression algorithm
2975:
2959:
2943:
2861:
2786:
2718:
2709:
2632:
2566:
2557:
2458:
2375:
2366:
2282:
2230:Discrete cosine transform
2220:
2211:
2160:LZ77 + Huffman + context
2113:
2023:
1953:
1841:
1832:
2935:Smallest grammar problem
1109:GPL FPGA implementation.
763:GPL FPGA implementation.
658:and four custom AHA3601
506:security vulnerabilities
404:, while others, such as
373:reference implementation
2876:Compressed suffix array
2425:Nyquist–Shannon theorem
1744:X. Deflating – Method 8
1563:"amadvance/advancecomp"
1343:David, Salomon (2007).
1176:List of archive formats
472:Encoder implementations
352:canonical Huffman codes
64:, for version 2 of his
1181:List of file archivers
341:
2905:Kolmogorov complexity
2773:Video characteristics
2150:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
1769:– by Antaeus Feldspar
1321:US patent 5051745
1032:stand-alone Deflate (
955:license. Used in the
803:(Cave Creek) for the
676:. This is a range of
621:. Comtech produced a
568:x86 assembly language
537:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
454:System.IO.Compression
342:
166:: Reserved—don't use.
93:compressed files and
82:U.S. patent 5,051,745
60:. It was designed by
2995:Compression software
2589:Compression artifact
2545:Psychoacoustic model
1139:) and Xilinx FPGAs (
838:Decoder/decompressor
793:) and Xilinx FPGAs (
310:
2985:Compression formats
2624:Texture compression
2619:Standard test image
2435:Silence compression
1614:. 12 September 2019
1500:plan9.bell-labs.com
1248:. Adobe. p. 23
1153:Beginning with the
821:Beginning with the
2893:Information theory
2748:Display resolution
2574:Chroma subsampling
1963:Byte pair encoding
1908:Shannon–Fano–Elias
1780:2016-09-23 at the
1738:2014-12-05 at the
1097:Serial Inflate GPU
866:assembly language.
617:2006-12-08 at the
535:libflate: part of
420:typically use the
363:Encoder/compressor
356:run-length encoded
337:
281:0–3: distances 1–4
85:, and assigned to
38:, and also called
3008:
3007:
2857:
2856:
2807:Deblocking filter
2705:
2704:
2553:
2552:
2362:
2361:
2207:
2206:
1356:978-1-84628-602-5
1274:Deutsch, L. Peter
1246:Adobe Open Source
1091:Hardware decoders
910:, licensed under
741:PCI-ID: 193f:0367
732:Microsoft Windows
716:PCI-ID: 193f:0363
700:is also produced.
692:or backup use; a
605:Hardware encoders
492:Zlib § Forks
325:
3033:
3021:Data compression
2993:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2812:Lapped transform
2716:
2715:
2594:Image resolution
2579:Coding tree unit
2564:
2563:
2373:
2372:
2218:
2217:
1839:
1838:
1825:Data compression
1818:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1728:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1641:. IBM Redbooks.
1632:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1524:. 1 October 2019
1514:
1508:
1507:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1449:. Archived from
1447:sevenzip.osdn.jp
1439:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1403:
1397:
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1903:Shannon–Fano
1843:Entropy type
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1723:PKWARE, Inc.
1704:. Retrieved
1681:. Retrieved
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1586:. Retrieved
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1544:"libdeflate"
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
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1451:the original
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1304:. Retrieved
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1276:(May 1996).
1257:
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1209:
1199:
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860:6502 inflate
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755:Cavium, Inc.
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631:Linux kernel
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1727:appnote.txt
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1107:HDL-Deflate
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1528:18 January
1457:2023-01-21
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1192:References
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1078:Javascript
1060:deflatelua
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767:ZipAccel-C
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