647:
warrant, the
Florida Office of Capital Collateral Representatives (CCR) again argued that Funchess deserved a new trial because PTSD was not fully recognized at the time of his original trial and that his moral culpability for the murders could not be assessed without taking his PTSD into account. Appellate courts rejected Funchess's arguments because he did not bring up PTSD at the time of his trial, a decision Funchess's attorneys criticized as being based on a "legal technicality," about which one of Funchess's attorneys asked, "How can trial lawyers in 1986 be blamed for not raising a claim that did not exist in 1976? How can courts in 1986 use that prior failure as a basis for refusing to consider powerful evidence of PTSD? And the ultimate question: why should a condemned person have to pay with his life for the mistakes of his lawyers?" Funchess's attorneys asked Governor Graham to extend clemency to Funchess based on his mental health and struggles with PTSD, but Graham again refused. Graham's assistant counsel said he was open to meeting Funchess's attorneys, but he also claimed many of Funchess's arguments had already been brought up to no effect in the 1982 clemency hearing.
634:. At the hearing, his attorneys argued that Funchess had been officially diagnosed twice with PTSD, which was not fully recognized during his trial and therefore could not have been used in his defense; at the time of his trial, the psychological effect of the Vietnam War on surviving veterans was not fully realized. Despite Funchess's two official diagnoses, Governor Graham denied Funchess's clemency plea. In a statement explaining his decision, Governor Graham claimed that PTSD "did not apply in Funchess's case." Some death penalty opponents accused Graham of basing his decision in Funchess's case on "political expediency," positing that his decision was rooted in the fact that at the time, he was campaigning for a seat in the
31:
710:
403:." One sister, Queenie, described incidents wherein Funchess would "go blank" and become unresponsive for several minutes at a time in the middle of conversations, and that she would hear him crying in his room at night. He also disclosed to her that he had recurring nightmares involving the unarmed Vietnamese civilians whom he had been ordered to kill. At a press conference protesting Funchess's upcoming execution, Jeff Thompson, a Vietnam War veteran and lawyer who represented Funchess prior to his execution, said Funchess's behavior demonstrated that he, like many war veterans, could not readjust to civilian life. He also described Funchess's case of PTSD as "extreme."
737:
Waldrop's daughter were outside the prison during the execution and expressed relief at the execution and sympathy for
Funchess's family for their loss, although Ragan's daughter later expressed disapproval of the crowd of death penalty supporters who erupted into cheers at the news of Funchess's death, saying, "I would never do that. To even be a part of the execution is so degrading. No death is a reason to be happy." She also said, "I don't like being here, but I felt I owed it." Elsewhere, death penalty opponents placed a photo of Funchess in uniform by Florida's Vietnam Veteran's Memorial to protest his execution.
669:
656:
575:
Funchess to death. In their decision, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously asserted that death row inmates and their attorneys should have access to every piece of information available to the judges who impose their death sentences. Funchess was granted a new sentencing hearing during which he and his lawyers could argue before Judge Duncan that the confidential information Duncan possessed had a significant impact on his decision to impose a death sentence against
Funchess. Duncan was not required to impanel another jury to recommend a sentence.
618:
previously examined ." Smith also said
Funchess would have responded "extremely well" to treatment designed specifically to combat PTSD. Another separate doctor, when discussing Funchess's crimes with the added context of Funchess's PTSD, remarked that Funchess likely committed the murders in the middle of "a prolonged episode of cognitive confusion and dissociation," while Smith found that PTSD "could erupt, on occasion, into uncontrollable outbursts of aggressive behavior."
263:, gathered statements from people who knew Funchess before he served in the Vietnam War, including multiple close childhood friends, a Baptist minister who had attended middle school with Funchess, and a high school biology teacher, all of whom described Funchess as "a quiet, intelligent, and caring person who was in no way headed toward a life of crime," who had never used illicit drugs prior to his service. The appellate team also revealed that Funchess was a victim of
678:
here to excuse the fact of the violent murder he committed. But David
Funchess suffered greatly in the service of his country. If not for that service he would not have committed these crimes." Thompson also pointed out, similarly to Funchess's appellate attorneys, that at Funchess's trial, no one had introduced evidence of his psychological trauma or his exposure to Agent Orange to potentially mitigate the sentence he might have received.
218:. Funchess was convicted of and sentenced to death for the 1974 murders of 52-year-old Anna Waldrop and 56-year-old Clayton Keaton Ragan during a robbery of his former workplace. Funchess also severely injured 62-year-old Bertha McLeod, who died of her injuries in 1977; however, Funchess was never convicted of McLeod's murder. He was sentenced to death in 1975 – and resentenced to death in 1979 – for Waldrop and Ragan's murders.
244:
diminished his culpability in the murders and that his sacrifice on behalf of the country's military should have earned him clemency, and that
Funchess could not have brought up PTSD during his trial as it was not recognized in the DSM-III at the time. Funchess's execution made him the first Vietnam War veteran diagnosed with PTSD to be executed by a U.S. state.
311:, a toxic herbicide, defoliant, and chemical agent linked to physical and neurological problems in veterans and their offspring. While on death row, Funchess told his sister that he had very few memories of his time in Vietnam but could remember watching a fellow Marine being decapitated by a missile, having his own body blown into the air by the force of a
323:"He would describe women, children, and wrinkled old men, all harmless people that he was told to kill because they were 'the enemy.' He told me about one old man who had pajamas. He could hardly walk, much less run. He was totally harmless. He couldn't have done anything to anyone, but David had to shoot him down in cold blood."
531:
The jury voted 10–2 in favor of recommending that
Funchess be sentenced to death for the two murders of Waldrop and Ragan. Circuit Judge Gordon A. Duncan agreed with the jury's recommendation. In imposing Funchess's death sentence, Duncan called Funchess's crimes "some of the most senseless, heinous,
685:
set up a round-the-clock vigil at the
Florida Vietnam War Memorial that was intended to last from 7:00 pm on April 20, 1986, to 7:00 am on April 22, the time of Funchess's scheduled execution. The stays which delayed the execution of Funchess's sentence also prolonged the vigil. Members of the group
476:
When police arrived at the bar, they found
Waldrop and McLeod behind the bar, lying "head to head" in a pool of blood. Police followed a trail of blood from a bar stool to the rear of the lounge where Ragan's body was located, leading police to surmise that he had tried to escape through a rear door
243:
repeatedly denied
Funchess's clemency requests due to him and his legal team not having brought up PTSD as a mitigating factor at the time of his 1975 trial. These decisions prompted criticism from Funchess's defense attorneys, war veterans, and anti-death penalty activists, who argued that his PTSD
745:
At the moment of Funchess's execution, Linda Reynolds, the Director of the Florida Clearinghouse on Criminal Justice, criticized Governor Graham for his refusal to intervene, saying, "David Funchess was killed twice by society: once in Vietnam, and once today." After his execution, William Mitchell
724:
Funchess spent his final hours with his parents, his wife, two sisters, and three brothers. His execution was scheduled for 7:00 am on April 22, 1986. A federal appellate court granted him a last-minute temporary stay of execution, delaying the execution while Funchess's attorneys obtained a second
677:
A group of Vietnam War veterans participated in a press conference on April 18, 1986, to ask Governor Graham to commute Funchess's death sentence to life imprisonment. One of them, Jeff Thompson, said that Funchess "had never been violent except in Vietnam, in the service of his country. We are not
591:
At the time of Funchess's death sentence, PTSD was not fully understood; one of his appellate attorneys, Michael Mello, stated that the general perception of Vietnam War veterans at the time was that they were "either violent or drug addicts, or both," who received ostracism and a hostile reception
574:
In 1979, the United States Supreme Court vacated Funchess's death sentence due to his attorneys successfully arguing that Judge Duncan used a confidential portion of an investigation, to which his attorneys did not have access, to influence his decision to agree with the jury's verdict and sentence
556:
During his time on death row, guards described him as a "model prisoner." He only received one disciplinary infraction during his eleven years on death row, for a one-time refusal to approach the front of his cell for a prisoner count. While on death row, Funchess wrote poetry as a distraction from
503:
Police initially believed that the crime had to have been committed by more than one person. Initially, they stated that they were looking to question eight former Avondale Liquor Store employees for their potential knowledge of the murders. One of the men they said they were seeking was Funchess,
455:
52-year-old Anna Waldrop had worked at the lounge for seven years at the time of the murders; 62-year-old Bertha McLeod had worked at the lounge for years as well and told a friend that she was considering retiring soon. She was on vacation, and the last day of her vacation was the Monday on which
275:
in Florida; his sister Mary told his appellate team, "When most children got spankings when they misbehaved, we got "killings." We would have been glad to have been hit with just a hand or a belt, but it was usually with fists, sticks, extension cords or a piece of water hose. Often we didn't even
256:, to Alice and Venis (or Wenis) Funchess, the latter of whom operated tractors for a fertilizer plant. David Funchess had at least two older siblings, Mary and Willie J. Funchess; Willie was 2 years old at the time of David Funchess's birth. Overall, he had at least two sisters and four brothers.
646:
Governor Graham signed Funchess's second and final death warrant in February 1986, scheduling Funchess's execution to take place at 7:00 am on April 22, 1986, alongside John Earl Bush (whose execution was ultimately delayed until October 21, 1996). After Governor Graham signed Funchess's death
617:
Funchess was twice officially diagnosed with PTSD in 1982 by two separate doctors, including Dr. John Smith, one of the leading experts in the United States on the topic of PTSD. Dr. Smith said Funchess's diagnosis was "consistent with the psychological data collected by the clinicians who had
736:
shortly afterwards. Reporters observed him smiling at his attorney Susan Cary, who witnessed the execution alongside Jeff Thompson, and mouthing, "It's OK, it's OK. I love you." He declined to make a formal final statement. He was pronounced dead at 5:11 pm. Clayton Ragan's daughter and Anna
565:
In December 1976, the Florida Supreme Court upheld Funchess's death sentence in a unanimous 7–0 vote. One justice, Arthur England, warned prosecutors against showing jurors inflammatory photographs of the victims, as had happened at Funchess's trial, but concurred with the decision to uphold
499:
Witnesses observed four men near the lounge on the morning of the murders; one of them, wearing work clothes, drove away from the scene in a station wagon, while the other three, one of whom had a brown package under his arm as he walked out of the lounge, departed in a sedan.
468:
Sometime before 9:15 am on Monday, December 16, 1974, Funchess entered the lounge and encountered Waldrop, McLeod, and Ragan. He beat and stabbed all three of them on various parts of their bodies; he also slashed all three of their throats. Police later found a bloodstained
507:
Funchess was arrested in Ocala approximately two months after the murders and returned to Jacksonville. At first, he claimed he could not remember what happened, but he eventually admitted his guilt in the murders. A psychiatrist induced Funchess into a state of
406:
In 1972, a man held Funchess at gunpoint. Funchess, who was unarmed, walked towards the man, unaffected. The man shot him several times in the stomach. Funchess survived the shooting. Witnesses to the crime believed Funchess exhibited a desire to die by
536:" and said, "The Defendant selected the place for a robbery and like a cobra, he carefully chose the time to strike while casually drinking a cup of coffee across the street from the scene of the crimes." He also acknowledged that McLeod was still in a
566:
Funchess's sentence; during his trial, jurors were shown images of Waldrop's body and close-ups of her deceased face while prosecutors commented on the "helpless horror she must have felt while attempting to defend herself from brutal assault."
578:
At his resentencing hearing in December 1979, Funchess asked the court and God to show him mercy. Judge Duncan resentenced Funchess to death for Waldrop's and Ragan's murders, citing the circumstances and brutality of the murders. The
746:
College of Law Professor Peter Erlinder noted that two veterans had been acquitted of murder charges since 1980 after using their PTSD diagnoses in their defenses, while Funchess was executed despite having his own diagnoses.
672:
A man placing and/or adjusting a photo of David Funchess in his U.S. Marines uniform, nestling it in a bouquet of flowers in front of the Florida Vietnam Veterans Memorial, during a protest against his execution on April 22,
760:
Funchess was buried on Jeff Thompson's land in a rural north Florida county; a group of veterans and anti-death penalty citizens arranged the burial, as Funchess's siblings did not wish to return his body to Jacksonville.
434:, and other crimes, although whether or not he was convicted of any of those crimes is unclear. His family posited that his inability to keep a job, coupled with his drug addiction and trauma, led him to " into
350:
Sometime during Funchess's service, one of his brothers was murdered. He was given leave to attend his brother's funeral, but he did not return to duty at the scheduled time, causing him to be briefly listed as
642:
and the 36th overall warrant signed in his time in office, scheduling Funchess's execution to take place on July 20, 1982, but a federal judge issued an indefinite stay on July 18, postponing the execution.
451:
Approximately a year prior to the murders, Funchess worked as a porter at the Avondale Liquor Store, a lounge in Jacksonville, Florida. He was fired after his employers suspected him of stealing $ 800.
487:
After the murders, Funchess shared some of the money from the robbery with two women he had met on the street minutes prior to the murders. He used some more of the money to take a cab and travel to
702:
had a policy at the time prohibiting the families of victims or the condemned party from witnessing executions; Waldrop's daughter said that if her request was rejected, she would stand outside
399:
under his mother's house and sleep in them at night; he also began locking himself in his bedroom for multiple days at a time. Two of his sisters described his post-Vietnam temperament as "
757:
in determining their sentence, very likely would have earned Funchess a new sentencing hearing had he still been alive, since his jury had received the same improper instructions.
2020:
706:
among other death penalty supporters while his sentence was carried out. She also told reporters that she supported Funchess's execution and wanted to watch it for closure.
1249:"Report Regarding Implementation of the American Bar Association's Recommendations and Resolutions Concerning the Death Penalty and Calling for a Moratorium on Executions"
1260:
543:
Funchess was formally sentenced to death for Waldrop's and Ragan's murders on July 18, 1975. He was transferred to Florida's death row on July 29 to await execution.
2015:
659:
A photo of Funchess in his U.S. Marines uniform, placed in a bouquet of flowers in front of the Florida Vietnam War Memorial, during a protest against his execution
865:
1925:
592:
upon their return. Mello also pointed out that the United States government was not entirely privy to the needs of veterans before 1980, which was the year the
473:, which they believed Funchess used to carry out the murders. He stole between US$ 5,500 and US$ 6,500 from the bar, mostly in canceled checks, before leaving.
1827:
1328:
607:
1859:
1410:
1990:
1504:
1293:
749:
The next year, one of Funchess's attorneys pointed out that the U.S. Supreme Court decision reversing Florida death row inmate James Hitchcock's sentence in
598:
235:
1755:
1577:
1542:
1898:
1720:
1612:
1477:
1438:
915:
1995:
1372:
355:(AWOL). This designation was lifted after he returned to combat. Following his hospital stay in Virginia, Funchess was again required to report back to
1650:
239:(DSM-III) in 1980, several years after Funchess was sentenced to death. Funchess was diagnosed with the disorder in 1982. Courts and Florida Governor
1004:
1793:
686:
called Funchess a "forgotten man" and protested that neither Governor Graham nor the courts had taken Funchess's PTSD into enough consideration.
456:
the murders were committed, but she decided to go to work that day. 56-year-old Clayton Ragan was a customer at the lounge who was actually from
1985:
1965:
364:
2000:
1689:
524:
At trial, prosecutors referred to Funchess as an "animal." A court-appointed psychiatrist, Dr. Ernest Miller, described Funchess as a "
484:
before dying from her wounds more than two years after the attack, on July 10, 1977. Funchess was never convicted of McLeod's murder.
2005:
638:
and knew that many of his constituents felt strongly in support of the death penalty. Later in 1982, Graham signed Funchess's first
1970:
299:
border, during one of the war's most intense periods of combat. At the time of his enlistment, Funchess had no criminal record.
2010:
1248:
1193:
1141:
259:
Funchess's appellate team, consisting of attorneys and anti-death penalty activists including Mark Olive, Michael Mello, and
1975:
30:
849:
818:
775:
726:
580:
359:
in January 1968, but he did not, leading to him again being listed as AWOL. His second designation as AWOL led to his
1912:
1165:
1112:
984:
699:
438:
and petty crime." He also started neglecting his hygiene, failing to bathe regularly or tend to his hair or clothes.
1817:
1318:
1873:
1869:
1788:
1400:
593:
230:
1494:
1283:
626:
On May 17, 1982, soon after Funchess's diagnoses, he and his attorneys attended a hearing before Florida Governor
327:
Two and a half months into his service, Funchess received severe injuries to his ankle and leg from stepping on a
1980:
1745:
1567:
1532:
1710:
1602:
1452:
1448:
905:
1225:
780:
226:
709:
1362:
1104:
770:
480:
Waldrop and Ragan were pronounced dead, while McLeod was barely alive. McLeod remained in the hospital in a
1637:
1014:
229:(PTSD) as a result of his service. At the time of the murders, the disorder was not fully recognized; the
1780:
1183:
537:
516:" to get Funchess to confess that he had used heroin the morning of the murders before going to the bar.
396:
347:
with a diagnosis of "Psychoneurotic Depressive Reaction," a precursor to post-traumatic stress disorder.
207:
729:. However, approximately five hours later, the U.S. Supreme Court voted 7–2 against extending the stay.
1264:
284:
93:
395:. Funchess's family members said that he underwent "strange" behavioral changes and that he would dig
717:, an international Catholic peace organization, protesting Funchess's execution with a sign reading,
695:
668:
221:
Funchess's case gained significant press coverage and controversy due to the fact that he was a
1607:
603:
376:
1679:
753:, regarding the judge giving the jury improper instructions not to consider any non-statutory
1920:
1645:
372:
253:
58:
1960:
1955:
1864:
1443:
1405:
1288:
703:
655:
635:
344:
77:
8:
1572:
533:
532:
and horrible murders that have ever taken place in Jacksonville." He called the murders "
431:
427:
415:
392:
288:
149:
1039:
1892:
1471:
682:
360:
332:
260:
211:
160:
35:
A mugshot of Funchess taken c. 1975, while he was on death row in Florida State Prison
1367:
1189:
1159:
Veterans Exposed to Agent Orange: Legislative History, Litigation, and Current Issues
1137:
1108:
980:
857:
754:
639:
457:
1638:"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: The Execution of Mentally Ill Offenders | Summary Report"
1750:
1684:
1537:
1499:
1130:
470:
280:
81:
1822:
1323:
1009:
910:
785:
312:
222:
1884:
1838:
1766:
1731:
1623:
1588:
1553:
1515:
1463:
1421:
1383:
1339:
1304:
926:
733:
509:
488:
1949:
1715:
861:
810:
611:
272:
1045:
698:
office asking for permission to witness Funchess's execution, although the
583:
announced on October 19, 1981, that they would not review Funchess's case.
368:
308:
1158:
614:
acknowledged the neglect of Vietnam veterans' needs throughout the 1970s.
714:
525:
513:
400:
356:
292:
264:
120:
906:"Vietnam Veterans Plead for Life of Ex-Soldier Scheduled for Execution"
627:
240:
143:
423:
388:
352:
328:
1210:
586:
435:
340:
131:
811:"Execution List: 1976-present | Florida Department of Corrections"
569:
414:
Around September 1973, Funchess was arrested for and convicted of
419:
408:
316:
268:
215:
203:
1603:"Governor Orders Execution for 1974 Jacksonville Double-Murder"
1132:
Among the Lowest of the Dead: The Culture of Capital Punishment
631:
123:
veteran diagnosed with PTSD to be executed in the United States
1157:
Sidath, Viranga Panangala; Shedd, Daniel (November 18, 2014).
339:
for three months and subsequently sent to a naval hospital in
504:
although at the time, they did not confirm he was a suspect.
336:
1121:
977:
To Kill and be Killed: Case Studies from Florida's Death Row
319:-clad elderly man who was too physically disabled to escape:
16:
American Vietnam War veteran executed for murder (1947–1986)
481:
296:
1495:"Revenue Source Lost: Victim Aid Panel Dealt Severe Blow"
391:
to cope with his injuries, which led to him developing a
279:
In 1965, Funchess graduated near the top of his class in
2021:
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
1781:"Battle Scars: Military Veterans and the Death Penalty"
979:(1st ed.). Hope Publishing House. pp. 11–32.
557:
his mental distress and became interested in religion.
621:
599:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
307:
During Funchess's time in Vietnam, he was exposed to
236:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
460:; he was visiting Jacksonville to see his children.
1439:"Mercy Pleas for Condemned Veteran's Life Unheeded"
1319:"2 Slain in Jacksonville Lounge; Another Critical"
1164:(Report). Congressional Research Service. R43790.
1129:
1127:
1038:
387:After returning from the war, Funchess was put on
363:, precluding him from receiving benefits from the
202:(March 16, 1947 – April 22, 1986) was an American
663:
2016:20th-century African-American military personnel
1947:
1897:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1476:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
847:
587:PTSD awareness, diagnoses, and clemency requests
570:Overturning and reinstatement of death sentence
1246:
694:Anna Waldrop's daughter wrote a letter to the
1913:"USA: Darkness Visible in the Sunshine State"
1818:"Victim's Daughter Wants to Watch Killer Die"
1218:The Veteran: Vietnam Veterans Against the War
719:"Florida Says Thanks to a "Purple Heart" Vet"
422:. On separate occasions, he was arrested for
247:
1991:People executed by Florida by electric chair
1680:"Veterans Ask Clemency for Condemned Killer"
1263:from the original on 2023-02-03 – via
1247:Entzeroth, Lyn; Coyne, Randall (Fall 1996).
974:
850:"VIETNAM VETERAN IS PUT TO DEATH IN FLORIDA"
365:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
1156:
1040:"David Funchess, United States 1950 Census"
1996:People with post-traumatic stress disorder
1876:. Archived from the original on 2023-02-02
1455:. Archived from the original on 2023-02-02
975:Miller, Kent; Miller, Betty Davis (2011).
302:
225:who was diagnosed with an extreme case of
29:
713:Patricia Frank of the Florida chapter of
650:
331:. A medical report described that he was
708:
667:
654:
546:
371:due to his wounds. He also received the
252:Funchess was born on March 16, 1947, in
596:added PTSD to the third edition of the
233:added PTSD to the third edition of the
1948:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1433:
1431:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1208:
1002:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
1986:People convicted of murder by Florida
1533:"Court Reduces Death Penalty to Life"
1527:
1525:
1489:
1487:
1395:
1393:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1188:. U of Minnesota Press. p. 235.
1181:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
998:
996:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
725:temporary stay of execution from the
608:Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs
1171:from the original on March 21, 2017.
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1033:
1031:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
805:
803:
801:
382:
287:; that summer, he and his unit, the
1966:American people executed for murder
1845:
1667:
1428:
1235:
622:Clemency hearing and death warrants
13:
2001:20th-century executions by Florida
1522:
1484:
1390:
1346:
1271:
1253:University of Tulsa College of Law
1185:Deathwork: Defending the Condemned
1101:Deathwork: Defending the Condemned
993:
933:
776:List of people executed in Florida
581:Supreme Court of the United States
528:" who was "dangerous to society."
377:Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
14:
2032:
1860:"Inmate Executed for Two Murders"
1059:
1028:
879:
832:
815:Florida Department of Corrections
798:
700:Florida Department of Corrections
2006:Executed African-American people
1789:Death Penalty Information Center
1746:"Killer's Electrocution Blocked"
1284:"Former Lounge Employees Sought"
1231:from the original on 2023-02-03.
594:American Psychiatric Association
560:
494:
231:American Psychiatric Association
111:War veteran; lounge bar employee
1931:from the original on 2023-02-03
1905:
1830:from the original on 2023-01-22
1810:
1799:from the original on 2023-02-03
1773:
1758:from the original on 2023-02-06
1738:
1723:from the original on 2023-02-06
1703:
1692:from the original on 2023-02-03
1656:from the original on 2023-02-03
1630:
1615:from the original on 2023-02-06
1595:
1580:from the original on 2023-02-06
1568:"Poetry-Writing Vet Asks Mercy"
1560:
1545:from the original on 2023-02-01
1507:from the original on 2023-02-01
1413:from the original on 2023-01-25
1375:from the original on 2023-01-27
1331:from the original on 2023-01-27
1311:
1296:from the original on 2023-02-03
1202:
1175:
918:from the original on 2023-01-25
868:from the original on 2023-01-25
848:Associated Press (1986-04-23).
821:from the original on 2023-01-25
602:(DSM-III). Also that year, the
315:, and being ordered to shoot a
1971:American murderers of children
1150:
781:Post-traumatic stress disorder
664:Protests from Vietnam veterans
283:. In 1967, he enlisted in the
227:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
1136:. New York, NY: Times Books.
1105:University of Minnesota Press
791:
771:Capital punishment in Florida
606:held special hearings of the
446:
276:know why we were being hit."
2011:Executed people from Florida
1711:"Tuesday Execution Appealed"
1005:"Stay Focuses Trauma Debate"
740:
689:
551:
291:, were sent to serve in the
7:
1976:American shooting survivors
1719:. 1982-07-14. pp. 6B.
1503:. 1979-02-09. p. 158.
1363:"8 to Question on Slayings"
764:
727:United States Supreme Court
538:persistent vegetative state
343:, where he was housed in a
10:
2037:
1826:. 1986-04-19. p. 20.
1611:. 1982-06-24. p. 39.
1576:. 1982-05-18. p. 41.
1541:. 1976-12-10. p. 46.
1409:. 1979-12-07. p. 25.
1371:. 1974-12-18. p. 40.
1292:. 1974-12-18. p. 10.
1128:Von Drehle, David (1995).
1003:Sewell, Dan (1993-02-08).
914:. 1986-04-19. p. 20.
696:Florida Attorney General's
441:
285:United States Marine Corps
248:Early life and Vietnam War
94:Execution by electrocution
1754:. 1982-07-18. p. 4.
1327:. 1974-12-17. p. 7.
1209:Baxter, Tom (Fall 2007).
367:. However, he received a
200:David Livingston Funchess
193:
183:
171:
166:
156:
141:
137:
127:
115:
107:
103:David Livingstone Funches
99:
89:
66:
45:David Livingston Funchess
40:
28:
21:
1401:"Man Resentenced to Die"
755:mitigating circumstances
732:Funchess was led to the
519:
463:
1868:. 1986-04-23. pp.
1447:. 1986-04-23. pp.
1182:Mello, Michael (2002).
1099:Mello, Michael (2002).
610:, during which Senator
335:to a naval hospital in
303:Vietnam War experiences
1981:American war criminals
1608:Pensacola News Journal
721:
674:
660:
651:Protests and execution
604:United States Congress
416:breaching of the peace
361:dishonorable discharge
325:
1921:Amnesty International
1646:Amnesty International
712:
671:
658:
547:Death row and appeals
373:Vietnam Service Medal
321:
254:Jacksonville, Florida
59:Jacksonville, Florida
1865:Tallahassee Democrat
1444:Tallahassee Democrat
1406:Tallahassee Democrat
1289:Tallahassee Democrat
1107:. pp. 230–247.
751:Hitchcock v. Florida
704:Florida State Prison
636:United States Senate
353:absent without leave
177:Clayton K. Ragan, 56
78:Florida State Prison
1573:The Palm Beach Post
477:when he collapsed.
432:public intoxication
428:obstructing traffic
333:medically evacuated
289:3rd Marine Division
223:Vietnam War veteran
150:First degree murder
90:Cause of death
854:The New York Times
722:
683:Veterans for Peace
675:
661:
261:Scharlette Holdman
1368:The Tampa Tribune
1195:978-1-4529-0606-5
1143:978-0-472-03123-8
458:Live Oak, Florida
383:Post-war behavior
197:
196:
187:December 16, 1974
179:Bertha McLeod, 62
2028:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1751:The Journal News
1742:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1685:Associated Press
1676:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1649:. January 2006.
1642:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1538:The Miami Herald
1529:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1500:The Miami Herald
1491:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1359:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1244:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1096:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1013:. Archived from
1000:
991:
990:
972:
931:
930:
924:
923:
902:
877:
876:
874:
873:
845:
830:
829:
827:
826:
807:
471:grapefruit knife
393:heroin addiction
345:psychiatric ward
313:mortar explosion
214:by the state of
175:Anna Waldrop, 52
157:Criminal penalty
146:
100:Other names
82:Raiford, Florida
73:
54:
52:
33:
19:
18:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2025:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1833:
1831:
1823:Tampa Bay Times
1816:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1581:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1378:
1376:
1361:
1360:
1347:
1334:
1332:
1324:Tampa Bay Times
1317:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1297:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1265:Digital Commons
1245:
1236:
1228:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1097:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1010:Tampa Bay Times
1001:
994:
987:
973:
934:
921:
919:
911:Tampa Bay Times
904:
903:
880:
871:
869:
846:
833:
824:
822:
809:
808:
799:
794:
786:Vietnam veteran
767:
743:
692:
681:A group called
666:
653:
624:
589:
572:
563:
554:
549:
522:
497:
466:
449:
444:
385:
305:
267:who grew up in
250:
189:approx. 9:15 am
188:
178:
176:
142:
128:Criminal status
85:
75:
71:
62:
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1942:
1941:
1904:
1885:Newspapers.com
1844:
1839:Newspapers.com
1809:
1792:. 2015-11-11.
1772:
1767:Newspapers.com
1737:
1732:Newspapers.com
1702:
1688:. 1986-04-21.
1666:
1629:
1624:Newspapers.com
1594:
1589:Newspapers.com
1559:
1554:Newspapers.com
1521:
1516:Newspapers.com
1483:
1464:Newspapers.com
1427:
1422:Newspapers.com
1389:
1384:Newspapers.com
1345:
1340:Newspapers.com
1310:
1305:Newspapers.com
1270:
1234:
1201:
1194:
1174:
1149:
1142:
1120:
1113:
1058:
1027:
992:
985:
932:
927:Newspapers.com
878:
831:
796:
795:
793:
790:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
766:
763:
742:
739:
734:electric chair
691:
688:
665:
662:
652:
649:
623:
620:
588:
585:
571:
568:
562:
559:
553:
550:
548:
545:
521:
518:
510:narcosynthesis
496:
493:
489:Ocala, Florida
465:
462:
448:
445:
443:
440:
384:
381:
304:
301:
249:
246:
206:and convicted
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
147:
139:
138:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
117:
116:Known for
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
76:
74:(aged 39)
70:April 22, 1986
68:
64:
63:
57:
55:March 16, 1947
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
23:David Funchess
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2033:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:Florida Today
1712:
1706:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1465:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1211:"Why I Fight"
1205:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1114:9780816640881
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1017:on 2023-02-03
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
999:
997:
988:
986:9780932727237
982:
978:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
928:
917:
913:
912:
907:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
820:
816:
812:
806:
804:
802:
797:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
762:
758:
756:
752:
747:
738:
735:
730:
728:
720:
716:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
687:
684:
679:
670:
657:
648:
644:
641:
640:death warrant
637:
633:
629:
619:
615:
613:
612:Alan Cranston
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
584:
582:
576:
567:
561:Early appeals
558:
544:
541:
539:
535:
529:
527:
517:
515:
511:
505:
501:
495:Investigation
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
474:
472:
461:
459:
453:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:grand larceny
417:
412:
410:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:pain medicine
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
245:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
192:
186:
182:
174:
170:
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
148:
145:
144:Conviction(s)
140:
136:
133:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:Occupation(s)
106:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
83:
79:
69:
65:
60:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1933:. Retrieved
1919:
1907:
1883:– via
1878:. Retrieved
1863:
1837:– via
1832:. Retrieved
1821:
1812:
1801:. Retrieved
1787:
1775:
1765:– via
1760:. Retrieved
1749:
1740:
1730:– via
1725:. Retrieved
1714:
1705:
1694:. Retrieved
1683:
1658:. Retrieved
1644:
1632:
1622:– via
1617:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1587:– via
1582:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1552:– via
1547:. Retrieved
1536:
1514:– via
1509:. Retrieved
1498:
1462:– via
1457:. Retrieved
1442:
1420:– via
1415:. Retrieved
1404:
1382:– via
1377:. Retrieved
1366:
1338:– via
1333:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1303:– via
1298:. Retrieved
1287:
1256:
1252:
1221:
1217:
1204:
1184:
1177:
1152:
1131:
1123:
1100:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:FamilySearch
1044:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1008:
976:
925:– via
920:. Retrieved
909:
870:. Retrieved
853:
823:. Retrieved
814:
759:
750:
748:
744:
731:
723:
718:
693:
680:
676:
645:
625:
616:
597:
590:
577:
573:
564:
555:
542:
534:premeditated
530:
523:
506:
502:
498:
486:
479:
475:
467:
454:
450:
413:
405:
401:shellshocked
386:
369:Purple Heart
349:
326:
322:
309:Agent Orange
306:
278:
273:Jim Crow era
258:
251:
234:
220:
199:
198:
72:(1986-04-22)
1961:1986 deaths
1956:1947 births
715:Pax Christi
630:to request
514:truth serum
357:active duty
295:, near the
293:Vietnam War
281:high school
271:during the
265:child abuse
204:war veteran
121:Vietnam War
1950:Categories
1935:2023-02-03
1880:2023-02-01
1834:2023-02-01
1803:2023-02-03
1762:2023-02-06
1727:2023-02-06
1696:2023-02-03
1660:2023-02-03
1619:2023-02-06
1584:2023-02-06
1549:2023-02-01
1511:2023-02-01
1459:2023-01-27
1417:2023-01-25
1379:2023-01-27
1335:2023-01-27
1300:2023-01-21
1052:2023-01-25
1021:2023-02-03
922:2023-01-25
872:2023-01-25
825:2023-01-25
792:References
628:Bob Graham
447:Background
241:Bob Graham
152:(2 counts)
51:1947-03-16
1893:cite news
1472:cite news
1224:(2): 23.
862:0362-4331
741:Aftermath
690:Execution
552:Death row
526:sociopath
512:using a "
424:loitering
329:land mine
1926:Archived
1924:. 2018.
1828:Archived
1794:Archived
1756:Archived
1721:Archived
1690:Archived
1651:Archived
1613:Archived
1578:Archived
1543:Archived
1505:Archived
1411:Archived
1373:Archived
1329:Archived
1294:Archived
1261:Archived
1226:Archived
1166:Archived
916:Archived
866:Archived
819:Archived
765:See also
632:clemency
436:vagrancy
397:foxholes
375:and the
341:Virginia
212:executed
210:who was
208:murderer
132:Executed
442:Murders
409:suicide
297:Laotian
269:poverty
216:Florida
172:Victims
167:Details
1192:
1140:
1111:
983:
860:
317:pajama
119:First
84:, U.S.
61:, U.S.
1929:(PDF)
1916:(PDF)
1797:(PDF)
1784:(PDF)
1654:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1259:(1).
1229:(PDF)
1214:(PDF)
1169:(PDF)
1162:(PDF)
520:Trial
464:Crime
337:Japan
161:Death
1899:link
1478:link
1190:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1109:ISBN
981:ISBN
858:ISSN
673:1986
482:coma
418:and
184:Date
67:Died
41:Born
1952::
1918:.
1895:}}
1891:{{
1872:,
1862:.
1847:^
1820:.
1786:.
1748:.
1713:.
1682:.
1669:^
1643:.
1605:.
1570:.
1535:.
1524:^
1497:.
1486:^
1474:}}
1470:{{
1451:,
1441:.
1430:^
1403:.
1392:^
1365:.
1348:^
1321:.
1286:.
1273:^
1255:.
1251:.
1237:^
1222:37
1220:.
1216:.
1103:.
1061:^
1043:.
1030:^
1007:.
995:^
935:^
908:.
881:^
864:.
856:.
852:.
834:^
817:.
813:.
800:^
540:.
491:.
430:,
426:,
411:.
379:.
80:,
1938:.
1901:)
1887:.
1874:2
1870:1
1841:.
1806:.
1769:.
1734:.
1699:.
1663:.
1626:.
1591:.
1556:.
1518:.
1480:)
1466:.
1453:2
1449:1
1424:.
1386:.
1342:.
1307:.
1267:.
1257:4
1198:.
1146:.
1117:.
1055:.
1024:.
989:.
929:.
875:.
828:.
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
