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the temperatures in much of the species's range can exceed 25 °C (77 °F), their roots die back after exposure to temperatures not much higher than 10 °C (50 °F) . Temperature plays a large part in the functioning of all plants, but it is very rare for individual organs to have such different temperature tolerances. The physiological mechanisms and evolutionary benefits of this discrepancy are not fully understood, however, in habitat the plants are normally found growing out of cold seeps, and this behavior would cause the plant to only expend energy growing roots in the direction of cold subsurface water sources. The reason for this extraordinary sensitivity of the roots to high temperatures is currently believed to be caused by a very low and limited optimal temperature of the ion pumps in root cells.
51:
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Many wild populations grow in serpentine (ultramafic) soils which are toxic to most green plants. Populations found growing on serpentine can withstand soil temperatures above 80 °F based on field studies of various cobra lily populations in Oregon, most of which are found growing on slopes composed of serpentine with cold subsurface water flow. The plants can suffer from root rot in cultivation if grown in stagnant, standing water and tend to thrive in areas where cold subsurface water slowly flows underground around their roots. It is not currently understood why the plants can withstand higher soil temperatures when found growing on serpentine soils.
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601:. It does not trap rainwater in its pitcher. Instead, it regulates the level of water inside physiologically by releasing or absorbing water into the trap that has been pumped up from the roots. It was once believed that this species of pitcher plant did not produce any digestive enzymes and relied on
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The slippery walls and hairs of the pitcher tube prevent trapped prey from escaping. In addition to the lubricating secretions and downward-pointing hairs common to all North
American pitcher plants to force their prey into the trap, this species uses its curled operculum (hood) to hide the tiny exit
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Modern cultivation efforts in breeding and selecting plants that can withstand higher temperatures without the roots dying back have met with significant success. As a result, there are several cultivars available as commercial house or garden plants which are more tolerant of higher temperatures.
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is no exception. The cobra lily has a very large and rambling root system when compared to those of other carnivorous plants in the family
Sarraceniaceae. The cobra lily is able to survive fire by regenerating from its roots, but despite this important role the roots are very delicate organs. While
613:
enzyme that digests captured prey. The cells that absorb nutrients from the inside of the pitcher are the same as those on the roots that absorb soil nutrients. The efficiency of the plant's trapping ability is attested to by its leaves and pitchers, which are, more often than not, full of insects
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hole from trapped insects and offers multiple translucent false exits. Upon trying many times to escape via the false exits, the insect will tire and fall down into the trap. Other species that use a low-hanging hood to hide the exit hole include the parrot pitcher plant,
1299:
688:). Pollinating by hand yielded poor results, therefore, melittophilous seems likely considering the complexity of the fruit. According to the study, "Observations of A. nigrihirta on flowers revealed that the shape and orientation of
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can be a difficult carnivorous plant to keep in cultivation, as they require specific environmental conditions. They prefer cool to warm day-time temperatures and cold or cool night-time temperatures. Cobra lilies typically grow in
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is unusually shaped and complex, typically a sign of a close pollinator-plant specialization. The flower is yellowish purple in color and grows on a stalk which is slightly taller than the pitcher leaves. It has five
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they grow in late winter and spring. When a minute cobra plant is visible at the end of the stolon (usually in mid to late spring), the whole stolon may be cut into sections a few inches long, each with a few
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https://bioone.org/journals/madro%C3%B1o/volume-58/issue-1/0024-9637-58.1.22/Pollination-Biology-of-Darlingtonia-californica-Sarraceniaceae-the-California-Pitcher-Plant/10.3120/0024-9637-58.1.22.short
434:, where the climate—while typically thought of as cool and humid—may be quite arid for many months of the year, more so than many carnivorous or pitcher plant genera could feasibly survive (such as
897:
in frigid winters and will maintain their leaves in cool winters during their dormancy period. This period lasts from 3 to 5 months during the year, and all growth stops. As spring approaches,
846:, warm location, and prefer part-shade if humidity is low or fluctuates often. Plants can adapt to low humidity conditions, but optimum growth occurs under reasonable humidity.
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was still able to reproduce suggesting that self pollination may play a role as well. It seems likely that both occur and only bolsters the reputation of hardiness in the wild.
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Many carnivorous plant enthusiasts have succeeded in cultivating these plants, and have developed or discovered three color morphs: all green, all red, and red-green bicolor.
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A single plant in cultivation, clearly showing the first pitcher of the season. The first few pitchers at the beginning of each growing season are much larger than the others.
572:, the cobra lily is adapted to supplementing its nitrogen requirements through carnivory, which helps to compensate for the lack of available nitrogen in such habitats.
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692:'s ovary and petals promote stigma contact both when pollinators enter and exit a flower, contrary to previous thought. Our findings provide evidence that
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bacteria and protozoa to break down the captured insects into easily absorbed nutrients. However, recent studies have indicated that
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Because many carnivorous species live in hostile environments, their root systems are commonly as highly modified as their leaves.
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are kept cooler than the rest of the plant. It is best to mimic these conditions in cultivation, and water the plants with cold,
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Note the small entrance to the trap underneath the swollen 'balloon', and the colourless patches that confuse prey trapped inside
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John
Brittnacher with help from Harry Tryon December 2011 Latest update January 2020 ©International Carnivorous Plant Society
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472:. It has even been observed growing in drainage ditches or on the sides of roads. Despite being fairly commonly cultivated,
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909:. The plant will continue to produce pitchers throughout the summer, however much smaller than the early spring pitchers.
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and place in a humid location with bright light. In many weeks, cobra plants will protrude from each section of stolon.
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1237:"The cobras tongue: rethinking the function of the 'fishtail appendage' on the pitcher plant
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Like many other carnivorous plants of temperate regions, cobra lilies require a cold winter
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is either a fly or bee attracted to the flower's unpleasant smell or some nocturnal insect.
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1295:(Sarraceniaceae), the California Pitcher Plant," Madroño 58(1), 22-31, (31 August 2011).
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was pollen-limited in all five plants observed. However, in the case of male absence,
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Schnell, D.; Catling, P.; Folkerts, G.; Frost, C.; Gardner, R.; et al. (2000).
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The name "cobra lily" stems from the resemblance of its tubular leaves to a rearing
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is that its forked tongue is an adaption to trap insects. However, a study done by
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Wild-type plants are all green in moderate light and bicolor in intense sunlight.
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are difficult to maintain, so these plants are best propagated from the long
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soils, which are in fact basic soils, within its range. In common with most
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or streambanks that are fed by cold mountain water, and grow best when the
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786: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Adlassnig, W.; Peroutka, M.; Lambers, H.; Lichtscheidl, I. K. (2005).
1990:
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838:. On hot days, it helps to place ice cubes of purified water on the
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determined that removal of the tongue does not affect prey biomass.
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uses a leaf that is folded over the entrance. A misconception about
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George A. Meindl and
Michael R. Mesler "Pollination Biology of
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A remaining mystery surrounding the cobra lily is its means of
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The cobra plant is not just restricted to nutrient-poor acidic
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through its carnivorous adaptions, where it may be found near
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452:). However, the cobra lily has evolved into life along the
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https://www.carnivorousplants.org/grow/guides/Darlingtonia
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is designated as uncommon due to its rarity in the field.
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The Jepson
Herbarium – University of California, Berkeley
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and seepage slopes, but many colonies actually thrive in
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1119:"Some field observations of Darlingtonia and Pinguicula"
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1183:"Serpent of the Siskiyous - Darlingtonia californica"
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in order to live long-term. Plants die down to their
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translucent leaves confuse insects trying to escape.
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1036:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 16
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597:The cobra lily is unique among the three genera of
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1339:. Redfern Natural History Productions Ltd., Poole.
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874:attached. Lay these upon cool, moist, shredded
536:Cultivation in the UK has gained the plant the
2246:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
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842:surface. They prefer sunny conditions if in a
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1311:Brittnacher, John; Tryon, Harry (Jan 2020).
973:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39714A10259059.en
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2271:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
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1297:https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-58.1.22
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802:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1799:International Carnivorous Plant Society
1317:International Carnivorous Plant Society
1163:International Carnivorous Plant Society
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1116:
1839:
1838:
1819:List of carnivorous plant periodicals
1809:North American Sarracenia Conservancy
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1335:McPherson, S. & D. Schnell 2011.
901:plants may send up a single, nodding
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634:also forms a curled operculum, while
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784:adding citations to reliable sources
755:
674:A new study suggests that it may be
490:The plant was discovered during the
410:. It is the sole species within its
2216:Carnivorous plants of North America
2206:IUCN Red List least concern species
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959:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
2241:United States Exploring Expedition
2221:Endemic flora of the United States
1313:"Growing Darlingtonia californica"
14:
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1060:"The roots of carnivorous plants"
696:is melittophilous". Furthermore,
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2134:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:76771-2
1398:Darlingtonia State Natural Site
1337:Sarraceniaceae of North America
1304:
1285:
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1212:Carnivorous Plants of the World
885:Northernmost natural population
771:needs additional citations for
59:Darlingtonia State Natural Site
2236:Flora of the Klamath Mountains
1403:Botanical Society of America,
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987:
925:Darlingtonia Botanical Wayside
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624:and the hooded pitcher plant,
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1:
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521:after Philadelphian botanist
1123:Carnivorous Plant Newsletter
861:is extremely slow and cobra
16:Species of carnivorous plant
7:
1804:Insectivorous Plant Society
1235:Armitage, David. W (2016).
1210:Pietropaolo, James (2005).
918:
538:Royal Horticultural Society
10:
2287:
1814:List of carnivorous plants
1353:"Darlingtonia californica"
1245:American Journal of Botany
1117:Ziemer, Robert R. (1973).
876:long-fibered sphagnum moss
857:Growing cobra lilies from
644:American Journal of Botany
547:
509:, Northern California. In
2266:Taxa named by John Torrey
1847:
1791:
1689:
1485:
1429:Darlingtonia californica
1393:(California pitcherplant)
1384:(California pitcherplant)
1089:10.1007/s11104-004-2754-2
1031:"AGM Plants – Ornamental"
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102:Scientific classification
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2261:Plants described in 1853
1879:Darlingtonia californica
1849:Darlingtonia californica
1437:Darlingtonia californica
1421:Darlingtonia californica
1405:Darlingtonia californica
1391:Darlingtonia californica
1389:USDA Plants Profile for
1382:Darlingtonia californica
1293:Darlingtonia californica
1239:Darlingtonia californica
1157:Darlingtonia californica
1008:Darlingtonia californica
952:Darlingtonia californica
823:Darlingtonia californica
582:Darlingtonia californica
377:California pitcher plant
294:Darlingtonia californica
279:Chrysamphora californica
240:Darlingtonia californica
1690:Protocarnivorous genera
1479:protocarnivorous plants
599:American pitcher plants
503:William D. Brackenridge
487:or a serpent's tongue.
401:new world pitcher plant
1419:U.C. Photos gallery –
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609:secretes at least one
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513:, it was described by
1135:10.55360/cpn022.rz317
966:: e.T39714A10259059.
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818:Plants in cultivation
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621:Sarracenia psittacina
555:
542:Award of Garden Merit
432:western United States
283:(Torr.) Greene (1891)
2251:Stoloniferous plants
780:improve this article
418:. The cobra lily is
381:Oregon pitcher plant
2226:Flora of California
1380:Calflora Database:
1258:10.3732/ajb.1500524
1081:2005PlSoi.274..127A
1006:"RHS Plantfinder –
614:and their remains.
517:, naming the genus
424:Northern California
222:D. californica
72:Conservation status
2256:Rhizomatous plants
1486:Carnivorous genera
1412:2014-05-19 at the
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714:infraspecific taxa
708:Infraspecific taxa
685:Andrena nigrihirta
678:after observing a
593:Pitcher mechanisms
570:carnivorous plants
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523:William Darlington
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2090:Open Tree of Life
1841:Taxon identifiers
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458:Pacific Northwest
456:and in the lower
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1251:(4): 780–785.
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836:purified water
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809:
768:
766:
759:
753:
750:
749:
748:
737:D. californica
734:
721:D. californica
709:
706:
694:D. californica
690:D. californica
676:melittophilous
651:
648:
594:
591:
577:
574:
549:
546:
408:Sarraceniaceae
288:
287:
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273:
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191:Sarraceniaceae
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2048:
2044:
2039:
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2018:
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1824:Pitcher plant
1822:
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1570:Droserapollis
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
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1504:Archaeamphora
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1469:
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785:
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774:
769:This section
767:
763:
758:
757:
746:
742:
738:
735:
731:
726:
722:
719:
718:
717:
715:
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695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
661:
657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:S. psittacina
629:
628:
623:
622:
615:
612:
608:
604:
600:
590:
586:
583:
573:
571:
567:
563:
554:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
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520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
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444:
439:
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429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
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402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
296:
295:
280:
277:
276:
274:
271:
267:
264:distribution
263:
259:
255:
250:
243:
241:
235:
232:
231:Binomial name
228:
224:
223:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
203:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
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176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:Tracheophytes
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
108:
103:
99:
93:
88:
87:Least Concern
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1848:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1754:Paepalanthus
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1659:Saxonipollis
1657:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1585:Drosophyllum
1583:
1578:Droseridites
1576:
1568:
1562:Droserapites
1560:
1552:
1545:
1540:Darlingtonia
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1436:
1428:
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1390:
1381:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:
1336:
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1316:
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1287:
1275:
1248:
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1238:
1230:
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1191:. Retrieved
1189:. 2022-06-08
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1156:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1129:(2): 25–27.
1126:
1122:
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1101:the original
1072:
1066:
1038:. Retrieved
1025:
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1007:
1000:
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963:
957:
951:
943:
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888:
856:
822:
821:
798:
792:January 2021
789:
778:Please help
773:verification
770:
740:
736:
724:
720:
711:
702:Darlingtonia
701:
698:Darlingtonia
697:
693:
689:
683:
673:
653:
643:
640:Darlingtonia
639:
635:
631:
625:
619:
616:
607:Darlingtonia
606:
596:
587:
581:
579:
559:
535:
519:Darlingtonia
518:
507:Mount Shasta
489:
478:
474:Darlingtonia
473:
466:vernal pools
447:
441:
435:
416:Darlingtonia
415:
388:
384:
380:
376:
293:
292:
291:
278:
262:Darlingtonia
261:
239:
237:
221:
220:
202:Darlingtonia
201:
200:
164:
151:
138:
125:
39:Darlingtonia
38:
18:
2108:kew-2757503
2051:NatureServe
1986:iNaturalist
1873:Wikispecies
1775:Proboscidea
1726:Drymocallis
1680:Utricularia
1607:Heliamphora
1488:(† extinct)
1475:Carnivorous
752:Cultivation
741:viridiflora
725:californica
656:pollination
650:Pollination
611:proteolytic
576:Root system
515:John Torrey
437:Heliamphora
389:cobra plant
145:Angiosperms
24:Cobra lily
2200:Categories
2103:Plant List
1887:Calflora:
1761:Passiflora
1698:Aracamunia
1651:Sarracenia
1637:Pinguicula
1533:Cephalotus
1512:Brocchinia
1496:Aldrovanda
1362:2019-03-11
1322:2021-03-18
1193:2022-06-10
1168:2022-05-24
1140:2022-06-03
1040:24 January
1015:6 February
935:References
669:pollinator
566:ultramafic
454:West Coast
449:Sarracenia
385:cobra lily
1952:220003859
1782:Stylidium
1630:Philcoxia
1614:Nepenthes
1357:fs.fed.us
1155:"Growing
863:seedlings
682:species (
680:miner bee
603:symbiotic
443:Nepenthes
430:, in the
412:monotypic
216:Species:
115:Kingdom:
2167:VASCAN:
2160:28900017
2155:Tropicos
2056:2.147374
2017:10202984
1864:Q1138945
1858:Wikidata
1792:See also
1768:Plumbago
1747:Lathraea
1740:Ibicella
1733:Geranium
1719:Dipsacus
1705:Capsella
1666:Triantha
1644:Roridula
1600:Genlisea
1526:Catopsis
1435:Growing
1410:Archived
1267:27033318
919:See also
907:pitchers
895:rhizomes
891:dormancy
636:S. minor
500:botanist
270:Synonyms
187:Family:
181:Ericales
171:Asterids
158:Eudicots
92:IUCN 2.3
2004:76771-2
1965:5939805
1554:Drosera
1547:Dionaea
1187:YouTube
1097:5038696
1077:Bibcode
867:stolons
730:autonym
548:Biology
414:genus,
399:in the
393:species
197:Genus:
177:Order:
119:Plantae
90: (
2116:PLANTS
2095:639950
2082:510706
1978:410907
1939:darcal
1936:FEIS:
1929:584644
1712:Colura
1519:Byblis
1439:– ICPS
1265:
1218:
1095:
979:28 May
903:flower
899:mature
745:B.Rice
665:sepals
660:flower
658:. Its
428:Oregon
420:native
404:family
391:—is a
379:, the
210:(1853)
42:'s
2121:DACA5
2043:39714
2030:22004
2012:IRMNG
1991:52652
1903:3465N
1104:(PDF)
1093:S2CID
1063:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
872:roots
844:humid
832:roots
485:fangs
481:cobra
246:Torr.
208:Torr.
165:Clade
152:Clade
139:Clade
126:Clade
2170:9565
2147:5346
2129:POWO
2069:4355
2064:NCBI
2038:IUCN
2025:ITIS
1999:IPNI
1973:GRIN
1960:GBIF
1911:CNPS
1890:2616
1477:and
1263:PMID
1216:ISBN
1042:2018
1017:2018
981:2022
964:2000
859:seed
840:soil
828:bogs
712:Two
562:bogs
531:1863
527:1782
511:1853
496:1841
462:bogs
426:and
2178:WFO
2142:RHS
1947:FNA
1924:EoL
1916:548
1898:CoL
1253:doi
1249:103
1131:doi
1085:doi
1073:274
968:doi
782:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
