392:
90:. What happened to the steam inside the cylinder was assessed separately from what happened in the boiler and how much friction the moving machinery had to cope with. This assessment was known as "engine performance" or "cylinder performance". The cylinder performance, together with the boiler and machinery performance, established the efficiency of the complete locomotive. The pressure of the steam in the cylinder was measured as the piston moved and the power moving the piston was calculated and known as cylinder power. The forces produced in the cylinder moved the train but were also damaging to the structure which held the cylinders in place. Bolted joints came loose, cylinder castings and frames cracked and reduced the availability of the locomotive.
124:
485:
33:
270:
all four cranks set at 90 degrees. With this arrangement the cylinders act in pairs, so there are four impulses per revolution, as with a two-cylinder engine. Most four-cylinder engines are of this type. It is cheaper and simpler to use only one set of valve gear on each side of the locomotive and
332:
The valve chests are usually on top of the cylinders but, in older locomotives, the valve chests were sometimes located alongside the cylinders and inserted through slots in the frames. This meant that, while the cylinders were outside, the valves were inside and could be driven by inside valve
181:. From about 1920, outside cylinders became more common in the UK but many inside-cylinder engines continued to be built. Inside cylinders give a more stable ride with less yaw or "nosing", but access for maintenance is more difficult. Some designers used inside cylinders for aesthetic reasons.
250:
cranks set to give six equally spaced impulses per revolution – the usual arrangement. If the three cylinder axes are parallel, the cranks will be 120 degrees apart, but if the centre cylinder does not drive the leading driving axle, it will probably be inclined (as on most US three-cylinder
255:'s three-cylinder locomotives in Great Britain), and the inside crank will be correspondingly shifted from 120 degrees. For a given tractive effort and adhesion factor, a three-cylinder locomotive of this design will be less prone to wheelslip when starting than a 2-cylinder locomotive.
323:
If the cylinders are small, the valve chests may be located between the cylinders. For larger cylinders the valve chests are usually on top of the cylinders but, in early locomotives, they were sometimes underneath the cylinders.
141:, was to drive the wheels directly from steeply inclined cylinders placed at the back of the locomotive. Direct drive became the standard arrangement, but the cylinders were moved to the front and placed either
271:
to operate the second cylinder on that side by means of a rocking shaft from the first cylinder's valve spindle since the required valve events at the second cylinder are a mirror image of the first cylinder.
274:
pairs of cranks set at 90 degrees with the inside pair set at 45 degrees to the outside pair. This gives eight impulses per revolution. It increases weight and complexity, by requiring four sets of
258:
outside cranks set at 90 degrees, inside crank set at 135 degrees, giving six unequally spaced impulses per revolution. This arrangement was sometimes used on three-cylinder
189:
The demand for more power led to the development of engines with three cylinders (two outside and one inside) or four cylinders (two outside and two inside). Examples:
615:
79:) valve ports and mounting feet. The last big American locomotives incorporated the cylinders as part of huge one-piece steel castings that were the
500:
which may have only one cylinder. The only conventional steam locomotive with one cylinder that is known is the
Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive.
1330:
290:. Such locomotives are easily distinguished by their exhaust beats, which occur at twice the frequency of a normal 2- or 4-cylinder engine.
173:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, inside cylinders were widely used in the United
Kingdom, but outside cylinders were more common in
67:
is made pressure-tight with end covers and a piston; a valve distributes the steam to the ends of the cylinder. Cylinders were initially
17:
262:
which used the outside (low pressure) cylinders for starting. This will give evenly spaced exhausts when the engine is working compound.
86:
The way the valve controlled the steam entering and leaving the cylinder was known as steam distribution and shown by the shape of the
608:
1490:
1570:
1363:
1500:
548:"The Engineering and History of Rocket, a survey report", Michael R Bailey and John P Glithero, National Railway Museum 2000,
758:
1396:
1169:
601:
553:
353:
type. However, this is not a rigid rule and most types of valve gear are capable of being used either inside or outside.
1065:
391:
1060:
1208:
395:
A NYC switching locomotive with outside valves driven by inside valve gear (Howden, Boys' Book of
Locomotives, 1907)
239:(i.e. fed with steam alternately at each end) this gives four impulses per revolution and ensures that there are no
1524:
1436:
83:
of the locomotive. Renewable wearing surfaces were needed inside the cylinders and provided by cast-iron bushings.
565:
1941 Locomotive
Cyclopedia of American Practice, Eleventh Edition, Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation, p. 667
153:
The front-mounted cylinders could be placed either inside (between the frames) or outside. Examples of each are:
1390:
1495:
1139:
1384:
783:
473:
435:
1371:
1159:
1509:
1227:
1199:
1083:
695:
638:
529:
1098:
977:
103:
576:
472:
Outside valve gear driving the outside valves directly and the inside valves via rocking shafts, e.g.
1565:
1529:
1518:
1376:
1075:
688:
466:
Inside valve gear driving the inside valves directly and the outside valves via rocking shafts, e.g.
240:
1303:
1235:
429:
208:
1539:
1534:
1455:
1324:
1179:
1124:
846:
802:
497:
123:
1342:
1103:
1544:
1442:
1316:
1283:
1164:
866:
815:
753:
350:
236:
202:
167:
137:
76:
1409:
1134:
1028:
825:
743:
653:
369:
On inside-cylinder engines the valve gear is nearly always inside (between the frames), e.g.
346:
1469:
1154:
1093:
954:
820:
768:
705:
658:
461:
287:
283:
212:
8:
1463:
997:
871:
788:
778:
370:
259:
159:
959:
174:
108:
484:
1260:
1108:
1047:
1002:
982:
969:
949:
931:
876:
830:
700:
643:
549:
514:
228:
87:
64:
1336:
1297:
1023:
941:
911:
763:
439:
142:
80:
60:
1242:
1184:
992:
987:
901:
856:
519:
489:
377:
1428:
1277:
1249:
926:
748:
738:
648:
467:
413:
407:
354:
232:
216:
1559:
1216:
1189:
1088:
1007:
843:
509:
252:
198:
178:
37:
32:
1417:
1174:
921:
906:
861:
715:
710:
624:
445:
401:
358:
312:
56:
1269:
840:
810:
683:
308:
112:
43:. The black casting to the left houses the cylinder, in which slides the
1348:
1291:
916:
851:
835:
773:
730:
720:
388:
On engines with outside cylinders there are three possible variations:
376:
On some locomotives the valve gear is located outside the frames, e.g.
342:
286:. This was relatively unusual in British practice but was used on the
275:
194:
75:. The cylinder casting includes other features such as (in the case of
434:
Outside valve gear driving the outside valves. Inside valve driven by
406:
Inside valve gear driving outside valves through rocking shafts, e.g.
1144:
1129:
524:
68:
1033:
593:
1149:
886:
279:
44:
266:
Two arrangements are also possible on a four-cylinder engine:
668:
128:
72:
345:. In British practice, inside valve gear is usually of the
246:
On a three-cylinder engine, two arrangements are possible:
444:
Three sets of inside valve gear (all valves inside), e.g.
428:
Three sets of valve gear (two outside, one inside), e.g.
460:
Four sets of valve gear (two outside, two inside), e.g.
111:
and the motion was transmitted through beams, as in a
93:
Cylinders may be arranged in several different ways.
341:There are many variations in the location of the
131:locomotive with nearly horizontal cylinders, 1844
1557:
412:Outside valve gear driving outside valves, e.g.
349:type while outside valve gear is usually of the
47:; the piston rod is immediately above the wheel.
400:Inside valve gear driving inside valves, e.g.
148:
609:
27:Power-producing element of a steam locomotive
231:, whether inside or outside, are set at 90
616:
602:
184:
177:and the United States due to their larger
483:
390:
122:
31:
1491:Glossary of steam locomotive components
14:
1558:
496:There are many other variations, e.g.
383:
55:is the power-producing element of the
36:The 'motion' on the left-hand side of
597:
577:"The Nielson One-Cylinder Locomotive"
364:
315:may be located in various positions.
574:
327:
96:
479:
456:There are three common variations:
424:There are three common variations:
318:
24:
1343:National Museum of Scotland engine
419:
25:
1582:
623:
451:
1525:List of steam technology patents
378:Italian State Railways Class 640
222:
118:
107:, the cylinders were often set
1510:Murdoch's model steam carriage
1496:History of steam road vehicles
568:
559:
542:
357:was once popular, e.g. on the
101:On early locomotives, such as
13:
1:
1571:Steam locomotive technologies
1437:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
575:Self, Douglas (27 May 2003).
535:
474:LMS Princess Coronation Class
436:Gresley conjugated valve gear
336:
227:On a two-cylinder engine the
1160:Return connecting rod engine
135:The next stage, for example
7:
1084:Condensing steam locomotive
530:Steam locomotive components
503:
251:locomotives and on some of
149:Inside or outside cylinders
18:Cylinder (steam locomotive)
10:
1587:
1391:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
1483:
1454:
1427:
1408:
1397:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
1362:
1315:
1268:
1259:
1226:
1207:
1198:
1117:
1074:
1066:Single- and double-acting
1046:
1016:
968:
940:
894:
885:
801:
729:
676:
667:
631:
294:
157:Inside cylinders, on the
1236:Newcomen Memorial Engine
498:geared steam locomotives
430:LNER Peppercorn Class A2
282:and reduces the risk of
235:. As the cylinders are
209:LMS Princess Royal Class
1540:Timeline of steam power
1535:Stationary steam engine
1418:Woolf's compound engine
1325:Soho Manufactory engine
1180:Steeple compound engine
847:straight line mechanism
185:Three or four cylinders
1545:Water-returning engine
1519:Lean's Engine Reporter
1292:Chacewater Mine engine
1165:Six-column beam engine
493:
396:
166:Outside cylinders, on
145:or nearly horizontal.
132:
48:
1385:London Steam Carriage
487:
394:
278:, but gives smoother
126:
35:
1331:Bradley Works engine
1155:Reciprocating engine
978:Babcock & Wilcox
821:Centrifugal governor
462:SR Lord Nelson class
288:SR Lord Nelson class
260:compound locomotives
213:LMS Coronation Class
71:, but later made of
872:Sun and planet gear
488:The cylinders on a
371:LMS Fowler Class 3F
203:Merchant Navy class
168:Stephenson's Rocket
138:Stephenson's Rocket
77:Stephenson's Rocket
1372:Richard Trevithick
970:Water-tube boilers
784:Gresley conjugated
494:
397:
307:which contain the
175:Continental Europe
133:
49:
1553:
1552:
1479:
1478:
1358:
1357:
1042:
1041:
942:Fire-tube boilers
797:
796:
515:Cylinder (engine)
384:Outside cylinders
328:Outside cylinders
193:Three cylinders,
97:Early locomotives
88:indicator diagram
16:(Redirected from
1578:
1566:Locomotive parts
1503:fardier à vapeur
1337:Whitbread Engine
1298:Smethwick Engine
1266:
1265:
1205:
1204:
1024:Feedwater heater
892:
891:
674:
673:
618:
611:
604:
595:
594:
588:
587:
585:
583:
572:
566:
563:
557:
546:
480:Other variations
440:LNER Class A1/A3
365:Inside cylinders
319:Inside cylinders
217:GWR Castle Class
207:Four Cylinders,
61:steam locomotive
21:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1475:
1450:
1423:
1404:
1354:
1311:
1255:
1243:Fairbottom Bobs
1228:Newcomen engine
1222:
1194:
1140:Expansion valve
1113:
1099:Watt's separate
1070:
1038:
1012:
964:
936:
881:
857:Parallel motion
793:
744:Stephenson link
725:
663:
632:Operating cycle
627:
622:
592:
591:
581:
579:
573:
569:
564:
560:
547:
543:
538:
520:Cylinder stroke
506:
490:Shay locomotive
482:
454:
422:
420:Three cylinders
386:
367:
339:
330:
321:
297:
225:
187:
151:
121:
99:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1584:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1278:Kinneil Engine
1274:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1250:Elsecar Engine
1247:
1239:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Steeple engine
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:Feedwater pump
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
974:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
957:
952:
946:
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
898:
896:
895:Simple boilers
889:
883:
882:
880:
879:
877:Watt's linkage
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
838:
833:
828:
826:Connecting rod
823:
818:
813:
807:
805:
799:
798:
795:
794:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
735:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
692:
691:
680:
678:
671:
665:
664:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
633:
629:
628:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
590:
589:
567:
558:
556:, Drawing 4.37
540:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
505:
502:
481:
478:
477:
476:
470:
468:GWR 4073 Class
464:
453:
452:Four cylinders
450:
449:
448:
442:
432:
421:
418:
417:
416:
414:LSWR N15 Class
410:
408:GWR 4900 Class
404:
385:
382:
366:
363:
355:Joy valve gear
338:
335:
329:
326:
320:
317:
296:
293:
292:
291:
272:
264:
263:
256:
224:
221:
220:
219:
205:
186:
183:
171:
170:
164:
150:
147:
120:
117:
98:
95:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1583:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:Puffing Devil
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1364:High-pressure
1361:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1317:Rotative beam
1314:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1217:Savery Engine
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:Working fluid
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
971:
967:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
945:
943:
939:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
893:
890:
888:
884:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:Rotative beam
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:hypocycloidal
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
804:
800:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
734:
732:
728:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
681:
679:
675:
672:
670:
666:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
630:
626:
625:Steam engines
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
596:
578:
571:
562:
555:
554:1 900747 18 9
551:
545:
541:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
510:Cylinder bore
508:
507:
501:
499:
491:
486:
475:
471:
469:
465:
463:
459:
458:
457:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
426:
425:
415:
411:
409:
405:
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
381:
379:
374:
372:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
325:
316:
314:
313:piston valves
310:
306:
302:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:
267:
261:
257:
254:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
238:
237:double-acting
234:
230:
218:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
199:LNER Class A4
196:
192:
191:
190:
182:
180:
179:loading gauge
176:
169:
165:
162:
161:
156:
155:
154:
146:
144:
140:
139:
130:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:
104:Puffing Billy
94:
91:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
46:
42:
41:
34:
30:
19:
1530:Modern steam
1517:
1502:
1464:Porter-Allen
1443:
1377:
1304:
1284:
1241:
1175:Safety valve
1104:"Pickle-pot"
1055:
998:Thimble tube
580:. Retrieved
570:
561:
544:
495:
455:
446:NER Class T3
423:
402:NER Class T2
387:
375:
368:
359:LNWR G Class
340:
331:
322:
309:slide valves
305:steam chests
304:
301:valve chests
300:
298:
265:
245:
241:dead centres
226:
223:Crank angles
188:
172:
158:
152:
136:
134:
119:Direct drive
102:
100:
92:
85:
57:steam engine
52:
50:
39:
29:
1261:Watt engine
1061:Oscillating
1017:Boiler feed
862:Plate chain
841:Tusi couple
754:Walschaerts
639:Atmospheric
351:Walschaerts
113:beam engine
59:powering a
1560:Categories
1470:Ljungström
1456:High-speed
1349:Lap Engine
1305:Resolution
1209:Precursors
1094:Kirchweger
1056:Locomotive
1003:Three-drum
983:Field-tube
950:Locomotive
932:Lancashire
852:Link chain
836:Crankshaft
803:Mechanisms
731:Valve gear
582:2 December
536:References
347:Stephenson
343:valve gear
337:Valve gear
276:valve gear
195:SR Class V
163:locomotive
143:horizontal
109:vertically
81:main frame
1501:Cugnot's
1444:Salamanca
1145:Hydrolock
1130:Crosshead
1076:Condenser
912:Egg-ended
525:Hydrolock
69:cast iron
1484:See also
1410:Compound
1285:Old Bess
1125:Blowback
1048:Cylinder
1034:Injector
993:Stirling
988:Sentinel
902:Haystack
816:Cataract
789:Southern
779:Caprotti
654:Compound
504:See also
284:slipping
65:cylinder
53:cylinder
1200:History
1109:Surface
927:Cornish
887:Boilers
769:Corliss
706:Corliss
689:D slide
659:Uniflow
649:Cornish
438:, e.g.
253:Gresley
233:degrees
127:French
40:Tornado
1512:(1784)
1506:(1769)
1472:(1908)
1466:(1862)
1447:(1812)
1439:(1805)
1429:Murray
1420:(1803)
1399:(1804)
1393:(1803)
1387:(1803)
1381:(1801)
1351:(1788)
1345:(1786)
1339:(1785)
1333:(1783)
1327:(1782)
1308:(1781)
1300:(1779)
1294:(1778)
1288:(1777)
1280:(1768)
1252:(1795)
1246:(1760)
1238:(1725)
1219:(1698)
1185:Stroke
1150:Piston
1135:Cutoff
1008:Yarrow
960:Launch
955:Scotch
716:Sleeve
711:Poppet
696:Piston
677:Valves
669:Valves
552:
333:gear.
295:Valves
280:torque
229:cranks
160:Planet
63:. The
45:piston
38:60163
1118:Other
922:Flued
907:Wagon
831:Crank
774:Lentz
764:Baker
759:Allan
684:Slide
129:2-2-2
73:steel
1270:Beam
811:Beam
721:Bash
701:Drop
644:Watt
584:2010
550:ISBN
299:The
51:The
1089:Jet
917:Box
749:Joy
739:Gab
311:or
303:or
1562::
380:.
373:.
361:.
243:.
215:,
211:,
201:,
197:,
115:.
617:e
610:t
603:v
586:.
492:.
20:)
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