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36: 490: 1184: 265: 1332: 945: 779: 2276: 1905: 1962: 1386: 833: 485:{\displaystyle \Phi _{n}(x)=\prod _{\stackrel {1\leq k\leq n}{\gcd(k,n)=1}}\!\!\!\left(x-e^{2\pi ik/n}\right)=\prod _{\stackrel {1\leq k\leq n}{\gcd(k,n)=1}}\!\!\!(x-{\zeta _{n}}^{k})} 1731: 1050: 1791: 2160: 1264: 2502: 884: 724: 2357:
found a way to deal with the failure of unique factorization. He introduced a replacement for the prime numbers in the cyclotomic integers
2171: 2476: 2466: 2461: 1022: 786: 3138:
On the Ring of Integers of Real Cyclotomic Fields. Koji Yamagata and Masakazu Yamagishi: Proc, Japan Academy, 92. Ser a (2016)
1850: 1910: 1343: 790: 2431:. Kummer's work on the congruences for the class numbers of cyclotomic fields was generalized in the twentieth century by 3084: 3051: 3015: 2310: 499: 79: 57: 50: 3151: 1432: 523: 1179:{\displaystyle (-1)^{\varphi (n)/2}\,{\frac {n^{\varphi (n)}}{\displaystyle \prod _{p|n}p^{\varphi (n)/(p-1)}}}.} 1680: 3131: 3043: 2350:
1 through 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45, 48, 50, 54, 60, 66, 70, 84, 90.
2364: 2322:
Several attempts to tackle Fermat's Last Theorem proceeded along these lines, and both Fermat's proof for
3126: 3064: 2916: 1750: 1518: 625: 586: 1327:{\displaystyle \operatorname {Frob} _{q}\in \operatorname {Gal} (\mathbf {Q} (\zeta _{n})/\mathbf {Q} )} 3156: 2112: 17: 3121: 1571: 105: 2089: 1610: 137: 44: 201: 165: 2412:
to determine which primes are regular, and established Fermat's theorem for all prime exponents
1454: 782: 495: 61: 2319:, then it can be used to rule out the existence of nontrivial solutions to Fermat's equation. 2921: 2409: 1598: 256: 3025: 2440: 1594: 632: 149: 3094: 140:. It was in the process of his deep investigations of the arithmetic of these fields (for 8: 1655: 1597:
made early inroads in the theory of cyclotomic fields, in connection with the problem of
1502: 122: 3002:, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 83 (2 ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag, 2487: 837: 940:{\displaystyle \sigma \in \operatorname {Gal} (\mathbf {Q} (\zeta _{n})/\mathbf {Q} )} 3106: 3103: 3080: 3047: 3011: 2290: 1525: 1259: 3090: 3068: 3003: 2968: 2432: 1522: 1475: 989: 706: 153: 133: 3076: 3021: 1602: 1498: 665: 212: 126: 2984: 2972: 2436: 1821: 109: 3007: 3145: 2394: 1613:. His surprising result that had escaped his predecessors was that a regular 112: 93: 2354: 1817: 1745: 1614: 1464: 774:{\displaystyle \operatorname {Gal} (\mathbf {Q} (\zeta _{n})/\mathbf {Q} )} 719: 161: 157: 141: 101: 2000:. Correspondingly, a regular 3-gon and a regular 6-gon are constructible. 2976: 2428: 2424: 2420: 1813: 878: 3039: 3031: 1809: 1805: 1672: 1423: 1209: 3111: 132:
Cyclotomic fields played a crucial role in the development of modern
2934: 2271:{\displaystyle x^{n}+y^{n}=(x+y)(x+\zeta y)\cdots (x+\zeta ^{n-1}y)} 27:
Field extension of the rational numbers by a primitive root of unity
1505: 2946: 962: 2449: 2065:, but it is a quadratic extension of the quadratic extension 2106:
is an odd prime, appearing in one side of Fermat's equation
2480: 2470: 2456: 1617:
could be so constructed. More generally, for any integer
3101: 1900:{\displaystyle \zeta _{3}={\tfrac {-1+{\sqrt {-3}}}{2}}} 1557:. Equivalently, the union of all the cyclotomic fields 2363:, measured the failure of unique factorization via the 1957:{\displaystyle \zeta _{6}={\tfrac {1+{\sqrt {-3}}}{2}}} 148:) – and more precisely, because of the failure of 2083: 1928: 1868: 1381:{\displaystyle (\mathbf {Z} /n\mathbf {Z} )^{\times }} 828:{\displaystyle (\mathbf {Z} /n\mathbf {Z} )^{\times }} 2490: 2174: 2115: 1913: 1853: 1753: 1683: 1346: 1267: 1112: 1053: 887: 793: 727: 268: 2336:can be recast in these terms. The complete list of 2496: 2270: 2154: 1956: 1899: 1785: 1725: 1380: 1326: 1178: 939: 827: 773: 484: 2398:) then Fermat's theorem is true for the exponent 1589: 450: 449: 448: 347: 346: 345: 136:and number theory because of their relation with 3143: 2971:, "Cyclotomic fields and Kummer extensions", in 402: 299: 3038:, Combined second edition. With an appendix by 2289:are ordinary integers, whereas the factors are 2439:and by Kubota and Leopoldt in their theory of 1804:is a power of 2. The known Fermat primes are 3063: 1824:, and it is likely that there are no others.) 1635:there is a sequence of fields, starting with 1497:, which was described in the previous item. 836:, which consists of the invertible residues 2997: 2952: 2940: 2450:List of class numbers of cyclotomic fields 1090: 80:Learn how and when to remove this message 3046:, 121. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990. 1726:{\displaystyle n=2^{a}p_{1}\cdots p_{r}} 43:This article includes a list of general 2039:, and a regular 4-gon is constructible. 14: 3144: 3075:. Springer Monographs in Mathematics. 2994:, first edition, Springer-Verlag, 1977 2079:, so a regular 5-gon is constructible. 3102: 1994:, which is a quadratic extension of 29: 2084:Relation with Fermat's Last Theorem 1793:. (A Fermat prime is an odd prime 1786:{\displaystyle p_{1},\ldots ,p_{r}} 160:first introduced the concept of an 24: 3057: 2987:, 1973. Chap.III, pp. 45–93. 1484:is the group of roots of unity in 541:are therefore the other primitive 270: 49:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 3168: 3073:Cyclotomic Fields and Zeta Values 3000:Introduction to Cyclotomic Fields 2313:holds in the cyclotomic integers 2155:{\displaystyle x^{n}+y^{n}=z^{n}} 1828: 2998:Washington, Lawrence C. (1997), 2059:is not a quadratic extension of 1624:, the following are equivalent: 1433:finitely generated abelian group 1364: 1351: 1317: 1291: 930: 904: 811: 798: 764: 738: 34: 2895:157: 56234327700401832767069245 1391:The group of roots of unity in 1212:above every prime not dividing 2877:151: 2333546653547742584439257 2416:less than 100, except for the 2265: 2237: 2231: 2216: 2213: 2201: 2088:A natural approach to proving 1590:Relation with regular polygons 1369: 1347: 1334:corresponds to the residue of 1321: 1308: 1295: 1287: 1165: 1153: 1145: 1139: 1122: 1107: 1101: 1077: 1071: 1064: 1054: 934: 921: 908: 900: 816: 794: 768: 755: 742: 734: 479: 451: 417: 405: 314: 302: 285: 279: 13: 1: 3044:Graduate Texts in Mathematics 2927: 2871:149: 687887859687174720123201 245: 171: 2384:is not divisible by a prime 2346:has unique factorization is 207:th root of unity. Then the 7: 3127:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 2910: 2841:139: 1753848916484925681747 211:th cyclotomic field is the 10: 3173: 3036:Cyclotomic Fields I and II 2962: 2835:137: 646901570175200968153 2092:is to factor the binomial 1243:is totally ramified above 164:and proved his celebrated 3008:10.1007/978-1-4612-1934-7 2817:131: 28496379729272136525 1572:maximal abelian extension 844:, which are the residues 787:the multiplicative group 2805:127: 2604529186263992195 2293:in the cyclotomic field 1611:compass and straightedge 1501:form an explicit finite- 1254:is a prime not dividing 626:Euler's totient function 3152:Algebraic number theory 2981:Algebraic number theory 2917:Kronecker–Weber theorem 1519:Kronecker–Weber theorem 1415:, according to whether 64:more precise citations. 2498: 2329:and Euler's proof for 2272: 2156: 1958: 1901: 1787: 1727: 1658:of the previous field; 1654:, such that each is a 1632:-gon is constructible; 1455:Dirichlet unit theorem 1382: 1328: 1223:is a power of a prime 1180: 941: 829: 775: 486: 2922:Cyclotomic polynomial 2763:113: 1612072001362952 2499: 2273: 2157: 2090:Fermat's Last Theorem 1959: 1902: 1788: 1728: 1383: 1329: 1181: 942: 830: 776: 487: 257:cyclotomic polynomial 138:Fermat's Last Theorem 2751:109: 161784800122409 2488: 2444:-adic zeta functions 2311:unique factorization 2172: 2113: 1911: 1851: 1751: 1681: 1344: 1265: 1051: 885: 791: 783:naturally isomorphic 725: 266: 150:unique factorization 2889:155: 84473643916800 2853:143: 36027143124175 2787:121: 12188792628211 2745:107: 63434933542623 2375:and proved that if 1656:quadratic extension 545:th roots of unity: 3122:"Cyclotomic field" 3107:"Cyclotomic Field" 3104:Weisstein, Eric W. 2990:Daniel A. Marcus, 2943:, Proposition 2.7. 2859:145: 1467250393088 2733:103: 9069094643165 2727:101: 3547404378125 2494: 2408:. Furthermore, he 2291:algebraic integers 2268: 2152: 1954: 1952: 1897: 1895: 1783: 1733:for some integers 1723: 1521:states that every 1457:. In particular, 1378: 1324: 1176: 1170: 1130: 937: 825: 771: 642:are the powers of 500:minimal polynomial 482: 447: 344: 3157:Cyclotomic fields 2901:159: 223233182255 2823:133: 157577452812 2504:-part (for prime 2497:{\displaystyle h} 1951: 1945: 1894: 1888: 1526:abelian extension 1260:Frobenius element 1171: 1113: 1025:of the extension 444: 394: 341: 291: 154:rings of integers 90: 89: 82: 16:(Redirected from 3164: 3135: 3117: 3116: 3098: 3028: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2799:125: 57708445601 2715:97: 411322824001 2503: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2483: 2473: 2459: 2418:irregular primes 2415: 2410:gave a criterion 2407: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2374: 2362: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2318: 2308: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2197: 2196: 2184: 2183: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2138: 2137: 2125: 2124: 2105: 2101: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2064: 2058: 2047: 2038: 2019: 2008: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1847:: The equations 1846: 1839: 1803: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1763: 1762: 1743: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1670: 1653: 1641:and ending with 1640: 1631: 1623: 1606: 1584: 1578: 1569: 1556: 1552: 1540:is contained in 1539: 1533: 1513: 1499:Cyclotomic units 1496: 1483: 1476:torsion subgroup 1473: 1472:∈ {1, 2, 3, 4, 6 1462: 1452: 1445: 1430: 1418: 1414: 1407: 1403: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1367: 1359: 1354: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1294: 1277: 1276: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1242: 1238:) /  1226: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1203:) /  1185: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1152: 1129: 1125: 1111: 1110: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1040: 1036:) /  1020: 1010: 1004: 990:ring of integers 984: 983: 982: 960: 956: 946: 944: 943: 938: 933: 928: 920: 919: 907: 876: 875:) = 1 864: 853: 843: 834: 832: 831: 826: 824: 823: 814: 806: 801: 780: 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 754: 753: 741: 714: 707:Galois extension 704: 688: 682: 674: 663: 650: 641: 623: 619: 601: 581: 580:) = 1 569: 558: 557: 556: 544: 540: 534: 516: 510: 491: 489: 488: 483: 478: 477: 472: 471: 470: 446: 445: 443: 426: 400: 390: 386: 385: 384: 380: 343: 342: 340: 323: 297: 278: 277: 254: 241: 232: 226: 210: 206: 199: 182: 147: 127:rational numbers 120: 98:cyclotomic field 85: 78: 74: 71: 65: 60:this article by 51:inline citations 38: 37: 30: 21: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3161: 3142: 3141: 3120: 3087: 3077:Springer-Verlag 3060: 3058:Further reading 3018: 2965: 2960: 2959: 2955:, Theorem 11.1. 2953:Washington 1997 2951: 2947: 2941:Washington 1997 2939: 2935: 2930: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2883:153: 2416282880 2847:141: 1257700495 2781:119: 1238459625 2691:89: 13379363737 2489: 2486: 2485: 2475: 2465: 2455: 2452: 2413: 2399: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2358: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2314: 2306: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2250: 2246: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2146: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2103: 2093: 2086: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2042: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1995: 1988: 1986: 1980: 1972: 1965: 1937: 1930: 1927: 1918: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1880: 1870: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1798: 1794: 1777: 1773: 1758: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1734: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1661: 1651: 1642: 1636: 1629: 1618: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1509: 1494: 1485: 1479: 1468: 1458: 1447: 1436: 1426: 1419:is even or odd. 1416: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1392: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1316: 1311: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1237: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1213: 1202: 1193: 1192:In particular, 1148: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1117: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1080: 1067: 1063: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1035: 1026: 1015: 1006: 1002: 993: 981: 976: 975: 974: 972: 966: 958: 948: 929: 924: 915: 911: 903: 886: 883: 882: 866: 855: 845: 841: 819: 815: 810: 802: 797: 792: 789: 788: 763: 758: 749: 745: 737: 726: 723: 722: 710: 702: 693: 684: 676: 669: 666:splitting field 661: 652: 649: 643: 636: 621: 609: 603: 599: 590: 571: 560: 555: 550: 549: 548: 546: 542: 536: 533: 527: 512: 509: 503: 498:, so it is the 473: 466: 462: 461: 460: 427: 401: 399: 398: 376: 363: 359: 352: 348: 324: 298: 296: 295: 273: 269: 267: 264: 263: 252: 248: 240: 234: 228: 224: 215: 208: 204: 190: 184: 177: 174: 145: 116: 86: 75: 69: 66: 56:Please help to 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3170: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3118: 3099: 3085: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3054: 3029: 3016: 2995: 2988: 2985:Academic Press 2973:J.W.S. Cassels 2964: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2945: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2898:158: 100146415 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2493: 2451: 2448: 2437:Iwasawa theory 2395:regular primes 2379: 2370: 2352: 2351: 2302: 2279: 2278: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2163: 2162: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2054: 2040: 2026: 2012: 2001: 1978: 1970: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1830: 1829:Small examples 1827: 1826: 1825: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1676: 1659: 1647: 1633: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1563: 1546: 1515: 1490: 1420: 1397: 1389: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1248: 1233: 1217: 1198: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1043: 1042: 1031: 1012: 998: 986: 977: 968: 936: 932: 927: 923: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 822: 818: 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 770: 766: 761: 757: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 733: 730: 716: 698: 690: 657: 645: 629: 605: 595: 583: 551: 529: 519: 518: 505: 492: 481: 476: 469: 465: 459: 456: 453: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 397: 393: 389: 383: 379: 375: 372: 369: 366: 362: 358: 355: 351: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 294: 290: 287: 284: 281: 276: 272: 260: 259: 247: 244: 236: 220: 186: 173: 170: 88: 87: 70:September 2012 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3169: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3086:3-540-33068-2 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3052:0-387-96671-4 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3017:0-387-94762-0 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2992:Number Fields 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2862:146: 11957417 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2811:129: 37821539 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769:115: 44697909 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2673:83: 838216959 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2661:79: 100146415 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2491: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2382: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2069: 2063: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2018: 2009:: Similarly, 2006: 2002: 1998: 1984: 1976: 1968: 1948: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1891: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1746:Fermat primes 1741: 1737: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1600: 1596: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1561: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1477: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1373: 1360: 1356: 1338: 1312: 1303: 1299: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1249: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1218: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1173: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1068: 1060: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1001: 996: 991: 987: 980: 971: 964: 955: 951: 925: 916: 912: 897: 894: 891: 888: 880: 874: 870: 863: 859: 852: 848: 839: 835: 820: 807: 803: 784: 759: 750: 746: 731: 728: 721: 717: 713: 708: 701: 696: 691: 687: 680: 672: 667: 660: 655: 648: 639: 634: 630: 627: 617: 613: 608: 604:= deg Φ 602:is therefore 598: 593: 588: 584: 579: 575: 568: 564: 554: 539: 532: 525: 521: 520: 515: 508: 501: 497: 493: 474: 467: 463: 457: 454: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 423: 420: 414: 411: 408: 395: 391: 387: 381: 377: 373: 370: 367: 364: 360: 356: 353: 349: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 320: 317: 311: 308: 305: 292: 288: 282: 274: 262: 261: 258: 250: 249: 243: 239: 233:generated by 231: 223: 218: 214: 203: 198: 194: 189: 180: 169: 167: 163: 159: 156: – that 155: 151: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 124: 119: 114: 113:root of unity 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 94:number theory 84: 81: 73: 63: 59: 53: 52: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 3125: 3110: 3072: 3065:Coates, John 3035: 2999: 2991: 2980: 2948: 2936: 2880:152: 1666737 2868:148: 4827501 2865:147: 5874617 2850:142: 3882809 2793:123: 8425472 2643:73: 11957417 2505: 2453: 2441: 2417: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2377: 2368: 2365:class number 2359: 2353: 2342: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2280: 2165:as follows: 2164: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2067: 2061: 2050: 2048:: The field 2043: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2016: 2004: 1996: 1982: 1974: 1966: 1842: 1835: 1799: 1739: 1735: 1666: 1662: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1619: 1599:constructing 1593: 1581: 1575: 1564: 1559: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1510: 1491: 1486: 1480: 1469: 1459: 1448: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1411: 1398: 1393: 1336: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1023:discriminant 1016: 1007: 999: 994: 978: 969: 953: 949: 872: 868: 861: 857: 850: 846: 720:Galois group 711: 699: 694: 685: 678: 670: 658: 653: 646: 637: 615: 611: 606: 596: 591: 577: 573: 566: 562: 552: 537: 530: 513: 506: 237: 229: 221: 216: 200:; this is a 196: 192: 187: 178: 175: 162:ideal number 158:Ernst Kummer 131: 117: 104:obtained by 102:number field 97: 91: 76: 67: 48: 3069:Sujatha, R. 2977:A. Frohlich 2969:Bryan Birch 2832:136: 111744 2826:134: 853513 2808:128: 359057 2775:117: 132678 2757:111: 480852 2637:71: 3882809 2392:are called 1258:, then the 881:sends each 879:isomorphism 496:irreducible 166:congruences 62:introducing 3146:Categories 3095:1100.11002 3040:Karl Rubin 3032:Serge Lang 2928:References 2904:160: 31365 2829:135: 75961 2796:124: 45756 2790:122: 76301 2778:118: 41241 2772:116: 10752 2709:95: 107692 2625:67: 853513 2454:(sequence 2340:for which 1964:show that 1797:such that 1673:power of 2 1628:a regular 1446:, for any 1424:unit group 1404:has order 1210:unramified 965:such that 692:Therefore 524:conjugates 246:Properties 172:Definition 45:references 18:Cyclotomic 3132:EMS Press 3112:MathWorld 2886:154: 1280 2742:106: 4889 2697:91: 53872 2607:61: 76301 2601:59: 41241 2255:− 2248:ζ 2235:⋯ 2226:ζ 1940:− 1916:ζ 1883:− 1872:− 1856:ζ 1768:… 1711:⋯ 1553:for some 1467:only for 1453:, by the 1374:× 1300:ζ 1285:⁡ 1279:∈ 1160:− 1137:φ 1115:∏ 1099:φ 1069:φ 1058:− 913:ζ 898:⁡ 892:∈ 889:σ 821:× 747:ζ 732:⁡ 464:ζ 458:− 438:≤ 432:≤ 396:∏ 368:π 357:− 335:≤ 329:≤ 293:∏ 271:Φ 213:extension 202:primitive 152:in their 106:adjoining 3071:(2006). 2911:See also 2892:156: 156 2856:144: 507 2760:112: 468 2736:104: 351 2721:99: 2883 2703:93: 6795 2685:87: 1536 2679:85: 6205 2667:81: 2593 2655:77: 1280 2583:53: 4889 2532:32-36: 1 2520:24-28: 1 2484:for the 2102:, where 2077: ) 1992: ) 1603:regular 1506:subgroup 1474:}. The 1435:of rank 957:, where 871:,  620:, where 576:,  3134:, 2001 3026:1421575 2979:(edd), 2963:Sources 2874:150: 11 2844:140: 39 2838:138: 69 2820:132: 11 2814:130: 64 2754:110: 10 2748:108: 19 2739:105: 13 2724:100: 55 2706:94: 695 2700:92: 201 2682:86: 211 2670:82: 121 2565:47: 695 2553:43: 211 2547:41: 121 2514:1-22: 1 2481:A000927 2479::  2471:A055513 2469::  2460:in the 2457:A061653 2433:Iwasawa 2072:√ 1987:√ 1609:with a 1570:is the 1444:)/2 – 1 1227:, then 963:integer 877:. The 683:) over 675:(or of 664:is the 134:algebra 110:complex 58:improve 3093:  3083:  3050:  3024:  3014:  2802:126: 7 2784:120: 4 2766:114: 9 2730:102: 5 2718:98: 43 2688:88: 55 2652:76: 19 2649:75: 11 2646:74: 37 2631:69: 69 2619:65: 64 2616:64: 17 2589:55: 10 2571:49: 43 2535:37: 37 2464:), or 2427:, and 2388:(such 2355:Kummer 1615:17-gon 1523:finite 1465:finite 1451:> 2 1021:, the 1019:> 2 961:is an 840:  838:modulo 587:degree 183:, let 144:  121:, the 47:, but 2712:96: 9 2694:90: 1 2676:84: 1 2664:80: 5 2658:78: 2 2640:72: 3 2634:70: 1 2628:68: 8 2622:66: 1 2613:63: 7 2610:62: 9 2604:60: 1 2598:58: 8 2595:57: 9 2592:56: 2 2586:54: 1 2580:52: 3 2577:51: 5 2574:50: 1 2568:48: 1 2562:46: 3 2559:45: 1 2556:44: 1 2550:42: 1 2544:40: 1 2541:39: 2 2538:38: 1 2529:31: 9 2526:30: 1 2523:29: 8 2517:23: 3 2309:. If 2281:Here 2020:, so 1822:65537 1671:is a 1595:Gauss 1503:index 1431:is a 973:) = ζ 854:with 705:is a 651:, so 633:roots 570:with 511:over 142:prime 123:field 100:is a 3081:ISBN 3048:ISBN 3012:ISBN 2975:and 2477:OEIS 2467:OEIS 2462:OEIS 2285:and 2029:) = 1981:) = 1973:) = 1907:and 1840:and 1744:and 1607:-gon 1517:The 1422:The 1270:Frob 1014:For 988:The 952:mod 867:gcd( 865:and 856:1 ≤ 849:mod 718:The 631:The 585:The 572:gcd( 561:1 ≤ 559:for 522:The 251:The 176:For 96:, a 3091:Zbl 3004:doi 2474:or 2435:in 2334:= 3 2327:= 4 2046:= 5 2007:= 4 1845:= 6 1838:= 3 1818:257 1802:− 1 1742:≥ 0 1622:≥ 3 1579:of 1534:in 1528:of 1508:of 1478:of 1463:is 1408:or 1340:in 1282:Gal 1250:If 1219:If 1208:is 1005:is 992:of 967:σ(ζ 947:to 895:Gal 785:to 781:is 729:Gal 709:of 673:− 1 668:of 640:− 1 635:of 624:is 589:of 535:in 526:of 502:of 494:is 403:gcd 300:gcd 255:th 227:of 181:≥ 1 125:of 115:to 92:In 3148:: 3130:, 3124:, 3109:. 3089:. 3079:. 3067:; 3042:. 3034:, 3022:MR 3020:, 3010:, 2983:, 2508:) 2446:. 2429:67 2425:59 2423:, 2421:37 2403:= 2097:+ 2053:(ζ 2025:(ζ 2015:= 1989:−3 1977:(ζ 1969:(ζ 1820:, 1816:, 1814:17 1812:, 1808:, 1738:, 1646:(ζ 1601:a 1562:(ζ 1545:(ζ 1489:(ζ 1396:(ζ 1232:(ζ 1197:(ζ 1041:is 1030:(ζ 997:(ζ 860:≤ 697:(ζ 677:Φ( 656:(ζ 610:= 594:(ζ 565:≤ 242:. 219:(ζ 195:∈ 191:= 168:. 129:. 108:a 3115:. 3097:. 3006:: 2506:n 2492:h 2442:p 2414:p 2405:p 2401:n 2390:p 2386:p 2380:p 2378:h 2371:n 2369:h 2360:Z 2343:Z 2338:n 2332:n 2325:n 2316:Z 2307:) 2304:n 2300:ζ 2298:( 2296:Q 2287:y 2283:x 2266:) 2263:y 2258:1 2252:n 2244:+ 2241:x 2238:( 2232:) 2229:y 2223:+ 2220:x 2217:( 2214:) 2211:y 2208:+ 2205:x 2202:( 2199:= 2194:n 2190:y 2186:+ 2181:n 2177:x 2148:n 2144:z 2140:= 2135:n 2131:y 2127:+ 2122:n 2118:x 2104:n 2099:y 2095:x 2074:5 2070:( 2068:Q 2062:Q 2057:) 2055:5 2051:Q 2044:n 2037:) 2035:i 2033:( 2031:Q 2027:4 2023:Q 2017:i 2013:4 2011:ζ 2005:n 1997:Q 1985:( 1983:Q 1979:6 1975:Q 1971:3 1967:Q 1949:2 1943:3 1935:+ 1932:1 1925:= 1920:6 1892:2 1886:3 1878:+ 1875:1 1865:= 1860:3 1843:n 1836:n 1810:5 1806:3 1800:p 1795:p 1779:r 1775:p 1771:, 1765:, 1760:1 1756:p 1740:r 1736:a 1719:r 1715:p 1706:1 1702:p 1696:a 1692:2 1688:= 1685:n 1675:; 1669:) 1667:n 1665:( 1663:φ 1652:) 1649:n 1644:Q 1638:Q 1630:n 1620:n 1605:n 1585:. 1582:Q 1576:Q 1568:) 1565:n 1560:Q 1555:n 1551:) 1548:n 1543:Q 1537:C 1531:Q 1514:. 1511:Z 1495:) 1492:n 1487:Q 1481:Z 1470:n 1460:Z 1449:n 1442:n 1440:( 1438:φ 1428:Z 1417:n 1412:n 1410:2 1406:n 1402:) 1399:n 1394:Q 1388:. 1370:) 1365:Z 1361:n 1357:/ 1352:Z 1348:( 1337:q 1322:) 1318:Q 1313:/ 1309:) 1304:n 1296:( 1292:Q 1288:( 1274:q 1256:n 1252:q 1247:. 1245:p 1240:Q 1235:n 1230:Q 1225:p 1221:n 1216:. 1214:n 1205:Q 1200:n 1195:Q 1174:. 1166:) 1163:1 1157:p 1154:( 1150:/ 1146:) 1143:n 1140:( 1133:p 1127:n 1123:| 1119:p 1108:) 1105:n 1102:( 1095:n 1086:2 1082:/ 1078:) 1075:n 1072:( 1065:) 1061:1 1055:( 1038:Q 1033:n 1028:Q 1017:n 1011:. 1008:Z 1003:) 1000:n 995:Q 985:. 979:n 970:n 959:a 954:n 950:a 935:) 931:Q 926:/ 922:) 917:n 909:( 905:Q 901:( 873:n 869:a 862:n 858:a 851:n 847:a 842:n 817:) 812:Z 808:n 804:/ 799:Z 795:( 769:) 765:Q 760:/ 756:) 751:n 743:( 739:Q 735:( 715:. 712:Q 703:) 700:n 695:Q 689:. 686:Q 681:) 679:x 671:x 662:) 659:n 654:Q 647:n 644:ζ 638:x 628:. 622:φ 618:) 616:n 614:( 612:φ 607:n 600:) 597:n 592:Q 582:. 578:n 574:k 567:n 563:k 553:n 547:ζ 543:n 538:C 531:n 528:ζ 517:. 514:Q 507:n 504:ζ 480:) 475:k 468:n 455:x 452:( 441:n 435:k 429:1 424:1 421:= 418:) 415:n 412:, 409:k 406:( 392:= 388:) 382:n 378:/ 374:k 371:i 365:2 361:e 354:x 350:( 338:n 332:k 326:1 321:1 318:= 315:) 312:n 309:, 306:k 303:( 289:= 286:) 283:x 280:( 275:n 253:n 238:n 235:ζ 230:Q 225:) 222:n 217:Q 209:n 205:n 197:C 193:e 188:n 185:ζ 179:n 146:n 118:Q 83:) 77:( 72:) 68:( 54:. 20:)

Index

Cyclotomic
references
inline citations
improve
introducing
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number theory
number field
adjoining
complex
root of unity
field
rational numbers
algebra
Fermat's Last Theorem
prime
unique factorization
rings of integers
Ernst Kummer
ideal number
congruences
primitive
extension
cyclotomic polynomial
irreducible
minimal polynomial
conjugates
degree
Euler's totient function
roots

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