512:(DAQ) system was implemented that determined which events were "interesting" enough to be written to tape and which could be thrown out. The trigger system used the electronic signals to identify events of interest, such as those containing electrons, muons, photons, high energy jets, or particles that traveled some distance before decaying. The first trigger level used the fast electronic signals from each subdetector to decide within a few microseconds whether to pause data-taking and digitize the signals. About 10,000 such Level 1 triggers were accepted. A second trigger level refined the selection using the digitized signals from several subdetectors in combination to form a more nuanced event profile, reducing the candidate event pool to 1000 events per second. In the third level, a farm of computers analyzed the digital information in a stripped-down version of the full offline computer code to yield up to 100 events per second to be permanently recorded and subsequently analyzed on large offline computer farms. The operation of the trigger system was a delicate balance between maximizing the number of events saved and minimizing the dead time incurred while collecting them. It had to be robust and reliable, as the millions of events not selected by the trigger were lost forever.
430:(QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction, in which quarks and gluons interact through a quantum property, analogous to electric charge for electromagnetism, called "color." QCD makes quantitative predictions for the production of jets (collimated sprays of particles evolved from scattered quarks or gluons), photons and W or Z bosons. DØ published a seminal series of papers investigating jet production as a function of beam energy, jet energy, and jet production angle consistent with theoretical predictions. A noteworthy result in 2012 from DØ was the measurement of very high energy jets produced at large scattering angles. This occurs when single quarks carry more than half of the energy of their parent proton or antiproton, despite the fact that the proton and antiproton are typically built from dozens of quarks and gluons. The measurement was in excellent agreement with predictions. In a series of publications in which two pairs of jets or photons stemming from two independent scatterings of quarks and gluons within a single proton-antiproton encounter were observed, the pattern of these rates indicated that the spatial extent of gluons within the proton is smaller than that for quarks.
479:
field applied to collect the ionization of traversing particles on finely segmented planes of copper electrodes. These signals were ganged into 50,000 signals that measured the particle energies and the transverse and longitudinal shower shapes which helped identify the particle type. Each calorimeter contained about sixty uranium-liquid argon modules with a total weight of 240 to 300 metric tons. The total thickness of a calorimeter was about 175 cm so as to fully absorb the showers of the most energetic particles from a collision. The stainless steel vessels needed to contain the modules at liquid argon temperature (-190 C) were relatively thick, so scintillation detectors were inserted between central and end calorimeters to correct for energy lost in the cryostat walls.
471:
hadrons. This was achieved when incident particles traversed multiple layers of dense inert material in which they interacted and created secondary particles. All such secondary particles are called a shower. The energy of the progenitor particle was shared among many shower particles of much lower energy that ultimately stopped, at which point the shower ended. Between the layers of the inert material there were detectors in which the ionization of the particles was measured. The total ionization signal summed over the shower is proportional to the energy of the progenitor particle.
439:
calorimeters that measured the energy of electrons, photons, and hadrons and identified "jets" of particles arising from scattered quarks and gluons. The third shell, the muon system, had tracking chambers and scintillator panels before and after magnetized solid iron magnets to identify muons. The whole detector was enclosed behind a concrete block wall which acted as radiation shields. The detector measured about 10m × 10m × 20m and weighed about 5,500 tons. It is preserved in
Fermilab's DØ Assembly Building as part of a public historical exhibit.
451:
particles that emerged from the primary collision point from those that traveled a finite distance before decaying, like tau leptons and hadrons containing bottom quarks. It consisted of about 800,000 silicon strips of 50 micron width, capable of measuring track location to about 10 microns. The outer radius of the silicon detectors was limited to 10 cm due to their high cost. The silicon microstrip tracker was installed in the detector for the
Tevatron Run II collider program, which began in 2001. It was fully functional by April 2002.
31:
133:, which officially began on July 1, 1983. The group produced a design report in November 1984. The detector was completed in 1991, it was placed in the Tevatron in February 1992, and observed its first collision in May 1992. It recorded data from 1992 until 1996, when it was shut down for major upgrades. Its second run began in 2001 and lasted until September 2011. As of 2019, data analysis is still going on.
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Outside the silicon tracker, the cylindrical scintillating fiber tracker occupied the radial region between 20 and 52 cm and 2.5 m along the beam line. Particles traversed eight layers of 835 micron diameter scintillating fibers. These fibers produced photons when a particle passed through them.
450:
The silicon microstrip tracker was located just outside the
Tevatron beam pipes. Five barrels concentric with the beams and 16 disks with strips perpendicular to the beams provided precision measurements of charged track coordinates. These helped to determine particle momenta and to distinguish those
438:
The DØ detector consisted of several "sub-detectors," which were grouped into three shells surrounding the collision point. The innermost shell was the
Central Tracking System consisting of tracking detectors enclosed in a superconducting magnet. These were surrounded by a second shell consisting of
209:
via the weak interaction. This process occurs at about half the rate as the production of top quark pairs but is much more difficult to observe since it is more difficult to distinguish from background processes that can create false signals. The single top quark studies were used to measure the top
482:
A primary task for the calorimetry is identification of jets, the sprays of particles created as quarks and gluons escape from their collision point. Jet identification and measurement of their directions and energies allow analyses to recreate the momenta of the underlying quarks and gluons in the
478:
A central calorimeter outside and two end calorimeters capping the solenoid contained separate sections for measuring electromagnetic particles and hadrons. Uranium was chosen for the inert absorber plates owing to its very high density. The active gaps contained liquid argon with a strong electric
151:
The DØ detector consisted of several nested subdetector groups surrounding the region where the beam protons and antiprotons collided. The subdetectors provided over a million channels of electronics that were collected, digitized and logged for off-line analyses. About 10 million collisions of the
348:
On May 14, 2010, the DØ collaboration announced a tendency for b and anti-b quarks produced in proton-antiproton collisions to lead to a pair of positively charged muons more frequently than a negatively charged pair. This tendency, together with measurements of single muon asymmetries, could help
184:
One of the early goals of the DØ experiment was to discover the top quark, the last of the six constituents of matter predicted by the
Standard Model of particle physics. The DØ and CDF experiments both collected data for the search, but they used different observation and analysis techniques that
470:
system consisted of three sampling calorimeters (a cylindrical
Central Calorimeter and two End Calorimeters), an intercryostat detector, and a preshower detector. The job of the calorimeters and associated subdetectors was the measurement of energies of electrons, photons, and charged and neutral
474:
A cylindrical layer of scintillator-based preshower strips was placed immediately outside the solenoid and read out with fiber tracker sensors. Similar preshower detectors capped the ends of the tracking region. The material in the solenoid augmented with lead sheets caused primary electrons and
418:
noted that exotic mesons containing two quarks and two antiquarks (instead of just a quark and antiquark) are possible. Examples were finally observed 40 years later in cases where the exotic meson contains the more distinctive heavy b- and c-quarks. DØ has contributed new understanding of these
495:
detection. High energy muons are quite rare and are thus a telltale sign of interesting collisions. Unlike most particles, they did not get absorbed in the calorimeters, so tracks observed beyond the calorimeters were most likely muons. Scintillator planes provided a fast signature used to flag
279:
On July 2, 2012, anticipating an announcement from CERN of the discovery of the Higgs boson, the DØ and CDF collaborations announced their evidence (at about three standard deviations) for Higgs bosons decaying into the dominant b quark final states, which indicated that the particle had a mass
303:
The DØ and CDF experiments combined to measure the forward-backward asymmetry in the decays of Z bosons (the tendency of positive decay leptons to emerge closer to the incoming proton direction more often than negative decay leptons). From these asymmetry measurements, the weak mixing angle
299:
The properties of the W and Z bosons that transmit the weak nuclear force are sensitive indicators of the internal consistency of the
Standard Model. In 2012, DØ measured the W boson mass to a relative precision of better than 0.03%, ruling out many potential models of new physics.
496:
interesting events. One station of tracking chambers before and two stations after solid iron magnets record the muon tracks. The iron of the large central magnet was reclaimed from a NASA cyclotron built to simulate radiation damage in space.
304:
governing the breaking of the electroweak symmetry into distinct electromagnetic and weak forces was measured to a precision of better than 0.15%. This result has comparable precision to electron positron collider experiments at CERN and
344:
meson (containing an anti-b quark and a strange quark) into its antiparticle. The transition occurs about 20 trillion times per second. If there were new particles beyond those in the
Standard Model, this rate would have been modified.
94:. The DØ experiment stopped taking data in 2011, when the Tevatron shut down, but data analysis is still ongoing. The DØ detector is preserved in Fermilab's DØ Assembly Building as part of a historical exhibit for public tours.
336:
at CERN have dominated many aspects of the study of hadrons containing b- or c-quarks, DØ has made notable contributions using large samples containing all heavy flavor hadrons that can be seen through their decays to muons.
455:
Light from each of the more than 75,000 fibers was transmitted to solid state sensors that created electronic signals that were digitized and logged. The fiber tracker spatial precision was about 100 microns.
194:
describing the observation of top and antitop quark pairs produced via the strong interaction. On March 2, 1995, the two collaborations jointly reported the discovery of the top quark at a mass of about
224:
awarded the 2019 European
Physical Society High Energy and Particle Physics Prize to the DØ and CDF collaborations "for the discovery of the top quark and the detailed measurement of its properties."
1293:
ALEPH Collaboration, DELPHI Collaboration, L3 Collaboration, OPAL Collaboration, The LEP Working Group for Higgs Boson
Searches (July 17, 2003). "Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson at LEP".
447:
The central tracking system had two subdetectors for measuring charged particle track positions and a magnetic field to cause tracks to bend, thereby allowing a measurement of their momenta.
125:
asked for preliminary proposals for a "modest detector built by a modestly sized group" that would be located at the 'DØ' interaction region in the Tevatron ring and complement the planned
47:
140:
from 88 universities and national laboratories from 21 countries. It studied the collisions between the protons and antiprotons circulating in the Tevatron to test many aspects of the
105:
at the highest available energies. These collisions result in "events" containing many new particles created through the transformation of energy into mass according to the relation
508:
happened every second in the detector. Because this far exceeded computing capabilities, only a fraction of these events could be stored on tape per second. Therefore, an intricate
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475:
photons to begin a shower of secondary particles. The preshower detector was thus the first stage of the calorimetry and gave a precise location of the particle impact point.
217:
Precision measurements of top quark properties such as mass, charge, decay modes, production characteristics, and polarization were reported in over one hundred publications.
160:
DØ conducted its scientific studies within six physics groups: Higgs, Top, Electroweak, New Phenomena, QCD, and B Physics. Significant advances were made in each of them.
1791:
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A superconducting solenoid magnet was located just outside the fiber tracker created a 2 T magnetic field in the silicon and fiber tracker volume.
1426:
2313:
Proceedings, 13th International Conference on Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics (CHEP 2003): La Jolla, California, March 24–28, 2003
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and DØ Collaborations) (12 February 2010). "Combination of Tevatron searches for the standard model Higgs boson in the WW decay mode".
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2282:. XXVI International Conference on High Energy Physics, Dallas, Texas, August 6–12, 1992. Vol. 172. AIP. pp. 1732–1737
152:
proton and antiproton beams were inspected every second, and up to 500 collisions per second were recorded for further studies.
916:
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129:. More than fifteen groups submitted proposals. Three of these proposals were merged into one effort under the leadership of
881:
1405:
291:
The techniques developed at the Tevatron for the Higgs boson searches served as a springboard for subsequent LHC analyses.
2043:
2017:
1248:"European Physical Society gives top prize to Fermilab's CDF, DZero experiments for top quark discovery, measurements"
744:
2280:
Proceedings, 26th International Conference on High-energy Physics (ICHEP 92): Dallas, Texas, USA, August 6–12, 1992
329:
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17:
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On March 4, 2009, the DØ and CDF collaborations both announced the discovery of the production of single
106:
845:
529:
2272:
1860:) (2012). "Measurement of the inclusive jet cross section in p pbar collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV".
353:
responsible for the dominance of matter in the universe. Experimental results from physicists at the
221:
2301:
1990:
1183:
V.M. Abazov; et al. (DØ Collaboration) (2009). "Observation of Single Top Quark Production".
407:
quark, making it the first observed baryon formed of quarks from all three generations of matter.
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In July 2006, the DØ collaboration published the first evidence for the transformation of the B
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of quark inter-generational mixing, and to search for new physics beyond the Standard Model.
91:
1554:) (2018). "Tevatron Run II combination of the effective leptonic electroweak mixing angle".
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1204:
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87:
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In later years, one of the main physics goals of the DØ experiment was the search for the
136:
The DØ experiment is an international collaboration that, at its peak, included about 650
8:
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2315:. Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics, La Jolla Ca, March 24–28, 2003. SLAC
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experiments announced their discovery of the Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV/c.
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67:
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quark lifetime of about 5 × 10 seconds, measure the last unknown element of the
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818:
266:. In 2010 DØ and CDF extended the forbidden region to include a window around
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400:
30:
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1520:
1427:"CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson"
1383:
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415:
404:
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had ruled out the existence of such a Higgs boson with a mass smaller than
130:
2390:
2381:
1692:) (2010). "Evidence for an Anomalous Like-Sign Dimuon Charge Asymmetry".
467:
308:
and helps to resolve a long-standing tension between those measurements.
241:
229:
66:) was a worldwide collaboration of scientists conducting research on the
2386:
2377:
1406:"Tevatron scientists announce their final results on the Higgs particle"
800:(Speech). Science and Technology Review. Fermilab, Batavia, IL: Fermilab
113:
clues that reveal the character of the building blocks of the universe.
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1307:
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1065:
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102:
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DØ under construction, the installation of the central tracking system
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137:
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1111:
79:
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1479:) (2012). "Measurement of the W Boson Mass with the D0 Detector".
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942:. Vol. 18, no. 4. Batavia, IL: Fermilab. March 2, 1995
745:"Fermilab's DZero Experiment Crunches Record Data with the Grid"
163:
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2184:
2153:
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1931:
1808:(Press release). Batavia, IL: Fermilab. Fermilab. June 13, 2007
907:
Hoddeson, Lillian; Kolb, Adrienne; Westfall, Catherine (2008).
248:, but with an unknown mass. Before they concluded in 2000, the
98:
1429:(Press release). Geneva, Switzerland: CERN. CERN. July 4, 2012
1408:(Press release). Batavia, IL: Fermilab. Fermilab. July 2, 2012
669:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 301–308.
188:
On February 24, 1995, DØ and CDF submitted research papers to
38:
532:(Press release). Geneva, Switzerland: CERN. November 30, 2009
97:
DØ research is focused on precise studies of interactions of
636:. Vol. 4, no. 11. Batavia, IL: Fermilab. p. 3
364:
On June 12, 2007, the DØ collaboration submitted a paper to
185:
allowed independent confirmation of one another's findings.
1453:(Speech). Colloquium. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
600:
492:
325:
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253:
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from 1983 until 2009, when its energy was surpassed by the
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911:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 343.
321:
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70:. DØ was one of two major experiments (the other was the
357:, however, have suggested that "the difference from the
171:
1828:"Fermilab scientists discover new four-flavor particle"
1782:"LHCb detector causes trouble for supersymmetry theory"
1450:
Tevatron Physics Results -- the Springboard to the LHC
889:(Speech). LNS-MIT Colloquium. Cambridge, Massachusetts
368:
announcing the discovery of a new particle called the
34:
DØ Central Calorimeter under construction at Fermilab
2335:"Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov on the DØ Detector"
2242:"Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov on the DØ Detector"
2187:"Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov on the DØ Detector"
2156:"Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov on the DØ Detector"
2101:"Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov on the DØ Detector"
2070:"Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov on the DØ Detector"
1998:(Technical report). Fermilab. FERMILAB-CONF-05-515-E
1934:"Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov on the DØ Detector"
1806:"Fermilab physicists discover "triple-scoop" baryon"
1049:
Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab".
959:
906:
653:
388:, approximately six times the mass of a proton. The
844:Snow, Joel; et al. (DØ Collaboration) (2010).
280:between 115 and 135 GeV/c. On July 4, 2012, CERN's
1012:) (1995). "Observation of Top Quark Production in
2333:Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov (June 11, 2019).
2240:Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov (June 11, 2019).
2185:Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov (June 11, 2019).
2154:Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov (June 11, 2019).
2099:Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov (June 11, 2019).
2068:Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov (June 11, 2019).
1932:Paul Grannis and Dmitri Denisov (June 11, 2019).
909:Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier & Megascience
667:Fermilab: Physics, the Frontier & Megascience
2397:
1250:(Press release). Batavia, IL: Fermilab. Fermilab
175:DØ Detector with large liquid argon calorimeter
953:
109:. The research involves an intense search for
86:. The Tevatron was the world's highest-energy
1779:
27:Particle physics research project (1983–2011)
2302:"The DZERO Level 3 Data Acquistion [
491:The outermost shell of the detector was for
1182:
846:"Distributed Monte Carlo Production for D0"
1120:) (1995). "Observation of the Top Quark".
442:
311:
2300:D., Chapin; et al. (July 14, 2003).
1875:
1707:
1636:
1569:
1494:
1357:
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1198:
1135:
1064:
864:
377:(pronounced "zigh sub b") with a mass of
1337:
997:
742:
624:
170:
162:
45:
37:
29:
2270:
1754:
1446:
1105:
879:
14:
2398:
1988:
1794:from the original on February 27, 2018
743:Clements, Elizabeth (April 27, 2005).
244:, which was predicted to exist by the
42:The DØ Collaboration in February 1992.
1908:"Introduction - The DZero Experiment"
1825:
1769:from the original on January 20, 2018
1245:
853:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2273:"DØ Triggering and Data Acquisition"
1447:Grannis, Paul (September 16, 2009).
880:Grannis, Paul (September 12, 2011).
843:
793:
230:top-quark physics group's home page
155:
24:
2299:
883:The Physics Legacy of the Tevatron
499:
202:(nearly that of a gold nucleus).
25:
2427:
2361:
1826:Hesla, Leah (February 25, 2016).
1780:Timmer, John. (August 28, 2011),
1757:"A New Clue to Explain Existence"
1617:) (2006). "Direct limits on the B
991:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-54
797:Tevatron Detector Decommissioning
625:Lederman, Leon (March 12, 1981).
410:The original quark hypotheses by
294:
1755:Overbye, Dennis (May 17, 2010),
962:"The Discovery of the Top Quark"
691:"The DZero Exhibit Introduction"
576:"The DZero Exhibit Introduction"
486:
2387:Record for DØ Experiment Run II
2326:
2293:
2271:Gibbard, Bruce (October 1992).
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2010:
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960:T.M. Liss; P.L. Tipton (1997).
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422:
2378:Record for DØ Experiment Run I
1726:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.081801
1513:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.151804
1376:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.061802
1269:"Fermilab and the Higgs Boson"
1217:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.092001
866:10.1088/1742-6596/219/7/072018
736:
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1:
2339:Fermilab History and Archives
2246:Fermilab History and Archives
2191:Fermilab History and Archives
2160:Fermilab History and Archives
2105:Fermilab History and Archives
2074:Fermilab History and Archives
2044:"The Central Tracking System"
2018:"The Central Tracking System"
1992:D0 Silicon Microstrip Tracker
1938:Fermilab History and Archives
1655:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.021802
1317:10.1016/S0370-2693(03)00614-2
933:"Is it the Top Quark? Yes!!!"
515:
127:Collider Detector at Fermilab
1489:(15): 151804–1 to 151804–8.
1246:Hesla, Leah (May 21, 2019).
506:proton-antiproton collisions
419:heavy flavor exotic states.
179:
68:fundamental nature of matter
7:
1338:Aaltonen, T.; et al. (
1154:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2632
1083:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626
794:Bock, Greg (July 1, 2009).
530:"LHC sets new world record"
433:
351:matter-antimatter asymmetry
121:In 1981, Fermilab director
116:
74:experiment) located at the
10:
2432:
2341:. Fermilab. Archived from
2248:. Fermilab. Archived from
2193:. Fermilab. Archived from
2162:. Fermilab. Archived from
2107:. Fermilab. Archived from
2076:. Fermilab. Archived from
1940:. Fermilab. Archived from
1886:10.1103/PhysRevD.85.052006
1588:10.1103/PhysRevD.97.112007
2278:. In J.R. Sanford (ed.).
504:Approximately 10 million
222:European Physical Society
1621:oscillation frequency".
2217:"The DZero Muon System"
2131:"The DZero Calorimeter"
1989:Burdin, Sergey (2005).
1695:Physical Review Letters
1624:Physical Review Letters
1482:Physical Review Letters
1345:Physical Review Letters
1186:Physical Review Letters
1123:Physical Review Letters
1052:Physical Review Letters
747:. Batavia, IL: Fermilab
627:"Second Colliding Area"
443:Central Tracking System
366:Physical Review Letters
312:Bottom and charm quarks
191:Physical Review Letters
551:"The Shutdown Process"
428:Quantum chromodynamics
176:
168:
51:
43:
35:
766:"Fermilab's Tevatron"
355:Large Hadron Collider
174:
166:
92:Large Hadron Collider
49:
41:
33:
2416:Fermilab experiments
2406:Particle experiments
395:baryon is made of a
1964:"Run II Luminosity"
1834:. Fermilab and SLAC
1718:2010PhRvL.105h1801A
1647:2006PhRvL..97b1802A
1580:2018PhRvD..97k2007A
1505:2012PhRvL.108o1804A
1368:2010PhRvL.104f1802A
1209:2009PhRvL.103i2001A
1146:1995PhRvL..74.2632A
1075:1995PhRvL..74.2626A
983:1997SciAm.277c..54L
970:Scientific American
663:Westfall, Catherine
601:"The DØ Experiment"
483:primary collision.
361:is insignificant."
332:in Beijing and the
58:(sometimes written
1762:The New York Times
819:"Tevatron - Media"
177:
169:
52:
44:
36:
2368:The DØ Experiment
2345:on August 7, 2019
2252:on August 7, 2019
2197:on August 7, 2019
2166:on August 7, 2019
2111:on August 7, 2019
2080:on August 7, 2019
2022:The DZero Exhibit
1970:. August 15, 2006
1944:on August 7, 2019
1863:Physical Review D
1557:Physical Review D
1552:CDF Collaboration
1295:Physics Letters B
1130:(14): 2632–2637.
1059:(14): 2626–2631.
1010:CDF Collaboration
918:978-0-226-34624-3
676:978-0-226-34624-3
655:Hoddeson, Lillian
605:The DØ Experiment
167:DØ's control room
84:Batavia, Illinois
76:Tevatron Collider
16:(Redirected from
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412:Murray Gell-Mann
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146:particle physics
123:Leon M. Lederman
64:DZero experiment
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716:"DØ Fact Sheet"
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500:Trigger and DAQ
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334:LHCb experiment
320:experiments at
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1564:(11): 112007.
1542:T.A. Aaltonen
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725:. October 2014
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697:. October 2014
682:
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659:Kolb, Adrienne
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295:W and Z bosons
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1193:(9): 092001.
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825:. May 6, 2014
824:
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557:. May 6, 2014
556:
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487:Muon Detector
484:
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60:D0 experiment
57:
56:DØ experiment
48:
40:
32:
19:
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2338:
2328:
2317:. Retrieved
2312:
2303:
2295:
2284:. Retrieved
2279:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:the original
2245:
2235:
2224:. Retrieved
2220:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2190:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:the original
2159:
2149:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:the original
2104:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2073:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1991:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1967:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:the original
1937:
1927:
1916:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1852:V.M. Abazov
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1831:
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1800:
1787:Ars Technica
1785:
1775:
1760:
1750:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1684:V.M. Abazov
1679:
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1609:V.M. Abazov
1604:
1561:
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1543:
1537:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1471:V.M. Abazov
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1449:
1442:
1431:. Retrieved
1421:
1410:. Retrieved
1400:
1349:
1343:
1333:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1241:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1056:
1050:
1005:
999:
977:(3): 54–59.
974:
968:
955:
944:. Retrieved
939:
927:
908:
902:
891:. Retrieved
882:
875:
856:
852:
839:
827:. Retrieved
822:
813:
802:. Retrieved
796:
789:
777:. Retrieved
772:
760:
749:. Retrieved
738:
727:. Retrieved
722:
710:
699:. Retrieved
694:
685:
666:
649:
638:. Retrieved
633:
620:
609:. Retrieved
604:
595:
584:. Retrieved
579:
570:
559:. Retrieved
554:
545:
534:. Retrieved
524:
503:
490:
481:
477:
473:
465:
457:
453:
449:
446:
437:
426:
423:Strong force
416:George Zweig
409:
389:
384:
370:
365:
363:
349:explain the
347:
339:
315:
302:
298:
290:
278:
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261:
239:
219:
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198:
189:
187:
183:
159:
150:
135:
131:Paul Grannis
120:
96:
63:
59:
55:
53:
2391:INSPIRE-HEP
2382:INSPIRE-HEP
775:. June 2012
468:calorimeter
462:Calorimeter
258:114.4
242:Higgs boson
236:Higgs boson
103:antiprotons
88:accelerator
2400:Categories
2349:August 14,
2319:2019-05-28
2286:2019-05-28
2256:August 14,
2226:2019-05-24
2201:August 14,
2170:August 14,
2140:2019-05-24
2024:. Fermilab
1918:2019-05-24
1870:: 052006.
1838:2019-06-18
1812:2019-05-24
1571:1801.06283
1457:2019-06-18
1433:2019-05-23
1412:2019-05-23
1279:2019-05-23
1254:2019-05-24
1112:S. Abachi
946:2019-05-23
893:2019-06-18
804:2019-06-18
751:2019-05-22
729:2019-05-23
701:2019-06-18
640:2019-05-22
611:2019-05-22
607:. Fermilab
586:2019-05-24
561:2019-05-22
536:2019-05-22
516:References
212:CKM matrix
207:top quarks
138:physicists
2115:August 7,
2084:August 7,
1948:August 7,
1894:119265204
1877:1110.3771
1742:118616830
1709:1007.0395
1596:209414466
1496:1203.0293
1359:1001.4162
1325:118929428
1301:: 61–75.
1200:0903.0850
1099:119451328
940:FermiNews
829:August 6,
779:August 6,
634:FermiNews
318:B-factory
268:160
180:Top quark
111:subatomic
2411:Fermilab
2221:Fermilab
2135:Fermilab
2048:Fermilab
1968:Fermilab
1912:Fermilab
1832:Symmetry
1792:archived
1767:archived
1734:20868090
1671:11632404
1663:16907434
1521:22587244
1384:20366812
1273:Fermilab
1233:14919683
1225:19792787
1170:42826202
1162:10057979
1091:10057978
823:Fermilab
773:Fermilab
723:Fermilab
695:Fermilab
665:(2008).
580:Fermilab
555:Fermilab
434:Detector
117:Overview
80:Fermilab
2053:May 24,
2028:May 24,
2002:May 24,
1974:May 24,
1714:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1576:Bibcode
1529:1043240
1501:Bibcode
1392:7998819
1364:Bibcode
1205:Bibcode
1142:Bibcode
1071:Bibcode
1004:F. Abe
979:Bibcode
401:strange
99:protons
1914:. 2015
1892:
1740:
1732:
1669:
1661:
1594:
1527:
1519:
1390:
1382:
1323:
1231:
1223:
1168:
1160:
1097:
1089:
915:
673:
582:. 2014
405:bottom
403:and a
2309:(PDF)
2276:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1890:S2CID
1872:arXiv
1854:et al
1738:S2CID
1704:arXiv
1686:et al
1667:S2CID
1633:arXiv
1611:et al
1592:S2CID
1566:arXiv
1544:et al
1525:S2CID
1491:arXiv
1473:et al
1388:S2CID
1354:arXiv
1321:S2CID
1303:arXiv
1229:S2CID
1195:arXiv
1166:S2CID
1132:arXiv
1114:et al
1095:S2CID
1061:arXiv
1006:et al
965:(PDF)
936:(PDF)
887:(PDF)
849:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
719:(PDF)
630:(PDF)
379:5.774
282:ATLAS
228:DØ's
62:, or
2351:2019
2258:2019
2203:2019
2172:2019
2117:2019
2086:2019
2055:2019
2030:2019
2004:2019
1976:2019
1950:2019
1730:PMID
1659:PMID
1550:and
1517:PMID
1380:PMID
1221:PMID
1158:PMID
1087:PMID
913:ISBN
831:2019
781:2019
671:ISBN
493:muon
466:The
414:and
399:, a
397:down
330:IHEP
328:and
326:SLAC
306:SLAC
284:and
270:GeV/
260:GeV/
254:CERN
220:The
107:E=mc
101:and
54:The
2389:on
2380:on
2304:sic
1882:doi
1856:. (
1722:doi
1700:105
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