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1395:(2001) EWCA 2245, which resulted in the householder being convicted. As the law currently stands, a person in possession can use no more force than they reasonably believe necessary to remove a trespasser from the premises. Further, where the threat to the land or its possession is not immediate, and other measures could be taken that would make force unnecessary (e.g., calling the police or seeking remedies through the courts) the defence will normally be lost.
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1406:, honestly believing that it was a reasonable means of protecting his property (and, incidentally, avoiding litigation). It was held that it was not necessary to decide whether Lindon's action was justified as a matter of civil law. For the purpose of the criminal law, what mattered was whether Lindon believed that his actions were reasonable. Although this case is on the specific interpretation of the statutory defence under §5
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1377:(1824) 171 ER 1213 held that it was not justifiable to shoot an intruder merely to arrest him, on the facts, "the life of the prisoner was threatened, and if he considered his life in actual danger, he was justified in shooting the deceased as he had done; but if, not considering his own life in danger, he rashly shot this man, who was only a trespasser, he would be guilty of manslaughter." See
1385:(1823) 68 ER 1006. Holroyd J. instructed a jury that violence could not be used against a civil trespasser, adding: "But, the making an attack upon a dwelling, and especially at night, the law regards as equivalent to an assault on a man's person; for a man's house is his castle and therefore, in the eye of the law, it is equivalent to an assault."
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The court held that if defendants argued they had used reasonable force to defend property from actual or imminent damage that would constitute a criminal act, then the court had to consider whether, on the facts as the defendants honestly believed them to be, the force used was reasonable in all the
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The defence of "private defence" or "protective force," when unlawful force is used or threatened against a person who may use proportionate force to defend persons or property, is distinguished from the line of authority concerned with a similar defence against trespassers. In the Law
Commission's
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could set up the defence of showing that he possessed an explosive substance "for a lawful purpose" if he could show he acted to protect himself or his family or property by means he believed reasonably necessary to meet the attack. In theory, the defence of property by itself cannot reasonably
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27(i) The use of force by a person for any of the following purposes, if only such as is reasonable in the circumstances as he believes them to be, does not constitute an offence:
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provide a justification for inflicting serious injury, but there are a number of cases approving considerable violence to arrest criminals threatening property.
1453:(a) a person uses force in relation to... property not only where he applies force to, but also where he causes an impact on,... that property;"
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1445:(d) to protect property belonging to another from . . . damage caused by a criminal act or (with the authority of the other) from trespass...
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for a comparative view on whether the use of excessive force causing death should give rise to a mitigatory defence and "Reform" below. In
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who argue that they should not be held liable for any loss and injury that they have caused because they were acting to protect their
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A person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention of crime or in arresting offenders or suspects.
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1435:(1993) at pp. 106–110) these defences are set out (so far as they relate to defence of property) as follows:
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1402:(1998) 1 WLR 1252, Lindon demolished a wall to protect a
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One recent case on using force against a burglar is
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1433:Offences Against the Person and General Principles
1543:Director of Public Prosecutions v Bayer & Ors
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1329:. In addition to the right of self-defence at
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172:The examples and perspective in this article
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542:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
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1416:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
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682:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
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647:Alienation of affections
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1001:Volenti non fit injuria
826:Ultrahazardous activity
793:Contributory negligence
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732:Trespassers
697:Malpractice
692:Entrustment
612:False light
330:Provocation
1586:Categories
1551:High Court
1532:High Court
1504:Martin v R
1472:References
1375:R v Scully
1331:common law
1311:defendants
1207:common law
1110:Quasi-tort
1062:Injunction
1055:Incidental
874:Conspiracy
599:Defamation
576:Conversion
491:common law
378:common law
345:Entrapment
295:Automatism
254:common law
107:newspapers
36:improve it
1373:Although
1217:Contracts
1157:Australia
965:Liability
925:Necessity
813:liability
737:Licensees
657:Seduction
368:procedure
325:Necessity
188:talk page
42:talk page
1597:Tort law
1460:See also
1359:burglary
1315:property
1309:used by
1232:Property
1227:Evidence
1077:Replevin
1045:Punitive
1032:Remedies
906:Defences
840:Nuisance
811:absolute
742:Invitees
569:chattels
559:Trespass
499:Tort law
424:Evidence
404:Property
394:Contract
389:Criminal
358:See also
270:Immunity
182:You may
1398:But in
1355:robbery
1245:estates
1072:Detinue
1067:Tracing
1050:Special
1040:Damages
920:Consent
707:medical
603:Slander
531:Battery
526:Assault
508:Outline
433:Portals
419:Estates
310:Mistake
305:Consent
290:Infancy
121:scholar
1426:Reform
1351:damage
1243:, and
1241:trusts
1205:Other
1192:Taiwan
1162:Canada
1115:Delict
1082:Trover
807:Strict
493:series
414:Trusts
376:Other
315:Duress
256:series
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1486:
1347:theft
1237:Wills
1209:areas
1187:Japan
1182:India
1167:China
1120:civil
892:Fraud
702:legal
606:Libel
409:wills
380:areas
300:Alibi
190:, or
128:JSTOR
114:books
1357:and
1301:The
1122:and
809:and
564:land
399:Tort
366:and
100:news
1393:v R
320:Age
83:by
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