Data Encryption Standard

533:, IBM Watson researchers discovered differential cryptanalytic attacks in 1974 and were asked by the NSA to keep the technique secret. Coppersmith explains IBM's secrecy decision by saying, "that was because can be a very powerful tool, used against many schemes, and there was concern that such information in the public domain could adversely affect national security." Levy quotes Walter Tuchman: "hey asked us to stamp all our documents confidential... We actually put a number on each one and locked them up in safes, because they were considered U.S. government classified. They said do it. So I did it". Bruce Schneier observed that "It took the academic community two decades to figure out that the NSA 'tweaks' actually improved the security of DES." 1244: 2192:—was suggested in 1994 (Kaliski and Robshaw), and was further refined by Biryukov and others. (2004); their analysis suggests that multiple linear approximations could be used to reduce the data requirements of the attack by at least a factor of 4 (that is, 2 instead of 2). A similar reduction in data complexity can be obtained in a chosen-plaintext variant of linear cryptanalysis (Knudsen and Mathiassen, 2000). Junod (2001) performed several experiments to determine the actual time complexity of linear cryptanalysis, and reported that it was somewhat faster than predicted, requiring time equivalent to 2–2 DES evaluations. 38: 1040: 6347: 2115:(FPGAs) of type XILINX Spartan-3 1000 run in parallel. They are grouped in 20 DIMM modules, each containing 6 FPGAs. The use of reconfigurable hardware makes the machine applicable to other code breaking tasks as well. One of the more interesting aspects of COPACOBANA is its cost factor. One machine can be built for approximately $ 10,000. The cost decrease by roughly a factor of 25 over the EFF machine is an example of the continuous improvement of 2890: 1141: 2127:, a spin-off company of the two project partners of COPACOBANA has enhanced and developed successors of COPACOBANA. In 2008 their COPACOBANA RIVYERA reduced the time to break DES to less than one day, using 128 Spartan-3 5000's. SciEngines RIVYERA held the record in brute-force breaking DES, having utilized 128 Spartan-3 5000 FPGAs. Their 256 Spartan-6 LX150 model has further lowered this time. 2055: 1353: 1220:. The Feistel structure ensures that decryption and encryption are very similar processes—the only difference is that the subkeys are applied in the reverse order when decrypting. The rest of the algorithm is identical. This greatly simplifies implementation, particularly in hardware, as there is no need for separate encryption and decryption algorithms. 472:" as evidence of improper interference from the NSA. The suspicion was that the algorithm had been covertly weakened by the intelligence agency so that they—but no one else—could easily read encrypted messages. Alan Konheim (one of the designers of DES) commented, "We sent the S-boxes off to Washington. They came back and were all different." The 529:, a general method for breaking block ciphers. The S-boxes of DES were much more resistant to the attack than if they had been chosen at random, strongly suggesting that IBM knew about the technique in the 1970s. This was indeed the case; in 1994, Don Coppersmith published some of the original design criteria for the S-boxes. According to 2070:

In academia, various proposals for a DES-cracking machine were advanced. In 1977, Diffie and Hellman proposed a machine costing an estimated US$ 20 million which could find a DES key in a single day. By 1993, Wiener had proposed a key-search machine costing US$ 1 million which would find a key within

2046:

determines the number of possible keys, and hence the feasibility of this approach. For DES, questions were raised about the adequacy of its key size early on, even before it was adopted as a standard, and it was the small key size, rather than theoretical cryptanalysis, which dictated a need for a

503:

In 1973 NBS solicited private industry for a data encryption standard (DES). The first offerings were disappointing, so NSA began working on its own algorithm. Then Howard Rosenblum, deputy director for research and engineering, discovered that Walter Tuchman of IBM was working on a modification to

2798:

It is easy enough to avoid the weak and semiweak keys in an implementation, either by testing for them explicitly, or simply by choosing keys randomly; the odds of picking a weak or semiweak key by chance are negligible. The keys are not really any weaker than any other keys anyway, as they do not

1231:

scrambles half a block together with some of the key. The output from the F-function is then combined with the other half of the block, and the halves are swapped before the next round. After the final round, the halves are swapped; this is a feature of the Feistel structure which makes encryption

2875:

Simplified DES (SDES) was designed for educational purposes only, to help students learn about modern cryptanalytic techniques. SDES has similar structure and properties to DES, but has been simplified to make it much easier to perform encryption and decryption by hand with pencil and paper. Some

2134:

announced a system with 48 Xilinx Virtex-6 LX240T FPGAs, each FPGA containing 40 fully pipelined DES cores running at 400 MHz, for a total capacity of 768 gigakeys/sec. The system can exhaustively search the entire 56-bit DES key space in about 26 hours and this service is offered for a fee

2017:

Although more information has been published on the cryptanalysis of DES than any other block cipher, the most practical attack to date is still a brute-force approach. Various minor cryptanalytic properties are known, and three theoretical attacks are possible which, while having a theoretical

603:

The DES can be said to have "jump-started" the nonmilitary study and development of encryption algorithms. In the 1970s there were very few cryptographers, except for those in military or intelligence organizations, and little academic study of cryptography. There are now many active academic

1088:

to customize the transformation, so that decryption can supposedly only be performed by those who know the particular key used to encrypt. The key ostensibly consists of 64 bits; however, only 56 of these are actually used by the algorithm. Eight bits are used solely for checking

512:

NSA worked closely with IBM to strengthen the algorithm against all except brute-force attacks and to strengthen substitution tables, called S-boxes. Conversely, NSA tried to convince IBM to reduce the length of the key from 64 to 48 bits. Ultimately they compromised on a 56-bit

2214:

There have also been attacks proposed against reduced-round versions of the cipher, that is, versions of DES with fewer than 16 rounds. Such analysis gives an insight into how many rounds are needed for safety, and how much of a "security margin" the full version retains.

493:

NSA did not tamper with the design of the algorithm in any way. IBM invented and designed the algorithm, made all pertinent decisions regarding it, and concurred that the agreed upon key size was more than adequate for all commercial applications for which the DES was

612:, "DES did more to galvanize the field of cryptanalysis than anything else. Now there was an algorithm to study." An astonishing share of the open literature in cryptography in the 1970s and 1980s dealt with the DES, and the DES is the standard against which every 312:). However, the NSA also ensured that the key size was drastically reduced so that they could break the cipher by brute force attack. The intense academic scrutiny the algorithm received over time led to the modern understanding of block ciphers and their 2221:

was proposed by Langford and Hellman in 1994, and combines differential and linear cryptanalysis into a single attack. An enhanced version of the attack can break 9-round DES with 2 chosen plaintexts and has a 2 time complexity (Biham and others, 2002).

1281:

in the diagram, by duplicating half of the bits. The output consists of eight 6-bit (8 × 6 = 48 bits) pieces, each containing a copy of 4 corresponding input bits, plus a copy of the immediately adjacent bit from each of the input pieces to either

2093:

There are many people who will not believe a truth until they can see it with their own eyes. Showing them a physical machine that can crack DES in a few days is the only way to convince some people that they really cannot trust their security to

1396:

check bits. The 56 bits are then divided into two 28-bit halves; each half is thereafter treated separately. In successive rounds, both halves are rotated left by one or two bits (specified for each round), and then 48 subkey bits are selected by

393:

generating key, and was a commercial success. Banks and credit card companies were fearful that Atalla would dominate the market, which spurred the development of an international encryption standard. Atalla was an early competitor to

2188:(Matsui, 1993); the method was implemented (Matsui, 1994), and was the first experimental cryptanalysis of DES to be reported. There is no evidence that DES was tailored to be resistant to this type of attack. A generalization of LC— 498:

Another member of the DES team, Walter Tuchman, stated "We developed the DES algorithm entirely within IBM using IBMers. The NSA did not dictate a single wire!" In contrast, a declassified NSA book on cryptologic history states:

1405:)—24 bits from the left half, and 24 from the right. The rotations (denoted by "<<<" in the diagram) mean that a different set of bits is used in each subkey; each bit is used in approximately 14 out of the 16 subkeys. 484:

that a reduced key size was sufficient; indirectly assisted in the development of the S-box structures; and certified that the final DES algorithm was, to the best of their knowledge, free from any statistical or mathematical

2322: 405:

On 15 May 1973, after consulting with the NSA, NBS solicited proposals for a cipher that would meet rigorous design criteria. None of the submissions was suitable. A second request was issued on 27 August 1974. This time,

4853: 3707:

S. Kumar, C. Paar, J. Pelzl, G. Pfeiffer, A. Rupp, M. Schimmler, "How to Break DES for Euro 8,980". 2nd Workshop on Special-purpose Hardware for Attacking Cryptographic Systems—SHARCS 2006, Cologne, Germany, April 3–4,

1408:

The key schedule for decryption is similar—the subkeys are in reverse order compared to encryption. Apart from that change, the process is the same as for encryption. The same 28 bits are passed to all rotation boxes.

2071:

7 hours. However, none of these early proposals were ever implemented—or, at least, no implementations were publicly acknowledged. The vulnerability of DES was practically demonstrated in the late 1990s. In 1997,

3005:

Pub 46–3); it involves applying DES three times with two (2TDES) or three (3TDES) different keys. TDES is regarded as adequately secure, although it is quite slow. A less computationally expensive alternative is

545:

PUB 46, authorized for use on all unclassified data. It was subsequently reaffirmed as the standard in 1983, 1988 (revised as FIPS-46-1), 1993 (FIPS-46-2), and again in 1999 (FIPS-46-3), the latter prescribing

4074: 997:

GPU costing US$ 1000 recovers a key in an average of 15 days (full exhaustive search taking 30 days). Systems have been built with eight GTX 1080 Ti GPUs which can recover a key in an average of under 2 days.

335:). There are also some analytical results which demonstrate theoretical weaknesses in the cipher, although they are infeasible in practice. The algorithm is believed to be practically secure in the form of 2863:

is not a group, nor "close" to being a group. This was an open question for some time, and if it had been the case, it would have been possible to break DES, and multiple encryption modes such as

1213:(IP "undoes" the action of FP, and vice versa). IP and FP have no cryptographic significance, but were included in order to facilitate loading blocks in and out of mid-1970s 8-bit based hardware. 599:

The introduction of DES is considered to have been a catalyst for the academic study of cryptography, particularly of methods to crack block ciphers. According to a NIST retrospective about DES,

2083:, and Justin Dolske, using idle cycles of thousands of computers across the Internet. The feasibility of cracking DES quickly was demonstrated in 1998 when a custom DES-cracker was built by the 3657:

William E. Burr, "Data Encryption Standard", in NIST's anthology "A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: A Chronicle of Selected NBS/NIST Publications, 1901–2000.

2736: 1127:

Decryption uses the same structure as encryption, but with the keys used in reverse order. (This has the advantage that the same hardware or software can be used in both directions.)

2198:: while linear and differential cryptanalysis are general techniques and can be applied to a number of schemes, Davies' attack is a specialized technique for DES, first suggested by 2793: 2557: 476:

reviewed the NSA's actions to determine whether there had been any improper involvement. In the unclassified summary of their findings, published in 1978, the Committee wrote:

3259: 2352: 266:(NBS) following the agency's invitation to propose a candidate for the protection of sensitive, unclassified electronic government data. In 1976, after consultation with the 963:

of the Universities of Bochum and Kiel, Germany, breaks DES in 9 days at a $ 10,000 hardware cost. Within a year software improvements reduced the average time to 6.4 days.

2155:. However, the attacks are theoretical and are generally considered infeasible to mount in practice; these types of attack are sometimes termed certificational weaknesses. 2600: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 2837: 1248: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1043: 2661: 2634: 2405: 1362: 1361: 1048: 608:

companies and consultants. A generation of cryptanalysts has cut its teeth analyzing (that is, trying to "crack") the DES algorithm. In the words of cryptographer

2066:

contained 1,856 custom chips and could brute-force a DES key in a matter of days—the photo shows a DES Cracker circuit board fitted with several Deep Crack chips.

1356: 1247: 2867:

would not increase the security, because repeated encryption (and decryptions) under different keys would be equivalent to encryption under another, single key.

2428: 2379: 2075:

sponsored a series of contests, offering a $ 10,000 prize to the first team that broke a message encrypted with DES for the contest. That contest was won by the

3318: 2857: 2467: 2447: 6327: 6157: 3017:

On January 2, 1997, NIST announced that they wished to choose a successor to DES. In 2001, after an international competition, NIST selected a new cipher, the

1332:. This is designed so that, after permutation, the bits from the output of each S-box in this round are spread across four different S-boxes in the next round. 4942:

National Bureau of Standards, Data Encryption Standard, FIPS-Pub.46. National Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C., January 1977.

247:

of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of

1116:

may be utilized for error detection in key generation, distribution, and storage. Bits 8, 16,..., 64 are for use in ensuring that each byte is of odd parity.

473: 452:. Public comments were requested, and in the following year two open workshops were held to discuss the proposed standard. There was criticism received from 4976: 3416: 3216: 2051:. As a result of discussions involving external consultants including the NSA, the key size was reduced from 256 bits to 56 bits to fit on a single chip. 285:

The publication of an NSA-approved encryption standard led to its quick international adoption and widespread academic scrutiny. Controversies arose from

592:

in 1998 that demonstrated that DES could be attacked very practically, and highlighted the need for a replacement algorithm. These and other methods of

3055: 2236: 6385: 4746: 4633: 4627: 4018: 3922: 1314:. Each of the eight S-boxes replaces its six input bits with four output bits according to a non-linear transformation, provided in the form of a 6380: 3589: 3224: 344: 3648:

Bruce Schneier, Applied Cryptography, Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C, Second edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1996) p. 267

3098: 1256: 1032:

For brevity, the following description omits the exact transformations and permutations which specify the algorithm. For further details, see

1021:

in 25 seconds. A new rainbow table has to be calculated per plaintext. A limited set of rainbow tables have been made available for download.

941: 6010: 4429: 2876:

people feel that learning SDES gives insight into DES and other block ciphers, and insight into various cryptanalytic attacks against them.

5945: 5026: 3661: 517:

Some of the suspicions about hidden weaknesses in the S-boxes were allayed in 1990, with the independent discovery and open publication by

4765: 4752: 3834:

van Oorschot, Paul C.; Wiener, Michael J. (1991), Damgård, Ivan Bjerre (ed.), "A Known-Plaintext Attack on Two-Key Triple Encryption",

1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 504:

Lucifer for general use. NSA gave Tuchman a clearance and brought him in to work jointly with the Agency on his Lucifer modification."

3671: 2907: 1158: 3295: 2170:; it was known earlier to both IBM and the NSA and kept secret. To break the full 16 rounds, differential cryptanalysis requires 2 1216:

Before the main rounds, the block is divided into two 32-bit halves and processed alternately; this criss-crossing is known as the

17: 5772: 5128: 3503: 3463: 3002: 2959: 542: 279: 410:

submitted a candidate which was deemed acceptable—a cipher developed during the period 1973–1974 based on an earlier algorithm,

4949:, free online lectures on Chapter 3 of "Understanding Cryptography, A Textbook for Students and Practitioners". Springer, 2009. 4540: 4472: 3014:

was a DES variant proposed as a way to speed up encryption, but it was shown to be susceptible to differential cryptanalysis.

5762: 5256: 4933: 4898: 4722: 3853: 3628: 3608: 1336:

The alternation of substitution from the S-boxes, and permutation of bits from the P-box and E-expansion provides so-called "

4946: 4485: 1384:

for encryption—the algorithm which generates the subkeys. Initially, 56 bits of the key are selected from the initial 64 by

5925: 5899: 5767: 5663: 3229: 551: 2111:. Unlike the EFF machine, COPACOBANA consists of commercially available, reconfigurable integrated circuits. 120 of these 3767: 1318:. The S-boxes provide the core of the security of DES—without them, the cipher would be linear, and trivially breakable. 5740: 4360: 4327: 4294: 4212: 4179: 4054: 3986: 2143:

There are three attacks known that can break the full 16 rounds of DES with less complexity than a brute-force search:

4409: 6390: 6003: 4861: 4810: 4659: 4651: 4386: 4146: 3904: 3322: 3185: 2929: 2218: 1180: 541:

Despite the criticisms, DES was approved as a federal standard in November 1976, and published on 15 January 1977 as

5909: 5019: 3021:(AES), as a replacement. The algorithm which was selected as the AES was submitted by its designers under the name 1124:. FIPS-81 specifies several modes for use with DES. Further comments on the usage of DES are contained in FIPS-74. 5788: 4817: 4129:

Biryukov, Alex; Cannière, Christophe De; Quisquater, Michaël (2004-08-15). "On Multiple Linear Approximations".

1240:

The F-function, depicted in Figure 2, operates on half a block (32 bits) at a time and consists of four stages:

6206: 5966: 4820: 4699: 4092:

Alanazi, Hamdan O.; et al. (2010). "New Comparative Study Between DES, 3DES and AES within Nine Factors".

3427: 3233: 2982:

of DES, and could act as a "drop-in" replacement, although they typically used a 64-bit or 128-bit key. In the

2911: 2669: 2084: 2059: 1162: 1121: 848: 585: 550:" (see below). On 26 May 2002, DES was finally superseded by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), following 390: 389:(HSM), the so-called "Atalla Box" which was commercialized in 1973. It protected offline devices with a secure 328: 6395: 4971: 3629:"ISO/IEC 18033-3:2010 Information technology—Security techniques—Encryption algorithms—Part 3: Block ciphers" 2112: 993:

added in DES brute force searching on general purpose GPUs. Benchmarking shows a single off the shelf Nvidia

956: 3593: 2469:

denote plaintext and ciphertext blocks respectively. The complementation property means that the work for a

1193:

The algorithm's overall structure is shown in Figure 1: there are 16 identical stages of processing, termed

6400: 5996: 5056: 3493:"American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" 3453:"American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" 3417:"American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989.Book III: Retrenchment and Reform, 1972-1980, page 232" 3018: 1120:

Like other block ciphers, DES by itself is not a secure means of encryption, but must instead be used in a

901: 367: 340: 308:

that had prompted those suspicions were designed by the NSA to address a vulnerability they secretly knew (

263: 2741: 1292:

using an XOR operation. Sixteen 48-bit subkeys—one for each round—are derived from the main key using the

398:

in the banking market, and was cited as an influence by IBM employees who worked on the DES standard. The

6322: 6277: 6090: 5852: 5012: 350:

Some documents distinguish between the DES standard and its algorithm, referring to the algorithm as the

4790:, "Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard" IEEE Computer 10(6), June 1977, pp74–84 4310:

Biham, Eli; Dunkelman, Orr; Keller, Nathan (2002-12-01). "Enhancing Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis".

6201: 5869: 5779: 5757: 5070: 3919: 3061: 2504: 2159: 2144: 1033: 975: 960: 793: 779: 526: 309: 271: 3149: 6317: 5874: 5730: 5683: 5158: 4314:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2501. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 254–266. 4199:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2259. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 199–211. 4166:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1978. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 262–272. 3517: 3477: 2979: 2330: 1372: 1081: 1056: 374:

identified a need for a government-wide standard for encrypting unclassified, sensitive information.

124: 4805:, "Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics and Chip Design", 1998, O'Reilly, 4039:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 765. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 386–397. 1304:: after mixing in the subkey, the block is divided into eight 6-bit pieces before processing by the 821:

The first experimental cryptanalysis of DES is performed using linear cryptanalysis (Matsui, 1994).

6307: 6297: 6152: 5940: 5822: 5697: 4881: 4840: 3718: 3499: 3459: 3423: 3129: 2495: 2123:. Adjusting for inflation over 8 years yields an even higher improvement of about 30x. Since 2007, 386: 267: 4541:"Cryptography Research: Devising a Better Way to Teach and Learn the Advanced Encryption Standard" 4426: 4281:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 839. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 17–25. 4133:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3152. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 1–22. 2562: 6302: 6292: 6095: 6055: 6048: 6038: 6033: 5879: 5668: 5039: 4802: 4162:

Knudsen, Lars R.; Mathiassen, John Erik (2000-04-10). "A Chosen-Plaintext Linear Attack on DES".

3563: 3177: 2900: 2474: 1337: 1261: 1151: 1010: 613: 453: 294: 240: 4916:

Matsui, Mitsuru (1994). "The First Experimental Cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard".

4352: 4345: 3868: 3658: 6375: 6043: 5971: 5847: 5842: 5794: 4960: 4876: 2860: 2809: 1257: 286: 4566: 4459: 3171: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 171:) and are now available on the market as a service. As of 2008, the best analytical attack is 6350: 6196: 6142: 5961: 5784: 5643: 5221: 4621: 4592: 2990:

algorithm was introduced, with a 64-bit block size and a 256-bit key, which was also used in

4846:

Langford, Susan K., Martin E. Hellman: Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis. CRYPTO 1994: 17–25

2997:

DES itself can be adapted and reused in a more secure scheme. Many former DES users now use

792:

Biham and Shamir report the first theoretical attack with less complexity than brute force:

604:

cryptologists, mathematics departments with strong programs in cryptography, and commercial

6312: 6236: 5864: 5747: 5673: 5356: 5336: 4553: 4111: 3746: 2639: 2612: 2383: 2177: 2148: 605: 301: 172: 145: 4529:"Breaking of Simplified Data Encryption Standard Using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization" 4277:

Langford, Susan K.; Hellman, Martin E. (1994-08-21). "Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis".

3668: 2091:). Their motivation was to show that DES was breakable in practice as well as in theory: " 8: 6075: 5827: 5804: 5123: 3820: 3038: 2803: 885:

DES is reaffirmed for the fourth time as FIPS 46-3, which specifies the preferred use of

4967:

COPACOBANA, a $ 10,000 DES cracker based on FPGAs by the Universities of Bochum and Kiel

4115: 2410: 2361: 2099:

The next confirmed DES cracker was the COPACOBANA machine built in 2006 by teams of the

584:

Another theoretical attack, linear cryptanalysis, was published in 1994, but it was the

37: 6181: 6165: 6112: 5812: 5720: 5432: 5361: 5331: 5276: 4904: 4740: 4728: 4609: 4259: 4101: 4012: 4000: 3520:

FOIA request. This version is differently redacted than the version on the NSA website.

3480:

FOIA request. This version is differently redacted than the version on the NSA website.

3287: 3121: 2842: 2470: 2452: 2432: 2355: 2104: 2039: 1085: 382: 275: 164: 3492: 3452: 2087:(EFF), a cyberspace civil rights group, at the cost of approximately US$ 250,000 (see 6241: 6231: 6102: 5532: 5231: 5191: 5186: 5153: 5113: 5061: 4929: 4894: 4857: 4806: 4718: 4695: 4655: 4647: 4646:, Differential Cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard, Springer Verlag, 1993. 4613: 4382: 4356: 4323: 4290: 4251: 4208: 4175: 4142: 4050: 3992: 3982: 3900: 3849: 3279: 3181: 3066: 2955: 2950:

designs, which started to appear in the late 1980s and early 1990s: examples include

2152: 2131: 994: 371: 320: 4908: 4732: 4075:"Investigation of a potential weakness in the DES algorithm, Private communications" 2482: 163:

DES has been considered unsecure right from the start because of the feasibility of

6176: 5904: 5799: 5678: 5537: 5417: 5386: 5080: 4921: 4886: 4783: 4710: 4601: 4511: 4315: 4282: 4263: 4241: 4200: 4167: 4134: 4040: 4004: 3974: 3839: 3838:, vol. 473, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 318–325, 3397: 3291: 3271: 3125: 3113: 3034: 2171: 2116: 2096:" The machine brute-forced a key in a little more than 2 days' worth of searching. 2076: 2023: 1306: 1210: 926:

The withdrawal of FIPS 46-3 (and a couple of related standards) is proposed in the

833: 797: 726: 469: 461: 448: 435: 415: 195: 76: 4528: 4473:"Cryptanalysis of Simplified Data Encryption Standard via Optimisation Heuristics" 3894: 3687: 3010:, which increases the key size by XORing extra key material before and after DES. 5751: 5735: 5724: 5658: 5617: 5582: 5512: 5492: 5366: 5246: 5241: 5196: 4854:

Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government—Saving Privacy in the Digital Age

4836: 4769: 4761: 4758:

Campbell, Keith W., Michael J. Wiener: DES is not a Group. CRYPTO 1992: pp512–520

4498: 4446: 4433: 3926: 3675: 3665: 3026: 2317:{\displaystyle E_{K}(P)=C\iff E_{\overline {K}}({\overline {P}})={\overline {C}}} 2207: 2185: 2124: 2100: 2088: 2063: 2019: 871: 852: 589: 423: 418:

cipher. The team at IBM involved in cipher design and analysis included Feistel,

339:, although there are theoretical attacks. This cipher has been superseded by the 324: 176: 168: 138: 4987:

RFC4772 : Security Implications of Using the Data Encryption Standard (DES)

4138: 3426:, DOCID 3417193 (file released on 2009-12-18, hosted at nsa.gov). Archived from 6251: 6171: 6132: 6080: 6065: 5889: 5837: 5648: 5633: 5572: 5567: 5452: 5201: 4991: 4868: 4787: 4696:

Cracking DES: Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics, and Chip Design

2181: 2120: 1341: 1324:: finally, the 32 outputs from the S-boxes are rearranged according to a fixed 1217: 1076:

bits and transforms it through a series of complicated operations into another

730: 609: 457: 419: 378: 4795: 4672:: An Improvement of Davies' Attack on DES. J. Cryptology 10(3): 195–206 (1997) 4515: 3978: 3968: 3401: 3275: 3205:. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. New York, NY, USA. pp. 275–280. 402:

later adopted a similar PIN verification system to the earlier Atalla system.

6369: 6332: 6287: 6246: 6226: 6122: 6085: 6060: 5884: 5832: 5711: 5693: 5482: 5457: 5447: 5271: 5261: 5108: 4704: 4679: 4669: 4554:"Announcing Development of FIPS for Advanced Encryption Standard | CSRC" 4319: 4255: 4204: 4171: 4045: 3844: 3771: 3283: 2987: 2203: 2199: 1014: 593: 431: 411: 313: 259: 156: 4986: 4925: 4705:

Biryukov, A, C. De Canniere and M. Quisquater (2004). Franklin, Matt (ed.).

4402: 4286: 4035:

Matsui, Mitsuru (1993-05-23). "Linear Cryptanalysis Method for DES Cipher".

3996: 3117: 2018:

complexity less than a brute-force attack, require an unrealistic number of

767:

DES is reaffirmed for the second time as FIPS 46-1, superseding FIPS PUB 46

6282: 6127: 6117: 6107: 6070: 6019: 5817: 5638: 5602: 5467: 5346: 5301: 5133: 5085: 5035: 4830: 4826: 4376: 3596:

Recommendation for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA) Block Cipher

2983: 2947: 2072: 1315: 1294: 1065: 978:, the RIVYERA machine, reduced the average time to less than a single day. 297: 248: 102: 4890: 4833:: Linear Cryptanalysis Using Multiple Approximations. CRYPTO 1994: pp26–39 4246: 4229: 3201:

Walter Tuchman (1997). "A brief history of the data encryption standard".

270:(NSA), the NBS selected a slightly modified version (strengthened against 6261: 5427: 5422: 5306: 4992:

Python code of DES Cipher implemented using DES Chapter from NIST SP 958

4849: 2080: 1344:

in the 1940s as a necessary condition for a secure yet practical cipher.

1325: 1198: 1104:, each with odd parity. According to ANSI X3.92-1981 (Now, known as ANSI 753: 530: 331:

collaborated to publicly break a DES key in 22 hours and 15 minutes (see

4981: 3388:

P. Kinnucan (October 1978). "Data Encryption Gurus: Tuchman and Meyer".

6221: 6191: 6186: 6147: 5859: 5577: 5517: 5401: 5396: 5341: 5211: 5074: 4972:

DES step-by-step presentation and reliable message encoding application

4966: 4643: 4605: 4587: 4510:

Edward F. Schaefer. "A Simplified Data Encryption Standard Algorithm".

3260:"Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols" 3217:"The Economic Impacts of NIST's Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program" 3071: 3001:(TDES) which was described and analysed by one of DES's patentees (see 2998: 2914: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2864: 2167: 2043: 1417: 1393: 1165: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1094: 1090: 1077: 886: 867: 756:

II, a TV satellite scrambling system based upon DES, begins use by HBO

559: 547: 522: 465: 336: 290: 244: 86: 4875:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 765. pp. 386–397. 4343:

Menezes, Alfred J.; van Oorschot, Paul C.; Vanstone, Scott A. (1996).

2477:

assumption. By definition, this property also applies to TDES cipher.

6211: 5592: 5587: 5477: 5391: 5286: 5266: 4689: 4683: 4675: 4665: 4639: 4583: 2163: 2048: 1073: 1069: 518: 427: 4709:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 3152. pp. 1–22. 4427:"Image Encryption using Simplified Data Encryption Standard (S-DES)" 4195:

Junod, Pascal (2001-08-16). "On the Complexity of Matsui's Attack".

3869:"Getting Started, COPACOBANA — Cost-optimized Parallel Code-Breaker" 2942:

Concerns about security and the relatively slow operation of DES in

2889: 1140: 6256: 6216: 5930: 5894: 5688: 5351: 5226: 5206: 5118: 4920:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 839. pp. 1–11. 4793:

Ehrsam and others., Product Block Cipher System for Data Security,

4766:

The data encryption standard (DES) and its strength against attacks

4714: 3022: 2943: 399: 300:

design, and the involvement of the NSA, raising suspicions about a

114: 4106: 2210:, has a computational complexity of 2, and has a 51% success rate. 836:

breaks a message encrypted with DES for the first time in public.

645:

NBS publishes a first request for a standard encryption algorithm

5597: 5547: 5507: 5497: 5442: 5437: 5281: 5090: 4839:, John Erik Mathiassen: A Chosen-Plaintext Linear Attack on DES. 3042: 2108: 4590:(1991). "Differential Cryptanalysis of DES-like Cryptosystems". 6137: 5935: 5557: 5552: 5487: 5472: 5462: 5407: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5251: 5236: 3612: 3373:

Robert Sugarman, ed. (July 1979). "On foiling computer crime".

2991: 2963: 2035: 1105: 1017:

can recover the DES key for a single specific chosen plaintext

990: 574: 570: 98: 4682:, Nathan Keller: Enhancing Differential-Linear Cryptanalysis. 3768:"FIPS 74 - Guidelines for Implementing and Using the NBS Data" 3099:"Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard" 210: 204: 5653: 5612: 5562: 5542: 5527: 5316: 5296: 5216: 5181: 3007: 2971: 2967: 305: 94: 90: 4961:

FIPS 46-3: The official document describing the DES standard

4501:. Section 3.4: The Simplified Version of DES (S-DES). p. 96. 3973:. Shamir, Adi. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 487–496. 2473:

could be reduced by a factor of 2 (or a single bit) under a

1428:// Pre-processing: padding with the size difference in bytes 562:

through the year 2030 for sensitive government information.

5502: 5411: 5326: 5321: 5311: 5291: 5163: 5148: 4567:

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips197/fips-197.pdf

4342: 3011: 2975: 2054: 1392:)—the remaining eight bits are either discarded or used as 1101: 693:

Second workshop, discussing mathematical foundation of DES

578: 577:

92), NIST SP 800-67 and ISO/IEC 18033-3 (as a component of

566: 555: 228: 216: 4582: 4527:

Lavkush Sharma; Bhupendra Kumar Pathak; and Nidhi Sharma.

4449:. 2012. Section "8.8 Simplified DES: sDES". p. 183 to 190. 4128: 3970:

Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard

3808:

Cryptography and network security: principles and practice

2946:

motivated researchers to propose a variety of alternative

554:. On 19 May 2005, FIPS 46-3 was officially withdrawn, but 5607: 5522: 5143: 5138: 3966: 3030: 2951: 1273:: the 32-bit half-block is expanded to 48 bits using the 1224: 656:

NBS publishes a second request for encryption algorithms

481: 407: 395: 255: 58: 4447:"Introduction to Cryptography with Open-Source Software" 2206:(1997). The most powerful form of the attack requires 2 733:

argue that the DES cipher can be broken by brute force.

446:

On 17 March 1975, the proposed DES was published in the

2230:

DES exhibits the complementation property, namely that

167:. Such attacks have been demonstrated in practice (see 6158:

Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator

1080:

bitstring of the same length. In the case of DES, the

68:

1975 (Federal Register) (standardized in January 1977)

4947:"The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Alternatives" 3617:

American National Standard, Data Encryption Algorithm

3173:

Cash and Dash: How ATMs and Computers Changed Banking

2845: 2812: 2744: 2672: 2642: 2636:, operates identically to decryption with the other, 2615: 2565: 2507: 2455: 2435: 2413: 2386: 2364: 2333: 2239: 1674:// To decrypt a message reverse the order of the keys 474:

United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

231: 219: 207: 198: 5034: 4996: 4309: 2609:. Encryption with one of the pair of semiweak keys, 1093:, and are thereafter discarded. Hence the effective 889:, with single DES permitted only in legacy systems. 782:, and apply it to a 15-round DES-like cryptosystem. 596:

are discussed in more detail later in this article.

225: 201: 3732: 3097:Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin E. (June 1977). 343:(AES). DES has been withdrawn as a standard by the 213: 4344: 3938: 3833: 3203:Internet besieged: countering cyberspace scofflaws 3056:Brute Force: Cracking the Data Encryption Standard 2851: 2831: 2787: 2730: 2655: 2628: 2594: 2551: 2461: 2441: 2422: 2399: 2373: 2346: 2316: 2138: 811:DES is reaffirmed for the third time as FIPS 46-2 441: 4977:A Fast New DES Implementation in Software - Biham 4161: 3733:"Crack.sh | the World's Fastest DES Cracker" 3490: 3450: 3414: 2225: 2026:to carry out, and are not a concern in practice. 6367: 3555: 3357: 1100:The key is nominally stored or transmitted as 8 715:DES is published as a FIPS standard FIPS PUB 46 4915: 4867: 4276: 3701: 3372: 1355: 1246: 1042: 3892: 3800: 3590:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3225:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3200: 536: 345:National Institute of Standards and Technology 6004: 5020: 4227: 3096: 2494:) under a weak key have the same effect (see 2012: 179:and has a time complexity of 2 (Junod, 2001). 27:Early unclassified symmetric-key block cipher 4745:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4626:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4017:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3316: 2826: 2813: 874:break a DES key in 22 hours and 15 minutes. 319:DES is insecure due to the relatively short 4692:: A Fast New DES Implementation in Software 3585: 3583: 3387: 2202:in the eighties, and improved by Biham and 1235: 989:The Open Source password cracking software 855:(Deep Crack) breaks a DES key in 56 hours. 6011: 5997: 5027: 5013: 3169: 3150:"The Legacy of DES - Schneier on Security" 2269: 2265: 4880: 4245: 4230:"An improvement of Davies' attack on DES" 4228:Biham, Eli; Biryukov, Alex (1997-06-01). 4105: 4044: 3843: 2930:Learn how and when to remove this message 2879: 2731:{\displaystyle E_{K_{1}}(E_{K_{2}}(P))=P} 2174:. DES was designed to be resistant to DC. 1265:—The Feistel function (F-function) of DES 1181:Learn how and when to remove this message 480:In the development of DES, NSA convinced 426:, Alan Konheim, Carl Meyer, Mike Matyas, 6386:1977 establishments in the United States 3580: 3561: 3408: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 2978:. Most of these designs kept the 64-bit 2053: 2042:—trying every possible key in turn. The 1351: 1340:" respectively, a concept identified by 1242: 1038: 796:. However, it requires an unrealistic 2 366:The origins of DES date to 1972, when a 44:The Feistel function (F function) of DES 4818:"On the Complexity of Matsui's Attack." 4774:IBM Journal of Research and Development 4312:Advances in Cryptology — ASIACRYPT 2002 4091: 3954:David Hulton, Ian Foster, BSidesLV 2017 3952:Think Complex Passwords Will Save You?, 3544: 3542: 3257: 280:Federal Information Processing Standard 14: 6381:Computer-related introductions in 1977 6368: 4873:Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT '93 4072: 4037:Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT '93 4034: 3836:Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT ’90 3360:Security for computer networks, 2nd ed 3251: 3165: 3163: 2162:was rediscovered in the late 1980s by 1060:— The overall Feistel structure of DES 282:(FIPS) for the United States in 1977. 278:), which was published as an official 5992: 5008: 4194: 4068: 4066: 4030: 4028: 3962: 3960: 3611:, ANSI X3.92-1981 (now known as ANSI 3609:American National Standards Institute 3564:"Saluting the data encryption legacy" 3083: 2802:DES has also been proved not to be a 2038:, the most basic method of attack is 2029: 1425:// All variables are unsigned 64 bits 1197:. There is also an initial and final 743:DES is reaffirmed for the first time 262:, the algorithm was submitted to the 4707:Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2004 4381:. 16 August 1992. pp. 512–520. 4131:Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2004 3791: 3539: 3342: 3264:Journal of Cryptographic Engineering 3230:United States Department of Commerce 3144: 3142: 2912:adding citations to reliable sources 2883: 2788:{\displaystyle E_{K_{2}}=D_{K_{1}}.} 1163:adding citations to reliable sources 1134: 1130: 1072:that takes a fixed-length string of 289:design elements, a relatively short 4918:Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '94 4499:"Cryptography and Network Security" 4279:Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO '94 3920:Break DES in less than a single day 3893:Reinhard Wobst (October 16, 2007). 3530: 3209: 3160: 565:The algorithm is also specified in 24: 4425:Sanjay Kumar; Sandeep Srivastava. 4063: 4025: 3967:Biham, E. & Shamir, A (1993). 3957: 3747:"FIPS 81 - Des Modes of Operation" 3533:Computer Security and Cryptography 1866:// Substitution (48bits to 32bits) 1232:and decryption similar processes. 1112:One bit in each 8-bit byte of the 942:Federal Register vol 70, number 96 258:and based on an earlier design by 36: 25: 6412: 4982:On Multiple Linear Approximations 4954: 3939:"The World's fastest DES cracker" 3358:Davies, D.W.; W.L. Price (1989). 3258:Konheim, Alan G. (1 April 2016). 3139: 2870: 2552:{\displaystyle E_{K}(E_{K}(P))=P} 2219:Differential-linear cryptanalysis 6346: 6345: 6018: 4415:from the original on 2011-04-09. 4347:Handbook of Applied Cryptography 3594:NIST Special Publication 800-67 3491:Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). 3451:Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). 3415:Thomas R. Johnson (2009-12-18). 2888: 1288:: the result is combined with a 1139: 254:Developed in the early 1970s at 194: 4772: (archived June 15, 2007). 4560: 4546: 4534: 4521: 4504: 4491: 4478: 4465: 4452: 4439: 4419: 4395: 4369: 4336: 4303: 4270: 4221: 4188: 4155: 4122: 4085: 3945: 3931: 3913: 3886: 3861: 3827: 3813: 3785: 3760: 3739: 3725: 3711: 3680: 3651: 3642: 3621: 3602: 3524: 3509:from the original on 2015-04-25 3484: 3469:from the original on 2015-04-25 3444: 3381: 3366: 2899:needs additional citations for 2347:{\displaystyle {\overline {x}}} 2139:Attacks faster than brute force 1420:for the DES algorithm follows. 1347: 1150:needs additional citations for 442:NSA's involvement in the design 377:Around the same time, engineer 332: 6207:Information-theoretic security 4871:(1994). Helleseth, Tor (ed.). 4821:Selected Areas in Cryptography 4700:Electronic Frontier Foundation 4197:Selected Areas in Cryptography 3770:. Itl.nist.gov. Archived from 3562:Schneier, Bruce (2004-09-27). 3351: 3336: 3310: 3232:. October 2001. Archived from 3194: 3025:. Other finalists in the NIST 2799:give an attack any advantage. 2719: 2716: 2710: 2690: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2518: 2298: 2285: 2266: 2256: 2250: 2226:Minor cryptanalytic properties 2113:field-programmable gate arrays 2085:Electronic Frontier Foundation 1027: 940:NIST withdraws FIPS 46-3 (see 704:DES is approved as a standard 586:Electronic Frontier Foundation 329:Electronic Frontier Foundation 13: 1: 4575: 4471:Nalini N; G Raghavendra Rao. 3170:Bátiz-Lazo, Bernardo (2018). 2806:, or more precisely, the set 2190:multiple linear cryptanalysis 1467:// The keys given by the user 1412: 620: 434:, Bill Notz, Lynn Smith, and 4460:"Appendix G: Simplified DES" 3810:. Prentice Hall, 2006. p. 73 3796:(1st ed.). p. 271. 3347:(2nd ed.). p. 280. 3019:Advanced Encryption Standard 2605:There are also six pairs of 2595:{\displaystyle E_{K}=D_{K}.} 2480:DES also has four so-called 2407:denotes encryption with key 2339: 2309: 2293: 2279: 1491:// PC1 (64 bits to 56 bits) 1084:is 64 bits. DES also uses a 902:Advanced Encryption Standard 778:Biham and Shamir rediscover 569:X3.92 (Today X3 is known as 489:However, it also found that 368:National Bureau of Standards 341:Advanced Encryption Standard 264:National Bureau of Standards 7: 6323:Message authentication code 6278:Cryptographic hash function 6091:Cryptographic hash function 4139:10.1007/978-3-540-28628-8_1 3048: 537:The algorithm as a standard 10: 6417: 6202:Harvest now, decrypt later 4945:Christof Paar, Jan Pelzl, 3180:. pp. 284 & 311. 3062:DES supplementary material 2160:Differential cryptanalysis 2145:differential cryptanalysis 2130:In 2012, David Hulton and 2013:Security and cryptanalysis 1034:DES supplementary material 1031: 915:The AES becomes effective 794:differential cryptanalysis 780:differential cryptanalysis 527:differential cryptanalysis 361: 310:differential cryptanalysis 272:differential cryptanalysis 6341: 6318:Post-quantum cryptography 6270: 6026: 5988: 5954: 5918: 5910:Time/memory/data tradeoff 5707: 5626: 5172: 5099: 5047: 5004: 5000: 4799:, Filed February 24, 1975 4516:10.1080/0161-119691884799 4378:Campbell and Wiener, 1992 3979:10.1007/978-1-4613-9314-6 3899:. John Wiley & Sons. 3518:National Security Archive 3478:National Security Archive 3402:10.1080/0161-117891853270 3276:10.1007/s13389-015-0104-3 2832:{\displaystyle \{E_{K}\}} 1641:// PC2 (56bits to 48bits) 1380:Figure 3 illustrates the 1376:— The key-schedule of DES 1223:The ⊕ symbol denotes the 904:is published in FIPS 197 356:Data Encryption Algorithm 162: 154: 144: 133: 123: 113: 108: 82: 72: 64: 54: 49: 35: 6391:Data Encryption Standard 6308:Quantum key distribution 6298:Authenticated encryption 6153:Random number generation 5698:Whitening transformation 4841:Fast Software Encryption 4320:10.1007/3-540-36178-2_16 4205:10.1007/3-540-45537-X_16 4172:10.1007/3-540-44706-7_18 4164:Fast Software Encryption 4046:10.1007/3-540-48285-7_33 3845:10.1007/3-540-46877-3_29 3690:. Edocket.access.gpo.gov 3500:National Security Agency 3460:National Security Agency 3424:National Security Agency 3362:. John Wiley & Sons. 3077: 1944:// Concat right and left 1422: 1236:The Feistel (F) function 959:-based parallel machine 667:DES is published in the 616:since has been compared. 387:hardware security module 385:and developed the first 268:National Security Agency 187:Data Encryption Standard 31:Data Encryption Standard 18:Data encryption standard 6303:Public-key cryptography 6293:Symmetric-key algorithm 6096:Key derivation function 6056:Cryptographic primitive 6049:Authentication protocol 6039:Outline of cryptography 6034:History of cryptography 5669:Confusion and diffusion 4926:10.1007/3-540-48658-5_1 4287:10.1007/3-540-48658-5_3 3178:Oxford University Press 3118:10.1109/C-M.1977.217750 2839:(for all possible keys 2196:Improved Davies' attack 2079:, led by Rocke Verser, 1824:// E (32bits to 48bits) 1338:confusion and diffusion 1108:92–1981), section 3.5: 1011:chosen-plaintext attack 614:symmetric key algorithm 573:and ANSI X3.92 as ANSI 454:public-key cryptography 370:study of US government 274:, but weakened against 241:symmetric-key algorithm 6044:Cryptographic protocol 4079:Private Communications 4073:Davies, D. W. (1987). 3319:"Has DES been broken?" 2880:Replacement algorithms 2861:functional composition 2853: 2833: 2789: 2732: 2657: 2630: 2596: 2553: 2463: 2443: 2424: 2401: 2375: 2348: 2318: 2101:Universities of Bochum 2067: 1377: 1266: 1118: 1064:DES is the archetypal 1061: 682:First workshop on DES 515: 506: 496: 487: 41: 6197:End-to-end encryption 6143:Cryptojacking malware 5962:Initialization vector 4891:10.1007/3-540-48285-7 4843:- FSE 2000: pp262–272 4796:U.S. patent 3,962,539 4593:Journal of Cryptology 4351:. CRC Press. p. 4247:10.1007/s001459900027 4234:Journal of Cryptology 3631:. Iso.org. 2010-12-14 2854: 2834: 2790: 2733: 2658: 2656:{\displaystyle K_{2}} 2631: 2629:{\displaystyle K_{1}} 2597: 2554: 2464: 2444: 2425: 2402: 2400:{\displaystyle E_{K}} 2376: 2349: 2319: 2057: 1698:// Encrypt or Decrypt 1370: 1275:expansion permutation 1259: 1227:(XOR) operation. The 1110: 1054: 510: 501: 491: 478: 464:, citing a shortened 40: 6396:Broken block ciphers 6313:Quantum cryptography 6237:Trusted timestamping 5741:3-subset MITM attack 5357:Intel Cascade Cipher 5337:Hasty Pudding cipher 4094:Journal of Computing 3794:Applied Cryptography 3345:Applied Cryptography 2908:improve this article 2843: 2810: 2742: 2670: 2640: 2613: 2563: 2505: 2453: 2433: 2411: 2384: 2362: 2331: 2237: 2178:Linear cryptanalysis 2149:linear cryptanalysis 2064:DES cracking machine 1159:improve this article 606:information security 552:a public competition 468:and the mysterious " 173:linear cryptanalysis 6401:American inventions 6076:Cryptographic nonce 5780:Differential-linear 4458:William Stallings. 4445:Alasdair McAndrew. 4116:2010arXiv1003.4085A 3896:Cryptology Unlocked 3874:. December 12, 2006 995:GeForce GTX 1080 Ti 323:. In January 1999, 276:brute-force attacks 175:, which requires 2 165:brute-force attacks 32: 6182:Subliminal channel 6166:Pseudorandom noise 6113:Key (cryptography) 5853:Differential-fault 5071:internal mechanics 4827:Kaliski, Burton S. 4823:, 2001, pp199–211. 4606:10.1007/BF00630563 4569:November 26, 2001. 4556:. 10 January 2017. 4432:2015-12-22 at the 3925:2017-08-28 at the 3674:2006-08-23 at the 3664:2009-06-19 at the 3317:RSA Laboratories. 3156:. October 6, 2004. 2849: 2829: 2785: 2728: 2653: 2626: 2592: 2549: 2490:) and decryption ( 2471:brute-force attack 2459: 2439: 2423:{\displaystyle K.} 2420: 2397: 2374:{\displaystyle x.} 2371: 2356:bitwise complement 2344: 2314: 2180:was discovered by 2068: 2030:Brute-force attack 1378: 1312:substitution boxes 1298:(described below). 1267: 1062: 383:Atalla Corporation 42: 30: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6242:Key-based routing 6232:Trapdoor function 6103:Digital signature 5984: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5967:Mode of operation 5644:Lai–Massey scheme 4935:978-3-540-58333-2 4900:978-3-540-57600-6 4784:Diffie, Whitfield 4724:978-3-540-22668-0 4497:Dr. Manoj Kumar. 4484:Minh Van Nguyen. 3855:978-3-540-53587-4 3688:"FR Doc 04-16894" 3239:on 30 August 2017 3067:Skipjack (cipher) 2940: 2939: 2932: 2852:{\displaystyle K} 2738:or equivalently, 2559:or equivalently, 2462:{\displaystyle C} 2442:{\displaystyle P} 2342: 2312: 2296: 2282: 2172:chosen plaintexts 2132:Moxie Marlinspike 2044:length of the key 2024:chosen plaintexts 1399:Permuted Choice 2 1386:Permuted Choice 1 1191: 1190: 1183: 1131:Overall structure 1122:mode of operation 1025: 1024: 974:The successor of 798:chosen plaintexts 372:computer security 333:§ Chronology 183: 182: 16:(Redirected from 6408: 6349: 6348: 6177:Insecure channel 6013: 6006: 5999: 5990: 5989: 5838:Power-monitoring 5679:Avalanche effect 5387:Khufu and Khafre 5040:security summary 5029: 5022: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4939: 4912: 4884: 4798: 4762:Coppersmith, Don 4750: 4744: 4736: 4631: 4625: 4617: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4519: 4508: 4502: 4495: 4489: 4486:"Simplified DES" 4482: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4350: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4109: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4070: 4061: 4060: 4048: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4008: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3847: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3779: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3684: 3678: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3625: 3619: 3606: 3600: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3508: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3457: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3321:. Archived from 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3294:. Archived from 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3238: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3154:www.schneier.com 3146: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3128:. Archived from 3103: 3094: 2935: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2892: 2884: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2758: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2624: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2575: 2574: 2558: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2530: 2529: 2517: 2516: 2475:chosen-plaintext 2468: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2305: 2297: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2249: 2248: 2208:known plaintexts 2186:known plaintexts 2117:digital hardware 2077:DESCHALL Project 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1488:// Generate Keys 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1354: 1245: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1143: 1135: 1041: 1019:1122334455667788 928:Federal Register 834:DESCHALL Project 669:Federal Register 625: 624: 462:Whitfield Diffie 449:Federal Register 436:Bryant Tuckerman 381:in 1972 founded 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 203: 200: 177:known plaintexts 33: 29: 21: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6355: 6337: 6266: 6022: 6017: 5976: 5950: 5919:Standardization 5914: 5843:Electromagnetic 5795:Integral/Square 5752:Piling-up lemma 5736:Biclique attack 5725:EFF DES cracker 5709: 5703: 5634:Feistel network 5622: 5247:CIPHERUNICORN-E 5242:CIPHERUNICORN-A 5174: 5168: 5101: 5095: 5049: 5043: 5033: 4957: 4952: 4936: 4901: 4869:Matsui, Mitsuru 4816:Junod, Pascal. 4794: 4770:Wayback Machine 4738: 4737: 4725: 4686:2002: pp254–266 4619: 4618: 4578: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4522: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4434:Wayback Machine 4424: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4275: 4271: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4127: 4123: 4090: 4086: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4033: 4026: 4010: 4009: 3989: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3927:Wayback Machine 3918: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3750: 3749:. csrc.nist.gov 3745: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3676:Wayback Machine 3666:Wayback Machine 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3634: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3607: 3603: 3588: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3540: 3529: 3525: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3386: 3382: 3371: 3367: 3356: 3352: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3326: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3298:on 22 July 2019 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3168: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3101: 3095: 3084: 3080: 3051: 3027:AES competition 2936: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2905: 2893: 2882: 2873: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2304: 2288: 2274: 2270: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2228: 2141: 2125:SciEngines GmbH 2089:EFF DES cracker 2062:'s US$ 250,000 2032: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1415: 1369: 1352: 1350: 1258: 1243: 1238: 1187: 1176: 1170: 1167: 1156: 1144: 1133: 1053: 1039: 1037: 1030: 872:distributed.net 623: 539: 444: 424:Don Coppersmith 364: 325:distributed.net 321:56-bit key size 224: 197: 193: 169:EFF DES cracker 139:Feistel network 65:First published 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6414: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6328:Random numbers 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6252:Garlic routing 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6172:Secure channel 6169: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6133:Key stretching 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6081:Cryptovirology 6078: 6073: 6068: 6066:Cryptocurrency 6063: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5785:Distinguishing 5782: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5755: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5717: 5715: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5649:Product cipher 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5277:Cryptomeria/C2 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5032: 5031: 5024: 5017: 5009: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4956: 4955:External links 4953: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4913: 4899: 4882:10.1.1.50.8472 4865: 4847: 4844: 4834: 4824: 4814: 4800: 4791: 4788:Martin Hellman 4781: 4759: 4756: 4723: 4715:10.1007/b99099 4702: 4693: 4687: 4673: 4663: 4637: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4559: 4545: 4533: 4520: 4503: 4490: 4477: 4464: 4451: 4438: 4418: 4394: 4387: 4368: 4362:978-0849385230 4361: 4335: 4329:978-3540361787 4328: 4302: 4296:978-3540486589 4295: 4269: 4240:(3): 195–205. 4220: 4214:978-3540455370 4213: 4187: 4181:978-3540447061 4180: 4154: 4147: 4121: 4084: 4062: 4056:978-3540482857 4055: 4024: 3988:978-0387979304 3987: 3956: 3944: 3930: 3912: 3905: 3885: 3860: 3854: 3826: 3812: 3806:Stallings, W. 3799: 3784: 3759: 3738: 3724: 3710: 3700: 3679: 3650: 3641: 3620: 3601: 3579: 3554: 3538: 3535:. p. 301. 3523: 3483: 3443: 3407: 3380: 3365: 3350: 3335: 3309: 3250: 3208: 3193: 3186: 3159: 3138: 3135:on 2014-02-26. 3081: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3050: 3047: 2938: 2937: 2896: 2894: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2871:Simplified DES 2869: 2848: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2796: 2795: 2784: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2650: 2646: 2623: 2619: 2607:semi-weak keys 2603: 2602: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2486:. Encryption ( 2458: 2438: 2419: 2416: 2394: 2390: 2370: 2367: 2341: 2338: 2325: 2324: 2311: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2227: 2224: 2212: 2211: 2193: 2184:, and needs 2 2182:Mitsuru Matsui 2175: 2153:Davies' attack 2140: 2137: 2031: 2028: 2014: 2011: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1349: 1346: 1342:Claude Shannon 1334: 1333: 1319: 1299: 1283: 1237: 1234: 1218:Feistel scheme 1189: 1188: 1147: 1145: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999: 987: 984: 980: 979: 972: 969: 965: 964: 953: 950: 946: 945: 938: 935: 931: 930: 924: 921: 917: 916: 913: 910: 906: 905: 898: 895: 891: 890: 883: 880: 876: 875: 864: 861: 857: 856: 845: 842: 838: 837: 830: 827: 823: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 809: 806: 802: 801: 790: 787: 784: 783: 776: 773: 769: 768: 765: 762: 758: 757: 751: 748: 745: 744: 741: 738: 735: 734: 724: 721: 717: 716: 713: 710: 706: 705: 702: 699: 695: 694: 691: 688: 684: 683: 680: 677: 673: 672: 665: 662: 658: 657: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 629: 622: 619: 618: 617: 610:Bruce Schneier 538: 535: 458:Martin Hellman 443: 440: 420:Walter Tuchman 379:Mohamed Atalla 363: 360: 181: 180: 160: 159: 152: 151: 148: 142: 141: 135: 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 106: 105: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6413: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Block ciphers 6374: 6373: 6371: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6334: 6333:Steganography 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6288:Stream cipher 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6247:Onion routing 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:Shared secret 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6123:Key generator 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6086:Hash function 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061:Cryptanalysis 6059: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6007: 6002: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:Interpolation 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712:cryptanalysis 5706: 5699: 5695: 5694:Key whitening 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5483:New Data Seal 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:BEAR and LION 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5036:Block ciphers 5030: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4862:0-14-024432-8 4859: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4837:Knudsen, Lars 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811:1-56592-520-3 4808: 4804: 4803:Gilmore, John 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780:(3), 243–250. 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4681: 4680:Orr Dunkelman 4677: 4674: 4671: 4670:Alex Biryukov 4667: 4664: 4661: 4660:3-540-97930-1 4657: 4653: 4652:0-387-97930-1 4649: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4474: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4388:9783540573401 4384: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4339: 4331: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4148:9783540226680 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4058: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3961: 3953: 3948: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3916: 3908: 3906:9780470060643 3902: 3898: 3897: 3889: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3821:"Bruting DES" 3816: 3809: 3803: 3795: 3788: 3774:on 2014-01-03 3773: 3769: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3719:"8x1080Ti.md" 3714: 3704: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3598:, Version 1.1 3597: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3433:on 2013-09-18 3429: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3375:IEEE Spectrum 3369: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3325:on 2016-05-17 3324: 3320: 3313: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3187:9780191085574 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3082: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2988:GOST 28147-89 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2934: 2931: 2923: 2920:November 2009 2913: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2897:This section 2895: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2846: 2821: 2817: 2805: 2800: 2782: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2725: 2722: 2713: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2648: 2644: 2621: 2617: 2608: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2546: 2543: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2456: 2436: 2417: 2414: 2392: 2388: 2368: 2365: 2357: 2336: 2306: 2301: 2290: 2276: 2271: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:Donald Davies 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2021: 1421: 1419: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1374: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1241: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1185: 1182: 1174: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1148:This section 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1035: 1020: 1016: 1015:rainbow table 1012: 1008: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 985: 982: 981: 977: 973: 970: 967: 966: 962: 958: 954: 951: 948: 947: 943: 939: 936: 933: 932: 929: 925: 922: 919: 918: 914: 911: 908: 907: 903: 899: 896: 893: 892: 888: 884: 881: 878: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862: 859: 858: 854: 850: 846: 843: 840: 839: 835: 831: 828: 825: 824: 820: 817: 815: 814: 810: 807: 804: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788: 786: 785: 781: 777: 774: 771: 770: 766: 763: 760: 759: 755: 752: 749: 747: 746: 742: 739: 737: 736: 732: 728: 725: 722: 719: 718: 714: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 697: 696: 692: 689: 686: 685: 681: 678: 675: 674: 670: 666: 663: 660: 659: 655: 652: 649: 648: 644: 641: 638: 637: 633: 630: 627: 626: 615: 611: 607: 602: 601: 600: 597: 595: 594:cryptanalysis 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 558:has approved 557: 553: 549: 544: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 514: 509: 505: 500: 495: 490: 486: 483: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 450: 439: 437: 433: 432:Edna Grossman 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412:Horst Feistel 409: 403: 401: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 359: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 314:cryptanalysis 311: 307: 303: 299: 296: 295:symmetric-key 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 260:Horst Feistel 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 236: 192: 188: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 158: 157:cryptanalysis 153: 149: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 126: 122: 118: 116: 112: 109:Cipher detail 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 60: 57: 53: 48: 39: 34: 19: 6283:Block cipher 6128:Key schedule 6118:Key exchange 6108:Kleptography 6071:Cryptosystem 6020:Cryptography 5870:Partitioning 5828:Side-channel 5806: 5773:Higher-order 5758:Differential 5639:Key schedule 5066: 4917: 4872: 4850:Levy, Steven 4831:Matt Robshaw 4777: 4773: 4706: 4622:cite journal 4597: 4591: 4562: 4548: 4536: 4523: 4506: 4493: 4480: 4467: 4454: 4441: 4421: 4403:"Double DES" 4397: 4377: 4371: 4346: 4338: 4311: 4305: 4278: 4272: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4196: 4190: 4163: 4157: 4130: 4124: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4078: 4036: 3969: 3951: 3947: 3933: 3915: 3895: 3888: 3876:. Retrieved 3863: 3835: 3829: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3793: 3787: 3776:. Retrieved 3772:the original 3762: 3751:. Retrieved 3741: 3727: 3713: 3703: 3692:. Retrieved 3682: 3653: 3644: 3633:. Retrieved 3623: 3616: 3604: 3595: 3571:. Retrieved 3567: 3557: 3549: 3532: 3526: 3516:– via 3511:. Retrieved 3486: 3476:– via 3471:. Retrieved 3446: 3435:. Retrieved 3428:the original 3410: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3344: 3338: 3327:. Retrieved 3323:the original 3312: 3300:. Retrieved 3296:the original 3267: 3263: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3234:the original 3223: 3211: 3202: 3196: 3172: 3153: 3130:the original 3112:(6): 74–84. 3109: 3105: 3054: 3016: 2996: 2984:Soviet Union 2948:block cipher 2941: 2926: 2917: 2906:Please help 2901:verification 2898: 2874: 2801: 2797: 2606: 2604: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2326: 2229: 2217: 2213: 2195: 2189: 2142: 2129: 2098: 2092: 2073:RSA Security 2069: 2047:replacement 2033: 2016: 1992:cipher_chunk 1980:cipher_chunk 1950:cipher_chunk 1875:substitution 1416: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1382:key schedule 1381: 1379: 1371: 1348:Key schedule 1335: 1329: 1321: 1316:lookup table 1311: 1305: 1302:Substitution 1301: 1295:key schedule 1293: 1289: 1285: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1239: 1228: 1225:exclusive-OR 1222: 1215: 1209:, which are 1206: 1202: 1194: 1192: 1177: 1168: 1157:Please help 1152:verification 1149: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1099: 1097:is 56 bits. 1066:block cipher 1063: 1055: 1018: 1013:utilizing a 927: 894:26 November 805:30 December 671:for comment 668: 598: 583: 564: 540: 516: 511: 507: 502: 497: 492: 488: 479: 447: 445: 404: 376: 365: 355: 351: 349: 318: 298:block cipher 284: 253: 249:cryptography 190: 186: 184: 155:Best public 73:Derived from 6271:Mathematics 6262:Mix network 5955:Utilization 5941:NSA Suite B 5926:AES process 5875:Rubber-hose 5813:Related-key 5721:Brute-force 5100:Less common 4644:Shamir, Adi 4600:(1): 3–72. 4588:Shamir, Adi 3390:Cryptologia 3270:(1): 1–29. 2121:Moore's law 2081:Matt Curtin 2040:brute force 1986:permutation 1896:permutation 1746:permutation 1650:permutation 1500:permutation 1326:permutation 1322:Permutation 1199:permutation 1171:August 2009 1028:Description 879:25 October 853:DES cracker 761:22 January 754:Videocipher 709:15 January 590:DES cracker 531:Steven Levy 125:Block sizes 6370:Categories 6222:Ciphertext 6192:Decryption 6187:Encryption 6148:Ransomware 5905:Chi-square 5823:Rotational 5763:Impossible 5684:Block size 5578:Spectr-H64 5402:Ladder-DES 5397:Kuznyechik 5342:Hierocrypt 5212:BassOmatic 5175:algorithms 5102:algorithms 5075:Triple DES 5050:algorithms 4764:. (1994). 4690:Biham, Eli 4676:Biham, Eli 4666:Biham, Eli 4640:Biham, Eli 4584:Biham, Eli 4576:References 3792:Schneier. 3778:2009-06-02 3753:2009-06-02 3694:2009-06-02 3635:2011-10-21 3573:2015-07-22 3513:2015-07-16 3473:2015-07-16 3437:2014-07-10 3396:(4): 371. 3343:Schneier. 3329:2009-11-08 3072:Triple DES 2999:Triple DES 2980:block size 2865:Triple DES 2496:involution 2168:Adi Shamir 2151:(LC), and 2107:, both in 1791:0xFFFFFFFF 1773:rightshift 1605:leftrotate 1590:leftrotate 1530:rightshift 1418:Pseudocode 1413:Pseudocode 1286:Key mixing 1277:, denoted 1229:F-function 1095:key length 1082:block size 1078:ciphertext 976:COPACOBANA 961:COPACOBANA 887:Triple DES 868:Deep Crack 866:Together, 687:September 650:27 August 621:Chronology 560:Triple DES 548:Triple DES 523:Adi Shamir 466:key length 337:Triple DES 291:key length 287:classified 245:encryption 87:Triple DES 83:Successors 6212:Plaintext 5880:Black-bag 5800:Boomerang 5789:Known-key 5768:Truncated 5593:Threefish 5588:SXAL/MBAL 5478:MultiSwap 5433:MacGuffin 5392:KN-Cipher 5332:Grand Cru 5287:CS-Cipher 5267:COCONUT98 4877:CiteSeerX 4741:cite book 4684:ASIACRYPT 4614:206783462 4256:0933-2790 4107:1003.4085 4013:cite book 3531:Konheim. 3302:28 August 3284:2190-8516 3243:21 August 3029:included 2483:weak keys 2340:¯ 2310:¯ 2294:¯ 2280:¯ 2267:⟺ 2164:Eli Biham 2049:algorithm 1962:leftshift 1833:expansion 1626:leftshift 1608:KEY_shift 1593:KEY_shift 1557:0xFFFFFFF 1542:0xFFFFFFF 1271:Expansion 1201:, termed 1074:plaintext 1070:algorithm 698:November 661:17 March 519:Eli Biham 494:intended. 485:weakness. 456:pioneers 428:Roy Adler 137:Balanced 134:Structure 115:Key sizes 55:Designers 6351:Category 6257:Kademlia 6217:Codetext 6160:(CSPRNG) 5931:CRYPTREC 5895:Weak key 5848:Acoustic 5689:Key size 5533:Red Pike 5352:IDEA NXT 5232:Chiasmus 5227:CAST-256 5207:BaseKing 5192:Akelarre 5187:Adiantum 5154:Skipjack 5119:CAST-128 5114:Camellia 5062:Blowfish 4909:21157010 4856:, 2001, 4753:preprint 4733:27790868 4634:preprint 4430:Archived 4410:Archived 3997:27173465 3923:Archived 3878:March 6, 3672:Archived 3662:Archived 3615:92-1981) 3504:Archived 3464:Archived 3106:Computer 3049:See also 3023:Rijndael 2956:Blowfish 2944:software 2859:) under 2204:Biryukov 2135:online. 2034:For any 1443:multiple 1373:Figure 3 1262:Figure 2 1211:inverses 1057:Figure 1 920:26 July 860:January 400:IBM 3624 327:and the 302:backdoor 243:for the 6027:General 5972:Padding 5890:Rebound 5598:Treyfer 5548:SAVILLE 5508:PRESENT 5498:NOEKEON 5443:MAGENTA 5438:Madryga 5418:Lucifer 5282:CRYPTON 5091:Twofish 5081:Serpent 4768:at the 4531:. 2012. 4488:. 2009. 4475:. 2006. 4462:. 2010. 4436:. 2014. 4264:4070446 4112:Bibcode 4005:6361693 3552:, p. 55 3292:1706990 3126:2412454 3043:Twofish 3035:Serpent 2994:later. 2354:is the 2109:Germany 1725:message 1686:reverse 1680:decrypt 1434:message 1307:S-boxes 991:hashcat 983:August 934:19 May 909:26 May 731:Hellman 676:August 639:15 May 470:S-boxes 416:Lucifer 362:History 306:S-boxes 304:. The 293:of the 239:) is a 129:64 bits 119:56 bits 77:Lucifer 50:General 6138:Keygen 5936:NESSIE 5885:Davies 5833:Timing 5748:Linear 5708:Attack 5627:Design 5618:Zodiac 5583:Square 5558:SHACAL 5553:SC2000 5513:Prince 5493:Nimbus 5488:NewDES 5473:MULTI2 5463:MISTY1 5406:LOKI ( 5382:KHAZAD 5377:KeeLoq 5372:KASUMI 5367:Kalyna 5252:CLEFIA 5237:CIKS-1 5197:Anubis 5048:Common 4932: 4907: 4897: 4879: 4860: 4809: 4731: 4721: 4658: 4650: 4612: 4385: 4359: 4326: 4293: 4262: 4254: 4211: 4178: 4145: 4053: 4003: 3995: 3985: 3903: 3852: 3613:INCITS 3550:Crypto 3548:Levy, 3290: 3282: 3184: 3124: 3041:, and 2992:Russia 2964:NewDES 2327:where 2147:(DC), 2036:cipher 1722:padded 1656:concat 1614:concat 1458:length 1394:parity 1328:, the 1290:subkey 1195:rounds 1106:INCITS 1091:parity 949:April 727:Diffie 634:Event 575:INCITS 571:INCITS 146:Rounds 99:LOKI89 6168:(PRN) 5818:Slide 5674:Round 5659:P-box 5654:S-box 5613:XXTEA 5573:Speck 5568:Simon 5563:SHARK 5543:SAFER 5528:REDOC 5453:Mercy 5412:89/91 5362:Iraqi 5327:G-DES 5317:FEA-M 5297:DES-X 5262:Cobra 5217:BATON 5202:Ascon 5182:3-Way 5173:Other 4963:(PDF) 4905:S2CID 4729:S2CID 4610:S2CID 4518:1996. 4413:(PDF) 4406:(PDF) 4260:S2CID 4102:arXiv 4100:(3). 4001:S2CID 3872:(PDF) 3708:2006. 3507:(PDF) 3496:(PDF) 3467:(PDF) 3456:(PDF) 3431:(PDF) 3420:(PDF) 3288:S2CID 3237:(PDF) 3220:(PDF) 3133:(PDF) 3122:S2CID 3102:(PDF) 3078:Notes 3008:DES-X 2972:CAST5 2968:SAFER 2804:group 2119:—see 2020:known 1977:// FP 1959:right 1920:right 1914:right 1902:right 1890:right 1881:right 1869:right 1857:right 1851:right 1839:right 1827:right 1821:right 1785:chunk 1779:right 1770:chunk 1752:chunk 1740:chunk 1737:// IP 1716:chunk 1638:right 1587:right 1581:right 1545:right 1485:right 1440:reach 1330:P-box 1310:, or 1282:side. 1102:bytes 1006:2017 1003:July 986:2016 971:2008 968:Nov. 952:2006 937:2005 923:2004 912:2002 897:2001 882:1999 863:1999 844:1998 841:July 829:1997 826:June 818:1994 808:1993 789:1992 775:1991 772:July 764:1988 750:1986 740:1983 723:1977 720:June 712:1977 701:1976 690:1976 679:1976 664:1975 653:1974 642:1973 631:Year 628:Date 95:DES-X 91:G-DES 5946:CNSA 5805:Mod 5731:MITM 5503:NUSH 5458:MESH 5448:MARS 5322:FROG 5312:FEAL 5292:DEAL 5272:Crab 5257:CMEA 5164:XTEA 5149:SEED 5129:IDEA 5124:GOST 5109:ARIA 4930:ISBN 4895:ISBN 4858:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4786:and 4747:link 4719:ISBN 4668:and 4656:ISBN 4648:ISBN 4642:and 4628:link 4586:and 4383:ISBN 4357:ISBN 4324:ISBN 4291:ISBN 4252:ISSN 4209:ISBN 4176:ISBN 4143:ISBN 4051:ISBN 4019:link 3993:OCLC 3983:ISBN 3901:ISBN 3880:2012 3850:ISBN 3659:HTML 3568:CNet 3304:2019 3280:ISSN 3245:2019 3182:ISBN 3039:MARS 3012:GDES 3003:FIPS 2986:the 2976:FEAL 2974:and 2960:IDEA 2449:and 2166:and 2105:Kiel 2103:and 2094:DES. 2058:The 1974:left 1929:left 1926:left 1887:// P 1863:keys 1800:from 1764:left 1704:each 1689:keys 1644:keys 1623:left 1602:left 1596:left 1566:from 1518:left 1479:left 1473:keys 1452:bits 1403:PC-2 1390:PC-1 1205:and 1068:—an 957:FPGA 955:The 900:The 870:and 847:The 832:The 729:and 579:TDEA 567:ANSI 556:NIST 543:FIPS 521:and 513:key. 508:and 460:and 185:The 5900:Tau 5860:XSL 5664:SPN 5608:xmx 5603:UES 5538:S-1 5523:RC2 5468:MMB 5347:ICE 5302:DFC 5159:TEA 5144:RC6 5139:RC5 5134:LEA 5086:SM4 5067:DES 5057:AES 4922:doi 4887:doi 4711:doi 4602:doi 4512:doi 4353:257 4316:doi 4283:doi 4242:doi 4201:doi 4168:doi 4135:doi 4041:doi 3975:doi 3840:doi 3669:PDF 3398:doi 3272:doi 3114:doi 3031:RC6 2952:RC5 2910:by 2498:): 2358:of 2060:EFF 2022:or 2007:for 2004:end 1947:var 1941:for 1938:end 1935:tmp 1923:xor 1860:xor 1815:tmp 1794:for 1788:and 1734:tmp 1731:var 1713:bit 1701:for 1692:end 1671:for 1668:end 1662:PC2 1611:var 1560:for 1554:and 1551:key 1539:and 1527:key 1512:PC1 1506:key 1494:key 1476:var 1470:var 1464:key 1461:var 1431:pad 1161:by 1114:KEY 1086:key 851:'s 849:EFF 588:'s 581:). 525:of 482:IBM 414:'s 408:IBM 396:IBM 391:PIN 358:). 352:DEA 256:IBM 191:DES 103:ICE 59:IBM 6372:: 5428:M8 5423:M6 5410:, 5408:97 5307:E2 5073:, 4928:. 4903:. 4893:. 4885:. 4852:, 4829:, 4778:38 4776:, 4755:). 4743:}} 4739:{{ 4727:. 4717:. 4698:, 4678:, 4654:, 4624:}} 4620:{{ 4608:. 4596:. 4408:. 4355:. 4322:. 4289:. 4258:. 4250:. 4238:10 4236:. 4232:. 4207:. 4174:. 4141:. 4110:. 4096:. 4077:. 4065:^ 4049:. 4027:^ 4015:}} 4011:{{ 3999:. 3991:. 3981:. 3959:^ 3848:, 3592:, 3582:^ 3566:. 3541:^ 3502:. 3498:. 3462:. 3458:. 3422:. 3392:. 3286:. 3278:. 3266:. 3262:. 3228:. 3222:. 3176:. 3162:^ 3152:. 3141:^ 3120:. 3110:10 3108:. 3104:. 3085:^ 3045:. 3037:, 3033:, 2970:, 2966:, 2962:, 2958:, 2954:, 2663:: 1998:FP 1983::= 1971:or 1965:32 1953::= 1932::= 1917::= 1893::= 1872::= 1854::= 1830::= 1818::= 1812:do 1809:16 1806:to 1782::= 1776:32 1767::= 1758:IP 1743::= 1728:do 1719:of 1707:64 1695:if 1683:do 1677:if 1647::= 1635:or 1629:28 1617::= 1599::= 1584::= 1578:do 1575:16 1572:to 1548::= 1533:28 1521::= 1497::= 1455:in 1449:64 1446:of 1437:to 1207:FP 1203:IP 1009:A 944:) 800:. 438:. 430:, 422:, 347:. 316:. 251:. 211:iː 205:iː 150:16 101:, 97:, 93:, 89:, 6012:e 6005:t 5998:v 5807:n 5791:) 5787:( 5754:) 5750:( 5727:) 5723:( 5714:) 5710:( 5700:) 5696:( 5518:Q 5414:) 5077:) 5069:( 5042:) 5038:( 5028:e 5021:t 5014:v 4938:. 4924:: 4911:. 4889:: 4864:. 4813:. 4751:( 4749:) 4735:. 4713:: 4662:. 4636:) 4632:( 4630:) 4616:. 4604:: 4598:4 4543:. 4514:: 4391:. 4365:. 4332:. 4318:: 4299:. 4285:: 4266:. 4244:: 4217:. 4203:: 4184:. 4170:: 4151:. 4137:: 4118:. 4114:: 4104:: 4098:2 4081:. 4059:. 4043:: 4021:) 4007:. 3977:: 3941:. 3909:. 3882:. 3842:: 3823:. 3781:. 3756:. 3735:. 3721:. 3697:. 3638:. 3576:. 3440:. 3404:. 3400:: 3394:2 3377:. 3332:. 3306:. 3274:: 3268:6 3247:. 3190:. 3116:: 2933:) 2927:( 2922:) 2918:( 2904:. 2847:K 2827:} 2822:K 2818:E 2814:{ 2783:. 2776:1 2772:K 2767:D 2763:= 2756:2 2752:K 2747:E 2726:P 2723:= 2720:) 2717:) 2714:P 2711:( 2704:2 2700:K 2695:E 2691:( 2684:1 2680:K 2675:E 2649:2 2645:K 2622:1 2618:K 2590:. 2585:K 2581:D 2577:= 2572:K 2568:E 2547:P 2544:= 2541:) 2538:) 2535:P 2532:( 2527:K 2523:E 2519:( 2514:K 2510:E 2492:D 2488:E 2457:C 2437:P 2418:. 2415:K 2393:K 2389:E 2369:. 2366:x 2337:x 2307:C 2302:= 2299:) 2291:P 2286:( 2277:K 2272:E 2263:C 2260:= 2257:) 2254:P 2251:( 2246:K 2242:E 2001:) 1995:, 1989:( 1968:) 1956:( 1911:) 1908:P 1905:, 1899:( 1884:) 1878:( 1848:) 1845:E 1842:, 1836:( 1803:0 1797:i 1761:) 1755:, 1749:( 1710:- 1665:) 1659:, 1653:( 1632:) 1620:( 1569:0 1563:i 1536:) 1524:( 1515:) 1509:, 1503:( 1482:, 1401:( 1388:( 1279:E 1184:) 1178:( 1173:) 1169:( 1155:. 1036:. 546:" 354:( 235:/ 232:z 229:ɛ 226:d 223:, 220:s 217:ɛ 214:ˈ 208:ˌ 202:d 199:ˌ 196:/ 189:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Data Encryption Standard

Index