31:
360:
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320:, even if imperceptible, that causes the average relative positions of its atoms and molecules to change. The deformation may be permanent, or may be reversed when the compression forces disappear. In the latter case, the deformation gives rise to reaction forces that oppose the compression forces, and may eventually balance them.
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forces. What happens in the directions where there is no compression depends on the material. Most materials will expand in those directions, but some special materials will remain unchanged or even contract. In general, the relation between the stress applied to a material and the resulting deformation is a central topic of
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Every ordinary material will contract in volume when put under isotropic compression, contract in cross-section area when put under uniform biaxial compression, and contract in length when put into uniaxial compression. The deformation may not be uniform and may not be aligned with the compression
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does work while its velocity is being rapidly reduced, and thus the stresses in the mechanism due to the inertia of the reciprocating parts are lessened. This compression, moreover, obviates the shock which would otherwise be caused by the admission of the fresh steam for the return stroke.
88:, the forces are directed along one direction only, so that they act towards decreasing the object's length along that direction. The compressive forces may also be applied in multiple directions; for example inwards along the edges of a plate or all over the side surface of a
250:, and the material may be under compression along some directions but under traction along others. If the stress vector is purely compressive and has the same magnitude for all directions, the material is said to be under
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Liquids and gases cannot bear steady uniaxial or biaxial compression, they will deform promptly and permanently and will not offer any permanent reaction force. However they can bear
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452:, for instance, the second stroke of the piston effects the compression of the charge which has been drawn into the cylinder by the first forward stroke.
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Ronald L. Huston and Harold
Josephs (2009), "Practical Stress Analysis in Engineering Design". 3rd edition, CRC Press, 634 pages. ISBN 9781574447132
468:, before the stroke of the piston is quite complete. This steam being compressed as the stroke is completed, a cushion is formed against which the
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Ferdinand Pierre Beer, Elwood
Russell Johnston, John T. DeWolf (1992), "Mechanics of Materials". (Book) McGraw-Hill Professional,
17:
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Erkens, Sandra & Poot, M. The uniaxial compression test. Delft
University of Technology. (1998). Report number: 7-98-117-4.
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the explosive mixture gets compressed before it is ignited; the compression improves the efficiency of the engine. In the
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Fung, Y. C. (1977). A First Course in
Continuum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 978-0-13-318311-5.
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Technically, a material is under a state of compression, at some specific point and along a specific direction
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Hartsuijker, C.; Welleman, J. W. (2001). Engineering
Mechanics. Volume 2. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-412
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Compression machines range from very small table top systems to ones with over 53 MN capacity.
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When put under compression (or any other type of stress), every material will suffer some
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forces, directed so as to displace layers of the material parallel to each other. The
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form, to save space. Slightly compressed air or other gases are also used to fill
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directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions. It is contrasted with
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compression, and may be compressed in other ways momentarily, for instance in a
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or traction, the application of balanced outward ("pulling") forces; and with
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Application of balanced forces which push an object inward towards itself
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The term is applied to the arrangement by which the exhaust valve of a
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of materials and structures is an important engineering consideration.
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can bear. It affects the volume of the material, as quantified by the
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is made to close, shutting a portion of the exhaust steam in the
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Energy resources: occurrence, production, conversion, use
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By inducing compression, mechanical properties such as
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53:is the application of balanced inward ("pushing")
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382:, for compression yields noticeable amounts of
370:Compression of solids has many implications in
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178:. If the stress vector itself is opposite to
407:Gases are often stored and shipped in highly
281:The inverse process of compression is called
605:Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals 2E
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38:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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57:to different points on a material or
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528:Plane strain compression test
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135:vector across a surface with
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602:Heywood, John (2018-05-01).
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635:. Birkhäuser. p. 190.
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446:internal combustion engines
440:Internal combustion engines
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629:Wiser, Wendell H. (2000).
488:Container compression test
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61:, that is, forces with no
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365:universal testing machine
158:is directed opposite to
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256:hydrostatic compression
204:pure compressive stress
18:Decompression (physics)
668:Mechanical engineering
380:structural engineering
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363:Compression test on a
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86:uniaxial compression
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503:Longitudinal wave
372:materials science
276:volumetric strain
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300:, which is
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657:Categories
534:References
450:Otto cycle
435:In engines
409:compressed
329:sound wave
325:isotropic
291:expansion
127:, if the
59:structure
47:mechanics
483:Buckling
477:See also
466:cylinder
429:fracking
413:balloons
287:dilation
274:and the
226:. In a
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75:shearing
427:and in
388:tension
376:physics
312:Effects
264:liquids
131:of the
71:tension
63:net sum
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508:P-wave
470:piston
384:stress
340:corset
206:along
133:stress
102:volume
67:torque
55:forces
296:In a
289:, or
268:gases
258:, or
228:solid
637:ISBN
610:ISBN
548:ISBN
386:and
378:and
355:Uses
266:and
94:area
444:In
397:or
202:or
84:In
65:or
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